The 33 strategies of war

THE 33 STRATEGIES OF WAR OTHER TITLES BY ROBERT GREENE The Art of Seduction (A Joost Elffers Production) The 48 Laws of Power (A Joost Elffers Production) THE 33 STRATEGIES OF WAR ROBERT GREENE A JOOST ELFFERS PRODUCTION VIKING VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A * Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) * Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England * Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) * Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) * Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi-110 017, India * Penguin Group (NZ), Cnr Airborne and Rosedale Roads, Albany, Auckland 1310, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) * Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in 2006 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc Copyright (c) Robert Greene and Joost Elffers, 2006 All rights reserved An extension of this Copyright Page appears at the end of this book ISBN: 1-4295-7706-1 Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrightable materials Your support of the author's rights is appreciated To Napoleon, Sun-tzu, the goddess Athena, and my cat BRUTUS CONTENTS PREFACE PART I SELF-DIRECTED WARFARE DECLARE WAR ON YOUR ENEMIES: THE POLARITY STRATEGY Life is endless battle and conflict, and you cannot fight effectively unless you can identify your enemies Learn to smoke out your enemies, to spot them by the signs and patterns that reveal hostility Then, once you have them in your sights, inwardly declare war Your enemies can fill you with purpose and direction DO NOT FIGHT THE LAST WAR: THE GUERRILLA-WAR-OF-THE-MIND STRATEGY What most often weighs you down and brings you misery is the past You must consciously wage war against the past and force yourself to react to the present moment Be ruthless on yourself; not repeat the same tired methods Wage guerrilla war on your mind, allowing no static lines of defense make everything fluid and mobile AMIDST THE TURMOIL OF EVENTS, DO NOT LOSE YOUR PRESENCE OF MIND: THE COUNTERBALANCE STRATEGY In the heat of battle, the mind tends to lose its balance It is vital to keep your presence of mind, maintaining your mental powers, whatever the circumstances Make the mind tougher by exposing it to adversity Learn to detach yourself from the chaos of the battlefield CREATE A SENSE OF URGENCY AND DESPERATION: THE DEATH-GROUND STRATEGY You are your own worst enemy You waste precious time dreaming of the future instead of engaging in the present Cut your ties to the past; enter unknown territory Place yourself on "death ground," where your back is against the wall and you have to fight like hell to get out alive PART II ORGANIZATIONAL (TEAM) WARFARE AVOID THE SNARES OF GROUPTHINK: THE COMMAND-AND-CONTROL STRATEGY The problem in leading any group is that people inevitably have their own agendas You have to create a chain of command in which they not feel constrained by your influence yet follow your lead Create a sense of participation, but not fall into groupthink the irrationality of collective decision making SEGMENT YOUR FORCES: THE CONTROLLED-CHAOS STRATEGY The critical elements in war are speed and adaptability the ability to move and make decisions faster than the enemy Break your forces into independent groups that can operate on their own Make your forces elusive and unstoppable by infusing them with the spirit of the campaign, giving them a mission to accomplish, and then letting them run TRANSFORM YOUR WAR INTO A CRUSADE: MORALE STRATEGIES The secret to motivating people and maintaining their morale is to get them to think less about themselves and more about the group Involve them in a cause, a crusade against a hated enemy Make them see their survival as tied to the success of the army as a whole PART III DEFENSIVE WARFARE PICK YOUR BATTLES CAREFULLY: THE PERFECT-ECONOMY STRATEGY We all have limitations our energies and skills will take us only so far You must know your limits and pick your battles carefully Consider the hidden costs of a war: time lost, political goodwill squandered, an embittered enemy bent on revenge Sometimes it is better to wait, to undermine your enemies covertly rather than hitting them straight on TURN THE TABLES: THE COUNTERATTACK STRATEGY Moving first initiating the attack will often put you at a disadvantage: You are exposing your strategy and limiting your options Instead, discover the power of holding back and letting the other side move first, giving you the flexibility to counterattack from any angle If your opponents are aggressive, bait them into a rash attack that will leave them in a weak position 10 CREATE A THREATENING PRESENCE: DETERRENCE STRATEGIES The best way to fight off aggressors is to keep them from attacking you in the first place Build up a reputation: You're a little crazy Fighting you is not worth it Uncertainty is sometimes better than overt threat: If your opponents are never sure what messing with you will cost, they will not want to find out 11 TRADE SPACE FOR TIME: THE NONENGAGEMENT STRATEGY Retreat in the face of a strong enemy is a sign not of weakness but of strength By resisting the temptation to respond to an aggressor, you buy yourself valuable time time to recover, to think, to gain perspective Sometimes you can accomplish most by doing nothing PART IV OFFENSIVE WARFARE 12 LOSE BATTLES BUT WIN THE WAR: GRAND STRATEGY Grand strategy is the art of looking beyond the battle and calculating ahead It requires that you focus on your ultimate goal and plot to reach it Let others get caught up in the twists and turns of the battle, relishing their little victories Grand strategy will bring you the ultimate reward: the last laugh 13 KNOW YOUR ENEMY: THE INTELLIGENCE STRATEGY The target of your strategies should be less the army you face than the mind of the man or woman who runs it If you understand how that mind works, you have the key to deceiving and controlling it Train yourself to read people, picking up the signals they unconsciously send about their innermost thoughts and intentions 14 OVERWHELM RESISTANCE WITH SPEED AND SUDDENNESS: THE BLITZKRIEG STRATEGY In a world in which many people are indecisive and overly cautious, the use of speed will bring you untold power Striking first, before your opponents have time to think or prepare, will make them emotional, unbalanced, and prone to error 15 CONTROL THE DYNAMIC: FORCING STRATEGIES People are constantly struggling to control you The only way to get the upper hand is to make your play for control more intelligent and insidious Instead of trying to dominate the other side's every move, work to define the nature of the relationship itself Maneuver to control your opponents' minds, pushing their emotional buttons and compelling them to make mistakes 16 HIT THEM WHERE IT HURTS: THE CENTER-OF-GRAVITY STRATEGY Everyone has a source of power on which he or she depends When you look at your rivals, search below the surface for that source, the center of gravity that holds the entire structure together Hitting them there will inflict disproportionate pain Find what the other side most cherishes and protects that is where you must strike 17 DEFEAT THEM IN DETAIL: THE DIVIDE-AND-CONQUER STRATEGY Never be intimidated by your enemy's appearance Instead, look at the parts that make up the whole By separating the parts, sowing dissension and division, you can bring down even the most formidable foe When you are facing troubles or enemies, turn a large problem into small, eminently defeatable parts 18 Protestant Reformation as political victory Proteus Prussia Austria and in Napoleonic Wars Russia and Prussian army See also German army Auftragstaktik system of general staff of military traditions of reform of Prylis Psalms, Book of Psycho psychoanalysis, terrorism example from psychological aging psychological pressure psychological space psychological types psychological weaknesses Ptolemy public opinion in moral warfare in Roman civil war on Vietnam War during World War II Publius Scipio the Younger See Scipio Africanus punishment Pyrrhic victory Pyrrhus, king of Epirus Qi (warring state of China) Raft, George Rama Ramayana, The Raphael rational fighting See emotions, controlling Ratti, Oscar Reagan, Ronald reality Rebecca Records of the Historian (Szuma) Red Army Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane) Red Brigades Reese, Pee Wee Reign of Terror religious fervor Alexander I's Cromwell's Religious Mythology and the Art of War (Aho) religious retreat religious symbolism, in Gandhi's campaign Republican Party in 1936 presidential election in 1972 presidential election Clinton and reputation moral restless, remaining retreat revenge reverse intimidation See deterrence strategies Revolutionary War, U.S Richelieu, Cardinal righteous strategy See moral warfare/warriors rigidity risk taking gambling compared with Ritter, Thelma rivals See enemy(ies) Robert the Bruce (Robert I), king of Scotland Robespierre Robinson, Jackie Rockefeller, John D Roman Way, The (Hamilton) Rome/Roman Empire Carthaginians and center-of-gravity strategy used by civil war divide-and-rule used by First Triumvirate of Gaul and Germanic forces and inner-front strategy in Latin League and military style of Spain and Tarentum, war against Rommel, Erwin Roosevelt, Franklin Delano blitzkrieg strategy of "brain trust" of center-of-gravity strategy and de Gaulle and as guerrilla warrior Johnson and leadership style of maneuver warfare and Marshall and mental toughness of passive-aggression strategy of as polarizer presidential candidacy of reelection of third-term campaign of turning strategy of Roosevelt, Theodore Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (Burns) Rorke's Drift, Zululand Rules for Radicals (Alinsky) Rules of War and Bravery Runstedt, Gerd von Russia See also Soviet Union Austria and China and communism, birth of France and Great Britain and Greece and Japan and Korea and Malta and Naples' revolution of 1820 and in Napoleonic Wars Piedmont revolution and Prussia and in Seven Years' War Spanish revolution of 1820 and terrorism in White Terror in in World War II sabotage Sadat, Anwar Saigon St Peter's Basilica Salt March, Gandhi's Samarkand Samuel, Book of samurai (swordsmen) communication strategy of counterattack strategy of counterbalance strategy of death, contemplation of deterrence strategy of guerrilla-war-of-the-mind strategy of intelligence strategy of maneuver warfare in one-upmanship examples from speed of Samurai Zen: The Warrior Koans (Leggett) Sanjar Sardis (ancient city of Lydia) Sato, Hiroaki Saul Sawyer, Ralph D Schlesinger, James Schmitt, Carl Scholar's Dilettante Remarks on War, A (Tou) Schopenhauer, Arthur Schwarze Kapelle (Black Orchestra) Scipio Africanus Scotland, England and, war between Scythians Secret Agent, The (Conrad) Secret Life Salvador Dali, The (Dali) secrets Secrets of D-Day, The (Perrault) Secrets of the Samurai (Ratti and Westbrook) segmenting your forces Selected Military Writings (Mao) self-directed warfare counterbalance strategy death-ground strategy guerrilla-war-of-the-mind strategy polarity strategy unconventional self-doubt, inculcating self-esteem self-identity self-interest mutual self-interest war self-reliance Selznick, David O Seven Pillars of Wisdom (Lawrence) Seven Years' War sexual stereotypes Shah Soojah Shaka (Zulu king) Shakespeare, William Shearer, Norma Shenandoah Valley Sherman, William shih (position of potential force) Shinkage swordsmanship Shostakovich, Dmitry Shun Sidney Janis Gallery silence Simmel, Georg Sinai Desert Sioux Six-Day War Six Secret Teachings (Tai Kung) Skipworth, Alison slavery, strategy examples from Slim, William Smolensk, Russia Smuts, Jan Snodgrass, Fred social relationships Society of Independent Artists Socrates/Socratic method soldiers (team members) ch'i of discipline of emotions of material needs of morale of See morale (motivation) personalities of punishment of rewards for selecting Sons of Liberty Sophocles Soviet Union Afghanistan invasion by Chinese Civil War and Eastern Europe and United States and in World War II space in guerrilla warfare psychological Spain Carthaginians and England, war with Germany and guerrilla warfare in in Napoleonic Wars Pompey in revolution of 1820 in Roman Empire and in World War II Spanish Armada Sparta speeches speed and mobility See also blitzkrieg strategy Spellbound Spider King See Louis XI, king of France Spirit of Terrorism (Baudrillard) spying stalemate Stalin, Joseph Stamp Act, Adams's campaign against Standard Oil Stanton, Edwin Stewart, James Sthenelus Stieglitz, Alfred Sting Like a Bee (Torres and Sugar) Stone, Sam Stopford, Frederick Strangers on a Train Strategic Advantage, The: Sun Zi and Western Approaches to War (Cao) strategic depth Strategies of Psychotherapy, The (Haley) Strategy: The Logic of War and Peace (Luttwak) strategy(ies) acting out as alliance See alliance(s) annihilation blitzkrieg center-of-gravity chain-reaction See terrorism childlike command-and-control communication See communication/ communication strategies controlled-chaos counterattack counterbalance death-ground deterrence diplomatic-war See negotiation divide-and-conquer divide-and-rule encirclement (envelopment) See encirclement (envelopment) exit See exits and endings fait accompli forcing formulaic grand See grand strategy Greek origin of word guerrilla-war-of-the-mind inner-front See inner-front strategy intelligence martyrdom military misperception See deception strategies morale See morale (motivation) nonengagement one-upmanship See one-upmanship ordinary-extraordinary See unexpected strategies passive-aggression See passive-aggression strategy perfect economy polarity psychological righteous See moral warfare/warriors ripening-for-the-sickle See maneuver warfare tactics vs turning unexpected of the void See guerrilla warfare Strategy (Liddell Hart) Sugar, Bert Randolph Sugawara, Makoto Sun Haichen Sun Pin Sun-tzu surrealist movement Suvla Bay, invasion of Switzerland, Burgundy and Sword and the Mind, The (Sato) swordsmen See samurai (swordsmen) Sydow, Max von Syria Szuma Chien Tacitus tactics death-at-your-heels detached Buddha hyperaggressive no-return Tai Kung (Six Secret Teachings) Takanobu, Lord Takuan Taoism Tao of Spycraft, The (Sawyer) Tao Te Ching (Lao-tzu) Tarentum, Rome's war with Taticheff Taylor, Samuel Tea Act teachers team members See soldiers (team members) technology, guerrilla warfare and Tekke Tepe, Turkey Templars and the Assassins, The (Wasserman) Tenochtitlan terrain See battlefield Terrill, Ross terrorism defending against fear of uncertainty and limitations of psychological ripple effect of publicity through by small groups Tet Offensive Thalberg, Irving Thatcher, Margaret Thebes Themis Themistocles Theory of the Avant-Garde, The (Poggioli) therapist-patient relationship Thermopylae thinking conventional patterns of fluid in maneuver warfare military, Asian Thinking Strategically (Dixit and Nalebuff) 39 Steps, The Thomason, John W., Jr Thucydides Thunderers, Ojibwa Tidewater pipeline time as commodity time in guerrilla warfare Napoleon on Tissaphernes (Persian satrap) Tityus Ti Yao Todd, Ann Toden, Master Torres, Jose Tou Bi Fu Tan Toussaint l'Ouverture Townshend System Trainor, Bernard E Transoxiana Treaty of Portsmouth Troilus Trojan horse Trojans troops See soldiers (team members) Troppau conference Trotti, John trust, as negotiation tool Tsunetomo, Yamamoto Tunis Tunisia See Carthage/Carthaginians Turks/Turkey Great Britain and Greece and in World War I turning strategy Typhon Typhoon Ulianov, Alexander Ulm, Battle of uncertainty, fear of unconventional warfare alliance strategy See alliance(s) chain-reaction strategy See terrorism communication strategies See communication/ communication strategies counterstrategies to fait accompli strategy guerrilla See guerrilla warfare inner-front strategy See inner-front strategy main principles of misperception strategies See deception strategies one-upmanship strategy See one-upmanship strategy ordinary-extraordinary strategy See unexpected strategies passive-aggression strategy See passive-aggression strategy righteous strategy See moral warfare/warriors unexpected strategies anticipating dealing with power of the Union army United States See also specific wars and events Korea and Soviet Union and terrorism in in World War II unpredictability unsatisfied, remaining urgency and desperation, sense of Ustinov, Dmitri Utilization Technique van Creveld, Martin Vanderbilt, Commodore Cornelius Varro, Terentius Vegetius Velazquez, Diego de Verona, battle for Vertigo Vettori, Francesco Vicksburg, Union takeover of Victor-Emmanuel victory(ies) cost of culminating point of gradations of psychological nature of Pyrrhic small, building on Vietcong Vietnam France and United States and See Vietnam War Vietnam War camouflage in center-of-gravity example from as grand strategy example Johnson and as morality war public opinion on Tet Offensive violence, avoiding visualization Vo Nguyen Giap See Giap, Vo Nguyen vulnerability See weakness(es) Wallace, William War Department, U.S war/warfare See also conflict; specific wars ancient arguments against of attrition controlling as crusade declaring defensive See defensive warfare ending See exits and endings external vs internal front fortress defense in frontal battles gods of See also specific gods history of last maneuver See maneuver warfare moral See moral warfare/warriors negotiation and, comparison between organizational See organizational war peasants' physical aspects of as politics by other means present with the self See self-directed warfare self-destructive patterns in of self-interest speed and mobility in unconventional See unconventional warfare Warner Bros Warriors: Warfare and the Native American Indian (Bancroft Hunt) Wasserman, James Wavell, Archibald Way to Victory, A: The Annotated Book of Five Rings (Ochiai) weakness(es) appearance of disguising pinpointing psychological signs of use in envelopment as virtues Weathermen Wei (warring state of China) wei wu (action through inaction) West, Mae Westbrook, Adele Westmoreland, William C What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? Wiles of War, The: 36 Military Strategies from Ancient China (Sun) Williams, Davey Williams, Ted intelligence gathering by Wilson, Woodrow Windigokan (Ojibwa warrior society) Women, The words lack of power of power through workplace, group dynamics in World Restored, A (Kissinger) World Trade Center attack (2001) World War I Arabs in East African front France in Germany in Great Britain in inner-front strategy in Middle Eastern theater planted information in Turkey in World War II African front camouflage in D-Day deception strategies in forcing strategy in France in Germany in Great Britain in Italy in Japan in London Blitz Pearl Harbor bombing public opinion during Russia in Soviet Union in Spain in United States in Xenophon Xerxes I, king of Persia Yakkoku Yamanouchi, Lord Yang Hu Yawkey, Tom Yom Kippur War Yoriyasu Yu the Sage Zama, Africa Zeus Zia ul-Haq Zukor, Adolph Zulus, British war with Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint excerpts from the following 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Elffers Production) The 48 Laws of Power (A Joost Elffers Production) THE 33 STRATEGIES OF WAR ROBERT... only constant practice will lead you there The 33 Strategies of War is a distillation of the timeless wisdom contained in the lessons and principles of warfare The book is designed to arm you with... hedge of principles on either side But it can give the mind insight into the great mass of phenomena and of their relationships, then leave it free to rise into the higher realms of action There the