Facts on file dictionary of biotechnology

The Facts On File DICTIONARY of BIOTECHNOLOGY and GENETIC ENGINEERING Third Edition The Facts On File DICTIONARY of BIOTECHNOLOGY and GENETIC ENGINEERING Third Edition Mark L Steinberg, Ph.D Sharon D Cosloy, Ph.D The Facts On File Dictionary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Third Edition Copyright © 2006, 2001, 1994 by Mark L Steinberg, Ph.D., and Sharon Cosloy, Ph.D Illustrations © 2006 by Infobase Publishing All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steinberg, Mark (Mark L.) The Facts on File dictionary of biotechnology and genetic engineering/ Mark L Steinberg and Sharon D Cosloy—Third ed p cm — (The Facts On File science library) Includes index ISBN 0-8160-6351-6 (alk.paper) Biotechnology—Dictionaries Genetic engineering—Dictionaries I Cosloy, Sharon D II Title III Series TP248.16.S84 2000 660.6′03—dc21 00-035463 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755 You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America MP FOF 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper This edition is dedicated to the memory of Dr Sharon Cosloy by her children, Michael and Rebecca, and her husband, Edward Sharon was a loving mother, a devoted wife, a dedicated mentor, and an accomplished professor and researcher And above all, she was a kind and gentle woman with a bright spirit that still lives on today through the people who were fortunate enough to be touched in life by her From MLS: To Sharon, in memoriam, a good friend and valued colleague You are greatly missed CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Entries A to Z Appendixes 261 Acronyms (and Other Abbreviations) 262 The Chemical Elements 267 Periodic Table 268 The Genetic Code 269 Purine and Pyrimidine Bases Found in Nucleic Acids 270 Side Chains (R Groups) for Individual Amino Acids 271 Bioinformatics Web Sites 272 Enzymes Used in Gene Cloning 274 PREFACE The last decades of the 20th century produced a dramatic revolution in the field of biology in which, for the fi rst time, the ability to modify the genetic makeup of higher organisms in the laboratory rather than by the random forces of natural selection was realized This new era was born out of critical discoveries in the mid-1970s that led to the appearance of new fields of molecular genetics variously known as gene cloning, genetic engineering, and biotechnology The central theme of genetic engineering is the introduction of genetic material altered in a laboratory into an organism different from that from which it was originally derived The introduction of genes from higher organisms into microorganisms made it possible to isolate, amplify, study and ultimately engineer individual genes for a variety of specialized purposes These techniques have also allowed scientists to look closely at the structure, function, and regulation of genes and their proteins Genetic engineering has given rise to technologies that were unthinkable barely two decades ago: recombinant antibodies to fight cancer, the isolation of genes responsible for genetic diseases, the synthesis of unlimited quantities of therapeutic agents, human hormones and critical blood factors in bacterial “factories,” the creation of genetically engineered plants and animals, and the decoding of the human genome—only a few examples of technologies that have been realized even at the time of the fi rst printing of this dictionary Much of the research in biotechnology and genetic engineering has moved from the academic world into the industrial setting As a consequence, many new and potential applications are in the hands of private enterprises where, fueled by more substantial funding and motivated by the forces of the marketplace, the development of new products has reached an explosive pace This has also meant that even as the rapidly increasing pace of progress taxes the ability to keep up with new developments, there is an ever-increasing need to understand the legal and ethical issues that inevitably accompany any new technology However, in contrast to other new technologies, the products of genetic engineering deal directly with fundamental biological processes and are, by their very nature, certain to have an immediate and profound impact on all areas of human health The purpose of this dictionary is to provide readers with access to the basic vocabulary of modern biotechnology and genetic engineering so that those with even an elementary knowledge of basic biology and biochemistry will be able to follow the flood of fast-breaking developments in biotechnology and genetic engineering that constantly appears in the media At the time of the fi rst printing of The Facts On File Dictionary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, molecular cloning of genes had only recently matured Even then, rapidly accumulating data from large-scale sequence analyses and the development of new techniques for amplification of DNA at the microscale level were already yielding information that allowed for the Preface determination of gene function, including the molecular nature of defects underlying numerous genetic diseases A revised edition of the dictionary added terminology of the developing biomedical fields of molecular medicine, DNA technology, gene therapy, and genomics In recent years, new areas of research have elucidated signaling pathways that are now known to regulate essential biochemical pathways, including cell growth, metabolism, and differentiation Many modern pharmaceuticals are agents that target critical signaling pathways involved in disease processes Among these are drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure, allergies, sexual dysfunction, antiinflammatory and anti-viral agents, various cancer chemotherapies, and many others In a parallel track, the completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, together with the computer technologies for data mining and relational analyses, created the new area of computational biology known as bioinformatics The application of bioinformatic methods to burgeoning nucleotide and protein databases has yielded new insights into many genetic diseases and has helped elucidate the relationships between genes and the biochemical pathways that the gene products regulate Bioinformatics is currently providing new approaches to drug design based on predictive computer models to tailor drugs to act on specific molecular targets The dictionary was updated to account for these as well as other new developments in this rapidly changing field The new “third edition” of the dictionary focuses on the new terminology in the evolving areas of genomics, bioinformatics, cell signaling, and molecular medicine In addition, there are a number of biochemical terms pertaining to recent advances in medicines for the treatment of viral diseases, mental illness, cholesterol metabolism, plant engineering, and stem cell research Since this book addresses an audience from diverse backgrounds and covers a broad field, we attempted to include both basic as well as more technical terminology in a number of areas including plant and animal biology in order to meet the needs of as many readers as possible There has also been an attempt to make the dictionary self-contained in the sense that, in cases where technical terms appear in defi nitions, these terms will be defi ned elsewhere in the book It is anticipated that the dictionary will be of benefit to a wide-ranging audience, including high school and college students, lawyers, physicians, scientists, or others with a particular need to keep abreast of the rapidly developing areas of biotechnology and genetic engineering x Appendixes I Acronyms (and Other Abbreviations) A ACP ACTH ADP AIDS AMP APC APH araA araC ARC ARS ATP AZT BAP BOD bp 5-BU C cAMP CAP CAT ccc DNA Ccrit cdc cDNA CF CFT CFTR CFU cM CML CMP CNBr CoA/CoASH A CRP CsCl ctDNA CTP d DAG dATP dCTP dd ddNTP dGTP DHFR DMSO A adenine acyl carrier protein adrenocorticotrophic hormone adenosine diphosphate acquired immunodeficiency syndrome adenosine monophosphate adenomatous polyposis coli aminoglycoside-3′-phosphotransferase arabinosyladenine arabinosylcytosine AIDS-related complex autonomously replicating sequences adenosine triphosphate 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine benzylaminopurine biochemical oxygen demand base pair 5-Bromuracil cytosine cyclic AMP catabolite activator protein chloramphenical acetyl transferase covalently closed circular DNA critical dissolved oxygen concentration cell-division cycle complementary DNA complement-fixation cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator colony-forming unit centimorgan chronic myelogenous leukemia cytidine monophosphate cyanogen bromide coenzyme A concanavalin A catabolite repression protein cesium chloride chloroplast DNA cytidine triphosphate deoxy diacylglycerol deoxyadenosine triphosphate deoxycytidine triphosphate dideoxy dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate deoxyguanosine triphosphate dihydrofolate reductase dimethyl sulfoxide 262 Appendixes verso DMT DNA DNase dNTP DP EBV ECM E coli EDTA EF EGF ELC ELISA EMBL EMS ER erb ERK EST FACS f-actin FAD FBJ FCS fes FFU FGP FISH 5-FU FMN FRA FRAP FSH FSV ftz G G actin GABA GAG gal GALT GAP GC GDP GEF GFAP GH GLC GMP gpt GST GTP dimethoxytrityl deoxyribonucleic acid (See also ctDNA, mtDNA.) deoxyribonuclease deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate docking protein Epstein-Barr virus extracellular matrix Escherichia coli ethylenediaminetetraacetate elongation factor epidermal growth factor expression-linked copy enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay European Molecular Biology Lab ethylmethane sulfonate endoplasmic reticulum erythroblastosis extracellular receptor tyrosine kinase expressed sequence tags flourescence-activated cell sorter filamentous actin flavin adenine dinucleotide Finkel, Biskis, and Jinkins (discoverers of the FBJ murine osteosarcoma virus) fetal calf serum feline sarcoma focus-forming unit fluorescent green protein fluoresence in situ hybridization 5-fluorouracil flavin mononucleotide fos-related antigens fluorescence recovery after photobleaching follicle-stimulating hormone feline sarcoma virus fushi tarazu guanine globular actin gamma amino butyric acid glycosaminoglycan galactosidase gut-associated lymphatic tissue GTPase-activating proteins gas chromatography guanosine diphosphate guanine nucleotide exchange factor glial fibrillary acidic protein growth hormone gas-liquid chromatography guanosine monophosphate guanine phosphoribosyl transferase Glutathione S-transferases guanosine triphosphate 263 recto Appendixes HAT HCG HDL Hfr HGPRT HIV HLA HLTV HMG HN hnRNA HPFH HPLC HPV HRP HSE hsp HSR HSV IAA IDL IF IL IMP IPTG IR IS IUdR j KD Ki-MuSV kM LAV LDL LH LINES LTR MAPS MAR MAT MBP MCP mdr 5MeC MHC MIF MMTV MPF mRNA mtDNA MTOC MuLV MVR hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymine human chorionic gonadotropin high-density lipoproteins high-frequency recombination strain hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase human immunodeficiency virus human leukocyte-associated antigens human T-cell leukemia virus high-mobility group hemagglutinin-neuraminadase heterogeneous nuclear RNA hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin high-performance liquid chromatography human papilloma virus horseradish peroxidase heat-shock response element heat-shock protein homogeneously staining region herpes simplex virus indole acetic acid intermediate-density lipoprotein initiation factor interleukin inosine monophosphate isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside infrared insertion sequence iododeoxyuridine gene-joining gene diffusion coefficient/constant Kirsten sarcoma virus Michaelis-Menten constant lympho adenopathy virus low-density lipoprotein lutinizing hormone long-period interspersed sequences long terminal repeat microtubule-associated proteins matrix attachment regions mating-type locus maltose binding protein methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein multidrug resistance 5-methylcytosine major histocompatibility complex migration-inhibitory factor mouse mammary tumor virus M-phase promoting factor messenger RNA mitochondrial DNA microtubule organizing center murine leukemia virus minisatellite variant repeat 264 Appendixes verso myb myc NAD NADP NANA NBT N-CAM NCBI NGF NHGRI NK cells NMR NP40 NTG oc PAGE PaPoVa PAS PCR PDGF PE PEG PEP PFU PITC PKU PML PMU poly U PPLO PVP raf ras RBC RER RES RFLP RG RNA RNP ros rRNA RSV RTK RVE SAM SAR SDGF SDS SEM sis snRNA myeloblastosis myelocytomatosis nicotamide adenine dinucleotide nicotamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid nitro-blue tetrazolium neural cell adhesion molecule National Center for Biotechnology Information nerve growth factor National Human Genome Research Institute natural killer cells nuclear magnetic resonance nonidet P40 neomycin, thymidine kinase, glucocerebroside open circle polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis papilloma, polyoma, and vacuolating viruses periodic acid-Schiff stain polymerase chain reaction platelet-derived growth factor phosphatidylethanolamine polyethylene glycol phosphoenol pyruvate plaque-forming unit phenyl isothiocyanate phenylketonuria progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy polymorphonuclear leukocyte polyuridylic acid pleuropneumonialike organisms polyvinylpyrrolidone rat fibrosarcoma rat sarcoma red blood cell rough endoplasmic reticulum reticuloendothelial system restriction fragment-length polymorphism resorufin-β-D-galactopyranoside ribonucleic acid (See also hnRNA, mRNA, rRNA, snRNA, tRNA.) ribonucleoprotein Rochester sarcoma ribosomal RNA Rous sarcoma virus receptor tyrosine kinase reconstituted viral envelope S-adenosylmethionine scaffold attachment regions sarcoma-derived growth factor sodium dodecyl sulfate scanning electron microscopy simian sarcoma small nuclear RNA 265 recto Appendixes SPF SRP STR STS SV40 T Taq TB Tc TCA TEM TGF TI TMV TNF tPA TPA TRH tRNA TSH Ts mutant TTP Ty U UTP UV VLDL VSG VSPR W XP YAC S-phase promoting factor signal-recognition particle short tandem repeat sequence tagged site simian virus 40 thymine, twisting number Thermus aquaticus tuberculosis cytoxic T cell tricarboylic acid transmission electron microscope transforming growth factor tumor inducing tobacco mosaic virus tumor necrosis factor tissue plasminogen activator 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate TSH-releasing hormone transfer RNA thyroid stimulating hormone temperature-sensitive mutant thymidine triphosphate transposon yeast uracil uridine triphosphate ultraviolet very low-density lipoprotein variable-surface glycoprotein very short patch repair writhing number xeroderma pigmentosum yeast artificial chromosome 266 actinium aluminum americium antimony argon arsenic astatine barium berkelium beryllium bismuth bohrium boron bromine cadmium calcium californium carbon cerium cesium chlorine chromium cobalt copper curium darmstadtium dubnium dysprosium einsteinium element a.n 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 83 107 35 48 20 98 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg 68 63 100 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 67 49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 71 12 25 109 101 80 molybdenum neodymium neon neptunium nickel niobium nitrogen nobelium osmium oxygen palladium phosphorus platinum plutonium polonium potassium praseodymium promethium protactinium radium radon rhenium rhodium rubidium ruthenium rutherfordium samarium scandium seaborgium The Chemical Elements symbol a.n element erbium europium fermium fluorine francium gadolinium gallium germanium gold hafnium hassium helium holmium hydrogen indium iodine iridium iron krypton lanthanum lawrencium lead lithium lutetium magnesium manganese meitnerium mendelevium mercury element a.n 42 60 10 93 28 41 102 76 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 37 44 104 62 21 106 symbol Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg 267 Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uub Uup Uuq Uut Uuu U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr symbol a.n = atomic number selenium silicon silver sodium strontium sulfur tantalum technetium tellurium terbium thallium thorium thulium tin titanium tungsten ununbium ununpentium ununquadium ununtrium unununium uranium vanadium xenon ytterbium yttrium zinc zirconium element 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 112 115 114 113 111 92 23 54 70 39 30 40 a.n Appendixes verso II The Chemical Elements 268 Db Rf Ra Fr ‡actinide series (227) Ac 89 *lanthanide La series 138.9 57 (261) 72 Th 232.0 60 238.0 U 231.0 Pa Nd 144.2 92 Pr Bh (262) 186.2 107 Re 75 (98) Tc 54.94 43 25 Mn 140.9 91 59 58 Ce 140.1 90 (263) Sg 183.9 106 W 74 (262) Ta 73 95.94 Mo Cr 24 52.00 42 The periodic table as it looks today (223) (226) 180.9 105 137.3 178.5 88 89-103‡ 104 132.9 87 Hf 57-71* 56 Ba Nb 92.91 Cs Zr 91.22 Y 50.94 41 V 23 88.91 47.88 40 Ti 22 Sr 44.96 39 Sc 21 87.62 Rb 1.008 H Np (237) (145) 93 Pm 61 Hs (265) 190.2 108 Os 76 101.1 Ru 55.85 44 Fe 26 Numbers in parentheses are the atomic mass numbers of radioactive isotopes 85.47 55 40.08 38 Ca K 39.10 37 24.31 20 Mg Be 9.012 12 22.99 19 Na 6.941 11 Li 1.008 Pu (244) 150.4 94 Sm 62 Mt (266) 192.2 109 Ir 77 102.9 Rh 58.93 45 27 Co Am (243) 152.0 95 Eu 63 Ds (271) 195.1 110 Pt 78 106.4 Pd 58.69 46 Ni 28 30 Cm (247) 157.3 96 Gd 64 (272) Bk (247) 158.9 97 Tb 65 (285) 200.6 112 Hg 80 112.4 Cd 65.39 48 Zn Uuu Uub 197.0 111 Au 79 107.9 Ag 63.55 47 Cu 29 atomic number symbol atomic weight Cf (251) 162.5 98 Dy 66 Uut (284) Tl 204.4 113 In 114.8 81 Ga 69.72 49 Al 26.98 31 B 10.81 13 Es (252) 164.9 99 Ho 67 (289) Fm (257) 167.3 100 Er 68 (288) Bi 209.0 115 Sb 121.8 83 As 74.92 51 P 30.97 33 N 14.01 15 Uuq Uup Pb 207.2 114 Sn 118.7 82 Ge 72.59 50 Si 28.09 32 C 12.01 14 Md (258) 168.9 101 Tm 69 Po (210) Te 127.6 84 Se 78.96 52 S 32.07 34 O 16.00 16 No (259) 173.0 102 Yb 70 At (210) I 126.9 85 Br 79.90 53 Cl 35.45 35 F 19.00 17 Lr (260) 175.0 103 Lu 71 Rn (222) Xe 131.3 86 Kr 83.80 54 Ar 39.95 36 Ne 20.18 18 4.003 10 He H Periodic Table of Elements recto Appendixes III Periodic Table Appendixes verso IV The Genetic Code 269 recto Appendixes V Purine and Pyrimidine Bases Found in Nucleic Acids Purines Pyrimidines 270 Appendixes verso VI Side Chains (R Groups) for Individual Amino Acids 271 Appendixes VII Bioinformatics Web Sites AlignACE A Web site for identifying motifs by alignments of multiple sequences The AlignACE software can be downloaded http://atlas med.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/alignace.pl Accessed on September 12, 2005 Mitomap A database of variant human mitochondrial genomes detailing known polymorphisms and mutations and literature references http://www.mitomap.org Accessed on September 12, 2005 The European Bioinformatics Institute Access to the EMBL nucleotide sequence, PDB protein, and microarray databases Searches of Medline literature database and patent abstracts ClustalW for multiple sequence alignment and tools for depicting protein three-dimensional structure http://www.ebi.ac.uk Accessed on September 12, 2005 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) A major bioinformatics Web site maintained by the National Institutes of Health The NCBI is the repository of the GenBank nucleotide and protein sequence database This Web site also provides BLAST for alignment searches of the databases There is a wide variety of useful tools for data analysis, such as ORF finder, Entrez Gene, Model Maker, CD Search, Open Mass Spectrometry Search Algorithm, ProtEST, Cn3D, VAST Search, and CD Search The NCBI also provides access to the PubMed database of biomedical literature http://www ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Accessed on September 12, 2005 ExPASy Proteomics Server The ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) proteomics server of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB) is devoted to the analysis of protein sequences and protein structure This Web site also has tools for analysis of two-dimensional polyacrylaminde protein gels Tools are available for primary, secondary, and tertiary structure analysis, including protein subfragment mass prediction, and programs for modeling structures Access to the Swiss Protein database http://www.expasy.org Accessed on September 12, 2005 The GENSCAN Web Server at MIT Scans large nucleotide sequences for various gene features such as exons and splice sites in genomic DNA http://genes.mit edu/GENSCAN.html Accessed on September 12, 2005 MEME On the MEME Web site, searches of protein or DNA sequences can be carried out for motifs that are present in different sequences MEME will analyze multiple sequences for similarities among them http://meme.sdsc.edu/meme/website/ meme.html Accessed on September 12, 2005 National Human Genome Research Institute Basic information on topics related to the Human Genome Project, including ethics and legal issues Links to all major sequence databases http://www.genome gov Accessed on September 12, 2005 Online Analysis Tools This Web site contains a variety of tools for carrying out sequence manipulations and analyses, including alignments, DNA motifs, PCR primer design, phylogenetic trees, restriction mapping, and open reading frames and motifs http://molbiol-tools ca/Restriction_endonuclease.htm Accessed on September 12, 2005 Pfam A database of protein families derived from multiple sequence alignments In the Pfam Web site, known protein struc- 272 Appendixes verso tures and domain architectures can be viewed Distribution of protein domains among species Links to other databases http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam Accessed on September 12, 2005 Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools Algorithms to scan genomes from various organisms for nucleotide pattern representing putative regulatory sequences http://rsat.ulb.ac.be/rsat Accessed on September 12, 2005 The Repeat Masker Server at the University of Washington Web-based utility that scans DNA sequences for interspersed repeats (such as Alu and L1 elements) and low-complexity short repeats (such as dinucleotide repeats) http://repeatmasker.genome.washington edu Accessed on September 12, 2005 REPFIND REPFIND finds clustered, exact repeats in nucleotide sequences Output is in the form of a graphical display of the repeats found http://zlab.bu.edu/repfind Accessed on September 12, 2005 Wadsworth Center Run by the New York State Department of Health, the Wadsworth Center provides news and information on health and health-related research Image analysis using SPIDER (System for Processing Image Data in Electron Microscopy and Related Fields) http://sfold.wadsworth.org/index.pl Accessed on September 12, 2005 273 Appendixes VIII Enzymes Used in Gene Cloning Enzyme Activity Applications alkaline phosphatase removes 5´ terminal phosphates from the singlestranded end of a DNA strand dephosphorylation of vectors cleaved with a restriction enzyme, to prevent ligation of the ends of the vector with itself, to increase the recovery of vectors with inserts deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) cleaves double or single DNA strands by breaking phosphodiester bonds of the DNA backbone • nick translation • Dnase I footprinting DNA polymerase I copies a template DNA strand from an annealed primer • preparation of labeled DNA probes by nick translation • site-directed mutagenesis exonuclease III cleavage of single nucleotides one at a time from the 5´ end of double-stranded DNA, which has a nonphosphorylated 3´ end creation of nested deletions for sequencing Klenow enzyme a subfragment of DNA polymerase I lacking the 5→3´ exonuclease of the intact enzyme creation of blunt ends for blunt-end cloning of restriction fragments polynucleotide kinase catalyzes the transfer of a the terminal phosphate group from ATP to the free 3´ end of a polynucleotide end labeling of oligonucleatides to be used as probes Restriction enzyme(s) cleaves double-stranded DNA at sites defined by specific palindromic nucleotide sequences leaving “sticky” single-stranded ends standard “sticky end” cloning for creation of recombinant DNAs reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of DNA copied from an RNA template • cDNA cloning • generation of cDNA probes for microarray analyses • reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) 274 Appendixes Enzymes Used in Gene Cloning, con'd Enzyme Activity Applications T4 DNA ligase catalyzes the formation of a phosphodiester bond between 5´-phosphate and 3´-hydroxyl ends of two termini in doublestranded DNA • joining of vector and insert in most cloning procedures • site-directed mutagenesis Taq polymerase a class of thermostabile DNA polymerase(s) polymerase chain reaction terminal deoxynucleotide transferase catalyzes the addition of deoxyribonucleotides from deoxyribonucleotide triphophates (dNTPs) to a free 3´ hydroxyl end of double- or single-stranded DNA cloning of cDNAs and blunt-ended DNA fragments 275 ...The Facts On File DICTIONARY of BIOTECHNOLOGY and GENETIC ENGINEERING Third Edition The Facts On File DICTIONARY of BIOTECHNOLOGY and GENETIC ENGINEERING Third Edition Mark L Steinberg,... reassociation) The concentration (C) of doublestranded DNA formation as a function of Cot is: C/C o = 1/(1 + kC ot) where k is the reaction rate constant and Co is the initial concentration of unpaired... the media At the time of the fi rst printing of The Facts On File Dictionary of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, molecular cloning of genes had only recently matured Even then, rapidly accumulating