THE FACTS ON FILE CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK Revised Edition THE FACTS ON FILE HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK Revised Edition THE DIAGRAM GROUP THE DIAGRAM GROUP The Facts On File Chemistry Handbook, Revised Edition Copyright © 2006, 2001 by Diagram Visual Information Ltd Diagram Visual Information Ltd Editorial directors David Harding, Moira Johnston Science editor Eleanora von Dehsen Editors Nancy Bailey, Jean Brady, Paul Copperwaite, Eve Daintith, Bridget Giles, Jane Johnson, Reet Nelis, Jamie Stokes Design Richard Hummerstone, Edward Kinsey Design production Anthony Atherton, Carole Dease, Oscar Lobban, Lee Lawrence Artists Susan Kinsey, Lee Lawrence, Kathleen McDougall Research Peter Dease, Catherine & Neil McKenna, Contributors Michael Allaby, Martyn Bramwell, John Daintith, Trevor Day, John Haywood, Jim Henderson, David Lambert, Catherine Riches, Dr Robert Youngson All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher For information contact: Facts On File, Inc An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Facts on File chemistry handbook / The Diagram Group —Rev ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8160-5878-4 I Chemistry—Handbooks, manuals, etc I Diagram Group QD65.F33 2006 540—dc22 2005055496 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at 212/967-8800 or 800/322-8755 You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB DIAG 10 This book is printed on acid-free paper INTRODUCTION THE FACTS ON FILE CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK, Revised Edition offers students a full view of this vital branch of science, in the form of a one-stop reference The Revised Edition expands greatly on the information available in the previous edition, with the inclusion of four new sections—an A–Z of key advances in the field of chemistry; a list of Nobel Prize winners in chemistry; listings of important science and chemistry associations; and listings of key science and chemistry Web sites The biography and chronology sections have been updated and the glossary expanded to include charts and graphs illustrating important concepts Finally, the index has been extended and completely revised to make searching even easier THE CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK, Revised Edition features the following components: GLOSSARY Almost 1,500 entries, many accompanied by illustrations and now with 14 new large diagrams and charts, are provided here, to aid students’ understanding of the specialized terminology of chemistry BIOGRAPHIES Biographies of more than 300 people are provided here—not only the giants of chemistry, but also many of those whose achievements may have gone unnoticed but whose discoveries have pushed forward the world’s understanding of chemistry Updated to 2005 CHRONOLOGY This section covers 9,000 years of events in the history of chemistry that have influenced our lives more than wars, political changes, and world rulers Now extended to 2005 KEY ADVANCES This entirely new A–Z list of over 140 important advances in chemistry enables students to find quick information on who invented or discovered what and when NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS The newly added list of Nobel Prize winners in chemistry is complete to 2005 Each entry includes the award citation as well as the nationality and dates of birth and death of the winners CHARTS & TABLES This section brings together charts and tables in key areas of chemistry Nine new pages have been added in the Revised Edition ASSOCIATIONS This entirely new section provides the names, addresses, telephone numbers, and Web addresses of 30 important associations WEB SITES Another entirely new section, listing 50 selected Web sites for students, teachers, and library patrons CONTENTS SECTION ONE Glossary SECTION TWO Biographies 129 SECTION THREE Chronology 183 SECTION FOUR Key advances 219 SECTION FIVE Nobel Prize winners 229 SECTION SIX Charts & Tables 241 SECTION SEVEN Associations 257 SECTION EIGHT Web sites 261 INDEX 265 SECTION ONE GLOSSARY GLOSSARY absolute temperature – actinides absolute temperature (thermodynamic temperature) Based on absolute zero The unit (the kelvin) is 1/273.16 of the temperature of the triple point of water and is equivalent to one degree Celsius (1°C) absolute zero The lowest possible temperature Zero on the Kelvin scale abundance A measure of the quantity of a substance occurring in a particular area (an element in the Earth’s crust or an isotope in a sample of an element) It is expressed in percentage or parts per million Ac Symbol for the element actinium accelerator A chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction accumulator or battery A device that uses chemical energy to store electrical energy acetaldehyde See ethanal acetic acid See ethanoic acid acetone See propanone acetylene See ethyne acid Any substance that releases hydrogen ions when added to water It has a pH of less than acid anhydrides Compounds that react with water, forming acids, for example, the acid anhydride SO2 that reacts to make the acid H2SO4 acid-base reaction An acid and a base react together to form a salt and water only acidic oxide The oxides of nonmetals that form acidic solutions in water An acidic oxide reacts with a base to form salt and water only acidification The fall in pH in a solution caused by the addition of an acid This is seen in nature in the pollution of lakes, rivers, and groundwater by acid rain acid, organic See organic acid acid rain A form of pollution where rain dissolves acidic gases (mainly sulfur dioxide) from the air Sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels acid salt A salt of a polybasic acid in which not all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a metal or metal-like group (e.g., ammonium group) acid, standardization of See standardization of solutions actinides (actinoids) The name of the group of elements with atomic numbers from 89 (actinium) to 103 (lawrencium) All are radioactive and have similar properties to actinium As their outer electronic structure is very similar (the f orbital in their fifth shell is being filled), they have similar chemical properties GLOSSARY absolute temperature – actinides actinium – air, liquid GLOSSARY ▼ actinium Element symbol, Ac; silvery metallic element; Z 89; A(r) 227; density (at 20°C), 10.07 g/cm3; m.p., 1,050°C; radioactive; name derived from the Greek aktis, “ray;” discovered 1899 actinium series One of the naturally occurring radioactive series activated complex A short-lived association of atoms that is formed during a chemical reaction activation energy The energy barrier to be overcome in order for a reaction to occur Many chemical reactions require heat energy to be applied to reactants to initiate a reaction active carbon Particles of carbon used widely as an adsorbent to remove H H H H impurities in gases and liquids addition polymerization A process by which molecules join together by a C C C C series of addition reactions to form larger molecules, or macromolecules, which consist of repeated structural units n H H H H n addition reaction A reaction in which a molecule of a substance reacts with Addition polymerization another molecule to form a single compound The term addition reaction is often used in organic chemistry to describe a reaction in which an atom is added to either side of the double or triple bond in an unsaturated compound to form a saturated compound additive A small quantity of a compound added to a bulk material to give it certain properties For example, the colorings added to food and reactant reactant drink adsorption The process by which molecules of gases or liquids become attached to the surface of another substance Desorption is the opposite process catalyst aerosol Extremely small liquid or solid particles suspended in air or another gas Adsorption Ag Symbol for the element silver agrochemicals Chemicals used in agriculture, with the exception of fertilizers The classification includes fungicides, herbicides, pesticides, growth regulators, and vitamin and mineral supplements Other air, a mixture Air is a mixture of several gases (see air, composition of) These gases 1% Oxygen 21% can be physically separated by cooling (to remove water vapor) and by fractional distillation (to remove nitrogen) The properties of air are an average of its components air, composition of The composition of air varies but its average composition Nitrogen 78% (given in percentages by volume) is nitrogen, 78; oxygen, 21; argon, 0.93; carbon dioxide, 0.03 air, liquid Liquid air is a pale blue liquid that boils at –193°C As its component parts have different boiling points (nitrogen boils at Composition of air actinium – air, liquid GLOSSARY ASSOCIATIONS Chemistry CHEMISTRY American Association for Clinical Chemistry International society of clinical laboratory professionals, physicians, and research scientists involved with clinical chemistry and related disciplines 2101 L St., N.W., Washington, DC 20037 Tel 202-857-0717; 800-892-1400 http://www.aacc.org American Chemical Society Member organization promoting scholarly knowledge and providing professional services and support in all fields of chemistry 1155 16th St., N.W., Washington, DC 20036 Tel 202-872-4600; 800-227-5558 http://www.acs.org/ American Chemistry Council Organization representing chemical businesses 1300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 Tel 703-741-5000 http://www.americanchemistry.com/ American Crystallographic Association Group dedicated to “the study of the arrangement of the atoms in matter, its causes, its nature and its consequence, and of the tools and methods used in such studies.” PO Box 96, Ellicott Station, Buffalo, NY 14205 Tel 716-898-8690 http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/ACA/ American Institute of Chemical Engineers Professional organization “fostering chemical engineering knowledge, supporting the professional and personal growth of its members, and applying the expertise of its members to address societal needs throughout the world.” Park Ave., New York, NY 10016 Tel 212-591-8100; 800-242-4363 http://www.aiche.org/ American Institute of Chemists Association representing the professional interests of chemists and chemical engineers and promoting the advancement of chemical professions in the U.S ASSOCIATIONS 258 Chemistry 315 Chestnut St , Philadelphia, PA 19106 Tel 215-873-8224 http://www.theaic.org/ American Microchemical Society Nonprofit society formed to encourage the advancement of microchemistry in its broadest sense c/o Herk Felder, June Way, Middlesex, NJ 08846 http://www.microchem.org/ American Nuclear Society Nonprofit organization established to unify the professional activities within the diverse fields of nuclear science and technology 555 N Kensington Ave., La Grange Park, IL 60526 Tel 708-352-6611 http://www.ans.org/ American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB) Society formed to advance the science of biochemistry and molecular biology through scholarship, advocacy, support of science education at all levels, and encouragement of diversity of individuals entering the scientific workforce 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel 301-634-7145 http://www.asbmb.org/ASBMB/site.nsf?Open American Society for Mass Spectrometry Professional organization formed to promote and disseminate knowledge of mass spectrometry and allied topics 2019 Galisteo Street, Santa Fe, NM 87505 Tel 505-989-4517 http://www.asms.org/ American Society for Neurochemistry Society formed to advance and promote the science of neurochemistry and related neurosciences through scientific meetings, seminars, publications, and related activities 9037 Ron Den Lane, Windermere, FL 34786 Tel 407-876-0750 http://www.asneurochem.org/ Chemistry AOAC International (formerly Association of Official Analytical Chemists) Organization “committed to be a proactive, worldwide provider and facilitator in the development, use, and harmonization of validated analytical methods and laboratory quality assurance programs.” 481 North Frederick Ave., Gaithersburg, MD 20877 Tel 301-924-7077; 800-379-2622 http://www.aoac.org/ Chemical Heritage Foundation Organization dedicated to preserving and sharing the history and heritage of the chemical and molecular sciences, technologies, and allied industries 315 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19106 Tel 215-925-2222 http://www.chemheritage.org/ The Electrochemical Society, Inc The leading society for solid-state and electrochemical science and technology 65 South Main St., Pennington, NJ 08534 Tel 609-737-1902 http://www.electrochem.org/ The Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies Federation of professional societies representing 9,000 analytical chemists and spectroscopists PO Box 24379, Santa Fe, NM 87502 Tel 505-820-1648 http://www.facss.org Geochemical Society Professional society founded to “encourage the application of chemistry to the solution of geological and cosmological problems.” Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Washington University, One Brookings Dr., St Louis, MO 63130 Tel 314-935-4131 http://gs.wustl.edu/ Institute for Sustainability Organization of chemical engineers formed to “develop and implement cost-effective technologies, Chemistry ASSOCIATIONS processes, and practices needed to meet global societal and marketplace challenges.” Park Ave., New York, NY 10016 Tel 212-591-7462; 800-242-4363 http://www.aiche.org/IFS/index.aspx International Association of Environmental Analytical Chemistry Professional association formed to promote environmental analytical chemistry and its use in assessing the impact of substances on the environment c/o Marianne Frei-Hausler, Allschwill 2, Postfach 46, CH-4123 Allschwill, Switzerland Tel 41-61-4812789 http://www.iaeac.ch/ International Society of Chemical Ecology Organization formed to promote “the understanding of interactions between organisms and their environment that are mediated by naturally occurring chemicals.” c/o Dr Stephen Foster, Dept of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Tel 701-231-6444 http://www.chemecol.org International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry The authority on chemical terminology, measurement, and other evaluated data IUPAC Secretariat, PO Box 13757, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 Tel 919-485-8700 http://www.iupac.org/ National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers Organization dedicated to increasing the number of minorities in science and engineering through diverse programs designed to foster professional development and encourage students to pursue careers in science and technical fields PO Box 77040, Washington, DC 20013 Tel 202-667-1699; 800-776-1419 http://www.nobcche.org/ ASSOCIATIONS 259 ASSOCIATIONS Chemistry – General scientific Society for Applied Spectroscopy Professional organization formed to disseminate knowledge and information on spectroscopy and other allied sciences 201 B Broadway St., Frederick, MD 21701 Tel 301-694-8122 http://www.s-a-s.org/ Association of Science–Technology Centers Organization of science centers and museums dedicated to “furthering the public understanding of science among increasingly diverse audiences.” 1025 Vermont Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005 Tel 202-783-7200 http://www.astc.org Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Society promoting the development of principles and practices leading to sustainable environmental policy and research on contaminants and other stressors in the environment 1010 North 12th Ave., Pensacola, FL 32501 Tel 850-469-1500 http://www.setac.org/ Association for Women in Science Organization formed to “achieve equity and full participation for women in science, engineering, technology, and mathematics.” 1200 New York Ave., N.W., Suite 650, Washington, DC 20005 Tel 202-326-8940 http://www.awis.org Society of Toxicology Society formed to advance the science and application of toxicology in order to enhance human and environmental health 1821 Michael Faraday Dr., Reston, VA 20190 Tel 703-438-3115 http://www.toxicology.org/ GENERAL SCIENTIFIC American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Organization formed to “further the work of scientists; facilitate cooperation among them; foster scientific freedom and responsibility; improve the effectiveness of science in the promotion of human welfare; advance education in science; and increase the public’s understanding and appreciation of the promise of scientific methods in human progress.” 1200 New York Ave., N.W., Washington, DC 20005 Tel 202-326-6400 http://www.aaas.org/ ASSOCIATIONS 260 The National Science Foundation An independent agency of the U.S government whose mission is to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense It is a major source of research grants and funding in the sciences 4201 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22230 Tel 703-292-5111 http://www.nsf.gov/ National Science Teachers Association Professional organization dedicated to “excellence and innovation in science teaching and learning for all.” 1840 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22201 Tel 703-243-7100 http://www.nsta.org Society for Amateur Scientists Collaboration between world-class professionals and citizen scientists to “remove the roadblocks that prevent ordinary people from participating in scientific adventures of all kinds.” 5600 Post Rd., East Greenwich, RI 02818 Tel 401-398-7001 http://www.sas.org/ Chemistry – General scientific Name – Name WEBSITES SECTION EIGHT WEB SITES Name – Name WEBSITES 261 WEB SITES Chemistry CHEMISTRY About Chemistry About.com Includes links to a glossary, encyclopedia, experiments, periodic table, chemical structure archive, chemistry problems, and articles http://chemistry.about.com/?once=true& Chem4Kids Accessible information on matter, atoms, elements, reactions, biochemistry, and much more, for grades 5–9 http://www.chem4kids.com/ Chemistry Carousel: A Trip Around the Carbon Cycle Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation Site explaining the carbon cycle http://library.thinkquest.org/11226/index.htm Chemistry Central WebRing Offers basic atomic information, information on the periodic table, chemical bonding, and organic chemistry as well as extensive links to a wide variety of other resources http://users.senet.com.au/~rowanb/chem/ Chemistry.org American Chemical Society Offers publications, career advice, information, and curriculum materials for K–12 http://www.acs.org/ The Chemistry Research Center Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation Offers high school students links to useful sites for help with homework http://library.thinkquest.org/21192/lowg/index.html Chemistry Tutor Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation Help for high school students with chemistry homework Includes an introduction to chemistry, equations, calculations, types of reactions, information on lab safety, and links to other sources http://library.thinkquest.org/2923/ ChemSpy.com Links to chemistry and chemical engineering terms, definitions, synonyms, acronyms, and abbreviations http://www.chemspy.com/ WEB SITES 262 Chemistry CHEMystery ThinkQuest A virtual chemistry textbook, providing an interactive guide for high school chemistry students and links to other resources http://library.thinkquest.org/3659/ Common Molecules Indiana University Information and 3-D presentation on molecules studied in chemistry classes or of interest for their structural properties http://www.reciprocalnet.org/common/index.html Delights of Chemistry Department of Chemistry, University of Leeds Presents more than 40 chemistry demonstrations and 500 photographs/animations of experiments and chemical reactions http://www.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/ EnvironmentalChemistry.com Kenneth Barbalace Includes a chemical and environmental dictionary; a detailed periodic table of elements; articles on environmental and hazardous materials issues; a geologic timeline http://environmentalchemistry.com/ Eric Weisstein’s World of CHEMISTRY Online encyclopedia, still under construction, with excellent graphics; good source for chemical reactions http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/chemistry/ General Chemistry Online Professor Fred Senese Contains searchable glossary, frequently asked questions, database of compounds, tutorials, simulations, and toolbox of periodic table and calculators http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/ index.shtml The Learning Matters of Chemistry Knowledge by Design Offers visualizations of molecules and atomic orbits, interactive chemistry exercises, and links to other resources http://www.knowledgebydesign.com/tlmc/ tlmc.html The Macrogalleria: A Cyberwonderland of Polymer Fun Department of Polymer Science, University of Southern Mississippi An Internet “mall” for Chemistry – General Web sites learning about polymers and polymer science http://www.pslc.ws/macrog/ Nuclear Chemistry and the Community Kennesaw State University Introduction to nuclear chemistry and its impact on society http://www.chemcases.com/nuclear/index.htm The pH Factor Miami Museum of Science Introduction to acids and bases for middle school students http://www.miamisci.org/ph/ PSIgate: Chemistry Resource Discovery Network Offers interactive tutorials, timeline, and links, in many areas http://www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/chemistrygateway.html Reactive Reports David Bradley Web chemistry magazine offering news stories and links to sites http://www.reactivereports.com/index.html The Science of Spectroscopy Introduction to spectroscopy with descriptions of common spectroscopic analysis techniques, as well as applications of spectroscopy in consumer products, medicine, and space science http://www.scienceofspectroscopy.info/ Virtual Chemistry Oxford University 3-D simulated laboratory for teaching chemistry, with links to an online encyclopedia, tutorials, and close-ups of molecules http://neon.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/ A Visual Interpretation of the Table of Elements Chemsoc Striking visual representations of 110 elements Site includes detailed information on the elements and on the history of the periodic table http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/index.htm Web Elements™ Periodic Table Scholar Edition Mark Winter, University of Sheffield High quality source of information about the periodic table for students There is also a professional edition http://www.webelements.com/webelements/ scholar/index.html Chemistry – General Web sites WEB SITES What’s that Stuff? Chemical & Engineering News Explores the chemistry of everyday objects http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff.html GENERAL WEB SITES American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Information on scientific developments and education programs for all ages http://www.aaas.org Exploratorium Produced by San Francisco’s interactive Exploratorium science museum, the site contains experiments, exhibits, and sound and video files exploring hundreds of different topics http://www.exploratorium.edu How Stuff Works HSW Media Network Extensive resource of individual tutorials in Earth science, engineering, physical science, life science, and space http://science.howstuffworks.com/ National Science Digital Library (NSDL) National Science Foundation Giant database of links to quality resources and services supporting science education at all levels http://nsdl.org/ NOVA: Science in the News Australian Academy of Science Information on scientific principles and concepts in theheadlines http://www.science.org.au/nova/ Quiz Hub Schmidel & Wojcik Learning center with quizzes, homework help, resources, and interactive games http://quizhub.com/ Science Learning Network (SLN) Links to an international group of inquiry-based science museums and Web sites as well as educator hotlists http://sln.fi.edu/org/ ScienceMaster News, information, links, columns, and homework help in all major areas of science http://www.sciencemaster.com/ WEB SITES 263 WEB SITES General Web sites – Teacher resources – Equipment suppliers Science News for Kids Science Service Suggestions for hands-on activities, books, articles, Web resources, and other useful materials for students ages 9–13 http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/ Scientific American.com Scientific American Latest news in science as well as an “Ask the Experts” feature http://www.sciam.com Society for Amateur Scientists Hotlists for a variety of disciplines as well as science hobbyists, science suppliers, science education stores, scientific organizations, science books, magazines, and newsletters http://www.sas.org/ ThinkQuest Library Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation Links to hundreds of scientific sites on the Web http://library.thinkquest.org TEACHER RESOURCES Curriculum Center: Discoveryschool.com Classroom activities for core curriculum topics http://school.discovery.com/curriculumcenter/ Education World: The Educator’s Best Friend Links, lesson plans, practical information for educators, information on integrating technology in the classroom, articles by education experts, site reviews, and daily features and columns http://www.education-world.com Element Jacqueline Floyd Includes links to science news sites, research labs, educational resources, scientific data, freeware for data analysis, and chat forums http://www.elementlist.com/lnx/index.php Middle School Physical Science Resource Center North Carolina State University Hands-on science experiments, book reviews, a newsletter, relevant essays, and a discussion forum http://www.science-house.org:8530/middleschool/ National Science Teachers Association Information on the teaching of science, including WEB SITES 264 links to teacher recommended Web sites http://www.nsta.org Resources for Teaching Chemistry Norman Herr, Ph.D Links to professional organizations, information on chemical chemicals reference data, chemical demonstrations, laboratory safety, science museums, and lesson plan ideas http://www.csun.edu/~vceed002/chemistry/ EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS Carolina Biological Supply Company Online catalogue of science equipment and teacher resources http://www.carolina.com Fisher Science Education Online catalogue of science equipment and teacher resources http://www.fishersci.com/education/index.jsp Frey Scientific Online catalogue of science equipment and teacher resources http://www.freyscientific.com/index.jsp NSTA’s Suppliers Guide National Science Teachers Association Listing of suppliers of textbooks, reference works, computer programs, curriculum kits, and lab equipment http://suppliers.nsta.org RadioShack Online retailer of electronic parts, batteries, and accessories http://www.radioshack.com/home/index.jsp ScienceLab.com Discount supplier of science education materials and laboratory equipment http://www.sciencelab.com Ward’s Natural Science Supplier of materials for high school- and collegelevel biology and geology classes, and life, environmental, Earth, and physical science studied in grades through http://www.wardsci.com General Web sites – Teacher resources – Equipment suppliers Abel – Bunsen INDEX The A–Z Glossary and other thematic Sections provide direct access to information The Index offers supplementary access to Sections to Page numbers in bold type indicate the main biographical note on individuals Abel, Sir Frederick A., 130, 204 Abelson, Philip H., 130, 163, 212, 246 Acetic acid, 159–160, 220 Acetone, 208 Acetylcholine, 144, 163 Acetylene, 181, 201 Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), 159–160 Acheson, Edward G., 204 Acidity, 175, 207 Acid-protein complexes, 238 Acids, 131, 141, 162, 187, 188, 220 Acrylic fiber, 213 ACTH, 162, 214 Activity series, 249 Adams, Roger, 130, 208 Addition reaction, 209 Adenine, 141, 178 Adenosine diphosphate see ADP Adenosine triphosphate see ATP Adiabatic calorimeter, 172 ADP, 137, 140, 165 Adrenaline, 163, 177, 206 Adrenocorticotrophic hormone see ACTH Adsorption analysis, 234 Adsorption chromatography, 222 Affinities, table of, 188 Agre, Peter C., 240 Air, 140, 191, 220 Alcohols, 153, 162 Alder, Kurt, 130, 146, 209, 223, 234 Alicyclic, 133, 231 Alizarin, 202 Alkalinity, 175, 207 Alkalis, 136, 187 Alkaloids, 140, 169, 172, 234 Alkanes, 160, 252 Alkenes, 252 Alkynes, 252 Allotropy, 198 Alloys, 249 Abel – Bunsen INDEX Alpha particles, 144, 175, 205, 220 Altman, Sidney, 140, 238 Alum, 186 Aluminum, 139–140, 153, 197, 204 Amino acids, 143, 149, 164– 165, 172, 176, 178, 179, 195, 236 Ammonia, 137, 153, 192, 206, 207, 220, 231 Analytical chemistry, 159, 220 Anaxagoras, 130, 185, 226 Anaximander, 184, 226 Anaximenes, 130, 185 Anderson, Carl D., 211 Anesthetics, 199 Anfinsen, Christian B., 130– 131, 176, 236 Aniline, 147, 157, 197, 200, 201 Animal chemistry, 162 Anode, 155, 198 Anthracite, 198 Antibiotics, 149–150, 182 Antibodies, 157, 170, 178 Antigens, binding, 170 Antineutrinos, 214 Antiprotons, 214 Antiseptic surgery, 201 Archimedes, 131 Arfvedson, Johan A., 196, 246 Aristotle, 131, 185, 221 Armbruster, Peter, 217, 218, 245, 246, 247, 248 Aromatic hydrocarbons, 252 Aromaticity, 172 Arrhenius, Svante A., 131, 203– 204, 205, 220, 225, 230 Arsenic, 138, 186 Ascorbic acid see Vitamin C Aspartame, 215 Aspirin see Acetylsalicylic acid Astbury, William T., 210 Aston, Francis W., 131, 208, 225, 232 Atmosphere, 179, 187, 191, 192, 239 Atomic bomb, 130, 174, 212 Atomic fission, first artificial, 208 Atomic structure, 131, 162 Atomic theory, 133, 144, 185, 220 Atomic volume curve, 202 Atomic weight, 135, 139, 194, 195, 200, 202, 220, 221, 231 Atomist theory, 163 Atoms, 145, 151, 173, 185, 195, 198, 207, 209, 211, 231, 243 ATP, 137, 149, 165, 177, 239 ATP synthase (ATPase), 137, 180 Auer, Carl, 204, 246, 247 Auger effect, 208–209 Auger, Pierre-V., 208–209 Avogadro, Amedeo, 131–132, 195, 220 Avogadro’s hypothesis, 195 Avogadro’s law, 132 Avogadro’s number, 200, 220 Axelrod, Julius, 132 Bacon, Sir Francis, 132, 227 Bacon, Roger, 132 Baekeland, Leo H., 132, 207 Baeyer, J.F.W Adolf von, 132, 201, 202, 204–205, 230 Bakelite, 132, 207 Balard, Antoine-J., 132–133, 197, 244 Balmer, Johann J., 133 Baltimore, David, 133 Bamberger, Eugen, 133 Barbiturate, 201 Bardeen, John, 181 Barger, George, 133 Bartlett, Neil, 133, 215 Bartlett, Paul D., 133 Barton, Sir Derek H.R, 133– 134, 154, 236 Bases, 131, 178, 220, 237 Battery, 145, 193–194, 202, 220 see also Leyden jar; Voltaic pile Beadle, George W., 134 Becher, Johann J., 134, 188 Becquerel, Antoine-Henri, 134, 205, 227 Bednorz, Johannes G., 134 Benzene, 145, 158, 172, 196– 197, 201–202, 210, 220 Bergius, Friedrich, 135, 232– 233 Bergman, Torbern, 191 Berg, Otto C., 208, 247, 248 Berg, Paul, 134–135, 152, 174, 237 Bernal chart, 209 Bernal, John D., 209 Bernard, Claude, 135 Bernoulli, Daniel, 135 Berthollet, Claude-L., 135, 192, 194, 220 Berzelius, Jöns J., 135, 194, 194–195, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 221, 222, 227, 244, 247, 248 Bessemer, Sir Henry, 136, 200 Beta blockers, 136 Beta particles, 144, 175, 205, 221 Bevan, Edward J., 136 Bevatron particle accelerator, 214 Bile, 135, 149, 180, 232 Biochemical cycles, 250–251 Biomolecules, 160 Biotin, 212 Bitumen, 255 Black, Sir James W., 136 Black, Joseph, 136, 190, 221, 224, 246 Blix, Magnus G., 204, 221 Bloch, Felix, 212 Bodenstein, Max, 203 Bohr atomic model, 207 Bohr, Niels, 155, 207, 208 Boltwood, Bertram B., 136 Boltzmann, Ludwig E., 200, 225 Bonds see Chemical bonds Bonner, James F., 136 Boranes, 237 Boric (or boracic) acid, 188, 221 Boron compounds, 138, 163, 207, 237 Bosch, Carl, 135, 137, 153, 232–233 Bovet, Daniele, 137 Boyer, Herbert W., 137, 216 Boyer, Paul D., 137, 180, 239 Boyle, Robert, 137, 187, 188, 220, 221, 224 Boyle’s law, 137, 188, 221, 224 Brand, Hennig, 137, 188, 247 Brandt, Georg, 138, 189, 245 Brattain, Walter, 181 Brauner, Bohuslav, 206 Brenner, Sydney, 215 Broglie, Louis-V de, 208 Bronze, 184, 185 Brookhaven National Laboratory, 218 Brown, Herbert C., 138, 215, 224, 237 Bubble chamber, 214 Buchner, Eduard, 138, 230 Buckminsterfullerene (buckyball) molecule, 144, 160, 175, 217 Bunsen burner, 138, 199, 221 Bunsen, Robert W., 138, 176, INDEX 265 INDEX 199, 200, 201, 221, 227, 244, 247 Butane, 253 Butenandt, Adolf F.J., 138, 173, 233 Cailletet, Louis-P., 203 Calcium carbide, 181, 201 Calorimetry, 172, 190, 192, 221 Calvin, Melvin, 138, 235 Candolle, Augustin-P de, 138– 139 Cannizzaro, Stanislao, 139, 200, 220, 221 Capeller, M.A., 188 Carbocation chemistry, 239 Carbohydrates, 135, 233, 236, 254 Carbolic acid, 198, 221 Carbon-14, 212, 235 Carbon, 177, 198, 218 Carbon cycle, 250 Carbon dating, 235 Carbon dioxide, 136, 190, 205, 221, 235 Carbon fiber, 215 Carbon granule microphone, 147 Carbon, see also Buckminsterfullerene Carborundum, 204 Cardano, Geronimo, 139 Carlisle, Anthony, 193 Carnap, Rudolf, 139 Carnegie, Andrew, 136 Carnot, Sadi, 141 Carotenoids, 233 Carothers, Wallace H., 139, 210, 226 Castner, Hamilton Y., 139–140, 204, 205 Castner-Kellner process, 205 Catalysis, 135, 166, 230–231 Catalysts, 168, 200, 202, 203, 214 Cathode, 155, 198 Cathode rays, 199, 203 Cation, 198 Cavendish, Henry, 140, 190, 192, 228, 245 Cavendish Laboratory, 131 Caventou, Jean-B., 140 Cech, Thomas R., 140, 238 Cell organelles, 146–147 Cell receptors, 136 Cellulose, 136 Celsius, Anders, 189, 228 Celsius (centigrade) scale, 189, 228 INDEX 266 Butane – Dana Centrifugation, differential, 146–147 Centrifuge, 176, 204, 221 CFC gases, 143, 165, 172–173 Chadwick, Sir James, 211, 226 Chain, Sir Ernst B., 140, 150 Chain reactions, 203, 212 Chamberlain, Owen, 214 Chance, Britton, 140 Chardonnet, Louis, 204 Chargaff, Erwin, 140–141 Charles, Jacques-A.-C., 141, 192, 221, 224 Charles’ law, 141, 151, 192, 221, 224 Chauvin, Yves, 240 Chemical bonds, 166, 168, 196, 208, 212, 216, 235, 236, 237 Chemical chain reactions, 174 Chemical composition, 158, 196 Chemical compounds, 135, 156, 171 Chemical dynamics, laws of, 230 Chemical elements, 185, 187, 221 see also Elements Chemical equilibria, 230–231 Chemical formulas, 200, 221 Chemical high pressure methods, 232–233 Chemical kinetics, 174 Chemical messengers, 152, 172 Chemical nomenclature, 222 Chemical origin of life, 138 Chemical radicals, 155 Chemical reactions, 147, 151, 155, 156, 161, 168, 177, 179, 189, 194, 198, 235, 236, 238, 249 Chemical spectroscopy, 138 Chemical structure, 222 Chemical symbols, 222 Chemical thermodynamics, 151–152, 162, 234 Chemical types, theory of, 157 Chemiosmotic theory, 237 Chemistry and atomic theory, 144 first textbook, 186 founder of modern, 160–161 high-temperature, 165 and physics, 134 term first used, 186 terminlogy, 192–193 Chemotherapy, 147 Chevreul, Michel-E., 141 Butane – Dana Chirality, 142–143, 170, 222, 240 Chittenden, Russell H., 141 Chlorine, 135, 167, 191, 195 Chlorofluorocarbons see CFC gases Chloroform, 162, 197, 199, 222 Chlorophyll, 149, 169, 173, 181, 182, 206, 231, 232 Chloroplasts, 173 Cholesterol, 142, 181, 182, 211 Choppin, Gregory, 213, 214, 245, 246 Chromatography, 165–166, 198, 206, 222 adsorption, 222 column, 176 gas, 222 ion-exchange, 222 liquid, 222 paper, 212–213, 222 partition, 163, 176–177, 212, 222, 234 Chymotrypin, 211 Ciechanover, Aaron, 240 Cis-trans terminology, 204–205 Citric acid, 162, 192 Claude, Albert, 147 Clausius, Rudolf J.E., 141, 178, 199, 228 Cleve, Per T., 141–142, 203, 245, 248 Cloud chamber, 205, 222 Cockcroft, Sir John, 210 Coenzyme A, 162 Cohen, Seymour S., 142 Cohen, Stanley H., 142, 216 Colloid, 222, 232 Colloidal chemistry, 176, 182, 199 Column chromatography, 176 Combination, 249 Combustion, 174, 191, 223 Compton, Arthur H., 208 Computers, 142, 144, 156, 213 Conductive polymers, 240 Conductors, 189 Conformation, 236 Conformational analysis, 154 Conservation of mass, 223 Contact process, 203 Cooper, Archibald, 200, 222 Copper, 184, 185 Cordite, 130, 204, 208 Cordus, Valerius, 186 Corey, Elias J., 142, 239 Cornforth, Sir John W., 142, 237 Corson, Dale R., 212, 244 Corticosteroids, 159, 171 Cortisone, 159, 162, 182 Coryell, Charles D., 213, 247 Coster, Dirk, 208, 245 Courtois, Bernard, 142, 195, 246 Covalent bonds, 162 Cowan, Clyde L., 214 Crafts, James M., 203, 224 Craig, Lyman C., 215 Cram, Donald J., 142–143, 161, 238 Cranston, John, 208, 247 Crawford, Adair, 143, 193, 247 Creosote, 198, 223 Crewe, Albert V., 223 Crick, Francis H.C., 133, 141, 143, 150–151, 180, 214 Cronstedt, Axel F., 143, 189– 190, 190, 246 Crookes, William, 201, 248 Cross, Charles, 204 Crown ether, 142–143, 169 Crutzen, Paul J., 143, 165, 172– 173, 239 Crystallization, 189, 191, 223 Crystallography, 188 Crystals, electron diffraction, 209 Crystal structures, 158, 196, 209, 238 Curie, Marie (née Sklodowska), 134, 143, 143–144, 157–158, 205, 227, 231, 247 Curie, Pierre, 134, 143–144, 143, 157–158, 203, 205, 247 Curie point, 144 Curl, Robert F Jr., 144, 160, 175, 224, 239 Cyanic acid, 196 Cyanocobalamin see Vitamin B12 Cyclamate, 211, 213 Cycles, biochemical, 250–251 Cyclic compounds, 146 Cyclization, 156 Cyclohexane, 154 Cytosine, 141, 178 Daguerre, Louis-J.-M., 144 Dale, Sir Henry H., 144, 163 Daltonism, 144 Dalton, John, 144, 156, 194, 195, 220, 221, 226 Dalton’s law, 144, 194 Dam, Carl P.H., 144–145 Dana, James D., 145 Daniel – Gahn Daniel, Johannes H., 213 Daniell, John F., 145 Danysz, Marian, 213 Davisson, Clinton J., 209 Davy, Sir Humphry, 145, 194– 195, 195, 196, 224, 244, 245, 247 DDT, 212 Debierne, André-L., 205, 244 Debye, Peter (or Petrus) J.W., 145, 233 Debye, the, 145 Decomposition, 249 Definite proportions, law of, 171 Dehydrogenases, 177–178 Deisenhofer, Johann, 145–146, 157, 164, 238 Delafontaine, Marc, 203, 245 Demarỗay, Eugốne-A., 206, 245 Democritus, 146, 162, 185 DENDRAL, 149 Density-functional theory, 239 Deoxyribonucleic acid see DNA Descartes, René, 187, 227 Deuterium (heavy hydrogen), 179, 233 Dewar flask, 203, 223 Dewar, Sir James, 203, 205, 223 Diastase, 198 Dickson, James T., 212 Dielectric constants, 145 Diels-Alder reaction, 130, 209, 223 Diels, Otto P.H., 130, 146, 209, 223, 234 Dienes, 209, 234 Diesel, 255 Diffusion, 152, 223 Digitalis, 181 Dihydroxy alcohol, 200 Dipole moment, 145, 233 Dispersed systems, 232 Dissipative structures, 237 Distillation, fractional, of oil, 255 DNA, 133, 134–135, 137, 140– 141, 142, 143, 150–151, 152, 166, 168, 173, 173–174, 175, 178, 180, 207, 214, 237 DNA-cleaving or DNA-cutting enzymes, 134–135, 142 Döbereiner, Johann W., 192, 197, 223 Döbereiner’s triads, 197, 223 Doisy, E.A., 145 Domagk, Gerhard, 146 Daniel – Gahn INDEX Dorn, Friedrich E., 146, 206, 247 Dow Corning, 212 Drugs, 133, 136, 137, 140, 146, 149–150, 182 Drummond, Thomas, 197 Du Fay, Charles-F de C., 146 Duhamel du Monceau, Henri-L., 189 Dulbecco, Renato, 133 Dulong-Petit law, 196 Dulong, Pierre-L., 196, 197 Dumas, Jean-B.-A., 198 Dutroche, Henri, 197 Duve, Christian R de, 146–147 Du Vigneaud, Vincent, 212 Dyes, 132, 135, 169, 172, 200, 201, 211, 230 Dynamite, 167, 202 Edison, Thomas A., 147, 176 Ehrlich, Paul, 147, 207 Eigen, Manfred, 147, 167, 170, 216, 236 Eightfold Way, 215 Eijkmann, Christiaan, 157 Einstein, Albert, 152, 206, 208, 210 Ekeberg, Anders G., 147, 194, 248 Elective affinities, 188 Electric cell, 193–194 Electricity, 146, 150, 159, 189, 190, 193 Electrode, 198 Electrolysis, 139–140, 149, 167, 194–195, 195–196, 198, 223 Electrolyte, 168, 198 Electrolytic cell, 204 Electrolytic dissociation, 131, 203–204, 230 Electrolytic process, 139–140 Electromagnetism, 148, 194, 195–196, 197, 203, 223 Electron, 205, 208, 209, 213, 223, 223 Electron arrangement of atoms, 243 Electron diffraction, 154, 158, 209 Electronegative substances, 195–196 Electronic shells, distribution of, 208 Electron transfer, 163, 238, 239 Electron transport, 165 Electrophoresis, 178, 211, 223, 234 Electroplating, 198 Electropositive substances, 195– 196 Elementary particles, 213 Elements, 136, 137, 163, 166, 171, 172, 173, 187, 193, 196, 197, 200, 201, 202, 227, 230 by groups, 243 discovery of, 244–248 four Aristotelian, 147–148, 186 periodic table, 164, 167, 202, 242–243 Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto d’, 147, 192, 248 Elhuyar y de Suvisa, José d’, 192, 248 Elion, Gertrude B., 136 Elvehjem, Conrad A., 147 Empedocles, 147–148, 185, 226 Enantiomers, 142–143 Endorphins see Enkephalins (endorphins) Energy, conservation of, 158 Energy transfer, biological, 237 Enkephalins (endorphins), 160 Entropy, 141, 166–167 Enzyme-catalyzed reactions, 237 Enzymes, 134, 142, 148, 154, 160, 167–168, 168, 170, 175, 176, 177–178, 198, 205, 207, 232, 234, 239 Epicurus, 148, 185, 226 Epsom salts, 188 Ergot, 133, 144 Ergotoxine, 133 Erlenmeyer, Richard A.C.E., 148 Ernst, Richard R., 148, 239 Erythronium (vanadium), 194 Eskola, Pentti E., 148 Ethane, 199 Ethanol, 253 Ether, 186, 199 Ethylene glycol, 200 Euler-Chelpin, Hans K.A.S von, 148, 154, 232 Euler, Ulf von, 132 Explosives, 130, 132, 153, 167, 184, 202, 224, 226 Fab (fragment antigen binding), 170 Fabry, Charles, 207 Fahlberg, Constantin, 204 Fahrenheit, Daniel G., 188, 228 Faraday, Michael, 145, 148– 149, 196–197, 197, 198, 199, 220, 223 Fats, 141, 206 Feigenbaum, Edward A., 149 Femtosecond spectroscopy, 240 Fenn, John B., 240 Fermentation, 138, 154, 230, 232 Fermi, Enrico, 211, 212 Ferrocene, 149, 181 Ferromagnetic materials, 144 Fertilizers, 153, 199 Feynman, Richard, 213 Fieser, Louis, 212 Fischer, Edmond H., 149 Fischer, Emil H., 205, 206 Fischer, Ernst O., 149, 181, 237 Fischer, Hans, 149, 232 Fischer, Hermann E., 149, 230 Flash photolysis, 167, 169–170, 216 Fleming, Sir Alexander, 140, 149–150, 150, 209–210 Flerov, Georgy, 215, 216, 245, 247 Florey, Howard W (Baron Florey), 140, 150 Flory, Paul J., 150, 237 Fluorescence, 178, 200 Fluorine, 230 Formaldehyde, 157 Formic acid, 188, 191, 223 Fourcroy, Antoine, 192 Fractional distillation, 199, 255 Frankland, Sir Edward, 150, 199, 200, 228 Franklin, Benjamin, 150, 190 Franklin, Rosalind E., 150–151, 180 Frasch, Herman, 204 Frasch process, 204 Free radicals, 133, 169, 236 Freon, 210 Friedel, Charles, 203, 224 Friedel-Crafts reaction, 203, 224 Frontier orbitals, 151 Fuel cell, 198 Fukui, Kenichi, 151, 156, 238 Fukui, Saburo, 214 Fuller, Buckminster, 144, 160, 175 Fullerenes, 217, 224, 239 Funk, Casimir, 151 Furnaces, 165, 186, 197, 200, 230 Gadolin, Johan, 197, 248 Gahn, Johan G., 191, 246 INDEX 267 INDEX Galilei, Galileo, 186, 228 Galvanizing, 189 Gamma globulins, 170, 178 Gamma radiation, 144, 175 Gas chromatography, 222 Gas diffusion apparatus, 130 Gases, 144, 151, 152, 155, 160, 164, 170, 178, 192, 196, 200, 223, 224, 233 Avogadro’s hypothesis, 195 Avogadro’s law, 132 Boyle’s law, 137 Charles’ law, 141, 192 Dalton’s law, 144, 194 gas law equations, 179 Gay-Lussac’s law, 195 Graham’s law, 197, 224 Henry’s law, 155, 194, 224 Joule’s work, 158 kinetic theory of, 135, 141, 200, 225 laws of combination of, 151 noble see Noble gases term gas, 155, 187 Gas laws, 224 Gassendi, Pierre, 151, 187, 225, 226 Gay-Lussac, Joseph-L., 141, 151, 194, 195, 196, 224, 225, 228, 244 Gay-Lussac’s law, 194, 195, 224 Gell-Mann, Murray, 215 Genetic code, 134, 143 Genetic engineering, 134–135, 135, 152, 168 Geoffroy, Étienne, 188 Gerhardt, Charles-F., 199 Gesner, Abraham, 200 Ghiorso, Albert, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 244, 245, 246, 247 Giauque, William F., 151, 234 Gibbs, Josiah W., 151–152 Gilbert, Walter, 135, 152, 174, 237 Gilman, Alfred G., 152, 172 Glaser, Donald A., 214 Glauber, Johann R., 152 Glauber’s salt, 152 Glendenin, Lawrence E., 213, 247 Glucose, 141, 149, 164 Glycerin, 191 Glycogen, 135, 141, 149, 162, 164 Goeppert-Mayer, Maria, 213 Goldhaber, Maurice, 211, 226 Goldstein, Eugen, 203 INDEX 268 Galilei – Karle Goodyear, Charles, 198 G protein, 172 Graham’s law, 152, 197, 224 Graham, Thomas, 152, 197, 199, 222, 223, 224 Gray, Stephen, 189 Greenhouse effect, 131 Gregorich, Kenneth, 218, 248 Gregor, William, 152, 193, 248 Grew, Nehemiah, 188 Grignard reagents, 153, 231 Grignard, Victor, 152–153, 231 Grove, Sir William R., 198 Growth hormone, 162, 214, 216 Grubbs, Robert H., 240 GSI (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung), 217, 218, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248 Guanine, 141, 178 Guericke, Otto von, 187 Guldberg, Cato, 201 Gunpowder, 132, 184, 224 Guyton de Morveau, Louis-B., 191, 192 Haber, Fritz, 153, 206, 231 Haber process, 206 Hadrons, 213, 215 Hahn, Otto, 153, 211, 233, 247 Hales, Stephen, 153, 189 Hall, Charles M., 153, 204 Hall, Sir James, 153–154 Handedness, 222 Harden, Sir Arthur, 148, 154, 232 Harvey, Bernard, 214, 245, 246 Hassel, Odd, 134, 154, 236 Hatchett, Charles, 154, 194, 246 Hauptman, Herbert A., 154, 158, 238 Hawkins, Joel, 217 Haworth, Sir Walter N., 154, 158, 211, 233 Heat, 158, 163, 172, 189, 224 latent, 136, 190, 224 specific, 167, 190 Heavy water, 211 Heeger, Alan J., 240 Heisenberg, Werner, 209 Helium, 150, 175 Helmholtz, Hermann L.F von, 199, 228 Helmont, Jan B van, 154–155, 187, 221 Hemin, 149, 232 Hemoglobin, 159, 169 Hench, Philip, 159, 171 Galilei – Karle Henry’s law, 194, 224 Henry, William, 155, 194, 224 Héroult, Paul, 153, 204 Herschbach, Dudley R., 155, 161, 238 Hershko, Avram, 240 Hertz, Heinrich R., 204, 227 Herzberg, Gerhard, 155, 236 Hess, Germain H., 155, 198 Hess’s law, 155, 198 Hevesy, Georg K von (George de Hevesy), 155, 207, 208, 233, 245 Heyrovsk´y, Jaroslav, 155–156, 235 Higgins, William, 156 Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril N., 156, 235 Hippocrates, 227 Hisinger, Wilhelm, 156, 194, 194–195, 244 Histamine, 206 HIV, 133 Hjelm, Peter J., 156, 192, 246 Hodgkin, Dorothy C., 156, 213, 214, 216, 225, 235 Hoffman, Karl, 207 Hoffmann, Roald, 151, 156, 238 Hofmann, Albert, 210, 212, 225 Hofmann, August W von, 157, 169 Hofmann, Sigurd, 218, 248 Hohenheim, P.A.T.B von see Paracelsus Holmes, Arthur, 157 Homberg, Wilhelm, 188, 221 Homologous series, 199 Hooke, Robert, 157, 188, 224 Hooke’s law, 157, 188, 224 Hopkins, Sir Frederick G., 157 Hormones, 159, 161–162, 172, 177, 233 see also Growth hormone Houdry, Eugène, 210 Huber, Robert, 146, 157, 164, 238 Hückel, Erich, 210 Hughes, John, 160 Human Genome Project, 180 Hund, Friedrich, 209 Hund-Mulliken interpretation, 209 Hund’s Rule, 209 Hutchings, George H., 136 Hydroaromatic compounds, 230 Hydroboration, 215, 224 Hydrocarbons, 200, 252 Hydrochloric acid, 187, 191, 195, 224 Hydrodynamics, 135 Hydrogen, 133, 139, 155, 167, 178, 196, 205, 207 heavy, 179, 233 Hydrogenation, 130, 173, 206, 208, 231, 240 Hydrohalogenation, 202 Hyperons, 213 Iatrochemistry, 186 Ice, 192, 199 Ice calorimeter, 138 Immunoglobulin, 145–146 Incineration method, 197 Induction, 132 Inert gases see Noble gases Inorganic chemicals, first classified, 195 Insulin, 137, 173, 216, 225, 235 Interferometer, 166 Iodine, 132–133, 195 Ion channels, 240 Ion-exchange chromatography, 222 Ionic bonds, 162 Ionic transport, 174–175 Ionization, theory of, 203–204 Ions, 131, 169, 198, 225 Iron, 184, 185, 186, 190, 197 Isomerism, 135, 180, 197 Isomers, 196, 204–205, 225, 253 Isomorphism, 196 Isoprene, 176, 180 Isotopes, 131, 157–158, 172, 174, 175, 207, 225, 232, 233 Jacob, Franỗois, 165, 215 James, A.T., 222 James, Ralph, 212, 244, 245 Janssen, Pierre-J.-C., 202, 245 Janssen, Zacharias, 225 JINR (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), 215, 216, 218, 244, 245, 247, 248 Joliot-Curie, Irène, 157–158, 211, 233 Joliot-Curie, Jean-Frédéric, 157–158, 211, 233 Joliot, Frédéric see Joliot-Curie, Jean-Frédéric Joule, unit, 158 Joule, James P., 141, 158, 199, 224, 228 Kamen, Martin D., 212 Kaon see K meson Karle, Jerome, 154, 158, 238 Karrer – Molecules Karrer, Paul, 154, 158, 210, 233 Katz, Sir Bernard, 132 Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich A., 158, 200, 201–202, 222 Keller, Andrew, 158 Kellner, Karl, 204, 205 Kelvin, Baron see Thomson, William Kelvin temperature scale, 178 Kendall, Edward C., 159, 171 Kendrew, Sir John C., 159, 235 Kennedy, Joseph, 212, 247 Kerosene, 200, 255 Ketones, 203 Kidd, John, 196 Kinetic theory of gases, 135, 141, 200, 225 King, Charles G., 210 Kirchhoff, Gustav R., 138, 159, 200, 201, 227, 244, 247 Kirchhoff’s laws, 159 Klaproth, Martin H., 159, 193, 194, 244, 248 Kleist, Ewald G von, 189, 225 Klug, Sir Aaron, 159, 238 K meson (or kaon), 213, 214 Knoll, Max, 210, 223, 225 Knowles, William S., 240 Kohn, Walter, 239 Kolbe, Adolph W.H., 159–160, 199, 220 Kornberg, Arthur, 168 Kosterlitz, Hans W., 160 Krebs cycle, 160, 162, 251 Krebs, Edwin, 149 Krebs, Sir Hans A., 160, 162, 211, 228 Kroto, Sir Harold W., 144, 160, 175, 217, 224, 239 Kuhn, Richard, 160, 211–212, 233 Laar, Peter, 204 Lactic acid, 192 Lambda particle, 213 Land, Edwin, 211 Langmuir, Irving, 160, 233 Lanthanoids see Rare earth elements Lanxides, 217 Lao-tzu, 184 Laplace, Pierre-S de, 192, 221 Larsh, Almon, 215, 246 Latimer, Robert, 215, 246 Laue, Max von, 207 Laughing gas see Nitrous oxide Karrer – Molecules INDEX Laurent, Auguste (Augustin), 198, 227 Lavoisier, Antoine-L., 160–161, 191, 191–192, 192, 192–193, 193, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226 Lawes, Sir John B., 199 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 214, 216, 218, 245, 247, 248 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 218 Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, 215, 216 Leblanc, Nicholas, 193 Le Châtelier, Henri-Louis, 161 Le Châtelier’s principle, 161 Leclanché cell, 161 Leclanché, Georges, 161, 202 Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul-É., 142, 161, 203, 204, 245, 247 Lee, Yuan Tseh, 155, 161, 238 Lehn, Jean-M., 143, 161, 238 Leloir, Luis F., 161–162, 236 Leucippus, 162, 185, 220 Levene, Phoebus, 207 Levi-Montalcini, Rita, 142 Lewis, Gilbert N., 162, 208, 211 Leyden jar, 189, 225 Libau, Andreas, 186, 187, 224, 227 Libby, Willard F., 162, 235 Li, Choh Hao, 162, 214, 216 Liebig, Justus, Freiherr von, 162, 197, 198, 222 Lightning, 150, 164–165, 190 Limelight, 197 Lipmann, Fritz A., 160, 162 Lipscomb, William N., 163, 237 Liquid chromatography, 222 Lisle, Jean R de, 223 Lister, Joseph, 201 Lockyer, Joseph N., 150, 202, 245 Loewi, Otto, 144, 163 Lomonosov, Mikhail V., 163, 189 London, Heinz, 215 Long, Crawford, 199 Loschmidt, Johann J., 196 LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide), 210, 212, 225 Lucretius, 148, 162, 163, 185 McCollum, Elmer, 207 MacDiarmid, Alan G., 240 Mackenzie, K.R., 212, 244 McKinnon, Roderick, 240 McMillan, Edwin M., 163, 212, 234, 246 Macromolecular chemistry, 234, 237 Magnesium, 152–153, 200 Magnesium carbonate, 190 Magnesium sulfate, 188 Magnetic material, liquid, 218 Magnetic resonance, 211 Magnetism, 143, 144, 146, 205 Magnus, Albertus, 186, 244 Malouin, Paul-J., 189 Mansfield, Charles, 199 Marcus, Rudolph A., 163, 239 Margarine, 130, 173 Marggraf, Andreas, 189 Marignac, Jean-C de, 203, 245, 248 Marijuana, 130 Marinsky, Jacob A., 213, 247 Markovnikov, Vladimir, 202 Martin, Archer J.P., 163, 212, 212–213, 222, 234 Martin, Pierre-É., 201 Mass, law of conservation of, 163, 223 Mass action, law of, 201 Mass ratios, 193 Mass spectrograph, 131, 208, 232 Mass spectrometer, 149, 215, 225, 240 Match, friction, 197 Mathematical physics, 135 Matter, 191 atomic theory of, 185, 187, 220 highest density, 218 law of conservation of, 193 states of, 191, 226 theories of, 130, 146, 147– 148, 148, 162, 184, 185, 226 Mauveine, 169, 200 Maxwell, James C., 200, 225 Meitner, Lise, 164, 211, 247 Melinite, 204 Mendeleyev, Dmitry I., 164, 167, 181, 202, 227, 228 Mercury cathode, 204 Merrifield, Robert B., 164, 238 Meson (pi-meson or pion), 213 Messel, Rudolph, 203 Messenger RNA, 165, 215 Messengers see Chemical messengers Metal complexes, 238 Metallic sodium, 139–140 Metalloids, 249 Metals, 184, 191, 206, 249 Metathesis method, 240 Metchnikoff, Ilya, 147 Methanol, 137 Methyl alcohol, 198 Meyerhof, Otto F., 164 Meyer, Julius, 202 Meyer’s atomic volume curve, 202 Meyer, Viktor, 203 Michael, Arthur, 204, 225 Michael condensation reaction, 204, 225 Michaelis, Leonor, 207 Michaelis-Menton equation, 207 Michel, Hartmut, 146, 157, 164, 238 Michelson, Albert, 166 Michelson-Morley experiment, 166 Microanalysis, 170, 232 Microscopes, 157, 159, 210, 214, 217, 223, 225, 225 Microscopy, 141, 182, 238 Midgeley, Thomas, 210 Miller, Stanley L., 130, 164– 165, 179 Minerals, 134, 143, 145, 190 hardness, 165, 196, 226 Mitchell, Peter D., 165, 237 Mitochondrial DNA, 173 Mitscherlich, Eilhardt, 196, 198 Miyamoto, Shotaro, 214 Mohs, Friedrich, 165, 196, 226 Mohs’ scale, 165, 196, 226 Moissan furnace, 230 Moissan, Henri, 165, 204, 230, 245 Molecular beams, 161, 211 Molecular orbital method or theory, 166, 216, 236 Molecular spectra, HundMulliken interpretation, 209 Molecular weights, 139 Molecules, 145, 169, 170, 225, 236 chirality, 142–143, 170 handedness in, 222 and law of definite proportions, 171 long-chain, 158 stereochemistry of organic, 237 structure, 133–134, 145, 148, 154, 160, 166, 233 INDEX 269 INDEX structure-specific interactions, 238 synthesis of organic, 142 term introduced, 151, 187, 225 Molina, Mario J., 143, 165, 172–173, 239 Monge, Gaspard, 192 Monod, Jacques-L., 165 Monomers, 133, 150 Moore, Stanford, 131, 165–166, 176, 236 Morgan, Leon, 212, 244 Morley, Edward W., 166 Morveau, Gouton de, 142 Mosander, Carl G., 198, 199, 245, 246, 248 Moseley, Henry G.J., 166, 207 Müller, Alexander, 134 Müller, Erwin W., 214, 225 Müller, Franz J., 192, 248 Müller, Paul, 212 Mulliken, Robert S., 166, 209, 236 Mullis, Kary B., 166, 175, 239 Münzenberg, Gottfried, 217, 245, 246 Muons, 211, 213 Muscle hemoglobin, 159, 177– 178 Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 189, 225 Mutagenesis, site-directed, 175, 239 Napalm, 212 Naphthalene, 133, 196 Natta, Giulio, 166, 214, 235 Neilson, James, 197 Neoprene, 139, 210 Nernst, Walther H., 166–167, 206, 228, 231 Nerve growth factor, 142 Nerve impulses, 163, 175 Neurotransmitters, 132, 133, 144 Neutrinos, 213, 217 Neutrons, 173, 211, 212, 226 slow, 153 Newlands, John A.R., 167, 201 Newton, Sir Isaac, 188 Niacin (nicotinic acid), 147 Nicholson, William, 167, 193 Nickel, 143, 185, 189–190 Nickel gallium sulfide, 218 Nicotinic acid see Niacin; Vitamin B Nieuwland, Julius A., 210 Nilson, Lars F., 203, 247 Ninov, Victor, 218, 248 INDEX 270 Molina – Polymethyl methacrylate Nitric acid, 184, 188, 206, 226, 226 Nitrobenzene, 198 Nitrogen, 174, 179, 218 Nitrogen compounds, 180 Nitrogen cycle, 250 Nitrogen oxides, 143, 165, 172– 173 Nitroglycerin, 167, 199, 226 Nitroso compounds, 133 Nitrous oxide, 191, 226 NMR see Nuclear magnetic resonance Nobel, Alfred B., 167, 202 Noble gases, 133, 215, 230 Noddack, Walter, 167, 208, 247, 248 Nollet, Jean-A., 189, 226 Norepinephrine (noradrenaline), 132 Norrish, Ronald G.W., 147, 167, 169–170, 216, 236 Northrop, John H., 167–168, 176, 211, 234 Noyori, Ryoji, 240 Nuclear fission, 153, 211, 233 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 148, 239, 240 Nuclear reactions, 211 Nuclear structure of the atom, 207 Nucleic acids, 237 Nucleons, 213 Nucleotide co-enzymes, 235 Nucleotides, 235 Nutrition chemistry, 234 Nylon, 139, 210, 226 Observation, 132 Ochoa, Severo, 168 Octaves, law of, 167, 201 Oganessian, Yuri, 216, 218, 244, 247, 248 Oil, 173, 180, 204, 255 Olah, George A., 168, 239 Onsager, Lars, 168, 236 Opium, 135, 142 Organic chemistry, 133, 139, 195 Organic molecules, 132, 138 Organic radicals, 180 Organic synthesis, 169, 226, 236, 237, 239 Organomagnesium compounds, 152–153 Organometallic compounds, 153, 181, 182, 237 Organometallic reagents, 181 Ørsted, Hans C., 194, 197, 244 Osmosis, 189, 197, 204, 226, 230 Ostwald, F Wilhelm, 168, 204, 206, 220, 226, 227, 230–231 Ostwald process, 206 Ostwald’s dilution law, 204, 227 Oxidation, 163, 240 Oxidation-reduction states, 140 Oxidative phosphorylation, 165 Oxides, 160 Oxygen, 135, 160, 170, 174, 191, 191–192, 195, 203 Oxygen cycle, 250 Oxytocin, 179 Ozone, 198, 239 Ozone layer, 143, 165, 172–173, 207, 210 Palade, George E., 147 Paleontology, 136 Paper chromatography see Chromatography Paracelsus (P.A.T.B von Hohenheim), 186 Paraffin, 182, 197, 227 Parathormone, 215 Parkes, Alexander, 201 Parkesine, 201 Partition chromatography see Chromatography Paschen, Louis, 206 Paschen series, 206 Pasteurization, 168 Pasteur, Louis, 138, 168, 199, 222 Pauli exclusion principle, 209 Pauling, Linus C., 168–169, 212, 216, 235 Pauli, Wolfgang, 209 Payen, Anselme, 198 PCR (Polymerase chain reaction), 166, 239 Pedersen, Charles J., 143, 161, 169, 238 Péligot, Eugène-M., 198 Pelletier, Pierre-J., 140, 169 Penicillin, 140, 142, 149–150, 150, 156, 172, 179, 209–210, 213, 214 Pepsin, 167–168, 198 Perey, Marguerite, 212, 245 Perfumes, 169, 173, 202 Periodic table, 164, 167, 202, 206, 227, 230 shown in full, 242–243 Perkin synthesis, 169 Perkin, Sir William H., 169, 200, 202 Molina – Polymethyl methacrylate Peroxidases, 140, 177–178 Peroxisomes, 146–147 Perspex, 209 Perutz, Max F., 159, 169, 235 Peterson, Elbert A., 222 Petit, Alexis T., 196 Petrol, 255 Phenol, 132, 198, 201, 202, 227 Phillips, Leslie, 215 Phlogiston theory, 188, 190, 192 Phosphorus, 137, 142, 191, 237 Phosphorus cycle, 251 Phosphorylase, 157 Photochemistry, 167 Photoelectric effect, 204, 227 Photography, 132, 144, 176 Photon, 208 Photosynthesis, 138, 146, 157, 164, 238 pH scale, 175, 207 Physical chemistry, 152, 179 Physiology, 135 Picric acid, 190, 227 Pictet, Raoul, 203 Piezoelectricity, 143–144, 203 Pi-meson or Pion see Meson Pituitary hormones, 162 Planck, Max E.L., 152, 206, 227 Planck’s radiation law, 206, 227 Plants, 138, 138–139, 153, 179, 231, 234 Plasmid, 137 Plastics, 150, 158, 166, 201 Platinum, 192 Platinum oxide, brown, 208 Plücker, Julius, 199 Plunkett, Roy J., 212, 228 Plutonium-239, 174 Pniewski, Jerzy, 213 Point contact rectifier, 181 Polanyi, John C., 155, 161, 169, 238 Polarized light, 149, 211 Polarograph, 155, 235 Polonium, 143, 231 Polyethene, 254 Polyethers, 142–143 Polyethylene (polythene), 182, 214 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 166, 239 Polymerization, 182, 210 Polymers, 133, 150, 158, 176, 182, 198, 208, 214, 227, 227, 235, 240, 254 Polymethylenes, 233 Polymethyl methacrylate (Perspex), 209 Polypeptides – Stark effect Polypeptides, 206, 235 Polypropene, 254 Polypropylene, 166 Polystyrene, 210 Polythene, (polyethylene), 182, 214 Polyurethanes, 212 Polyvinyl chloride, 210, 254 Pople, John A., 239 p orbitals, 209 Porter, George (Baron Porter of Luddenham), 147, 167, 169– 170, 216, 236 Porter, Rodney R., 170 Positron, 211 Potassium salts, 189 Powder metallurgy, 182 Powell, Cecil F., 213 Pregl, Fritz, 170, 208, 232 Prelog, Vladimir, 170, 237 Priestley, Joseph, 170, 190, 191, 192, 226, 246 Priestley rings, 190 Prigogine, Ilya, 170, 237 Prions, 171 Progesterone, 138 Prontosil (sulfamido chrysoidine), 137, 146, 211 Propene (propylene), 166 Proportions, law of definite, 171 Protein, G, 152 Proteins, 141, 149, 163, 164, 168, 210, 211, 216, 234, 235, 254 Protein studies, 239 Proton, 208 Proust, Joseph-L., 171, 193 Proust’s law, 193 Prout’s hypothesis, 196 Prout, William, 196, 227 Prusiner, Stanley B., 171 PTFE (polytetraflouroethylene), 211 Purines, 141, 149, 230 Pyrimidine bases, 141 Pyrometer, 145, 161 Quantum chemistry, 239 Quantum electrodynamics, 213 Quantum mechanics, 209 Quantum theory, 207 Quark, 215 Quasi-crystal, 217 Quinine, 140, 182 Quinols, 133 Rabi, Isidor I., 211 Radiation Kirchhoff’s laws, 159 Planck’s law, 206 see also Radioactivity Radioactive dating, 153 Radioactive elements, 175, 233 Radioactive tracers, 138, 155, 207 Radioactivity, 134, 143, 144, 205, 211, 227 Radiocarbon dating, 162 Radium, 143, 146, 231 Radon, 146, 171 Ramsay, Sir William, 171, 175, 178, 205, 230, 244, 246, 248 Ra¯ zi, Abu¯ Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakarı¯ya¯ ar (Rhazes) 171, 186 Rare earth elements (lanthanoids), 141–142, 161, 179, 206, 207 Ray, John, 188, 223 Rayleigh, Lord (J.W Strutt), 205, 244 Rayon, 136, 204 Reaction rates, 131, 230–231 Reactions electron transfer, 238 stereochemistry of organic, 237 see also Chemical reactions Réaumur, René-A.F de, 189, 228 Receptor blockers, 136 Reciprocal Proportions, Law of, 193 Recombinant DNA, 216, 237 Reduction, 163 Refraction, 187 Reichenbach, Karl L., 197, 198, 223, 227 Reich, Ferdinand, 172, 201, 246 Reichstein, Tadeus, 171 Reines, Frederick, 214 Relativity general theory of, 208 special theory of, 206 Remsen, Ira, 204 Replacement, 249 Resonance, 158 Rhazes see Ra¯ zi Rhodopseudomonal viridans, 146, 157 Ribonuclease, 130–131, 236 Richardson, Sir Owen W., 206, 228 Richards, Theodore W., 172, 231 Richter, Hieronymus T., 172 Richter, Jeremias, 193 Richter, Theodor, 201, 246 Polypeptides – Stark effect INDEX Ring (cyclic) compounds, 130, 133, 156 Ring organic compounds, 146 Ring structures, terpenes, 173 Rio, Andrés M del, 174, 194, 248 RNA, 133, 136, 140, 165, 166, 207, 238 see also Messenger RNA Robinson, Sir Robert, 172, 234 Robiquet, Pierre-J., 195 Rocks, 148, 157 Rodbell, Martin, 152, 172 Roebuck, John, 189, 190, 227 Rome de Lisle, Jean, 191 Röntgen, Wilhelm C., 134, 205, 228 Rose, Irwin, 240 Rose, William C., 172 Rouelle, Guillaume-F., 189 Rowland, F Sherwood, 143, 165, 172–173, 239 Rubber natural, 176 synthetic, 137, 139, 166, 176, 207, 210 Runge, Friedlieb F., 198, 221 Ruska, Ernst, 210, 223, 225 Rutherford, Daniel, 173, 191, 246 Rutherford, Sir Ernest (1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson), 173, 175, 205, 207, 208, 220, 221, 230 Ruzùicùka, Leopold S., 138, 173, 233 Sabatier, Paul, 173, 231 Saccharine, 204 Sachs, Julius von, 173 Salts, 131, 189 Salvarsan, 150, 207 Sandwich compounds, 181, 237 Sanger, Frederick, 135, 152, 173–174, 235, 237 Schechtman, Dan, 217 Scheele, Carl W., 170, 174, 190, 191, 192, 228, 246 Schlatter, James M., 215 Schönbein, Christian F., 198 Schrock, Richard R., 240 Schrödinger, Erwin, 209 Schwann, Theodor, 198 Schwinger, Seymour, 213 Scientific method, 132, 187, 227 Seaborg, Glenn T., 174, 212, 213, 214, 234, 244, 245, 246, 247 Sefström, Nils G., 174, 194, 248 Segrè, Emilio, 212, 214, 244 Seltzer, 191 Semenov, Nikolay N., 156, 174, 235 Serum proteins, 234 Sharpless, K Barry, 240 Sheenan, John, 214 Shirakawa, Hideki, 240 Shockley, William, 181 Siemens, Sir Charles William, 200, 201 Sikkeland, Torbjørn, 214, 215, 246 Silicones, 212 Silk, artificial, 176, 203 Silver, 184 Silver iodide, 144 Simpson, Sir James, 199 Sklodowska, Marie see Curie, Marie Skou, Jens C., 174–175, 239 Smalley, Richard E., 144, 160, 175, 224, 239 Smith, Michael, 175, 239 Sniadecki, Jedrzej, 195, 247 Sober, Herbert A., 222 Sobrero, Ascanio, 199, 226 Soda, 193, 201 Soddy, Frederick, 175, 207, 208, 225, 232, 247 Sodium hydroxide, 204, 205 Sodium potassium-ATPase, 174–175 Sodium production, 139–140 Sodium salts, 189 Sodium sulfate, hydrated, 152 Soft desorption ionization, 240 Solubility, charts of, 151 Solvay, Ernest, 201 Solvay tower, 201 s orbital, 209 Sørensen, Magrete, 175 Sørensen, Søren P.L., 175, 207 Soret, Jacques-L., 203, 245 Soubeiran, Eugène, 197, 222 Spark chamber, 214 Specific gravity, 196, 227 Specific heat see Heat Spectrometry, fluorescence, 178 Spectroscope, 200, 227 Spectroscopy, 140, 148, 159, 161, 239, 240 Spectrum lines, 207 Spedding, Frank H., 212 Spencer, Thomas, 198 Stahl, Georg, 188 Stanley, Wendell M., 176, 234 Stark effect, 207 INDEX 271 INDEX Stark, Johannes, 207 Stas, Jean-S., 202 Static electricity, 146 Statistical mechanics, 151–152 Staudinger, Hermann, 176, 208, 227, 234 Steel, 135, 136, 185, 200, 201 Stein, William H., 131, 165– 166, 176, 236 Stereochemistry, 160, 170, 199, 237 Stern, Otto, 211 Steroids, 142, 146, 171, 173 Stock, Alfred, 207 Stoichiometry, 193 Stokes, George, 200 Stomach histamine (H-2) receptor blockers, 136 Street, Kenneth, 213, 244 Strohmeyer, Friedrich, 176, 196, 244 Structural modelling, 159 Strutt, J.W see Rayleigh, Lord Strychnine, 140, 182 Subatomic particle physics, 173 Sugar nucleotides, 236 Sugars, 135, 149, 189, 230, 232 Sulfa drugs, 137, 146 Sulfur, 184, 191 Sulfur compounds, 235 Sulfur cycle, 251 Sulfur dioxide, 192 Sulfuric acid, 186, 188, 189, 203, 227, 227 Sumner, James B., 176, 209, 234 Superconductivity, 134 Superphosphate, 199 Supramolecular chemistry, 161 Surface chemistry, 160, 233 Sveda, Michael, 211 Svedberg, The (Theodor), 176, 232 Swan, Sir Joseph W., 176, 203 Symbols, chemical, 135, 195 Synge, Richard L.M., 176–177, 212, 212–213, 222, 234 Szent-Györgyi, Albert von Nagyrapolt, 177, 210 Tacke, Ida, 167, 208, 247, 248 Takamine, Jokichi, 177, 206 Tanaka, Koichi, 240 Tartaglia, Niccolò, 177 Tartaric acid, 190, 228 Taube, Henry, 177, 238 Tautomerism, 204 INDEX 272 Stark, Johannes – Zweigus Taxonomy, 131, 138–139 Teflon®, 212, 228 Temin, Howard, 133 Temperature absolute zero, 199 very low, 151, 234 Temperature scales, 228 absolute scale, 158 Celsius (centigrade), 189, 228 Fahrenheit, 188, 228 Kelvin, 178 Tennant, Smithson, 177, 194, 246 Terms, chemical, 192–193 Terpenes, 173, 180, 233 Terylene, 212 Thales, 184, 226 Thénard, Louis-J., 195, 244 Theorell, Axel H.T., 177–178 Thermionic diode, 147 Thermionic emission, 206, 228 Thermochemistry, 155, 231 Thermodynamics, 141, 168, 170, 179, 228, 236, 237 first law of, 199, 228 second law of, 178, 199, 228 third law of, 166–167, 206, 228 Thermometer, 151, 186, 189, 228 Thiamine, 141, 179 Thiophene, 203 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford), 193 Thompson, Stanley, 213, 214, 244, 245, 246 Thomson, George P., 209 Thomson, Sir Joseph J., 131, 203, 205, 207, 223, 225 Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin), 158, 178, 199, 228 Tin, 184 Tiselius, Arne W.K., 178, 211, 222, 223, 234 TNT (trinitrotoluene), 201 Todd, Sir Alexander R (Baron Todd of Trumpington), 178, 235 Tomonaga, Shin’ichiro, 213 Townes, Charles, 214 Transition element, 202, 228 Transuranium elements, 234 Travers, Morris W., 178, 205, 246, 248 Trembley, Abraham, 178 Triads, 197, 223 Tria prima, doctrine of, 186 Trypsin, 211 Ts’ai Lun, 185 Tsvett, Mikhail, 206, 222 Turpin, Eugène, 204 Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, 240 Unified field theory, 210 Unverdorben, Otto, 197 Uranium, 130, 134, 136, 164, 193, 212 Urbain, Georges, 179, 206, 246 Urea, 181, 197, 211, 228 Urease, 176, 209 Urey, Harold C., 179, 211, 233 Uric acid, 132, 191 Utyonkov, Vladimir, 218, 248 Valency, 150, 162, 168, 180, 200, 208, 216, 228 van’t Hoff, Jacobus H., 179, 204, 230 Vauquelin, Louis-N., 193, 195, 196, 244, 245 Vegetable oils, 130, 173 Venera, 13, 217 Vieille, Paul, 224 Vigneaud, Vincent du, 179, 235 Viral enzyme, 133 Virtanen, Artturi I., 179, 234 Virus, 159, 168, 173, 234 Viscose, 206 Vital amines, 151 Vitamin A, 158, 160, 207, 210 Vitamin B2, 233 Vitamin B6, 211–212 Vitamin B12, 156, 182, 214 Vitamin B, 147, 181 Vitamin C, 154, 169, 171, 177, 210, 211, 233 Vitamin D, 181 Vitamin K, 144–145 Vitamins, 147, 148, 151, 157, 158, 160, 178, 232, 233 Vitriolic acid (sulfuric acid), 188 Volta, Alessandro, 193–194, 220 Voltaic pile, 167, 193–194, 220 Vulcanization, 198 Waage, Peter, 201 Waals, Johannes D van der, 179 Wahl, Arthur, 212, 247 Walker, John, 192, 197 Walker, Sir John E., 180, 239 Wallach, Otto, 180, 231 Walton, David, 217 Walton, Ernest, 210 Walton, John, 214, 246 Water, 140, 145, 192, 228, 256 Stark, Johannes – Zweigus Watson, James D., 141, 143, 150–151, 180, 180, 214 Watt, James, 140 Wave mechanics, 209 Wax, 255 Wegener, Alfred, 157 Weizmann, Chaim, 208 Werner, Alfred, 180, 231 Whewell, William, 198 Whinfield, John, 212 White, David H., 217 Wieland, Heinrich O., 180, 232 Wigner, Eugene P., 209 Wilbrand, Joseph, 201 Wilkins, Maurice H.F., 143, 150–151, 180, 180 Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey, 149, 181, 237 Williamson, Alexander W., 200 Willstätter, Richard M., 181, 206, 231 Wilson, Charles T.R., 205, 222 Windaus, Adolf O.R., 181, 206, 211, 232 Winkler, Clemens A., 181, 204, 245 Wittig, Georg, 138, 181, 237 Wöhler, Friedrich, 181, 197, 201, 226 Wollaston, William H., 181– 182, 194, 247 Woodward, Robert B., 156, 182, 236 Woulfe, Peter, 190, 227 Wurtz, Charles-A., 200, 202 Wüthrich, Kurt, 240 Xenon, 133 Xenon fluoroplatinate, 215 X-ray crystallography, 150–151, 154, 158, 159, 207 X-ray diffraction, 154, 156, 159, 163, 169, 210 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, 217 X-rays, 205, 228 X-ray techniques, and biochemical structures, 235 Young, James, 182 Young, Thomas, 195 Yttria, 159 Zeeman, Pieter, 205, 228 Zewail, Ahmed H., 240 Ziegler, Karl W., 182, 214, 235 Zsigmondy, Richard A., 182, 232 Zweigus, George, 215 ...THE FACTS ON FILE CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK Revised Edition THE FACTS ON FILE HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY CHEMISTRY HANDBOOK Revised Edition THE DIAGRAM GROUP THE DIAGRAM GROUP The Facts On File Chemistry Handbook, ... powders ammonium hydroxide NH4OH It exists as an aqueous solution of ammonia and it contains ammonium ions, hydroxide ions, unionized ammonia, and water ammonium ion NH4+ Found in ammonia solution and... and library patrons CONTENTS SECTION ONE Glossary SECTION TWO Biographies 129 SECTION THREE Chronology 183 SECTION FOUR Key advances 219 SECTION FIVE Nobel Prize winners 229 SECTION SIX Charts