Page of Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist This chapter has 35 questions Scroll down to see and select individual questions or narrow the list using the checkboxes below questions at random and keep in order Multiple Choice Questions - (32) Odd Numbered - (18) Essay Questions - (3) Even Numbered - (17) What is the relationship between theory and each of the following terms: (a) philosophy, (b) speculation, (c) hypothesis, and (d) taxonomy? Explanation: A A theory is a set of related assumptions capable of generating hypotheses As such, it is narrower than a philosophy and more general than a hypothesis B Philosophy deals with what should be, whereas theories are built on scientific evidence Theory relates to a branch of philosophy called epistemology, or the nature of knowledge, because theory is an essential tool of science, an important means of gaining knowledge C Although theories are built partially on speculation, they not stem from baseless speculation Theorists combine scientifically derived data with thoughtful speculation to construct theories that will lead to further scientific experimentation D A useful theory is capable of generating multiple hypotheses, or educated guesses Scientists can test hypotheses through scientific experimentation, whereas theories are not directly testable E Theories should include a careful taxonomy, or classification system A taxonomy is merely part of a useful theory Unlike a theory, a taxonomy is not dynamic; that is, it is not capable of generating hypotheses Essay Question What is the relationship between theory and observation? Explanation: A Theories and observations have a mutual and dynamic interaction A newly born theory is built on tentative observations Scientists can test hypotheses spawned by that theory, leading to new observations As more observations become available, the theory can grow to include a greater number of hypotheses, and, in turn, scientists can test these hypotheses and provide additional observations Essay Question List and briefly discuss six criteria for a useful theory Explanation: A A useful theory should generate both descriptive research and hypothesis testing Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist A theory that fails to spark research falls into disuse and will be discarded by scientists B A theory must be open to falsifiability It must suggest research that is capable of either supporting or refuting its major tenets Theories that can explain opposing data are not falsifiable C Theories should organize observations A theoretical framework allows scientists to make sense of their findings D A theory should guide action It provides people with a road map for making dayto-day decisions E A useful theory is internally consistent It has a set of operational definitions that are used consistently and does not offer opposing answers to the same questions F A theory should be as parsimonious as possible Other things being equal, scientists prefer the simpler of two theories Essay Question The word personality comes from the Latin word "persona", meaning that which one truly is the evil side of people → theatrical mask soul Multiple Choice Question Psychologists generally agree that personality refers mostly to surface traits is largely inherited → can be explained by several different theories can best be explained by a single theory Multiple Choice Question The word "theory" is most closely associated with philosophy → science armchair speculation taxonomy Multiple Choice Question Theories are built primarily on → scientific observations philosophical speculation unique definitions of terms sociological models Multiple Choice Question Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist A set of related assumptions from which, by logical deductive reasoning, testable hypotheses can be drawn is a philosophy → the definition of theory the definition of taxonomy an armchair speculation Multiple Choice Question Statements formed in an if-then framework are most likely taxonomies philosophies → theories definitions of personality Multiple Choice Question 10 What is the proper place of theory within science? Theories enable scientists to know how they should live their lives → Theories are tools used by scientists to give meaning to observations Theory building is the ultimate aim of science Theories play no role in scientific pursuits Multiple Choice Question 11 Which statement best characterizes the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis? A theory is narrower than a hypothesis A theory is directly verifiable, a hypothesis is not A theory is logically deduced from a specific hypothesis → A theory may generate one or more hypotheses Multiple Choice Question 12 An educated guess that can be scientifically tested is a definition of theory → hypothesis philosophy taxonomy Multiple Choice Question 13 A taxonomy is best defined as an educated guess a set of if-then statements the study of the nature of reality → a classification system Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Multiple Choice Question 14 The basic data of science are → observations facts theories hypotheses Multiple Choice Question 15 What is the relationship between theory and observation? They are mutually exclusive Several theories make up an observation Several observations make up a theory → There is a mutual and dynamic interaction between them Multiple Choice Question 16 A theory may be set aside when it generates testable hypotheses explains a set of observations is proven by experimentation → loses its usefulness Multiple Choice Question 17 The ultimate value of any theory depends on its → usefulness truthfulness reliability simplicity Multiple Choice Question 18 The personalities, cognitive processes, developmental histories, and social experiences of personality theorists help shape their theories The discipline that deals with these factors is called personology psychology sociology → the psychology of science psychobiology Multiple Choice Question 19 According to the authors of the text, personality theories are former principles that have been proven true Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist → originate from the historical, social, and psychological world of their originators are useful tools of science to the extent that they are value free should not be open to falsification Multiple Choice Question 20 Descriptive research is designed to test hypotheses → contributes to expanding a theory is that which uses an experimental design is expressed by if-then statements Multiple Choice Question 21 The two MOST important functions of a theory are its internal consistency and accuracy logic and its consistency with established theories → ability to generate research and organize observations ability to be proven true and to become a doctrine Multiple Choice Question 22 A useful theory must be falsifiable, which means that it will eventually be proven false it must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or → fail to support its major tenets it should be flexible enough to encompass opposing data into its framework it must be either true or false Multiple Choice Question 23 Which of these is NOT a function of a useful theory? It will generate research → It will be consistent with one's philosophy of life It organizes observations It serves as a guide to action Multiple Choice Question 24 Which statement is most nearly true? → A theory can be a practical guide for a psychotherapist Theory and practice are mutually exclusive Other things being equal, the more complex a theory the better A good theory gives opposing answers to a single question Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Multiple Choice Question 25 Part of the internal consistency of a theory is a taxonomy → a set of operational definitions its agreement with older, more established theories its empirical validity Multiple Choice Question 26 A researcher uses the number of times a person smiles at others as a measure of friendliness This an example of → an operational definition hypothesis testing parsimony internal consistency Multiple Choice Question 27 A useful theory should be parsimonious, meaning that it should be based on empirical research complex → simple verifiable Multiple Choice Question 28 Which of the following is NOT a dimension used by the authors to assess a theorist's concept of humanity? determinism versus free choice → order versus disorder pessimism versus optimism conscious versus unconscious Multiple Choice Question 29 The variety of personality theories now is due to the different personal and philosophical perspectives that each theorist → has of human nature the use of different terminology for the same basic concepts different translations of theories originally written in other languages the reluctance of psychologists to accept any theory except their own Multiple Choice Question 30 Personality theorists have evolved different systems because they have different conceptions as to the nature of humanity Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist → they have had a variety of childhood and professional experiences they begin with different assumptions concerning personality Any or all the above are correct Multiple Choice Question 31 Personality theorists who adopt a teleological approach generally believe that people's behavior is a function of early childhood experiences genetic makeup environment → people's expectations of future events a and c Multiple Choice Question 32 A reliable test is always valid measures what it purports to measure correlates positively with its validity → yields consistent results Multiple Choice Question 33 If scores on an instrument that measures introversion correlate highly with a number of other measures of introversion—for example, shyness and inhibition—then that instrument is said to have → discriminant validity convergent validity divergent validity test-retest reliability concurrent reliability Multiple Choice Question 34 A test that can accurately divide extraverts from introverts is said to have test-retest reliability internal consistency divergent validity convergent validity → discriminant validity Multiple Choice Question 35 Any test that correlates with future behaviors is said to have test-retest reliability → predictive validity Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist divergent validity internal consistency Multiple Choice Question Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist ... https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist. .. https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist. .. https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist Test Bank for Theories of Personality 8th Edition by Feist Page of Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Theories-of-Personality-8th-Edition-by-Feist