Test bank for psychology 11th edition by myers

Name: Date: _ Speedy and automatic conclusions triggered by gut-level feelings are best described as A) random events B) intuitions C) predictions D) hidden values Jennifer's new dorm roommate has the same first name as someone Jennifer dislikes Without realizing it, Jennifer's immediate gut-level reaction to the name has led her to form a negative first impression of her roommate This best illustrates the impact of A) hindsight bias B) overconfidence C) intuition D) critical thinking Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith in A) curious skepticism B) an empirical approach C) human intuition D) critical thinking Hindsight bias most directly contributes to the perception that A) psychological theories are simply reflections of researchers' personal values B) psychological research studies are simplified versions of reality C) psychological theories and observations are merely common sense D) psychological research studies are unethical Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem Belinda is told that the esteem-enhancing value of cosmetic surgery has been refuted by research Both women consider the research findings to be common sense This best illustrates the power of A) an empirical approach B) hindsight bias C) scientific humility D) critical thinking A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own This statement would seem unsurprising to students because A) most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves B) this finding is consistent with common sense C) students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves D) students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II The grandfather's claim best illustrates A) hindsight bias B) critical thinking C) curious skepticism D) random sequencing Dr Donelian wants to reduce his students' perceptions that psychological research merely documents the obvious His best strategy would be to ask the students to A) describe how research predictions were derived from basic psychological principles B) predict the outcomes of research studies before they are told the actual results C) explain the outcomes of research studies after they are told the actual results D) personally engage in observing people in their natural setting When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving the anagrams This best illustrates A) evidence-based conclusions B) perceiving order in random events C) critical thinking D) overconfidence Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 10 As students prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually This best illustrates A) overconfidence B) random sequencing C) hindsight bias D) critical thinking 11 Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Glenda was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test Glenda's experience best illustrates A) overconfidence B) hindsight bias C) unconscious thinking D) perceiving order in random events 12 After predicting world events, such as whether Quebec would separate from Canada, mistaken experts maintained that they were “almost right.” This attitude is an example of A) overconfidence B) an empirical approach C) critical thinking D) chance-related explanation 13 In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur often than people expect and series of tails occur often than people expect A) more; less B) less; more Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers C) more; more D) less; less 14 Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates The men would be best advised to recognize the danger of A) taking an empirical approach B) attributing these three similarities to chance C) perceiving order in random events D) assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests 15 The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger of A) using chance-related explanations B) engaging in empirical research C) assuming that most people share your opinions D) perceiving order in coincidental events 16 Psychologists attempt to let the facts speak for themselves by using an approach that is best described as A) empirical B) intuitive C) instinctive D) unpredictable 17 As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe that A) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking B) most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong C) claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence D) events never occur randomly 18 When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude of A) humility B) respect for animals C) ecological sensitivity D) instinctive awareness 19 Critical thinkers can best be described as A) questioning B) cynical C) pessimistic D) impatient Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 20 A refusal to consider potential evidence that might conflict with one's preconceived ideas best illustrates a lack of A) chance-related explanation B) critical thinking C) intuitive hunches D) overconfidence 21 One of your professors has used observational evidence to justify a cause-effect conclusion Questioning the validity of drawing this conclusion from the evidence best illustrates A) critical thinking B) hindsight bias C) overconfidence D) perceiving order in random events 22 An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events is called a(n) A) independent variable B) hypothesis C) theory D) scatterplot 23 According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem His idea is an example of A) an operational definition B) informed consent C) replication D) a theory Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 24 A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n) A) naturalistic observation B) operational definition C) dependent variable D) hypothesis 25 Hypotheses are best described as A) assumptions B) replications C) explanations D) predictions 26 Dr Birk suggests that since depression is associated with pessimistic thinking, depressed students would be more likely than nondepressed students to perceive themselves as academically incompetent Dr Birk's prediction regarding students' selfperceptions is an example of a(n) A) illusory correlation B) placebo effect C) confounding variable D) hypothesis 27 A statement describing how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n) A) control condition B) replication C) operational definition D) hypothesis 28 In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychological researchers would specify exactly how they measured self-consciousness They are thereby providing a(n) A) experimental hypothesis B) case study C) double-blind procedure D) operational definition 29 Operational definitions are most likely to facilitate A) replication B) positive correlations C) regression toward the mean D) the placebo effect Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 30 Replication involves A) the selection of random samples B) randomly assigning research participants to different groups C) repeating an earlier research study D) rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested 31 To verify the reliability of a new scientific finding, psychological researchers are most likely to engage in A) naturalistic observation B) random sampling C) replication D) positive correlation 32 Professor Bolden claims that his experimental research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills How might he best offer further support for the reliability of this finding? A) replication B) naturalistic observation C) case studies D) correlational research 33 A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in great depth is called a A) replication B) case study C) survey D) naturalistic observation Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 34 To better understand howfile brain influence behavior, Dr Mosher extensively and carefully observes and Full atmalfunctions https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers questions two stroke victims Which research method is Dr Mosher using? A) random sampling B) the survey C) the case study D) experimentation 35 Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children Which research method did he use? A) the survey B) the double-blind procedure C) the case study D) random assignment 36 Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers of A) the double-blind procedure B) replication C) random assignment D) false generalization 37 After carefully studying how three single parents dealt with the loss of their jobs, Dr Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment In this instance, Dr Phong should be warned that may be misleading A) surveys B) case studies C) dependent variables D) random samples 38 To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use of A) survey research B) random assignment C) experimental methods D) naturalistic observation 39 To study the development of relationships, Dr Rajiv carefully observed and recorded patterns of verbal and nonverbal behaviors among men and women in singles bars Which research method did Dr Rajiv employ? A) naturalistic observation B) the survey C) the case study D) experimentation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 40 Naturalistic observation is most useful for A) describing behaviors B) predicting attitudes C) explaining complex emotions D) detecting cause-effect relationships 41 People from countries with lower economic status have been found more likely to solicit Facebook friendship with those in higher-status countries than vice versa This information was obtained by means of A) case studies B) experimentation C) naturalistic observation D) surveys 42 A count of positive and negative words in millions of Twitter messages suggests that people seem most happy on A) Mondays B) Wednesdays C) Fridays D) Sundays 43 Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer? A) survey research B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) the double-blind procedure Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 44 Researchers make no effort manipulate or control variables when they engage in Full filetoat https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers A) naturalistic observation B) the double-blind procedure C) replication D) experimentation 45 The survey is a research method in which A) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments B) a representative, random sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors C) an individual or group is studied in great depth D) an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other 46 Which of the following techniques would be the most effective way of investigating the relationship between the political attitudes and the economic status of North Americans? A) the survey B) naturalistic observation C) experimentation D) the case study 47 A majority of respondents in a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” Only 33 percent of respondents in a similar survey agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These differing findings best illustrate the importance of A) representative samples B) the placebo effect C) random assignment D) wording effects 48 Researchers observe random samples because these samples are likely to be A) easy to observe B) homogeneous C) representative D) easy to debrief 49 The children in Mrs Shashoua's neighborhood make fun of her limp She concludes that today's kids are typically cruel and insensitive Mrs Shashoua ought to remind herself that reasonable generalizations depend on A) observing representative samples B) recognizing that others may not share our opinions C) realizing that correlation does not mean causation D) eliminating confounding variables Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 50 Mrs Blair concludes that boys not read as well as girls because most of the students in her remedial reading classes are boys Mrs Blair's conclusion best illustrates the danger of A) random assignment B) generalizing from select cases C) confusing correlation with causation D) random sampling 51 The whole group from which samples may be drawn is called a(n) A) control condition B) population C) case study D) independent variable 52 To learn about the religious attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n) A) independent variable B) representative sample C) control condition D) population 53 A random sample of a large group of people is one in which A) the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance B) every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample Test Bankamong for Psychology 11thare Edition by Myers C) personality differences those in the sample practically nonexistent D) all of these situations are true Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 54 Which procedure helps to ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population? A) random assignment B) replication C) naturalistic observation D) random sampling 55 Website polls and call-in phone surveys often yield unrepresentative results because they fail to use A) operational definitions B) random sampling C) scatterplots D) double-blind procedures 56 Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together? A) replication B) experimentation C) correlation D) extrapolation 57 A correlation coefficient is a(n) A) confounding variable B) statistical index C) dependent variable D) double-blind procedure 58 A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the A) difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution B) extent to which two factors vary together C) statistical significance of a difference between two sample means D) frequency of scores at each level of some measure 59 To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use of A) the double-blind procedure B) case studies C) experimentation D) correlation 60 Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades? A) a scatterplot B) a random sample C) a correlation coefficient D) an independent variable Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 61 If university graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income are A) positively correlated B) independent variables C) dependent variables D) negatively correlated 62 A scatterplot graphically depicts the A) standard deviation of a distribution of scores B) arithmetic average of a distribution of scores C) total population from which samples may be drawn D) degree of relationship between two variables 63 A correlation coefficient can range in value from A) to 100 B) to 1.00 C) to 99 D) –1.00 to +1.00 64 If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from lower left to upper right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted are A) random samples B) positively correlated C) negatively correlated Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers D) not correlated Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 65 Which of the following correlations between annual income and education level would best enable you to predict annual income on the basis of level of education? A) +0.05 B) –0.01 C) +0.10 D) +0.50 66 Which of the following correlations expresses the strongest degree of relationship between two variables? A) +0.10 B) –0.67 C) –0.10 D) +0.59 67 A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –0.75 would indicate that A) lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income B) higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness C) it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels D) impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income 68 Gene believes he is much more likely to win the state lottery if he chooses the numbers than if the numbers are randomly generated by a computer program Gene's belief best illustrates A) regression toward the mean B) an independent variable C) an illusion of control D) a scatterplot 69 Akira dreamed that a handsome young man she had met the previous day asked her for a date When he actually did call for a date several days later, Akira concluded that dreams accurately predict future events Her belief best illustrates A) regression toward the mean B) an illusory correlation C) random assignment D) a scatterplot 70 Which statistical phenomenon refers to the tendency for extraordinary or unusual events to be followed by more ordinary events? A) random sampling B) replication C) regression toward the mean D) illusory correlation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 71 Students who score much higher on an exam than they usually can reasonably anticipate scores when they are retested A) very low B) somewhat lower C) equally high D) even higher 72 Unusual ESP subjects who defy chance when first tested nearly always lose their “psychic powers” when retested This decline is best explained in terms of A) illusory correlation B) regression toward the mean C) a placebo effect D) a confounding variable 73 Although Soren once scored 37 points during a single high school basketball game, he was subsequently unable to beat or match this record no matter how hard he tried His experience may be at least partially explained in terms of A) an illusion of control B) regression toward the mean C) illusory correlation D) random assignment 74 A researcher would be MOST likely to discover a negative correlation between A) body height and body weight B) self-esteem and depression Test Bankwealth for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers C) education and personal D) intelligence and academic success Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 75 If those with low self-esteem are also particularly likely to suffer from depression, this would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions because A) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations B) a placebo effect may be operating C) association does not prove causation D) confounding variables may have an effect 76 Following the scientific discovery that a specific brain structure is significantly larger in violent individuals than in those who are nonviolent, a news headline announced: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should most clearly be warned about the dangers of A) the placebo effect B) regression toward the mean C) confusing association with causation D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples 77 If psychologists discovered that people who live at the poverty level have more aggressive children than wealthy people, this would clearly indicate that A) poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior B) the factors that lead to poverty also cause aggressive behavior C) people's economic status and the aggressiveness of their children are negatively correlated D) all of these statements are correct 78 A positive correlation between self-esteem and academic success would indicate that A) a positive self-concept contributes to academic success B) academic success contributes to a favorable self-image C) those with high self-esteem are more academically successful than those with low self-esteem D) all of these statements are correct 79 Incorrectly interpreting a correlation between two factors as evidence of causation is best avoided by making use of A) experiments B) survey research C) case studies D) naturalistic observation 80 A research method in which an investigator manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular effect is called a(n) A) survey B) experiment C) case study D) correlation Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 81 The experiment is a research method in which A) a random sample of individuals are questioned about their opinions and behaviors B) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment C) a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior D) an individual is studied in great depth 82 To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage in A) case studies B) correlational research C) experimentation D) surveys 83 Which of the following research methods would most effectively demonstrate that watching TV violence causes children to act aggressively? A) experiment B) naturalistic observation C) survey D) case study 84 Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim that A) children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive B) people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers C) people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol D) people who drink higher-than-average amounts of coffee are also likely to drink higher-than-average amounts of tea Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 85 Unlike correlationalFull studies, involve fileexperiments at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers A) operationally defining research procedures B) manipulating the factors of interest C) studying observable behaviors D) replication of previous research 86 The most effective way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means of A) case studies B) experiments C) correlational measurement D) naturalistic observations 87 In an experiment, the experimental group is the group that A) receives a placebo B) is informed about which treatment they are receiving C) is exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment D) is not fully debriefed following the completion of the experiment 88 In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the group A) standardized B) naturalistic C) placebo D) control 89 To provide a comparison for evaluating the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n) A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) control group D) experimental group 90 In an experiment designed to study the effectiveness of a new drug for treating diabetes, research participants who receive a placebo have been assigned to the group A) dependent variable B) correlational C) experimental D) control 91 To provide a baseline against which they can evaluate the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n) A) dependent variable B) independent variable C) control group D) experimental group Page Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 92 Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels Those who received the caffeinated drinks were assigned to the group A) survey B) experimental C) correlational D) control 93 To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection Mr Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance of A) testing a large sample B) operationally defining his procedures C) replicating observations of other researchers D) creating a control group 94 In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, groups of monkeys were raised in either a smoke-free or smoke-infested environment Monkeys in the smoke-infested environment were assigned to the _ group A) correlational B) survey C) control D) experimental 95 Random assignment is most likely to be used in research Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers A) survey B) case study C) correlational Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers D) experimental 96 To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use of A) random assignment B) replication C) random sampling D) correlation 97 A psychologist wants to be sure that her research findings not result from age or personality differences between participants in the experimental and control groups She should use A) replication B) random assignment C) operational definitions D) the double-blind procedure 98 To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of people work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels, the researcher should use A) the case study B) correlational measurement C) naturalistic observation D) random assignment 99 Random sampling is to as random assignment is to A) correlational studies; case studies B) surveys; experiments C) replication; correlation D) description; prediction 100 In a drug-treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving a A) random sample B) double blind C) replication D) placebo 101 Research participants and research staff are unaware of which participants received a placebo and which participants received an actual drug This illustrates A) naturalistic observation B) illusory correlation C) a confounding variable D) the double-blind procedure Page 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 277 In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the variable A) dependent B) experimental C) control D) independent 278 To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date In this research, the dependent variable was A) insults or compliments B) physical appearance C) interpersonal attraction D) feelings of self-esteem 279 An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustrates A) the independent variable B) an operational definition C) the double-blind procedure D) random assignment 280 Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship between the variables? A) naturalistic observation Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers B) correlationalTest research C) the case study D) the experimental method Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 281 The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to A) predict human behavior in almost all situations B) perceive order in completely random events C) develop general principles that help explain behavior D) observe random samples of human conduct 282 Psychologists study animals because A) animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior B) experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical C) the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines D) similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior 283 The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the A) usefulness of studying biological processes in animals B) ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals C) obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality D) need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research 284 A major issue that has emerged from debates over the use of animals in psychological research centers on A) whether operational definitions help to distinguish between animal and human functioning B) when use of the double-blind procedure is most appropriate in animal studies C) whether experimental methods can reduce the need for descriptive methods in research involving animals D) what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research 285 In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimes A) obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly B) treat information about individual participants confidentially C) deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment D) allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment 286 Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate This illustrates the practice of seeking A) a representative sample B) informed consent C) an operational definition D) a placebo effect Page 28 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 287 The ethics codes of the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge researchers to A) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research B) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test C) avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants D) explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed 288 After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced This is called A) debriefing B) replication C) informed consent D) the double-blind procedure 289 Psychologists' personal values and goals A) are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation B) lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants C) can bias their observations and interpretations D) have very little influence on the process of scientific observation 290 The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because A) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions C) psychological research usually necessitates performing stressful experiments on people D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 291 The average price for different of toothpaste could be visually displayed in a(n) Full file atbrands https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers A) correlation coefficient B) extrapolation C) standard deviation D) bar graph 292 When you read a bar graph, it is most important for you to A) mentally transform the data into a normal curve B) identify the value of the standard deviation C) note the range and size of the scale values D) remember that correlation facilitates prediction 293 The most frequently occurring score in a distribution of scores is the A) mode B) median C) standard deviation D) mean 294 In a group of five individuals, two report annual incomes of $10,000, and the other three report incomes of $14,000, $15,000, and $31,000, respectively The mode of this group's distribution of annual incomes is A) $10,000 B) $15,000 C) $16,000 D) $31,000 295 The mean of a distribution of scores is the A) most frequently occurring score B) arithmetic average of all the scores C) least frequently occurring score D) score exceeded by 50 percent of all the scores 296 Which measure of central tendency is used to calculate the average of your school grades? A) standard deviation B) median C) mean D) mode 297 Mr and Mrs Klostreich have six children ages 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, and 16 The mean age of the Klostreich children is A) B) C) D) Page 29 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 298 The median of a distribution of scores is the A) most frequently occurring score B) difference between the highest and lowest scores C) arithmetic average of all the scores D) middle score in a distribution of scores 299 During the past year, Zara and Ivan each read books, but George read 9, Ali read 12, and Marsha read 25 The median number of books read by these individuals was A) B) 10 C) 12 D) 300 Seven members of a boys' club reported the following individual earnings from their sale of cookies: $2, $9, $8, $10, $4, $9, and $7 In this distribution of individual earnings A) the median is greater than the mean and greater than the mode B) the median is less than the mean and less than the mode C) the median is greater than the mean and less than the mode D) the median is less than the mean and greater than the mode 301 Seven members of a Girl Scout troop report the following individual earnings from their sale of candy: $4, $1, $7, $6, $8, $2, and $7 In this distribution of individual earnings A) the mean is less than the mode and equal to the median B) the mean is equal to the mode and greater than the median formode Psychology Edition by Myers C) the mean is Test greaterBank than the and greater11th than the median D) the mean is less than the mode and less than the median Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 302 When an arithmetic average is reported in the news, it is most important for readers to A) determine whether it is statistically significant B) consider whether it is distorted by a few extreme cases C) be sure that it represents a standard deviation D) assume that it is the midpoint of a normal curve 303 For which of the following distributions of scores would the median most clearly be a more appropriate measure of central tendency than the mean? A) 10, 22, 8, 9, B) 12, 6, 8, 5, C) 12, 15, 12, 9, 12 D) 23, 7, 3, 27, 16 304 When Mr Adams calculated his students' algebra test scores, he noticed that two students had extremely low scores Which measure of central tendency is affected most by the scores of these two students? A) mean B) standard deviation C) mode D) median 305 A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to be A) statistically significant B) extrapolated C) a standard deviation D) skewed 306 Median is to range as central tendency is to A) skewed distribution B) mode C) correlation D) variation 307 Central tendency is to variation as is to A) bar graph; normal curve B) range; skewed distribution C) mean; standard deviation D) median; mode Page 30 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 308 The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution is the A) mean B) range C) median D) standard deviation 309 During the last Central High School basketball game, the starting five players scored 11, 7, 21, 14, and points, respectively For this distribution of scores, the range is A) B) 11 C) 14 D) 21 310 Which measure of variation is affected most by a few extreme scores? A) standard deviation B) mean C) median D) range 311 Which of the following is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores? A) mean B) mode C) standard deviation D) correlation Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 312 Evelyn wants to know her bowling scores have been during the past season Which of the following measures Fullhow fileconsistent at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers would tell her what she wants to know? A) mean B) median C) standard deviation D) correlation 313 The standard deviation is the square root of the average squared deviation of scores from the A) normal curve B) median C) mean D) range 314 On a 10-item test, three students in Professor Hsin's advanced chemistry seminar received scores of 2, 5, and 8, respectively For this distribution of test scores, the standard deviation is equal to the square root of A) B) C) D) 315 Although Dominick's psychology class is sometimes longer or shorter than usual, on average each class is 50 minutes If the lengths of these classes form a normal curve, which statistic would enable Dominick to estimate the probability that any single class will last somewhere between 47 and 53 minutes? A) range B) median C) correlation D) standard deviation 316 The symmetrical bell-shaped figure used to represent the distribution of many physical and psychological characteristics is called a A) bar graph B) normal curve C) correlation D) standard deviation 317 A normal curve would approximate the distribution of A) males and females in the total American population B) American children enrolled in each of the first through sixth grades C) the physical heights of all American women D) all of these data Page 31 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 318 Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between –1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean? A) 16 B) 34 C) 68 D) 95 319 If a set of standardized test scores is normally distributed, having a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, approximately 68 percent of the group members receive scores somewhere between A) 50 and 60 B) 45 and 55 C) 40 and 60 D) 35 and 65 320 Approximately 95 percent of the cases represented by the normal curve fall within standard deviation(s) from the mean A) B) C) D) 321 Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between ‒3 and +3 standard deviations from the mean? A) 34 Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers B) 68 C) 95 D) 100 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 322 If IQ scores are normally distributed, having a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people have IQ scores somewhere between 70 and 130? A) 34 B) 50 C) 68 D) 95 323 Which of the following provides the best guidance on the significance of an observed difference between two research samples? A) a skewed distribution B) percentile scores C) inferential statistics D) bar graphs 324 Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a A) range to a standard deviation B) standard deviation to a mean C) sample to a population D) bar graph to a skewed distribution 325 The precision with which a sample average approximates a population average increases as A) the standard deviation of the sample increases B) the standard deviation of the sample decreases C) the mean of the sample increases D) the mean of the sample decreases 326 A sample average can be used to estimate a population average with greater precision if the sample is A) large B) a skewed distribution C) highly variable D) vivid and memorable 327 Which of the following events is the most probable? A) flipping or more heads in 10 coin flips B) flipping 60 or more heads in 100 coin flips C) flipping 600 or more heads in 1000 coin flips D) All these events are equally probable Page 32 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 328 In a single day, 45 babies were born in hospital X, 65 babies in hospital Y, and 25 babies in hospital Z At which hospital is there the greatest probability that more than 60 percent of the babies are of the same sex? A) hospital X B) hospital Y C) hospital Z D) The probability is the same at all three hospitals 329 As the size of a representative sample increases, the of that sample is most likely to decrease A) range B) mean C) standard deviation D) median 330 Differences between two sample averages are most likely to be statistically significant if A) the difference between the samples is large B) the standard deviations of the samples are large C) both samples are drawn from the same population D) the sample means are larger than the sample medians 331 To decide whether observed differences between samples reflect actual differences between populations, you should determine the of the observed differences A) mean B) median C) standard deviation Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers D) statistical significance Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 332 A statistically significant difference between two sample groups is NOT likely to be A) a reflection of differences between the populations they represent B) due to chance variation within and between the sample groups C) observed more than percent of the time the groups are compared D) observed when the two groups are very large 333 When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's assertion 334 The table below lists the scores of eight students on a test to measure anxiety, as well as the typical number of cigarettes each person smokes daily Scores on the anxiety test can range anywhere from a low of (indicating very low anxiety) to a high of 30 (indicating very high anxiety) Anxiety Cigarettes Student Test Score Smoked Daily 11 3 15 11 14 16 21 26 12 10 22 24 17 18 Construct a scatterplot to represent the correlation between smoking and anxiety Describe the direction of the correlation and give two possible explanations for it 335 Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college and university graduates with adults who are less educated She correctly noted that people with higher-education degrees pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults The professor concluded that colleges and universities obviously great things for society How might you reasonably challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion? 336 Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive Be sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control conditions Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research 337 Five students received the following test scores: 7, 11, 5, 6, and 11 Calculate the mode, median, mean, and range of this distribution of scores Which measure of central tendency would change the most if an additional test score of was included in the distribution? Page 33 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 338 At Michigan State University, 32 students are enrolled in class A, 48 students are enrolled in class B, and 16 students are enrolled in class C For which of these three classes is there the greatest probability that more than 75 percent of the students have blond hair? Explain your answer and indicate why this explanation has relevance for generalizing appropriately from samples to the larger populations in which you are interested 339 After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism This perception most clearly illustrates A) overconfidence B) hindsight bias C) an empirical approach D) critical thinking 340 Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrate A) hindsight bias B) curious skepticism C) overconfidence D) an empirical approach 341 Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate A) the value of an empirical approach B) how often random sequences fail to look random C) the need for critical thinking D) the accuracy of our intuition Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 342 The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers which outcomes result from A) curious skepticism B) psychic powers C) hidden values D) chance 343 When Leanne read a newspaper report that drinking orange juice triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the children's behavior had been assessed using scientifically appropriate methods Leanne's reaction best illustrates A) the perils of intuition B) hindsight bias C) critical thinking D) overconfidence 344 Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of A) a hypothesis B) informed consent C) an operational definition D) the placebo effect 345 Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase Which type of research is Professor Carter using? A) survey research B) case study C) experimentation D) naturalistic observation 346 A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that A) work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness B) marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress C) higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress D) marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress 347 When people's negative moods are at their worst, whatever they to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by an improvement in their mood rather than further worsening This is best explained in terms of A) random assignment B) illusory correlation C) informed consent D) regression toward the mean Page 34 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 348 Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it? A) the survey B) the case study C) the experiment D) naturalistic observation 349 In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could be attributed to A) replication B) operational definitions C) random sampling D) placebo effects 350 To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit In this research, the independent variable consisted of A) reactions to the comedy skit B) level of sexual stimulation C) marital status D) sense of humor 351 In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be the Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers A) control condition B) independent variable C) experimental condition Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers D) dependent variable 352 Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to A) avoid the use of animals in experimental research B) minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants C) treat information about individual research participants confidentially D) avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research 353 One person in a 10-person group is 10 times older than anyone else in the group With respect to age, it is MOST likely that the majority of group members are younger than the group's A) mode B) median C) mean D) standard deviation 354 The is a measure of A) standard deviation; central tendency B) mean; variation C) median; central tendency D) mode; variation 355 Janet has five brothers who are 4, 6, 6, 9, and 15 years of age The mean age of Janet's brothers is A) B) C) D) 356 The maximum height of a normal curve corresponds to the of a normal distribution A) range B) mean C) standard deviation D) statistical significance 357 Random samples provide estimates of population averages if the samples have small A) good; means B) good; standard deviations C) poor; means D) poor; standard deviations Page 35 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 358 Hindsight bias leads people to perceive psychological research outcomes as A) unpredictable B) inexplicable C) unlikely D) unsurprising 359 Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam This best illustrates A) chance-related explanation B) critical thinking C) hindsight bias D) overconfidence 360 If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely? A) H H H T T T B) H T T H T H C) T T H H T H D) All of these sequences would be equally likely 361 By testing their predictions with the observational methods of science, psychologists are most clearly relying on A) intuitive hunches B) an empirical approach C) chance-related explanations D) inevitable events Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers 362 Considering the credibility of at one's sources of information is most indicative of Full file https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers A) overconfidence B) critical thinking C) intuition D) hindsight bias 363 Psychological theories help to A) organize scientific observations B) explain observed facts C) generate hypotheses D) all of these things 364 Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? A) naturalistic observation B) the case study C) experimentation D) the survey 365 Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents The researchers were applying the technique known as A) naturalistic observation B) the double-blind procedure C) random sampling D) replication 366 A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that A) higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater physical height in children B) there is no relationship between children's height and their popularity C) being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity D) children's height has no causal impact on their popularity 367 To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test This research is an example of A) correlational research B) an experiment C) survey research D) naturalistic observation Page 36 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 368 In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the group A) survey B) control C) experimental D) correlational 369 Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of A) random assignment B) replication C) naturalistic observation D) operational definitions 370 In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the A) control condition B) independent variable C) dependent variable D) placebo 371 In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize A) confounding variables B) informed consent C) replication Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition D) random assignment by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 372 Which of the following processes typically takes place shortly after people complete their participation in a research study? A) random assignment B) informed consent C) the double-blind procedure D) debriefing 373 Ahmed has five sisters who are 3, 3, 5, 9, and 10 years of age The number “5” represents the of the sisters' ages A) mode B) median C) mean D) range 374 The can be a particularly misleading indication of what is average for a distribution of scores A) mean; skewed B) median; skewed C) mean; normal D) median; normal 375 To provide a rough estimate of how similar or diverse a set of scores is, we should calculate the A) standard deviation B) mean C) median D) range 376 The is a measure of A) median; variation B) range; central tendency C) standard deviation; variation D) normal curve; central tendency 377 Differences between two samples are LEAST likely to be statistically significant if the samples are _ and the standard deviations of the samples are _ A) small; small B) large; large C) small; large D) large; small Page 37 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Answer Key 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 B C C C B D A B D A A A C C D A C A A B A C D D D D C D A C C A B C C D B D A A C D B A B A D C A B B D B D B C B B D C A D D B D B B C B C B B B B C C Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Page 38 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 C C A B C C A C B B C D C D C B D D D A B D B D D D D C C C D C C B D D A D A D D C A D D D B B A B D D B B C B D A D A D D A B C A B D B D A A C C A C C D Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Page 39 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 D C A A A A C D C C D C B C B D A A B C D B A D A D B C B C B C A D C A C B C C D C C A B B A B C B B C B D B A B D A B B D D C C B A D D A A B C A B B C C Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Page 40 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 D C A A B A A A A B D D B D C B B B C D C D D D C A A A C B D D C B A C D C D D B D D C A C B B C D B D C B D A C A D C A A B C D D D C D B A A D D C B C D Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Page 41 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 C C C C D B C C C B D D C C B A A C C A D B Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers B C D D C A D C D C D B D C C C C B B D D D B B D B C A B B A B A D B A D C C Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers Page 42 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Psychology-11th-Edition-by-Myers ... Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers Page 38 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers. .. Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers Page 39 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers. .. Test Bank for Psychology 11th Edition by Myers Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers Page 40 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu /Test- Bank- for- Psychology- 11th- Edition- by- Myers