Test bank for geosystems core 1st edition by christopherson

Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Exam Name _ MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 1) A physical geographer would likely not study A) the diffusion of various religions from the so-called Middle East B) the 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Nepal in 2015 C) precipitation patterns in the Atacama Desert, Chile D) the impact of Hurricane Patricia's landfall along the west coast of Mexico E) the effects of the removal of dams on the Elwha River in Washington 1) 2) Geography A) is derived from geo and graphein; literally, "to write Earth." B) does not use systems analysis C) is primarily focused on the spatial distribution of human phenomena D) is not a science.in the traditional sense of the word E) does not consider process in explaining systems 2) 3) "Geography" literally means A) to write (about) Earth B) the study of rocks C) place names D) place memorization E) map making 3) 4) The word spatial refers to A) eras of time B) human cognition of the world around them C) things that are unique and special D) items that relate specifically to society E) the nature and character of physical space 4) 5) Which is not true of geographers? A) They use spatial analysis B) They are Earth systems scientists C) They are concerned with human-environment interactions D) They are primarily concerned with place names E) They are concerned with spatial and temporal relationships 5) 6) The main methodology governing geographic inquiry A) uses chronological organization B) is behavioral analysis C) is making, reading, and interpreting maps D) involves spatial analysis E) is field work 6) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 7) Which of the following comprise the fundamental duality in the field of geography? A) cultural and geological B) political and environmental C) physical and human D) physical and economic E) economic and political 7) 8) Which of the following best describes the field of physical geography? A) the spatial analysis of all the physical elements, processes, and systems that make up the environment B) studying, analyzing, and mapping of the primary rock types C) the study of weather, climate, and related phenomenon, especially as influenced by human action D) human migration across the planet and the resulting impacts E) understanding the process that lead to soil development and the environments in which they occur 8) 9) Which of the following is the most strongly supported by extensive hypothesis testing? A) theory B) educated guess C) speculation D) hypothesis E) observation 9) 10) A(n) is a widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon that is based on evidence and experimentation A) hypothesis B) test C) observation D) scientific fact E) scientific theory 10) 11) The scientific method is described by which of the following? A) the acceptance of supernatural explanations for phenomenon until science proves otherwise B) irreproducible results accepted as theory C) a step-by-step guide done a single time during the initial testing of a scientific idea D) the development of hypotheses that are tested to aid predictions E) a single, definitive linear method for doing science 11) 12) Which of the following is the general order of steps in the scientific method? A) observation questions and variables hypothesis testing results B) observation testing hypothesis questions and variables results C) hypothesis questions and variables observation results testing D) hypothesis questions and variables testing observation results E) questions and variables hypothesis observation testing results 12) 13) In 2012, the world human population surpassed A) billion B) billion C) billion 13) D) billion E) billion Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 14) Though the United States and Canada account for percent of the world's population, they produce about percent of the world's gross domestic product A) 5; 25 B) 50; 15 C) 32; 17 D) 25; 25 E) 15; 50 14) 15) The term sustainability refers to A) providing for the present needs without long-term considerations of future needs B) continued use of a defined activity in a manner to reduce adverse impacts to the environment C) recycling, reusing, and composting goods so that they may be used again, often in altered form D) the consumption of natural resources at a rate that can be properly measured E) the scientific policy prescribed by Congress in relationship to natural resource utilization 15) 16) A(n) is any set of ordered, interrelated components and their attributes A) threshold B) tipping point C) equilibrium D) system E) feedback loop 16) 17) is mass that assumes a physical shape and occupies space A) Matter B) Energy C) Entropy D) Threshold 17) E) A system 18) The capacity to change the motion of, or to work on, matter is the definition of A) plasma B) system C) energy D) acceleration E) thermodynamics 18) 19) Which of the following is an example of a closed system? A) a river drainage basin B) a forest C) Earth (in terms of energy) D) Earth (in terms of matter) E) an automobile 19) 20) In terms of matter and resources, Earth is essentially a(n) system ; in terms of energy, Earth is a(n) system A) open; closed B) open; open C) closed; closed D) closed; open E) negative; positive 20) 21) Which of the following is incorrect? A) New resources and matter are being added to Earth's systems all the time B) Earth represents a vast integrated system C) Earth represents a closed system in terms of matter D) Within Earth's systems, both matter and energy are stored and retrieved E) Earth represents an open system in terms of energy 21) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 22) Systems encountered in nature at Earth's surface, such as a forest, are A) open systems in terms of matter, partially closed in terms of energy B) open systems in terms of energy, closed in terms of matter C) closed systems in terms of energy, open in terms of matter D) both open systems in terms of energy and matter E) both closed systems in terms of energy and matter 22) 23) What type of feedback maintains stability in a system; i.e., what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly by discouraging change? A) threshold B) positive C) negative D) tipping point E) neutral 23) 24) If feedback information encourages a change in a system, what type of feedback has occurred? A) threshold B) negative C) neutral D) positive E) Not enough information is given to indicate what type of feedback has occurred 24) 25) 25) As arctic temperatures rise, summer sea ice and glacial melt accelerates; lighter color surfaces are thereby replaced with darker-colored surfaces leading to more absorption and surface heating This is an example of a(n) feedback A) positive B) dynamic C) reverse D) negative E) neutral Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 26) If Earth warmed up, and more snow fell because of more water vapor in the atmosphere, and that snow then reduced Earth's temperature, which increased snow cover, then the initial increase in snow fall would be feedback, while the continued increase in snow fall would be feedback A) positive; positive B) negative; negative C) positive; negative D) negative; positive E) both negative and positive; both negative and positive 26) 27) Which of the following is correctly matched? A) tipping point same as steady state equilibrium B) dynamic equilibrium  large fluctuations that change abruptly over time C) thresholdstate of equilibrium and existing resistance to change D) steady state equilibrium  small fluctuations about an average condition E) threshold  balance of inputs and outputs 27) 28) Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium? A) System inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average so the system does not move far from its average condition B) Feedback information encourages change in the system C) System inputs always exactly balance outputs so the system never changes D) System inputs produce large, random fluctuations in output, forcing the system into a new state of equilibrium E) Systems slowly adjust to long-term changes in input and output 28) 29) If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that feedback has occurred and that the planet is A) positive; in equilibrium B) negative; out of equilibrium C) negative; in equilibrium D) positive; out of equilibrium E) negative; at a tipping point 29) 30) A large flood in a river may cause abrupt shifts leading to the carving of a new channel The point at which this change occurs is a(n) A) loop B) feedback C) threshold D) equilibrium E) input 30) 31) The three inorganic Earth realms are the A) stratosphere, magnetosphere, and troposphere B) atmosphere, geoid, and homosphere C) hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere D) thermosphere, lithosphere, heterosphere E) biosphere, ecosphere, and hydrosphere 31) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 32) Living systems are considered A) inorganic B) lithospheric C) biotic D) hydric E) abiotic 32) 33) The realization that Earth was a sphere A) was made by Isaac Newton B) did not occur in Europe until the first voyages of Columbus C) had to wait until the modern era (1800s) D) was definitively proven with the advent of modern satellite technologies E) was first made by Pythagoras, 580-500 B.C 33) 34) The Greek mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes is noted for A) being the first to realize the spherical shape of Earth B) reasoning that Earth's equatorial bulge was the result of Earth's rotation and centrifugal force C) calculating Earth's diameter by measuring celestial angles at two different locations D) inventing the concepts of time zones by dividing 360 by 24, thereby establishing 15° zones E) his highly precise maps of the coastlines of Mediterranean Europe and Africa 34) 35) Which of the following statements about Earth is correct? A) Earth's polar circumference is greater than Earth's equatorial circumference B) Earth is perfectly spherical C) It is elongated D) Earth is the second largest planet in the solar system E) The equatorial diameter is 42 km (26 mi.) greater than the polar diameter 35) 36) The oblateness (flattening) of Earth occurs at the A) equator B) subtropics C) poles D) prime meridian E) International Date Line 36) 37) The diameter of Earth is largest when measured around the A) prime meridian B) poles C) equator D) International Date Line E) subtropics 37) 38) Parallels of latitude A) measure distances east and west of the equator B) are called meridians C) are lines which passes through both poles D) are used to measure distances north or south of the equator E) measures longitude 38) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 39) An angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth is termed A) latitude B) Greenwich distance C) meridian D) longitude E) zenith 39) 40) Latitude is A) the basis for establishing meridians B) the angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian C) characterized by an arbitrary prime meridian based on the Royal Observatory, Greenwich D) portrayed on a globe as lines that cross the equator at right angles E) the angular distance measured north or south of the equator 40) 41) How far north you live from the equator is measured as your , whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a A) meridian; longitude B) longitude; meridian C) latitude; parallel D) location; place E) parallel; latitude 41) 42) If you were standing at 25° North you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone? A) tropical B) midlatitude C) subtropical D) equatorial E) subarctic 42) 43) If you were standing at 60° North you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone? A) antarctic B) subtropical C) midlatitude D) subantarctic E) subarctic 43) 44) An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian from the center of Earth is termed A) longitude B) parallel C) latitude D) zenith E) Greenwich distance 44) 45) Longitude is A) characterized by an arbitrary equator based on the old German capitol in Berlin B) an angular distance measured north or south of the equator C) determined by Sun altitude above the horizon D) the basis for establishing parallels E) an angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian 45) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 46) A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called a A) parallel B) meridian C) small circle D) great circle E) prime latitudinal angle 46) 47) Which of the following is not true of meridians? A) The ground length of a degree of longitude is greatest at the equator and smallest at the poles B) They are lines that run in an east-west direction C) They cross parallels at right angles D) They are used to measure east-west angular distances E) All meridians are the same length 47) 48) Which of the following is true regarding the 0° prime meridian? A) Unlike the equator, which is arbitrarily determined, the prime meridian is established by bisecting Earth perpendicular to its axis of rotation B) Earth's prime meridian passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, as set by an 1884 treaty C) International agreement regarding the location of the prime meridian was not resolved until the 1980s when a treaty was completed D) The prime meridian passes through Paris, France E) The key to measuring angular distances east and west of the prime meridian was the development of accurate compasses 48) 49) Which of the following is true of the 1884 treaty establishing the prime meridian (0°)? A) The Greenwich meridian was established as the prime meridian by the treaty B) The international date line was established as the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich C) Each country selected its own prime meridian for their marine maps D) The United States designated the Washington meridian for land maps and marine maps E) No consensus was met at the 1884 treaty, putting off the decision until a 1907 treaty was passed 49) 50) The basis for defining the length of a day is A) Earth does not rotate; rather, it revolves B) Earth moves through 365.25 days a year in its orbit about the Sun C) arbitrary, based on a decision of an international committee that met in Washington DC in 1884 D) Earth rotates east to west E) Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours; i.e., it rotates 15° of longitude per hour 50) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 51) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) A) is two-hours ahead of Zulu time, indicating the single moment when all locations on the planet are on the same calendar day B) is a method to account for the arbitrary nature in which time zones are designed to follow international boundaries C) is the time at the International Date Line D) established 24 standard meridians around the globe at equal intervals from the prime meridian E) replaced Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and became the legal reference for official time in all countries 51) 52) UTC refers to A) Coordinated Universal Time B) Greenwich Mean Time C) Universal Time Conference D) Universal Time Circles E) the International Date Line 52) 53) The meridian opposite of Earth's prime meridian (0° longitude) is called A) secondary meridian B) Tropic of Cancer C) the International Date Line D) the anti-meridian E) the equator 53) 54) Standard time zones A) have yet to be generally established B) are arbitrarily set based on international political boundaries C) are spaced at 5° intervals of longitude in North America D) are 15° wide because Earth rotates that distance in one hour E) are only used in the developed countries 54) 55) If City A is located 35° west of City B, the time at City A is that at City B A) earlier during daylights saving only than B) later than C) earlier than D) the same as E) earlier or later, depending on the time reference system used in this country 55) 56) The difference in Sun time between two places located 30° in longitude apart from one another is A) 30 seconds B) 30 minutes C) one hour D) two hours E) three hours 56) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 57) If a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00 P.M in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and its home port? A) The ship is 2° east of its home port B) The ship is 2° west of its home port C) The ship is 30° west of its home port D) The ship is 30° east of its home port E) The ship is 45° west of its home port 57) 58) If you began a trip at 20° North, 60° West and traveled 120° farther west and 50° south, your new position would be A) 70° North on the International Date Line B) 30° South the Greenwich meridian C) 70° North on the Greenwich meridian D) 30° North, 120° West E) 30° South on the International Date Line 58) 59) If it is 10:00 PM on July 3rd at 30° West, what date and time is it at 15° East? A) July 4th; A.M B) July 3rd; P.M C) July 3rd; P.M D) July 3rd; 11 P.M E) July 4th; A.M 59) 60) Travelers flying west from Los Angeles (118° W) to Tokyo (139° E) will cross the and, as a result, they will when crossing this meridian A) International Dateline; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.) B) prime meridian; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.) C) equator; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.) D) prime meridian; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.) E) International Dateline; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.) 60) 61) If it is 10:00 A.M in Miami, Florida (Eastern time zone), what time is it in Los Angeles, California, located time zones to the west in the Pacific Time zone? A) P.M B) A.M C) A.M D) P.M E) A.M 61) 62) The practice of setting time ahead or behind during the year, out of coordination with the Sun, is termed A) Coordinated Universal Time B) Zulu Time C) Daylight Saving Time D) Greenwich Mean Time E) Standard time 62) 63) The part of geography that embodies map making is known as A) geodesy B) calligraphy C) printmaking D) cartography E) theodesy 63) 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 64) Which of the following is not a basic element on most maps? A) north arrow B) software used C) legend D) map scale E) map projection 64) 65) Map scale is best defined as A) the directionality of the map B) the ratio of a map to the distance or area in the real world C) the meaning of the symbols used in the map D) the study of the size and shape of Earth E) the flattening technique used to "unroll" the globe onto a plane 65) 66) A scale of 1:24,000, in comparison to a scale of 1:50,000,000, is regarded as A) a small scale B) a large scale C) an intermediate scale D) an indeterminate scale E) a relative scale 66) 67) A scale of 1:900,000 is a scale of 1:24,000 A) three times as much as B) twice as much as C) larger than D) equal to E) smaller than 67) 68) If you wanted a map with a lot of detail of a small area you would want A) a world globe B) an indeterminate scale C) a large scale map D) an intermediate scale E) a small scale map 68) 69) A scale of inch = miles is an example of a A) graphic scale B) written scale C) ratio scale D) relative scale E) representative fraction 69) 70) A map scale of 1:63,360 is equivalent to A) one inch on the map equals 2,000 feet on the ground B) one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground C) one inch on a map equals miles on the ground D) one inch on the map equals 1,000 feet on the ground E) one inch on a map equals mile on the ground 70) 11 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 71) A scale given as "one centimeter to one kilometer" is an example of a A) representative fraction B) relative scale C) written scale D) ratio scale E) graphic scale 71) 72) Which type of map scale would be appropriate to use if the map were to be enlarged by photocopying? A) graphic B) relative C) written D) representative fraction E) ratio 72) 73) The transformation of a spherical global to a 2D surface is a A) cone B) globe C) scale D) diagram E) map projection 73) 74) Which map project preserves the property of true shape? A) equidistant B) proximal C) aphylatic D) equivalent E) conformal 74) 75) Which of the following possesses all of Earth's properties of area, shape, direction, proximity, and distance, correctly? A) Robinson projection B) Goode's homolosine projection C) Albers equal-area conic projection D) a world globe E) Mercator projection 75) 12 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 76) 76) Where does the greatest distortion in a Mercator projection occur? A) towards the poles B) immediately north and south of the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, respectively C) the equator D) the subtropics E) the Mercator projection has no distortion 77) Which map projection has no distortion? A) Albers equal-area projection B) Mercator projection C) Robinson projection D) Goode's homolosine projection E) All map projections distort 77) 78) An isoline is a(n) A) imaginary line connecting all points along the same longitude B) indicator on a map of the map scale C) a line on a map connecting points with a constant value D) arc crossing all meridians of longitude at the same angle E) imaginary line connecting all points along the same latitude 78) 13 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 79) GPS units A) have little practical use in physical geography B) are a metric version of longitude and latitude C) are th of a Greenwich Precision Second 60 79) D) accurately allow determination of location anywhere on or near Earth's surface E) are not available to the public; they are only available to the military and other government agencies 80) Which of the following is true about Global Positioning System (GPS)? A) GPS receivers need at least two satellites to accurately determine location B) GPS has no scientific uses, but are great for recreational purposes C) GPS is used solely by the military, who share information with physical geographers D) GPS is the same as remote sensing E) GPS has been used to track migration patterns of large marine animals 80) 81) Remote sensing is A) a subjective determination of temperature B) based on the principle that surfaces must be physically handled and directly measured for study C) determines location on or near Earth's surface using trilateration D) an earthbound technique not used in modern satellites E) the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact 81) 82) A satellite imaging system that records energy radiated from objects is a(n) system A) active B) holographic C) passive D) global positioning E) photographic 82) 83) A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at the surface and then records the energy that is reflected is classified as a(n) system A) active B) global positioning C) photographic D) holographic E) passive 83) 84) Which of the following is an example of an active remote sensing device? A) film B) infrared sensor C) Landsat D) LIDAR E) video camera 84) 14 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 85) Which of the following is false? A) A GIS has little relationship to other geotechniques, such as remote sensing or GPS B) In a GIS, spatial data are often organized into layers C) GIS has been integrated into modern smart phones to provide locational services D) A GIS is a powerful tool for manipulating and analyzing spatial data E) A GIS links spatial data (where is it?) with attribute data (what is it?) 85) 86) Which of the following best describes Geographic Information Systems? A) a modern map-making tool for determining the appropriate map projection to use B) a constellation of satellites for accurately determining location anywhere near Earth's surface C) acquiring information about objects without having physical contact with them D) deriving accurate measurements from photographs E) computer-based tool for management and analysis of geographic information 86) 87) The techniques of using modern computers to displaying geographic information with other datasets for display and visual analysis are known as A) geovisualization B) cartography C) global positioning system D) remote sensing E) geographic information systems 87) ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper 88) Why is the term "spatial" so important in geography? 89) Describe what distinguishes physical geography from human and cultural geography 90) Follow the scientific method from the initial perception of phenomena to a general theory about the phenomena 91) What is a hypothesis? How does it differ from a theory? 92) Use examples to distinguish an open system from a closed system 93) Use examples to distinguish positive and negative feedback loops 94) How can feedback affect a system? Give examples of positive and negative feedback 95) List and briefly describe Earth's four spheres 96) Discuss Earth's reference system of latitude and longitude 97) In which time zone you live? What is the relationship of this time zone to Coordinate Universal Time (UTC)? Is daylights saving time practiced in your area? 98) Describe each of the basic elements found on most maps 99) What is GPS? Give several examples of its utility in physical geography 15 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers 100) Distinguish between active and passive remote sensing, and describe the applications of each 101) What is a geographic information system? What are some potential GIS applications? 16 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Answer Testname: UNTITLED19 1) A 2) A 3) A 4) E 5) D 6) D 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) E 11) D 12) A 13) E 14) A 15) B 16) D 17) A 18) C 19) D 20) D 21) A 22) D 23) C 24) D 25) A 26) D 27) D 28) A 29) D 30) C 31) C 32) C 33) E 34) C 35) E 36) C 37) C 38) D 39) A 40) E 41) C 42) C 43) E 44) A 45) E 46) B 47) B 48) B 49) A 50) E 17 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Answer Testname: UNTITLED19 51) E 52) A 53) C 54) D 55) C 56) D 57) C 58) E 59) A 60) E 61) C 62) C 63) D 64) B 65) B 66) B 67) E 68) C 69) B 70) E 71) C 72) A 73) E 74) E 75) D 76) A 77) E 78) C 79) D 80) E 81) E 82) C 83) A 84) D 85) A 86) E 87) A 88) The answer should note that geography is inherently spatial and that physical geography uses an integrative spatial approach to study entire Earth systems 89) While a continuum, human geography compromises specialty areas that draw largely on the social and cultural sciences, whereas physical geography draws largely on the physical and life sciences 18 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Answer Testname: UNTITLED19 90) Real world observations Hypothesis and Predictions Experimentation and Measurement Peer Review Hypothesis undergoes repeated testing without being shown false Scientific theory developed Figures 1.4 and 1.5 are also good guides to follow 19 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Answer Testname: UNTITLED19 91) A hypothesis is a tentative (or proposed) explanation of an observed phenomenon A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of a phenomena, repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation 92) An open system is one in which energy and matter flow in and out of the system A forest is an example of an open system A closed system is closed off from surroundings systems and is self -contained In terms of matter, the Earth is essentially a closed system 93) A feedback loop is an output from a system that influences its own operations A negative feedback loop discourages change in the system An example is predator/prey relationships in which predators keep prey population in check A positive feedback loop encourages change in the system An example is warming temperatures that cause reduction in ice and snow cover and, thereby, decrease albedo and increase absorption, leading to more warming 94) Feedbacks can lead to steady state conditions (negative feedback loops) or disequilibrium (positive feedback loops) The reduction of wolves in Yellowstone, for instance, led to an increase in elk populations, which in turn led to a reduction in vegetation cover due to overgrazing 95) The Earth's four spheres (systems) are the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere The three abiotic spheres are the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere, while the one biotic sphere is the biosphere (however, the spheres are not truly mutually exclusive) 96) Latitude is the angular distance north or south of the equator Lines of latitude are called parallels and run east -west Latitude can range from 90° North to 90° South Longitude is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian Lines of longitude are called meridians They diverge at the equator and converge at the poles Longitude can range from 0° to 180° 97) Answers will vary For locations west of the prime meridian, the time will be to 12 hours behind UTC; for those to the east, the time will be to 12 hours ahead of UTC 20 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Test Bank for Geosystems Core 1st Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers Answer Testname: UNTITLED19 98) Titlethe subject and other relevant information about the map North arrowmap directionality, relative to north Symbolslines, patterns, areas, icons etc to represent features on the map Legenddefines the meaning of the symbols used in the map Map scalemathematical relationship between size of map to size of real world the map represents The three types of scales that may be present are representational fraction, graphic scale, and written scale Map projectionthe mathematical model used to transform the spherical Earth to a 2D surface 99) Global Position Systems refers to the constellation of Earth orbiting satellites, the associated ground stations, and the user segment used to derive precise location and elevation information at or near the Earth's surface GPS has multiple uses within physical geography, students should use a variety of sources to list several examples 100) Active remote sensing systems provide their own energy source, emitting radiation towards a target and measuring the reflected radiation from the target, whereas passive sensors measure the energy emitted from objects under investigation LIDAR and sonar are examples of active remote sensing, whereas satellite systems, such as the Landsat program, are passive Remote sensing has multiple uses within physical geography, students should use a variety of sources to list several examples 101) GIS is a computer-based data processing system for gathering, storing, manipulating, and analyzing geographic information GIS has multiple uses within physical geography, students should use a variety of sources to list several examples 21 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/Test-Bank-for-Geosystems-Core-1st-Edition-by-Christophers