Chapter 01: Introduction to the Imaging Sciences Johnston: Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging, 2nd Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE X-rays were discovered a November 8, 1805 b November 8, 1875 c November 8, 1895 d November 8, 1985 ANS: C X-rays were discovered November 8, 1895 REF: OBJ: Barium platinocyanide was the material in Dr Roentgen’s laboratory that a covered the cathode ray tube b fluoresced when the cathode ray tube was energized c was used to produce the radiograph of Bertha Roentgen’s hand d protected the people in the room from the x-rays ANS: B A piece of cardboard covered with barium platinocyanide fluoresced when the tube was energized, leading to further investigation REF: 1-2 OBJ: Wilhelm Roentgen’s lab was located in a Wurzburg Test Bank for Essentials b Zurich c Paris d Boston of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston ANS: A Dr Roentgen’s lab was located at the University of Wurzburg in Wurzburg, Germany REF: OBJ: The first radiograph produced by Dr Roentgen was of a his own hand b his daughter’s hand c his son’s hand d his wife’s hand ANS: D The first radiograph was taken December 22, 1895, of his wife, Bertha’s, hand REF: OBJ: Exposure times for very early radiographs ranged from a second to seconds b minute to 15 minutes c 20 minutes to hours d hours to hours ANS: C Exposure times for early radiographs took from 20 minutes to hours to produce an image REF: OBJ: Acute radiodermatitis was a the radiation burn resulting from excessive exposure to x-rays b common among early patients and operators of x-ray equipment c a delayed reaction to excessive x-ray exposure d all of the above ANS: D Early on, the excessive radiation exposure to many operators and patients resulted in radiation burns, a delayed response to the exposure REF: OBJ: Who brought attention to the dangers of x-rays? a Wilhelm Roentgen b Bertha Roentgen c Crookes d Thomas Edison ANS: D Thomas Edison, the famous American inventor, suffered a radiation burn and brought attention to the dangers of x-rays REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ An example of how x-rays were used for entertainment or business gain in a dangerous manner was the a fluoroscopic shoe fitter b x-ray stove polish c x-ray headache tablets d x-ray golf balls ANS: A Although the stove polish, headache tablets, and golf balls used “x-ray” in their names, the shoe fitter actually exposed shoppers to radiation REF: OBJ: Mass, length, and time are considered a fundamental quantities b derived quantities c radiologic quantities d none of the above ANS: A Mass, length, and time are the most basic or fundamental quantities REF: OBJ: 10 Velocity, acceleration, and work are a fundamental quantities b derived quantities c radiologic quantities d none of the above ANS: B Along with force, momentum and power, velocity, acceleration, and work are derived from the fundamental quantities REF: OBJ: 11 Exposure, dose, and dose equivalent are a fundamental quantities b derived quantities c radiologic quantities d none of the above ANS: C Along with the measure of radioactivity, dose, dose equivalent, and exposure are radiologic quantities REF: OBJ: 12 The metric system is also known as the a British system b System International (SI) c System of Units (SU) d French system ANS: B The metric system is also known as the System International (SI) REF: OBJ: 13 In the SI system the unit of measure for mass is a pound b gram c kilogram d ton ANS: C The SI system uses kilogram to quantify mass REF: OBJ: 14 In the SI system the unit of measure for length is a meter b kilometer c foot d mile ANS: A The SI system uses meter to quantify length REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 15 In the SI system the unit of measure for time is a minute b second c hour d day ANS: B The SI system uses second to quantify time REF: OBJ: 16 In the British system the unit of measure for mass is a pound b gram c kilogram d ton ANS: A The British system uses pound to quantify mass REF: OBJ: 17 In the British system the unit of measure for length is a meter b kilometer c foot d mile ANS: C The British system uses foot to quantify length REF: OBJ: 18 In the British system the unit of measure for time is a minute b second c hour d day ANS: B The British system uses second to quantify time REF: OBJ: 19 _ is equal to distance traveled divided by the time needed to cover that distance a Work b Momentum c Velocity d Acceleration ANS: C Distance traveled divided by the time needed to cover that distance is the formula to derive velocity REF: OBJ: 20 Meters per second squared (m/s2) is the unit of measure of a velocity b momentum c force d acceleration ANS: D Meters per second squared (m/s2) is the unit of measure of acceleration REF: OBJ: 21 Newton is the unit of measure of a velocity b momentum c force d acceleration ANS: C Force is measured in Newtons REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 22 Kilograms-meters per second (kg-m/s) is the unit of measure of a velocity b momentum c force d acceleration ANS: B Kilograms-meters per second (kg-m/s) is the unit of measure of momentum REF: OBJ: 23 Joule is the unit of measure of a power b force c work d momentum ANS: C Joule is the unit of measure of work REF: OBJ: 24 Watt is the unit of measure of a power b force c work d momentum ANS: A Watt is the unit of measure of power REF: OBJ: 25 Fd (force × distance) is the formula to determine a power b force c work d momentum ANS: C Fd (force × distance) is the formula to determine work REF: OBJ: 26 Work/time is the formula to determine a power b force c work d momentum ANS: A Work divided by the time over which it is done (work/t) is the formula for power REF: OBJ: 27 The formula mv (mass × velocity) is used to determine a power b force c work d momentum ANS: D Mass × velocity (mv) is the formula to determine momentum REF: OBJ: 28 The formula ma (mass × acceleration) is for a power b force c work d momentum ANS: B Mass × acceleration (ma) is the formula to determine force REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 29 What is the velocity of a javelin that travels 45 meters in seconds? a 0.067 m/s b 15 m/s c 67 m/s d 135 m/s ANS: B Velocity is determined by dividing the distance traveled (45 meters) by the time necessary to cover the distance (3 s); therefore 45 m/3 s or 15 m/s REF: OBJ: 30 What is the acceleration of the javelin if the initial velocity is 0, the final velocity is 15 m/s and the time of travel is seconds? a m/s2 b m/s2 c 10 m/s2 d 15 m/s2 ANS: B Acceleration is determined by subtracting the initial velocity (0 m/s) from the final velocity (15 m/s) and then dividing that amount by the time it took (3 seconds), resulting in m/s2 REF: OBJ: 31 How much force is needed to move a 30-kg piece of equipment at a rate of m/s2? a 10 N b 30 N c 60 N d 90 N ANS: D Force is determined by multiplying mass (30 kg) by acceleration (3 m/s2) and is measured in Newtons 30 kg × m/s2 = 90 N REF: OBJ: 32 What is the momentum of a 30-kg object traveling at 2.5 m/s? a 12 kg-m/s b 75 kg-m/s c 150 kg-m/s d 187.5 kg-m/s ANS: B Momentum is determined by multiplying mass (30 kg) by its velocity (2.5 m/s), resulting in 75 kg-m/s REF: OBJ: 33 How much work is done if a force of 20 N is applied to move a patient 100 meters? a 0.5 J b J c 200 J d 2000 J ANS: D Work = Fd, in this case 20 (force) multiplied by 100 (distance) over which it’s moved, resulting in 2000 Joules REF: OBJ: 34 If it takes minutes to perform 360 J of work, what is the power? a W b W c 180 W d 720 W ANS: A Power is determined by dividing the work done (360 J) by the time it takes to the work (2 minutes or 120 seconds) 360/120 = Watts REF: OBJ: 35 What is the velocity of a baseball that travels 15 meters in seconds? a 7.5 N b 7.5 m/s2 c 7.5 J d 7.5 m/s ANS: D Velocity is determined by dividing the distance traveled (15 meters) by the time necessary to cover the distance (2 s); therefore 15 m/2 s or 7.5 m/s The unit of measurement for velocity is meter/second (m/s) REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 36 If a basketball goes from being stationary to a velocity of 18 m/s in seconds, what is its acceleration? a N b m/s2 c m/s d W ANS: B Acceleration is determined by subtracting the initial velocity (0 m/s) from the final velocity (18 m/s) and then dividing that amount by the time it took (3 seconds), resulting in m/s2 The unit of measurement of acceleration is m/s2 REF: OBJ: 37 How much force is needed to move a 20-kg box whose acceleration is m/s2? a 100 N b 100 W c 100 m/s2 d 100 m/s ANS: A Force is determined by multiplying mass (20 kg) by acceleration (5 m/s2) and is measured in Newtons 20 kg × m/s2 = 100 N The unit of measurement of force is the Newton (N) REF: OBJ: 38 What is the momentum of the 20 kg box that is traveling 10 m/s? a 200 m/s2 b 200 W c 200 kg-m/s d 200 J ANS: C Momentum is determined by multiplying mass (20 kg) by its velocity (10 m/s), resulting in 200 kg-m/s Momentum is measured in kg-m/s REF: OBJ: 39 How much work is done if N of force is used to lift a box meters high? a 15 W b 15 kg-m/s c 15 N/s d 15 J ANS: D Work is determined by multiplying force (5 N) by distance (3 m) over which it’s moved, resulting in 15 Joules The Joule (J) is the unit of measurement of work REF: OBJ: 40 If 240 J of work is done in minute, how much power is consumed? a J b W c kg-m/s d m/s ANS: B Power is determined by dividing the work done (240 J) by the time it takes to the work (1 minutes or 60 seconds) 240/60 = watts The unit of measurement of power is the watt (W) REF: OBJ: 41 The property of an object with mass that resists a change in its state of motion is a momentum b power c energy d inertia ANS: D Inertia is the property of an object with mass that resists a change in its state of motion REF: OBJ: 42 The principle of inertia was first described by a Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen b Sir Isaac Newton c Thomas Alva Edison d Crookes ANS: B The principle of inertia was first described by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 43 Newton’s first law of motion states that, unless acted on by an external force, an object at rest a will stay at rest b will move very slowly c will accelerate very quickly d none of the above ANS: A Newton’s first law of motion was that a body at rest will remain at rest unless an external force is applied REF: OBJ: 44 The ability to work is a power b energy c inertia d momentum ANS: B Energy is the ability to work REF: OBJ: 45 Energy in a stored state is a kinetic energy b energy of motion c potential energy d power ANS: C Potential energy is energy in a stored state; it can work by virtue of position REF: OBJ: 46 Kinetic energy is a stored energy b energy being expended c the same as potential energy d power ANS: B Kinetic energy is energy being used or expended REF: 6-7 OBJ: 47 Electromagnetic, chemical, electrical, and thermal are all types of a waves b equipment c force d energy ANS: D Energy comes in many types, including electromagnetic, chemical, electrical, and thermal REF: OBJ: 48 Einstein’s formula, E = MC2, demonstrates the relationship between a matter and energy b energy and electricity c electricity and mass d mass and electromagnetic energy ANS: A E = MC2 demonstrates the relationship between matter (M) and energy (E) REF: OBJ: 49 The radiologic unit that quantifies radiation intensity is the a rem b Becquerel c gray d roentgen ANS: D The roentgen quantifies radiation intensity REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 50 The radiologic unit that quantifies the biological effect of radiation on humans and animals is the a Becquerel b rad c roentgen d sievert ANS: B The rad quantifies the biological effect of radiation on humans and animals REF: OBJ: 51 The radiologic unit that quantifies occupational exposure or dose equivalent is the a rem b rad c roentgen d Becquerel ANS: A The rem quantifies occupational exposure or dose equivalent REF: OBJ: 52 The is the SI unit equivalent to the rad a rem b roentgen c gray d Becquerel ANS: C The gray (Gy) is the SI unit equivalent to the rad REF: OBJ: 53 rad = a 10−2 Gy b 10−1 Gy c 10 Gy d 102 Gy ANS: A One rad is equal to 10-2 Gy or 1/100 Gy REF: OBJ: 54 rem = a 10−2 Sv b 10−1 Sv c 10 Sv d 102 Sv ANS: A One rem is equal to 10-2 Sv or 1/100 Sv REF: OBJ: 55 The is the SI unit equivalent to the rem a rad b roentgen c Becquerel d sievert ANS: D The sievert (Sv) is the SI unit equivalent to the rem REF: OBJ: 56 roentgen = a 2.58 × 104 C/kg b 2.58 × 103 C/kg c 2.58 × 10-3 C/kg d 2.58 × 10-4 C/kg ANS: D One roentgen (R) is equal to 2.58 × 10-4 C/kg (Coulombs per kilogram) REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 57 The radiologic unit that addresses the different biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation is the a rad b roentgen c sievert d gray ANS: C The sievert/rem addresses the different biological effects of different types of ionizing radiation REF: OBJ: 58 The shortened form of the radiologic quantity curie is a Cr b Ci c Ce d Cu ANS: B The Ci is the shortened form of curie REF: OBJ: 59 The is the SI unit equivalent to the Curie a roentgen b Becquerel c sievert d gray ANS: B The Becquerel is the SI unit equivalent to the Curie REF: Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston OBJ: Fulloffile at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Ci? 60 What is the SI equivalent a Bq b 111 Bq c 1.11 × 1010 d 1.11 × 1011 ANS: D To convert Curies to Becquerels multiply the Curie value by 3.7 × 1010 (37,000,000,000), therefore × (3.7 × 1010 ) = 1.11 × 1011 Bq REF: OBJ: 61 The tube head assembly consists of a x-ray tube b tube stand c collimator d all of the above ANS: D The tube head assembly consists of the x-ray tube, collimator, and tube stand REF: OBJ: 62 The positive electrode of the x-ray tube is the a diode b cathode c anode d canode ANS: C The positive electrode of the x-ray tube is the anode REF: OBJ: 63 The negative electrode of the x-ray tube is the a diode b cathode c anode d canode ANS: B The negative electrode of the x-ray tube is the cathode REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 64 In a typical radiographic room the anode is located a over the head end of the table b over the foot end of the table c in the middle of the table d away from the table ANS: A In a typical radiographic room the anode is located over the head end of the table REF: OBJ: 65 To help dissipate the heat produced during x-ray production, the x-ray tube housing is filled with a air b water c refrigerant d oil ANS: D Oil is found within the tube housing, surrounding the tube, to help dissipate heat REF: OBJ: 66 The device that restricts the x-ray beam to the area of interest is the a tube housing b collimator c mirror d crosshair ANS: B The collimator, located beneath the tube housing, restricts the x-ray beam to the area of interest REF: Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston OBJ: Full inside file atthehttps://TestbankDirect.eu/ collimator is to 67 The purpose of the mirror a restrict the x-ray beam b allow the patient to see himself or herself c focus the x-ray beam d reflect the light source ANS: D Located within the collimator, the mirror reflects the light source onto the patient to show the x-ray field size and crosshairs REF: OBJ: 68 Lead shutters are part of the a tube housing b tube stand c collimator d x-ray tube ANS: C Adjustable lead shutters are found in the collimator and allow the x-ray beam to be restricted to the anatomic area of interest REF: OBJ: 69 The floor mount, floor–ceiling mount, and the overhead tube assembly are types of a tube stands or mounts b x-ray tube designs c collimator devices d A and B ANS: A The floor mount, floor–ceiling mount, and the overhead tube assembly are types of tube stands or mounts REF: OBJ: 70 In the hospital setting, the most widely used tube stand or mount is the a floor mount b floor–ceiling mount c overhead tube assembly d under-table tube assembly ANS: C The most widely used tube stand–mount is the overhead tube assembly because of its versatility REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 71 The device that is located just under the x-ray table and holds the image receptor in place is the a Bucky assembly b grid assembly c floating assembly d exit assembly ANS: A The Bucky assembly holds the image receptor in place and also includes a grid REF: 9-10 OBJ: 72 Upright radiographic examinations can easily be done with a a floating table b table Bucky c fluoroscope d wall unit ANS: D The wall unit has a vertical Bucky assembly that makes upright examinations much easier REF: 10 OBJ: 73 The electricity applied to the tube during x-ray production is controlled at the a tube housing b collimator c control panel d table top ANS: C Setting the kilovoltage and milliamperage appropriate for the radiographic examination is done at the control panel REF: 10 Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston OBJ: Fullcanfile https://TestbankDirect.eu/ be at taken to the patient’s bedside is considered 74 A radiographic unit that a mobile equipment b permanently installed equipment c bedside equipment d stationary equipment ANS: A Mobile equipment is on wheels and can be taken to the patient’s bedside when he or she is too ill to travel to the radiology department REF: OBJ: TRUE/FALSE Mass does not change with gravitational force ANS: T Although weight is based on the effect of gravitational force, mass is not REF: OBJ: 2 When kilograms of frozen water is melted, it produces kilograms of water ANS: T Mass does not change when the substance changes form REF: OBJ: Weight, measured in pounds, is not affected by gravitational force ANS: F Weight, as opposed to mass, changes when the gravitational force changes (earth versus moon, for example) REF: OBJ: A floating table top is typical of today’s x-ray tables ANS: T Today’s x-ray table has a floating table top with electromagnetic locks REF: OBJ: Permanently installed radiographic equipment can never be replaced because it is permanent ANS: F Although it is called permanent, this type of equipment can be removed and replaced, but it does take a week or so REF: OBJ: Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier Inc 11 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ ... SI unit equivalent to the Curie REF: Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston OBJ: Fulloffile at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Ci? 60 What is the SI equivalent... kilovoltage and milliamperage appropriate for the radiographic examination is done at the control panel REF: 10 Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston. .. REF: Test Bank for Essentials of Radiographic Physics and Imaging 2nd Edition by Johnston OBJ: Full inside file atthehttps://TestbankDirect.eu/ collimator is to 67 The purpose of the mirror a restrict