Test bank for elemental geosystems 8th edition by christopherson

Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Exam Name _ MULTIPLE CHOICE Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question 1) A physical geographer would likely NOT study A) the effects of the removal of dams on the Elwha River in Washington B) the impact of Hurricane Sandy's landfall along the U.S East Coast C) the 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 D) The diffusion of various religions from the so-called Middle East 1) 2) Geography is described as A) an Earth science C) a human science 2) B) a physical science D) a spatial science 3) The word spatial refers to A) things that are unique and special B) items that relate specifically to society C) eras of time D) the nature and character of physical space and the distribution of phenomena within it 3) 4) Which is NOT true of geographers? A) They are concerned with spatial and temporal relationships B) They use spatial analysis C) They are Earth systems scientists D) They are primarily concerned with place names 4) 5) Geography A) does not consider process in explaining systems B) does not use systems analysis C) is derived from geo and graphein; literally, "to write Earth." D) is not a science 5) 6) "Geography" literally means A) place memorization C) to write (about) Earth 6) B) the study of rocks D) map making 7) The main methodology governing geographic inquiry A) involves spatial analysis B) is behavioral analysis C) is field work D) uses chronological organization 7) 8) Which of the following best describes the field of physical geography? A) Mapping of rock types B) The study of weather C) Understanding soil development D) The spatial analysis of all the physical elements, processes, and systems that make up the environment 8) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 9) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, communication and diffusion refer to A) movement B) place C) location D) human-Earth relationships E) regions 9) 10) Which of the following most accurately characterizes the goal of geography? A) Memorization of the names of places on world and regional maps B) Memorization of the imports and exports of a country C) The production of maps D) Understanding distributions and movements across Earth 10) 11) Which of the following terms characterizes the discipline of geography? A) Eclectic B) Unscientific C) Integrative D) Both eclectic and integrative 11) 12) Which of the following comprise the fundamental duality in the field of geography? A) Political versus environmental B) Economic versus political C) Physical versus economic D) Physical versus human/cultural 12) 13) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, resource management and sustainable growth refer to A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 13) 14) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, latitude and longitude refer to A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 14) 15) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, areas that display uniform characteristics refer to A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 15) 16) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, characteristics of a site refers to A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 16) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 17) Relative to the five fundamental themes of geography, the Cienega de Santa Clara, an ecotourism destination on the Colorado River delta, is best described within which of the five themes? A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 17) 18) Shale gas extraction using hydraulic fracturing falls within which of the five themes? A) location B) place C) human-Earth relationships D) movement E) regions 18) 19) Which of the following is the most strongly supported by extensive hypothesis testing? A) Theory B) Educated guess C) Speculation D) Dogma 19) 20) Which of the following is NOT true of scientific theories? A) They are broad in scope because they unify known facts about the world B) They are based on natural laws (such as those pertaining to gravity, relativity, atomic theory, etc.) C) They are based on hypothesis testing D) They are absolute truths and can never be proven wrong 20) 21) The key idea behind the scientific method is A) an appeal to supernatural explanations when natural explanations have not yet been found for a phenomenon B) unbridled speculation about the world C) the testing of ideas through controlled observations and experiments D) the use of intuition in testing theories 21) 22) The scientific method is described by which of the following? A) The development of hypotheses for testing and prediction B) A single, definitive method for doing science C) Irreproducible results accepted as theory D) The acceptance of supernatural explanations for phenomenon until science proves otherwise 22) 23) is mass that assumes a physical shape and occupies space A) Entropy B) A system C) Energy 23) D) Matter 24) The capacity to change the motion of, or to work on, matter is the definition of A) thermodynamics B) energy C) acceleration D) system E) plasma Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 24) Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 25) Which of the following is an example of a closed system? A) An automobile B) A forest C) A river drainage basin D) Earth (in terms of matter) 25) 26) In terms of matter and resources, Earth is essentially a(n) system; In terms of energy, Earth is a(n) system A) closed; open B) closed; closed C) open; closed D) open; open 26) 27) Which of the following is INCORRECT? A) Earth represents an open system in terms of energy B) Earth represents a closed system in terms of matter C) Earth represents a vast integrated system D) New resources and matter are being added to Earth's systems all the time 27) 28) Systems encountered in nature at Earth's surface, such as a forest, are A) closed systems in terms of energy B) open systems in terms of energy C) open systems in terms of matter D) both open systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter E) both closed systems in terms of energy and open systems in terms of matter 28) 29) With respect to air, water, and material resources, which of the following is TRUE? A) A forest is a closed system B) A forest is an open system in terms of water, but closed in terms of energy resources C) A forest is an open system D) A forest is an open system in terms of air, but closed in terms of material resources 29) 30) What type of feedback maintains stability in a system; i.e., what type of feedback keeps a system functioning properly? A) Negative B) Positive C) Neutral 30) 31) If feedback information encourages a change in a system, what type of feedback has occurred? A) Positive B) Neutral C) Negative D) Not enough information is given to indicate what type of feedback has occurred 31) 32) Which of the following is CORRECTLY matched? A) Thresholdbalance of inputs and outputs B) Tipping pointsame as steady state equilibrium C) Steady state equilibriumsmall fluctuations about an average condition D) Dynamic equilibriumlarge fluctuations that changes abruptly over time 32) 33) Which of the following best describes the condition of steady-state equilibrium? A) Systems slowly adjust to long-term changes in input and output B) System inputs always exactly balance outputs so the system never changes C) System inputs produce large, random fluctuations in output, forcing the system into a new state of equilibrium D) System inputs and outputs fluctuate around a stable average so the system does not move far from its average condition 33) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 34) As arctic temperatures rise, summer sea ice and glacial melt accelerates; lighter color surfaces are thereby replaced with darker-colored surfaces leading to more absorption and surface heating This is an example of a(n) feedback A) negative B) dynamic C) positive D) reverse 34) 35) If increased levels of carbon dioxide lead to further increases in temperature by promoting the release of even more carbon dioxide from the oceans, this means that feedback has occurred and that the planet is A) negative; out of equilibrium B) positive; in equilibrium C) positive; out of equilibrium D) negative; in equilibrium 35) 36) The carbon dioxide absorbed by plants is an example of an to a forest and an from the atmosphere A) output; output B) input; output C) input; input D) output; input 36) 37) A large flood in a river may cause abrupt shifts leading to the carving of a new channel The point at which this change occurs is a(n) A) type of dynamic equilibrium condition B) input C) type of metastable equilibrium D) threshold 37) 38) If global temperatures increased and caused more water vapor to enter the air and more snow to fall in cooler latitudes, then the initial increase in snowfall would be a feedback, whereas a sustained increase in the temperatures could lead to the loss of snow cover even at those latitudes and cause a feedback A) positive; negative B) negative; negative C) negative; positive D) positive; positive 38) 39) Which of the following is TRUE of models? A) They are simplified, idealized representations of the real world B) They complicate our understanding of Earth system science C) They are never used in physical geography because of their inherent limitations D) They perfectly replicate the real world, but at a different scale 39) 40) According to the text, the three inorganic Earth realms are the A) stratosphere, magnetosphere, and troposphere B) hydrosphere, lithosphere, and atmosphere C) thermosphere, lithosphere, heterosphere D) atmosphere, geoid, and homosphere 40) 41) Which of the following statements regarding the development of models by scientists is NOT true? A) A model is a simplification designed to help us understand complex processes B) Adjusting the variables in a model simulates different conditions and allows predictions of possible system operations C) A model is only as good as the assumptions and accuracy of information upon which it is based D) Most scientists believe that any system can eventually be modeled with 100 percent accuracy Thus, models can be perfect representations of reality 41) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 42) 42) Living systems are considered A) inorganic C) part of the lithosphere B) biotic D) abiotic 43) Which of the following is TRUE of the biosphere? A) It extends from the floor of the oceans to km (5 mi.) into the atmosphere B) It is static, never to rarely changing C) It is never referred to as the ecosphere D) It is not connected to the overlapping inorganic spheres 43) 44) Which of the following is TRUE of the biosphere? A) It is the least important of the four "spheres." B) It only occurs in the hydrosphere C) It is more a hypothetical concept than an actual "sphere" in physical geography terms D) Life processes generally are shaped to the abiotic spheres 44) 45) The realization that Earth was a sphere A) was made by Isaac Newton B) did not occur in Europe until the first voyages of Columbus C) had to wait until the modern era (1800s) D) was first made by Pythagoras, 580-500 B.C 45) 46) Which of the following statements about Earth is CORRECT? A) Earth is the second largest planet in the solar system B) It is elongated C) The equatorial diameter is 42 km (26 mi.) greater than the polar diameter D) Earth is perfectly spherical 46) 47) The oblateness of Earth occurs at the A) equator C) subtropics 47) B) poles D) prime meridian 48) The diameter of Earth is largest when measured around the A) prime meridian B) poles C) equator D) subtropics 48) 49) Isaac Newton reasoned that Earth was NOT perfectly spherical because of A) gravitational force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the poles B) centrifugal force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the poles C) centrifugal force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the equator D) gravitational force created by Earth's more rapid rotation at the equator 49) 50) The science that specifically attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys and mathematical means is called A) geology B) geodesy C) geography D) astronomy E) cartography 50) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 51) Who made a significant, early contribution to cartography by adding a grid and orienting the map with north at the top? He also divided the circumference of Earth into 360 °, with each degree comprising 60 minutes, and each minute comprising 60 seconds A) Pythagorasin the sixth century B.C B) Magellanin the sixteenth century A.D C) Sir Isaac Newtonin the seventeenth century A.D D) Ptolemyin the second century A.D 51) 52) A parallel of latitude A) is a line which passes through both poles B) is used to measure distances east and west of the equator C) is called a meridian D) is used to measure distances north or south of the equator E) measures longitude 52) 53) An angular distance measured north or south of the equator is termed A) longitude B) zenith C) Greenwich distance D) latitude 53) 54) An angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian is termed A) zenith B) latitude C) longitude D) Greenwich distance 54) 55) How far north you live from the equator is measured as your , whereas an imaginary line marking all those places at that same distance north of the equator is called a A) meridian; longitude B) longitude; meridian C) parallel; latitude D) latitude; parallel E) location; place 55) 56) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the 0° prime meridian? A) The prime meridian passes through Paris, France B) Earth's prime meridian passes through the old Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, as set by an 1884 treaty C) The key to measuring angular distances east and west of the prime meridian was the development of accurate compasses D) International agreement regarding the location of the prime meridian was not resolved until the 1980s when a treaty was completed 56) 57) The basis for defining the length of a day is the fact that A) Earth does not rotate; rather, it revolves B) Earth moves through 365.25 days a year in its orbit about the Sun C) Earth rotates east to west D) Earth rotates on its axis in 24 hours; i.e., it rotates 15° of longitude per hour 57) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 58) As Figure 1.15 shows, the International Dateline follows generally the A) daylight savings line C) principal meridian 58) B) 180° meridian D) prime (0°) meridian 59) Latitude is A) the angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian B) the angular distance measured north or south of the equator C) the basis for establishing meridians D) portrayed on a globe as lines that cross the equator at right angles 59) 60) Longitude is A) the basis for establishing parallels B) determined by Sun altitude above the horizon C) an angular distance measured north or south of the equator D) an angular distance measured east or west of a prime meridian 60) 61) If you were standing at 20° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone? A) Subtropical B) Equatorial C) Tropical D) Subarctic E) Midlatitude 61) 62) If you were standing at 60° north latitude you would be within which latitudinal geographic zone? A) Subantarctic B) Subtropical C) Antarctic D) Subarctic E) Midlatitude 62) Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 63) A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called a A) great circle B) prime latitudinal angle C) meridian D) parallel 63) 64) Which of the following is NOT true of meridians? A) They cross parallels at right angles B) They are used to measure east-west angular distances along parallels C) They are lines that run in an east-west direction D) All meridians are the same length 64) 65) Which of the following is TRUE of the prime meridian? A) It is used to determine latitude using lines that run east and west B) It was not established until 1884 and is centered on an observatory near London C) It is that place on Earth where the days officially change D) It was first used in the 1500s at the time of initial circumnavigation voyages 65) 66) Which of the following is TRUE of the 1884 international treaty establishing the prime meridian (0°)? A) The United States designated the Washington meridian for land maps and marine maps B) No consensus was met at the 1884 treaty, putting off the decision until a 1907 treaty was passed C) Each country selected its own prime meridian for their marine maps D) The Greenwich meridian was established as the prime meridian by the treaty 66) 67) A great circle is A) the longest distance between two places on the surface of Earth B) any parallel of latitude C) a circle of circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth D) a correct magnetic compass direction on a flat map 67) 68) Earth's equator is an example of A) a line of equal longitude C) a great circle 68) B) a small circle D) a prime meridian 69) The letters A.M stand for A) after midnight B) ante majolica C) after meridian D) after morning E) ante meridiem 69) 70) The letters P.M stand for A) possible meridian C) previous morning 70) B) post meridiem D) prior majolica Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 71) Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is A) the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) B) two-hours ahead of Zulu time, indicating the single moment when all locations on the planet are on the same calendar day C) established 24 standard meridians around the globe at equal intervals from the prime meridian D) replaced Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and became the legal reference for official time in all countries 71) 72) UTC refers to A) Universal Time Conference C) the International Date Line 72) B) Universal Time Circles D) Coordinated Universal Time 73) UTC is based on A) average time calculations from atomic clocks collected worldwide B) the pulse rate of pulsar stars C) very precise pendulum motion in Greenwich, U.K D) Big Ben 73) 74) If City A is located 35° west of City B, the time at City A is that at City B A) earlier during daylights saving only than B) later than C) the same as D) earlier than 74) 75) The difference in Sun time between two places located 30° in longitude apart from one another is A) 30 seconds B) 30 minutes C) one hour D) two hours E) three hours 75) 76) If a clock on a ship indicates that it is 2:00 P.M in its home port, while another clock on the ship indicates that it is 12:00 noon at the ship's present location, what is the difference in longitude between the ship's position and its home port? A) The ship is 2° east of its home port B) The ship is 2° west of its home port C) The ship is 45° west of its home port D) The ship is 30° west of its home port E) The ship is 30° east of its home port 76) 77) If you began a trip at 60° west, 20° north and traveled 120° farther west and 50° south, your new position would be A) the Greenwich meridian at 70° north latitude B) 30° north, 120° west C) the International Dateline at 70° north latitude D) the Greenwich meridian at 30° south latitude E) the International Dateline at 30° south latitude 77) 10 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 78) If it is 10:00 PM on July 3rd at 30° west, what date and time is it at 15° east? A) July 3rd; 11 P.M B) July 4th; A.M C) July 3rd; P.M D) July 3rd; P.M E) July 4th; A.M 78) 79) Travelers flying west from Los Angeles (118° W) to Tokyo (139° E) will cross the and, as a result, they will when crossing this meridian A) International Dateline; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.) B) prime meridian; lose a day (Example: Saturday becomes Sunday.) C) International Dateline; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.) D) prime meridian; gain a day (Example: Sunday becomes Saturday.) 79) 80) Standard time zones A) have yet to be generally established B) are only used in the developed countries C) are spaced at 5° intervals of longitude in North America D) are 15° wide because Earth rotates through that distance in one hour 80) 81) If it is 10:00 A.M in Miami, Florida (Eastern time zone), what time is it in Los Angeles, California, located time zones to the west in the Pacific Time zone? A) A.M B) P.M C) P.M D) A.M 81) 82) The practice of setting time ahead or behind during the year, out of coordination with the Sun, is termed A) Greenwich Mean Time B) Standard time C) Daylight Saving Time D) Coordinated Universal Time 82) 83) The part of geography that embodies map making is known as A) cartography B) calligraphy C) theodesy 83) 84) A scale of inch = miles is an example of a A) written scale C) relative scale 84) B) representative fraction D) graphic scale 85) A scale of 1:24,000 is regarded as A) an intermediate scale B) a large scale C) a small scale compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000 D) a scale appropriate for a world globe 86) A scale of 1:900,000 is a scale of 1:24,000 A) larger than C) twice as much as 85) 86) B) smaller than D) equal to 87) If you wanted a map with a lot of detail of a small area you would want a A) a small scale map B) a large scale map C) an intermediate scale D) a world globe 11 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ D) geodesy 87) Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 88) A map scale of 1:63,360 is equivalent to A) one inch on the map equals 2,000 feet on the ground B) one inch on the map equals 24,000 inches on the ground C) one inch on a map equals miles on the ground D) one inch on a map equals mile on the ground 88) 89) A scale given as "one centimeter to one kilometer" is an example of a A) relative scale B) written scale C) graphic scale D) representative fraction 89) 90) Which type of map scale would be appropriate to use if the map were to be enlarged by photocopying? A) Written B) Graphic C) Relative D) Representative fraction 90) 91) The larger the scale of a map, the the area covered by the map and the detail it provides A) smaller; less B) larger; less C) smaller; more D) larger; more 91) 92) The larger the denominator in a representative fraction, the the scale of the map A) smaller B) larger 92) 93) The amount of detail on large scale maps is generally than on than on small scale maps A) greater B) less C) It is impossible to compare the relative detail of the same features on maps of different scales 93) 94) The transformation of a spherical global to a 2D surface is a A) cone B) diagram C) map projection 94) D) globe 95) Which of the following describes the property of equal area on a map? A) Proximity B) Equivalence C) Conformality D) Equidistance 96) Which map project preserves the property of true shape? A) Conformal B) Proximal C) Equidistant D) Equivalent 95) 96) 97) Which of the following possesses all of Earth's properties of area, shape, direction, proximity, and distance, CORRECTLY? A) Alber's equal-area conic projection B) Robinson projection C) Mercator projection D) A world globe 97) 98) Where does the greatest distortion in a Mercator projection occur? A) In the middle latitudes B) The equator C) Towards the poles D) There is no distortion in a Mercator projection 98) 99) A line of tangency (also called a standard line) is a line A) that always corresponds to a great circle B) along which no distortion occurs C) along which shearing occurs D) divides Earth into two equal halves 99) 12 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 100) On which one of the following projections great circle routes appear as straight lines? A) Any conic projection B) Goode's homolosine projection C) A gnomonic projection D) Mercator projection 100) 101) On the Mercator projection, areas at high latitudes appear A) the same size as areas of the same size nearer to the equator B) larger than areas of the same size nearer to the equator C) smaller than areas of the same size nearer to the equator 101) 102) Which map projection is best at eliminating distortion? A) Mercator projection B) Albers equal-area projection C) Robinson projection D) All map projections distort 102) 103) GPS units are A) not available to the public; they are only available to the military B) a metric version of longitude and latitude C) accurately allow determination of longitude and latitude th of a Greenwich Precision Second D) 60 103) 104) Which of the following is TRUE about Global Positioning System (GPS)? A) GPS has no scientific uses, but are great for recreational purposes B) GPS helped accurately determined the height of Mt Everest C) GPS is the same as remote sensing D) GPS is used solely by the military, who share information with physical geographers 104) 105) Remote sensing is A) a subjective determination of temperature B) based on the principle that surfaces must be physically handled and directly measured for study C) an earthbound technique not used in modern satellites D) the monitoring of a distant object without physical contact 105) 106) Which of the following satellite remote sensing platforms was launched in 2013? A) Landsat B) Topex Poseidon C) Goes-12 D) Radarsat-1 106) 107) A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at a surface and then records the energy that is reflected is classified as a(n) system A) active B) holographic C) photographic D) passive 107) 108) Which of the following is an example of an active remote sensing device? A) LiDAR B) Video camera C) Film 108) 109) Which of the following is FALSE? A) GIS represents an important planning tool B) GIS stands for geographic information system C) A GIS model does not require the use of a map D) Satellite weather images are an example of remote sensing 13 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ D) Infrared sensor 109) Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 110) Which of the following best describes Geographic Information Systems? A) Deriving accurate measurements from photographs B) Computer-based tool for management and analysis of geographic information C) A constellation of satellites for accurately determining location anywhere near Earth's surface D) Acquiring information about objects without having physical contact with them 110) 111) The adjusting of geospatial datasets in real time to make changes to maps and other visual models is called A) geovisualization B) global positioning C) remote sensing D) geographic synchronization 111) 112) Which of the following best describes geographic information science (GISci)? A) Field that develops the capabilities of GIS for use within geography and other disciplines B) Deriving accurate measurements from photographs C) Computer-based tool for management and analysis of geographic information D) Techniques for adjusting geospatial datasets in real time 112) TRUE/FALSE Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false 113) Geography is a discipline primarily concerned with place names 113) 114) The essential approach in geographic studies is spatial analysis 114) 115) The geographic theme of place refers to absolute and relative position on Earth 115) 116) Areas that display a degree of uniformity are called regions 116) 117) Migration and diffusion across Earth's surface is described under the principal geographic theme of movement 117) 118) Conditions that change in an experiment or model are called variables 118) 119) Photosynthesis in a plant leaf is an example of an open -system operation 119) 120) Positive feedback tends to amplify or encourage response in system operations 120) 121) Negative feedback tends to stabilize a system 121) 122) The "balance of nature" that characterizes well-functioning ecosystems occurs because of predominantly positive feedback mechanisms 122) 123) A model is essentially a simplification of natural systems 123) 124) Pure science frequently involves the making of value judgments about the moral or political correctness of a fact, idea, or theory 124) 125) Scientific theories are capable of generating predictions 125) 14 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 126) Because scientific ideas are tested, they can be corrected when they are wrong 126) 127) Longitude measures distances east or west of a prime meridian on Earth's surface 127) 128) Latitude is the angular distance measured north or south of the equator from the center of Earth and it describes a parallel line on the surface 128) 129) "Longitude" is the name of an angle, and "meridian" is the name of an imaginary line that connects all points along the same longitude 129) 130) The Greek astronomer, geography, and mathematician Ptolemy, despite his early works in mapping, has had little lasting impact on cartography 130) 131) The midlatitudes stretch from approximately 66.5° N/S to the poles 131) 132) There are 180° of latitude (90° N and S, respectively) and 360° of longitude (180° E and W, respectively) 132) 133) Coordinated Universal Time is the present name for world standard time 133) 134) The prime meridian and the 180th meridian are opposite halves of the same great circle 134) 135) A meridian is 360° in length 135) 136) All parallels are 360° in length 136) 137) The day officially changes on Earth at the prime meridian 137) 138) There are 48 time zones, each approximately 7.5° in width 138) 139) If it is July 3rd in Tokyo (139° E), it is July 4th in Los Angeles (118° W) 139) 140) When Daylight Saving Time is in effect, clocks "spring forward" one hour in the Spring (Example: 1:00 A.M becomes 2:00 A.M.) and "fall back" one hour in the Fall (Example: 2:00 A.M becomes 1:00 A.M.) 140) 141) A great circle route is the shortest distance between any two points on Earth's surface 141) 142) A map scale of 1:24,000 is considered a small scale as compared to a scale of 1:20,900,000, which is considered a large scale 142) 143) A large scale map shows a large area, but with less detail than a small scale map 143) 144) The globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic of Earth's surface 144) 145) An equivalent map projection preserves true shape 145) 15 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 146) A Mercator projection preserves area of all poleward geographic features 146) 147) A standard parallel is a line of tangency 147) 148) Maps that are intended to show spatial distributions should be based on projections that minimize area distortion, rather than shape distortion 148) 149) A rhumb line is a line of constant direction (crosses all meridians at the same angle) 149) 150) A sensor that measures the emitted radiation of an object is an example of passive remote sensing 150) 151) The Landsat series of satellites is an example of passive remote sensing 151) 152) GIS use satellites to find locations precisely 152) 153) GIS can create dynamic maps for visualization purposes 153) 154) LiDAR is an example of passive remote sensing? 154) 155) A geographic information system is unable to create maps with a three -dimensional perspective 155) 156) Global positioning systems, while useful in navigation, have little utility in physical geography 156) 157) Geodesy is the science concerned with the size and shape of Earth 157) ESSAY Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper 158) List the five principal themes of modern geographic education 159) Briefly describe the difference between a system and a model 160) What are Earth's abiotic and biotic systems? 161) Describe the differences between matter and energy 162) What is geodesy? 163) What is a great circle? What are small circles? 164) What are the four classes of map projections? 165) What are the three primary methods of expressing scale on maps? 166) Why is the term "spatial" so important in geography? 167) Describe what distinguishes physical geography from human and cultural geography 16 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ 168) Follow the scientific method from the initial perception of phenomena to a general theory about the phenomena 169) What is a hypothesis? How does it differ from a theory? 170) Use examples to distinguish an open system from a closed system 171) Use examples to distinguish positive and negative feedback loops 172) How can feedback affect a system? Give examples of positive and negative feedback 173) List and briefly describe Earth's four spheres 174) What is GPS? Give several examples of its utility in physical geography 175) Distinguish between active and passive remote sensing, and describe the applications of each 176) What is a geographic information system? What are some potential GIS applications? 17 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Testname: UNTITLED1 1) D 2) D 3) D 4) D 5) C 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) A 10) D 11) D 12) D 13) C 14) A 15) E 16) B 17) B 18) C 19) A 20) D 21) C 22) A 23) D 24) B 25) D 26) A 27) D 28) D 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) D 34) C 35) C 36) B 37) D 38) C 39) A 40) B 41) D 42) B 43) A 44) D 45) D 46) C 47) B 48) C 49) C 50) B 18 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Testname: UNTITLED1 51) D 52) D 53) D 54) C 55) D 56) B 57) D 58) A 59) B 60) D 61) C 62) D 63) C 64) C 65) B 66) D 67) C 68) C 69) E 70) B 71) D 72) D 73) A 74) D 75) D 76) D 77) E 78) E 79) A 80) D 81) A 82) C 83) A 84) A 85) B 86) B 87) B 88) D 89) B 90) B 91) C 92) A 93) A 94) C 95) B 96) A 97) D 98) C 99) B 100) C 19 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Testname: UNTITLED1 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117) 118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128) 129) 130) 131) 132) 133) 134) 135) 136) 137) 138) 139) 140) 141) 142) 143) 144) 145) 146) 147) 148) 149) 150) B D C B D A A A C B A A FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE 20 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Test Bank for Elemental Geosystems 8th Edition by Christopherson Full file atKey https://TestbankDirect.eu/ Answer Testname: UNTITLED1 151) 152) 153) 154) 155) 156) 157) 158) 159) 160) 161) 162) 163) 164) 165) 166) 167) 168) 169) 170) 171) 172) 173) 174) 175) 176) TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE location; place; region; human-Earth relationship; movement A model is any ordered, interrelated set of objects and attributes as distinct from their surrounding environment A system represents an idealized part of the real world greatly simplified Earth's nonliving systems include include the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere Earth's living system is called the biosphere and is also sometimes referred to as the ecosphere Matter assumes a physical shape and occupies space, whereas energy is a capacity to work The science that attempts to determine Earth's shape and size by surveys and mathematical means A great circle is any circle of Earth's circumference whose center coincides with the center of Earth All other circles on Earth constitute small circles The four classes of map projections are called planar, cylindrical, conic, and oval The three primary methods of expressing scale on maps are written (verbal) scale, representative fractions, and graphic (bar) scale Answer should note that geography is inherently spatial and that physical geography uses an integrative spatial approach to study entire Earth systems While a continuum, human geography comprises speciality areas that draw largely on the social and cultural sciences, whereas physical geography draws largely on the physical and life sciences Real wold observationsHypothesis and PredictionsExperimentation and MeasurementPeer ReviewHypothesis undergoes repeated testing without being shown falseScientific theory developed A hypothesis is a tentative (or proposed) explanation of an observed phenomena A scientific is a well -substantiated explanation of a phenomena, repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation An open system is one in which energy and matter flow in and out of the system A forest is an example of an open system A closed system is closed off from surroundings systems and is self -contained In terms of matter, Earth is essentially a closed system A feedback loop is an output from a system that influences its own operations A negative feedback loop discourages change in the system An example is predator/prey relationships in which predators keep prey population in check A positive feedback loop encourages change in the system An example is warming temperatures that cause reduction in ice and snow cover and, thereby, decrease albedo and increase absorption, leading to more warming Feedbacks can lead to steady state conditions (negative feedback loops) or disequilibrium (positive feedback loops The reduction of wolves in Yellowstone, for instance, led to an increase in elk populations, which in turn led to a reduction in vegetation cover due to overgrazing Earth's four spheres (systems) are the hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere Global Position Systems refers to the constellation of Earth orbiting satellites, the associated ground stations, and the user segment used to derive precise location and elevation information at or near Earth's surface There are multiple GPS uses within physical geography Active remote sensing systems provide their own energy source, emitting radiation towards a target and measuring the reflected radiation from the target, whereas passive sensors measure the energy emitted from objects under investigation GIS is a computer-based data processing system for gathering, storing, manipulating, and analyzing geographic information There are many GIS uses within physical geography 21 Full file at https://TestbankDirect.eu/