CURRENT Diagnosis Treatment in Otolaryngology—Head Neck Surgery

Medicine is an everchanging science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confi rm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs.

a LANGE medical book CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment in Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery THIRD EDITION Edited by Anil K Lalwani, MD Professor Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics, and Physiology & Neuroscience New York University School of Medicine New York, New York New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-162768-9 MHID: 0-07-162768-5 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162439-8, MHID: 0-07-162439-2 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence 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has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise Dedication To my parents, Madan and Gulab, for giving me life; To my in-laws, Rikhab and Ratan, for adding to my life; To my wife, Renu, who is my life, And, to my children, Nikita and Sahil, who show me how to enjoy life This book is specially dedicated to all of the extraordinarily gifted and generous teachers in Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery who provide inspirational leadership and serve as role models for the next generation I would like to express my great appreciation for my own mentors and their spouses for their incredible impact on our lives: Roger and Marianna Boles, Robert and Janet Schindler, Robert and Laurie Jackler, and Noel and Baukje Cohen Finally, I am deeply indebted to George and Lori Hall, Susan and Bernie Mendik, Susan Spencer, and Marica and Jan Vilcek for their support and commitment to excellence in Otolaryngology This page intentionally left blank Contents Authors xi Preface xix III NOSE 10 Olfactory Dysfunction I INTRODUCTION Anatomy 11 Congenital Nasal Anomalies 12 Nasal Trauma 42 13 Nasal Manifestations of Systemic Disease 52 176 14 Nonallergic & Allergic Rhinitis 180 IV SINUSES 15 Acute & Chronic Sinusitis 198 Hemangiomas of Infancy & Vascular Malformations 291 291 Jeffrey D Suh, MD & Alexander G Chiu, MD Bulent Satar, MD & Anil R Shah, MD, FACS II FACE 282 Saurabh B Shah, MD, FAAOA & Ivor A Emanuel, MD, FAAOA Errol Lobo, MD, PhD & Francesca Pellegrini, MD Lasers in Head & Neck Surgery 273 Amy K Hsu, MD & Ashutosh Kacker, MD, FACS Ryan J Burri, MD & Nancy Lee, MD Anesthesia 265 Jeffrey H Spiegel, MD, FACS & William Numa, MD Nancy J Fischbein, MD & Kenneth C Ong, MD Principles of Radiation Oncology 258 Maria V Suurna, MD Peter V Chin-Hong, MD & Richard A Jacobs, MD, PhD Radiology 253 Anil K Lalwani, MD Nripendra Dhillon, MBBS, MS Antimicrobial Therapy for Head & Neck Infection 253 16 Frontal Sinus Fractures 213 302 Steven D Pletcher, MD & Andrew N Goldberg, MD, MSCE, FACS 213 17 Paranasal Sinus Neoplasms Joseph L Edmonds, Jr., MD 309 Aditi H Mandpe, MD Maxillofacial Trauma 224 Andrew H Murr, MD, FACS Cutaneous Malignant Neoplasms V SALIVARY GLANDS 235 18 Benign Diseases of the Salivary Glands C Patrick Hybarger, MD, FACS Fidelia Yuan-Shin Butt, MD v 317 317 vi CONTENTS 19 Malignant Diseases of the Salivary Glands 333 29 Clinical Voice Assessment: The Role & Value of the Phonatory Function Studies Adriane P Concus, MD & Theresa N Tran, MD VI ORAL CAVITY, OROPHARYNX & NASOPHARYNX 20 Cleft Lip & Palate 345 362 31 Malignant Laryngeal Lesions 456 475 Michael J Wareing, MBBS, BSc, FRCS(ORL-HNS), Richard Millard, MBBS, MA, DLO, & Juveria Siddiqui, MA 377 33 Stridor in Children 481 Philip D Yates, MB ChB, FRCS 387 34 Laryngeal Trauma 492 Andrew H Murr, MD, FACS, & Milan R Amin, MD 394 Richard A Smith, DDS 26 Temporomandibular Disorders Michael J Wareing, MBBS, BSc, FRCS(ORL-HNS), Richard Millard, MBBS, MA, DLO, & Seema Yalamanchili, MA 32 Vocal Cord Paralysis Jeffrey H Spiegel, MD, FACS & Jaimie DeRosa, MD 25 Jaw Cysts 449 369 Nancy Lee, MD, Jonathan Romanyshyn, MD, Nicola Caria, MD, & Jeremy Setton, BA 24 Mandibular Reconstruction 30 Benign Laryngeal Lesions Adriane P Concus, MD, Theresa N Tran, MD Nicholas J Sanfilippo, MD, & Mark D DeLacure, MD Uchechukwu C Megwalu, MD & Edward John Shin, MD, FACS 23 Benign & Malignant Lesions of The Oral Cavity, Oropharynx & Nasopharynx 435 Krzysztof Izdebski, FK, MA, PhD, CCC-SLP, FASHA Maria V Suurna, MD 22 Parapharyngeal Space Neoplasms & Deep Neck Space Infections 435 345 William Y Hoffman, MD, FACS, FAAP 21 Management of Adenotonsillar Disease VIII LARYNX & HYPOPHARYNX 407 IX TRACHEA & ESOPHAGUS 35 Congenital Disorders of the Trachea & Esophagus 501 501 Kelly D Gonzales, MD & Hanmin Lee, MD Greg Goddard, DDS VII NECK 27 Neck Masses 415 415 Derrick T Lin, MD & Daniel G Deschler, MD 28 Neck Neoplasms & Neck Dissection Aditi H Mandpe, MD 36 Benign & Malignant Disorders of the Esophagus Alexander Langerman, MD & Marco G Patti, MD 37 Benign & Malignant Disorders of the Trachea 426 506 Michael D Zervos, MD, Heather Melville, MS, Emmanuel P Prokopakis, MD, PhD & Costas Bizekis, MD 523 CONTENTS 38 Airway Management & Tracheotomy 536 Kenneth C Y Yu, MD 39 Foreign Bodies 543 Kristina W Rosbe, MD & Kevin Burke, MD 40 Airway Reconstruction 48 Congenital Disorders of the Middle Ear 548 Kevin C Welch, MD & Andrew N Goldberg, MD, MSCE, FACS 674 Seema Pai, MD, MPH & Sanjay R Parikh, MD, FACS 50 Cholesteatoma 556 661 Kevin D Brown, MD, PhD & Samuel H Selesnick, MD, FACS 49 Otitis Media Kristina W Rosbe, MD & Kevin C Huoh, MD 41 Sleep Disorders vii 682 C.Y Joseph Chang, MD 51 Otosclerosis 689 Colin L W Driscoll, MD & Matthew L Carlson, MD X THYROID & PARATHYROID 571 42 Disorders of the Thyroid Gland 571 Grace A Lee, MD & Umesh Masharani, MRCP (UK) XIII INNER EAR 52 Sensorineural Hearing Loss 699 699 Anil K Lalwani, MD 43 Parathyroid Disorders 592 Michael C Singer, MD & David J Terris, MD, FACS 53 The Aging Inner Ear 705 Anil K Lalwani, MD XI OTOLOGY 44 Anatomy & Physiology of the Ear 599 599 John S Oghalai, MD, & William E Brownell, PhD 45 Audiologic Testing 54 Hereditary Hearing Impairment Nicolas Gürtler, MD 55 Aural Rehabilitation & Hearing Aids 617 Robert W Sweetow, PhD & Jennifer Henderson Sabes, MS 713 721 Robert W Sweetow, PhD, & Troy Cascia, AuD 56 Vestibular Disorders 729 Jacob Johnson, MD, & Anil K Lalwani, MD 46 Vestibular Testing 626 57 Diving Medicine Bulent Satar, MD 739 Allen M Dekelboum, MD XII EXTERNAL & MIDDLE EAR 47 Diseases of the External Ear Kevin D Brown, MD, PhD, Victoria Banuchi, MD, & Samuel H Selesnick, MD, FACS 645 645 58 Occupational Hearing Loss 747 George A Gates, MD & William W Clark, PhD 59 Temporal Bone Trauma John S Oghalai, MD 760 viii CONTENTS XIV SKULL BASE 60 Lesions of the Anterior Skull Base 769 769 Luc G T Morris, MD, MS 61 Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma) 781 XVII FACIAL PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 800 805 810 67 Implantable Middle Ear Hearing Devices 829 Michael B Gluth, MD, Colin L.W Driscoll, MD, & Anil K Lalwani, MD 72 Scar Revision 906 73 The Aging Face: Rhytidectomy, Browlift, Midface Lift 912 74 Blepharoplasty 922 Eugene J Kim, MD & Corey S Maas, MD 845 75 Rhinoplasty 928 Douglas D Leventhal, MD & Minas Constantinides, MD, FACS 845 76 Hair Transplantation Betty S Tsai, MD & Steven W Cheung, MD 68 Cochlear Implants 899 Richard Zoumalan, MD, Douglas Leventhal, MD, & W Matthew White, MD Robert K Jackler, MD XV MIDDLE EAR & COCHLEAR IMPLANTS 71 Reanimation of the Paralyzed Face 899 Nathan Monhian, MD, FACS & Anil R Shah, MD, FACS John S Oghalai, MD 66 Neurotologic Skull Base Surgery 876 Ritvik P Mehta, MD Betty S Tsai, MD & Steven W Cheung, MD 65 Neoplasms of the Temporal Bone & Skull Base 70 Disorders of the Facial Nerve 791 Anil K Lalwani, MD 64 Osseous Dysplasias of the Temporal Bone 861 Lawrence R Lustig, MD & John K Niparko, MD Jacob Johnson, MD & Anil K Lalwani, MD 63 Neurofibromatosis Type 69 Anatomy, Physiology, & Testing of the Facial Nerve 861 Lawrence R Lustig, MD & John K Niparko, MD Jacob Johnson, MD & Anil K Lalwani, MD 62 Nonacoustic Lesions of the Cerebellopontine Angle XVI FACIAL NERVE 850 939 Marc R Avram, MD & Nicole E Rogers, MD 77 Local Skin Flaps in Facial Reconstruction Judy Lee, MD, & W Matthew White, MD 945 CONTENTS 78 Microvascular Reconstruction 950 Vasu Divi, MD & Daniel G Deschler, MD, FACS 79 Otoplasty & Microtia Jeffrey B Wise, MD, Sarmela Sunder, MD, Vito Quatela, MD & Minas Constantinides, MD, FACS 80 Facial Fillers & Implants ix 975 Anil R Shah, MD, FACS, Jeffrey B Wise, MD, & Minas Constantinides, MD, FACS 960 Index 979 INDEX palatoglossus muscle, palatopharyngeus, tensor veli palatini muscle, Muscular disorders treatment indications for, 413t Muscular triangle, lower, 415 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 421 Myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA), 276 Myer–Cotton grading system, 486f Myofascial pain, 413 Myringotomy, 196 special considerations, 196 Myxedema coma clinical findings in, 591 general considerations, 590 treatment of, 591 N Nasal cartilages, 268 Nasal cavity, 3, 292 anatomy of, 3–5 arteries of, 7f nerves of, 6f Nasal decongestant sprays oxymetazoline hydrochloride, 298 Nasal dermoid, 262f cysts, 261, 262 Nasal destructive lesions, 278t Nasal encephaloceles, 262f, 263, 263f Nasal fracture, 271f Nasal gliomas, 262f, 264 Nasal molding extensions, 351 Nasal saline irrigation, 298 Nasal septum, 266 presence of deformity, dislocation, swelling, laceration, and hematoma, 268f Nasal steroid sprays, 298 Nasal surgery, 195 intraoperative considerations, 195 postoperative considerations, 195 Nasal tip hemangioma, 264f Nasal trauma, 265–272 anatomy of external blood supply, 267 nasal pyramid, 266 nasal turbinates, 267 nasal vault, 266–267 nerve supply, 267 venous drainage, 267 classification of frontal injuries, 266 lateral injury, 266 clinical findings history of, 267 imaging studies, 268 physical examination, 268 symptoms and signs, 267–268 complications, 269 airway obstruction, 269–270 cosmetic deformity, 269 epistaxis and CSF leak, 269 saddle nose deformity, 269 septal hematoma, 269 diagnosis, essentials of, 265 differential diagnosis, 269 general considerations, 265 pathogenesis, 265–266 prognosis of, 272 treatment of anesthesia, 270 closed reduction, 270–271 open reduction, 271 pediatric considerations, 271–272 repair, timing of, 270 Nasolabial cyst surgical exposure of, 403f Nasopalatine cyst occlusal X-ray of, 403f Nasopalatine cysts, 403 Nasopharyngeal lymphoid hypertrophy, 280 Nasopharyngeal recurrence radiation, treatment for, 385 Nasopharyngeal regurgitation history of, 479 Nasopharynx, benign/malignant lesions of clinical findings, 384 imaging studies, 384 laboratory findings, 384 special tests and examinations, 384 symptoms and signs, 384 diagnosis, essentials of, 383 differential diagnosis, 384 general considerations, 383–384 pathogenesis of, 384 prevention of, 384 prognosis of, 386 radiation therapy, complications of, 386 staging for, 384 treatment of, 384–385 Nd:YAG laser, 200 Near-total laryngectomy anatomic resection, schematic of, 469f, 470f Neck, 539f anatomic compartments of, 416f anatomy of, 16–27, 19f, 22f, 23f, 25f arteries, 20–21 cat-scratch disease, 422 chemodectomas/paragangliomas, 474 fascial planes, 26–27, 26f innervation, 21–23 lymph node metastasis in, 428 mass, evaluation of, 416f muscles of, 19–20, 19f 999 phrenic nerve, 25 sympathetic trunk, 26 trauma, 492, 494f triangles of, 16–19 vagus nerve, 23, 25 veins, 21 Neck dissection, 426–433, 430 complications of intraoperative, 432–433 postoperative, 433 carotid artery exposure and rupture, 433 chylous fistulas, 433 hematomas, 433 wound infections, 433 for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, 658 general considerations, 430 internal jugular vein, 431 neck zones, classification of anterior compartment, 431 lower jugular region, 431 middle jugular region, 431 posterior triangle, 431 submandibular and submental triangles, 430 upper jugular region, 430–431 surgical margins of, 431f, 432f treatment of anterior compartment, 432 extended radical, 432 lateral compartment, 432 modified radical, 431 posterolateral, 432 radical, 431 selective, 431 upraomohyoid, 431–432 Necklift, 917 Neck masses, 415–424 See also Neck anatomy of, 415 anterior neck, 415 bacterial lymphadenopathy brucellosis, 421 suppurative lymphadenopathy, 421 toxoplasmosis, 421 tularemia, 421 branchial cleft cysts classification of, 418 treatment of, 418–419 castleman disease, 422–423 congenital neck masses, 418 dermoid cysts, 420 diagnosis of, 415 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, 417 granulomatous diseases actinomycosis, 422 atypical mycobacteria, 422 1000 Neck masses, (cont.) cat-scratch disease, 422 fungal infections, 422 sarcoidosis, 422 tuberculosis, 422 hemangiomas, 419–420 HIV-associated inflammatory disorders, 421 cervical adenopathy, 421 persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, 421 imaging studies, 417 infancy, sternocleidomastoid tumors of, 420 infectious inflammatory disorders, 421 Kawasaki disease, 422 laryngocele, 419 lateral neck, 415 lipomas, 424 lymphangiomas, 419 lymphomas, 424 metastatic squamous cell carcinomas, 423–424 paragangliomas, 424 patient history, 415–417 physical examination, 417 plunging ranulas, 419 reactive viral lymphadenopathy, 421 Rosai–Dorfman disease, 422 salivary neoplasms, 424 serologic testing, 417 solitary fibrous tumors, 424 teratomas of, 420 thymic cysts, 420 thyroglossal duct cysts, 419 thyroid masses, 424 Neck metastasis axial CT scan, 423f Neck neoplasms, 426–433 clinical findings, 426 fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, 426 imaging studies, 426 open biopsies, 426–427 symptoms and signs, 426 diagnosis, essentials of, 426 general considerations, 426 lipomas malignant neoplasms, 428–429 paragangliomas carotid body tumors, 427 clinical findings, 427 treatment of, 427–428 intravagal paragangliomas, 427–428 radiation therapy, 427 surgical measures, 427 peripheral nerve cell tumors neurofibromas, 428 INDEX schwannomas, 428 unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma diagnostic tests, 429 MRI, 429 positron emission tomography (PET), 429 staging of, 429 treatment of, 429–430 Neck surgery, 196 postoperative considerations, 196 special considerations, 196 Necrosis(es) anterior cranial fossa, 131f bone, 386 cartilage, 963 flap, 946 incus, 695 liquefaction, 656 and midline destruction, 126 nodal, 80 radiation of, 58 scalp pressure, 858 skin, 918, 976 skin-flap, 649 tracheobronchial wall, 208 tumors with, 472 Necrotizing otitis externa (NOE), 652 Necrotizing sialometaplasia, 326 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 365 Neoplasm(s), 810 See alsoTumor(s) adenoma, 826 carcinoma, 827 of central skull base, imaging of chondrosarcoma, 823 chordoma, 823–824 endolymphatic sac neoplasms, 826, 827f fibrosarcoma, 826 hemangiopericytoma, 826 intralabyrinthine, 825 jugular foramen, Jacobson nerve, and Arnold nerve, 825 meningioma, 824 metastatic disease, 827–828 osteosarcoma, 826 rhabdomyosarcoma, 825, 826f schwannoma, 825 Neoplastic disorders, 423–424 Neoplastic process, 387 Nephritic syndrome, acute, 364 Nerve decompressions for Bell paralysis, 878, 880 facial, 899, 905 middle cranial fossa approach, 887 preoperative considerations, 887 role of, 888 transmastoid approach, 887 via middle cranial fossa approach, 894f Nerve disorders facial nerve, 876 Nerve exitability tests (NET) Nerve grafting, 887 Nerve(s) See specific types, e.g., Cranial nerves Nervus intermedius, 38f, 39 Neural hearing loss, 699 Neural olfactory loss, 253 Neural presbycusis, 706f, 708 Neural synchrony, 623 Neurofibroma(s), 101, 235 nerves in, 428 type II, 715, 719, 824 Neurofibromatosis type 1, 101 Neurofibromatosis type 2(NF2), 715, 716, 719, 781, 800–804, 824 Neutron-beam radiation, 342 Nevus(i), in children, 214 NF2gene, 800 NIHL See Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) Noise avoidance, 701 chronic, 720 exposure, 752 hearing-in-noise test (HINT), 704, 854 hearing loss, 709f, 747–750 inner ear, 604 OSHA, 753t and ototoxic medications, 751 presbycusis, 744t spectrography, 443 stridor, 481, 536 trauma, 708 vestibular symptoms, 737 Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), 709f, 747–750, 748–750, 750–751, 751–752, 752–754, 754–756 Noise reduction rating, 755 Nonablative skin resurfacing laser, surgery of, 209 Nonallergic rhinitis, 282 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 58, 64t Nonlinearity, 625 Nonmelanoma skin cancer, 238–239 cutaneous malignant lesions, 238 surgical techniques for, 239 treatment of, 238 Nonmucosal disease, of head and neck, 82 cystic neck masses, 110–115 imaging of, 82 infrahyoid neck, 99–100 the pediatric neck, 115, 117 masses, differential diagnosis, 116t suprahyoid head & neck, 82–99 thyroid & parathyroid, 103–110 trans-spatial masses, 100–103 INDEX Nonnecrotizing granulomatous with epithelioid histiocytes, 275f Non-rapid eye movement (NREM ), 556 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 408 Nonvestibular schwannomas, 795 Nose anatomy of, 3–5, 4f, 5f embryologic development, diagram of, 259f venous drainage of, 267 Nystagmus with diffuse cerebellar atrophy, 628f downbeating, 627f with fixation, 633f gaze nystagmus, 628, 633 head-shaking nystagmus, 628–629 inversion of caloric, 635 optokinetic testing, 630, 632 spontaneous nystagmus, 628 O Obesity hypoventilation syndrome, 557 Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 193, 557, 558, 560, 561, 562, 566–568 Obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome score (OSAHS Score), 559 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), 365, 557 Occlusion, 410 to assess preoperatively, 977 balloon occlusion test, 766, 771 bronchial, 545 carotid, 373 of central retinal artery, 926 complete occlusion of EAC, 656 digital, 471 and feedback, 846 of jugular vein, 833f premorbid, 232, 233 protrusive, 187t vascular, 736 of the vein, 817 Occupational hearing loss is noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), 747, 748– 750, 750–751, 751–752, 752–754, 754–756 Oculomotor function tests vestibular testing evaluation, 628–629 Oculomotor nerve, 37, 38f Oculomotor tests electronystagmography (ENG), in vestibular testing, 630 Odontogenic cysts, 394 calcifying, 401 development, 396 diagnosis of, 396, 398, 399 glandular, 401 Odontogenic inflammatory cysts radicular cysts (periapical cysts) clinical findings imaging studies, 402 special examinations, 402 symptoms and signs, 402 Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC), 396 differential diagnosis, 405 Odontogenic keratocysts with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, 400f panoramic X-ray of, 398f Olfactory dysfunction, 253–257, 256 abnormalities of, 253 causes of, 254t classification of neural olfactory loss, 253 sensory olfactory loss, 253 transport olfactory loss, 253 clinical findings imaging, 255 laboratory findings, 255 physical findings, 255 sensory evaluation, 255–256 signs/symptoms, 255 differential diagnosis congenital anosmias, 256 cranial trauma, 256 meningioma, adenoma, and aneurysm, 256 viral infections, 256 etiology of, 254–255 aging, 254 congenital anosmia, 254 cranial trauma, 254 nasal obstruction, 254 toxins, 254–255 upper respiratory infection, 254 pathogenesis of, 253–254 prognosis of, 257 treatment of aging-related olfactory loss, 256–257 sensorineural olfactory loss, 256 transport olfactory loss, 256 Olfactory esthesioneuroblastomas, 313 Olfactory identification ability, 257 Olfactory loss classification, 253 clinical findings, 255 differential diagnosis, 256 etiology, 254–255 general considerations, 253 pathogenesis, 253–254 prognosis, 257 transport, 253 treatment, 256–257 1001 Olfactory nerves, 3, 6f, 37, 38f, 137t, 267, 310, 769, 771, 778 Olfactory receptor proteins, 254 Olopatadine, 284 OME See Otitis media with effusion (OME) Oncocytomas, 331 Open-loop stimulator, 634 Opioids, 180 pharmacology of, 180 Optic nerve, 37, 38f Optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN), testing of, in vestibular testing, 632–633 Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), testing of, in vestibular testing, 632 Oral antibiotics, 216, 271, 297, 300, 858 Oral cavity anatomy of, 7–12, 8f–12f arteries, cancers of, 377 muscles of the soft palate, levator veli palatini muscle, 7–8 musculus uvulae, palatoglossus muscle, palatopharyngeus muscle, tensor veli palatini muscle, palate, hard palate, soft palate, tumors, 431 ulcerations, 274 Oral tongue cancer brachytherapy, simulation film of, 381f Orbit antomy of, 29–32, 29f, 31f innervation autonomic nerves, 31–32 motor, 30 optic nerve, 30 sensory, 30 sympathetic nerves, 32 muscles of, 29–30, 29f Orbitozygomatic craniotomy, 776–777 Organ of Corti, 607, 612, 613, 615, 708, 715, 716t, 748 Oropharyngeal cultures, 363 Oropharyngeal tumors, 55f, 379, 380, 383 Oropharynx, 363, 377 See also Benign, and malignant lesions cancers alcohol intake, 380 malignant lesions of, 380 tobacco use, 380 Orthognathic surgery, 359 Orthotics therapy, 410 OSA See Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 1002 OSAHS Score See Obstructive Sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome score (OSAHS Score) OSAS See Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) Ossicular anomalies, 667–672, 670f, 671t classification of, 667 clinical findings in, 667 diagnosis, essentials of, 667 general considerations in, 667 incus anomalies, 669, 671f malleus anomalies, 669 multiple, 671–672 specials tests and imaging studies for, 667 stapes anomalies, 669–671 symptoms and signs in, 667 Teunissen’s classification of, 669t treatment of, 667–669 Ossicular chain, 601, 604, 686f abnormalities, 152 congenital malformation of, 685 dislocation, 761 function becomes disrupted, 684 gradual stiffening of, 691 imaging studies, 684 mixed hearing loss due to, 806 reconstruction, 688 repositioned and the integrity of, 698 stimulation, 846, 848 Ossicular dislocation, imaging studies of, 159f Osteoarthritis noninflammatory arthritic, 411 treatment indications, 411t Osteogenesis imperfecta, 807, 808 Osteomeatal complex, 296 Osteomyocutaneous free-tissue flaps, 952 Osteopetroses, 805, 806 Otic ganglion, 6, 9f, 37, 41 Otitis externa, 650–651 clinical findings in, 650 diagnosis, essentials of, 650 general considerations in, 650 pathogenesis of, 650 treatment of, 650–651 Otitis media, 674–681 acute, 675t acute otitis media (AOM) complications of, 678, 680f atelectasis, 680 cholesteatoma, 680 clinical presentation of, 676 complications of, 678–681, 678t conductive hearing loss & speech delay, 680 definitions, 674–675 diagnosis, essentials of, 674 INDEX with effusion complications of, 680 facial nerve paresis, 679 intracranial complications, 679–680 labyrinthitis, 679 management of, 676–678 medical management, 677 surgical management, 678 mastoiditis, 679 mnemonic for, 676t pathogenesis of, 675 petrositis, 679 tympanic membrane perforation, 679 Otitis media with effusion (OME), 202, 285, 286, 678t, 693t complications of, 680 diagnosis of, 674 pathogenesis of, 675 petrositis, 679 tympanic membrane perforation, 679 Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), 624f, 625 clinical applications of, 625 distortion production otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), 625 spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), 625 transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), 625 Otoconia, 608f, 610, 706, 730 Otology, 201, 203 Otomycosis, 651 clinical findings in, 651 diagnosis, essentials of, 651 general considerations in, 651 pathogenesis of, 651 treatment of, 651 Otoplasty, 960, 963f, 964f complications of, 963–964t diagnosis of, 960 preoperative evaluation, 960 refinement techniques, 963 technique of Furnas, 961–962, 962f technique of Mustarde, 961, 961f techniques of surgical correction, 960–961 Otorrhea, 650, 651, 659, 682, 686, 702, 825, 844, 895, 897 Otosclerosis, 689 clinical findings, 690–693, 690f, 691f, 692f diagnosis of, 689 differential diagnosis, 693 fenestral, 159, 162f general considerations, 689 pathogenesis, 689–690 prognosis, 698 retrofenestral, 159, 163f special tests, 691, 693 treatment, 693–696, 695f Otospongiosis, 161t, 689, 808 Ototoxic hearing loss, 756–757 Ototoxicity, 48, 49, 470, 615, 630, 685, 709, 751 Oval window anomalies, 673 Oxazolidinones, 50 for head and neck infection, 50 Oxygen, in airway management, 536 Oxymetazoline for rhinitis, 284, 289, 298 P Paget’s disease, 137, 806, 807 bone dyscrasias, 689 bone thickening and sclerosis, 137 cranial neuropathy, 807 diagnosis, essentials of, 807 fibrous dysplasia, 807 histologic pattern, 807 Pain See also Tooth pain Palatal lift appliance, 356 Palate(s) anatomy of, 7–8 arteries of, hard palate, muscles of, 7–8 soft palate, Palatine tonsils, 362 Papillary carcinoma, 580–583 algorithm for management, 581f clinical findings in, 580–581 general considerations, 580 prognosis of, 583 treatment of, 581–583 Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, 330 Papilloma(s) inverting, 123–124, 910–911 neoplasms, 424 from paraganglia, 427 of vagus nerve, 372 vocal cord, treatment of, 186, 194 Papillomatosis clinical findings, 454 diagnosis, essentials of, 453 general considerations, 453 pathogenesis, 453–454 prognosis, 454 treatment of, 454 Paraganglioma(s), 91–92, 158f, 424, 810 complications, 816 ear, tumor of, 147 facial nerve palsy, 816 fisch classification, 814 Glasscock-Jackson classification, 814–815 Horner syndrome, 817 INDEX hypoglossal nerve paralysis, 817 Jugular foramen syndrome, 816–817 large jugulotympanic, surgical resection of, 812f–813f, 814, 815, 816, 816f, 817–818 Paralysis(es) Bell paralysis, 880 Bell’s palsy, 874 bilateral vocal cord, 478 chronic facial, 901 cranial nerve, 384 facial nerve, 825 facial nerve trauma, 756 peripheral facial, 890 unilateral complete vagal, 477 unilateral vocal fold, 498 vagal nerve, 479 vocal cord, 75, 83f, 84f, 85f, 443, 446, 483 bilateral, 207 causes of, 475 vocal fold, iatrogenic causes of, 549 Paranasal sinus(es) anatomy of, 3–5, 4f, 5f arteries, 4–5 disorders of, 744 neoplasms adenocarcinomas clincial findings, 313 general considerations, 313 treatment for, 313 adenoid cystic carcinomas clincial findings, 313 general considerations, 313 treatment for, 313 clinical findings symptoms and signs, 309 diagnosis, essentials of, 309 differential diagnosis of, 310 general considerations, 309 imaging studies, 310 inverted papillomas clinical findings, 311 general considerations, 310–311 prognosis of, 311 staging systems, 311 treatment of, 311 juvenile angiofibromas clinical findings, 311 treatment of, 311 malignant mucosal melanomas clinical findings, 314 general considerations, 314 prognosis of, 314 staging system, 314 treatment of, 314 olfactory esthesioneuroblastomas classification, 313–314 clinical findings, 314 general considerations, 313 prognosis of, 314 treatment of, 314 physical examination cranial nerve (CN), 310 face and orbit, 309 nose and paranasal sinus, 309 oral cavity, 309 sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas, 315 squamous cell carcinomas clinical findings, 312 general considerations, 312 staging system, 312 treatment of, 312–313 radiology, 117, 119f–120f anatomic relationships, 119–120, 120f–122f anatomic variations, 117, 120f ostiomeatal unit, 117, 119f pathologic processes, 120–130, 123f–130f sensory innervation, 3–4, 5f Parapharyngeal space abscess, 364 anatomy of, 371–372 glossopharyngeal nerve, 371 surgery, complications of, 376t tumors, 372 venous malformation of, 373f Parapharyngeal space neoplasms, 369, 372 clinical findings fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, 373–374 imaging studies, 372–373 laboratory findings, 372 symptoms and signs, 372 complications of, 376 diagnosis, essentials of, 372 differential diagnosis neurogenic neoplasms, 374–375 paragangliomas, 374–375 schwannomas, 374 salivary gland neoplasms, 374 general considerations, 372 surgical treatment transcervical approach, 375 transcervical–submandibular approach, 375–376 transmandibular approach, 376 transparotid–submandibular approach, 376 symptoms of, 372t Parathyroid disorders, 592–597 hyperparathyroidism, 592–597 Parathyroidectomy primary hyperparathyroidism evaluation, 595 1003 Parathyroid gland imaging of, 107 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) anatomy of, 592 embryology of, 592 physiology of, 592 Parotidectomy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, 658 Parotid gland imaging of, 107, 1109 surgery, 195 special considerations, 195 Parotid space, 56, 83, 84–87, 91f differential diagnosis of, 84 lesions of, 93t Pastpointing test vestibular testing evaluation, 629 Patanase, 284 PATCHED tumor suppressor gene, 399 Patient preparation, for anesthesia and surgery, 191 ambulatory ECG, 191 assessment of patient with cardiac disease, 191 coronary angiography, 192 echocardiography, 192 exercise stress test, 191 obstructive pulmonary diseases, 193 patients with drug-eluting stents, 192–193 patients with pacemakers and AICDs, 192 patient with drug-eluting stents (DES), 192 preoperative pulmonary evaluation, 193 restrictive pulmonary diseases, 193 thallium exercise test, 191 thallium imaging, 192 Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group A streptococcal infection (PANDAS ), 364 Pendred syndrome, 715 Penicillinase-resistant penicillins, 42 Penicillin(s), 42 combined with β-lactamase inhibitors, 46 Periapical cysts, 401 See also Odontogenic inflammatory cysts radicular cysts Perilymphatic fistula, 764, 767, 768 Perineural spread of parotid adenocarcinoma, 165f Peristalsis, primary, 506 Peritonsillar abscess forms, 364 Perivertebral space, imaging of, 94, 109f Persistent stapedial artery, 664–665 diagnosis, essentials of, 664–665 1004 Petrous apex abnormalities of, 170f, 171, 172t imaging of cholesterol granuloma, 173f pathology of, 171–172 lesions, imaging characteristics, 175t tumors, 813 Petrous apicectomy, 831, 831f Petrous apicotomy, 830–831, 830f Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum See Zenker diverticulum Pharyngomaxillary lymph nodes, 362 Pharyngotonsillitis, 364 acute, 363 bacterial infections acute streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis, 363–364 streptococcal pharyngitis, nongroup, 364–365 fungal infections, 365 viral infections, 363 Pharynx anatomy of, 12–16, 13f–15f innervation, 15 motor, 16 sensory, 16 laryngopharynx, 16 lateral view, 15 median section, 17f nasopharynx, 16 oropharynx, 16 posterior view, 18f Phase lag, 636 Phase lead, 636 Pheochromocytoma medullary thyroid cancer management, 584 Pheochromocytoma, 810 Phonatory function studies, 435–448 Photodynamic therapy in Barrett esophagus evaluation, 519 Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 238 Physiologic voice evaluation, 444 Pierre Robin sequence, 348, 349f Pittsburgh staging system, 658f Plasma cell variant, 423 Plastic surgery, 928 Plate fracture, risk of, 388 Plating system, 497f Platysma, 912 Pleomorphic adenoma, 329f, 533 MRI of, 373f Pneumatic dilatation in achalasia management, 510 Pneumocystis carinii, 421 Pneumomediastinum, 542 Pneumothorax, 542 Poly-l-lactic acid, 977 INDEX Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 417 Polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, 340, 340f Polyrrhinia, 261 Polysomnography, 366, 482 for sleep apnea evaluation, 560 sleep apnea evaluation, in children, 567t Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 531 Port-wine stain, 210f Positional tests in vestibular testing, 634 vestibular testing evaluation, 629 Positional therapy for sleep apnea evaluation, 561 Positron emission tomography (PET), 246, 380, 426 Posterior cervical space, imaging of, 96, 97, 109f Posterior glottis on CT scan, 464f Posterior laryngeal cleft, 485 classification of, 485f Posterior triangle, 415 Postintubation tracheal stenosis, 530–531 classification of, 530–531, 530f cuff stenosis, 531 management of, 531 prognosis of, 531 stomal stenosis, 530 subglottic stenosis, 531 Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT), 380–382 Post-resection bronchoscopy glomus tumor evaluation, 534f Poststyloid compartment cranial nerves, 371 Posttraumatic encephalocele, 764 Postural control tests vestibular testing evaluation, 629 Posturography, 709 Pott puffy tumor, 300 Prader-Willi syndrome, 568 Pregnancy and acute facial palsy, 883 birth defects, 975 in breast-feeding women, 582 and estrogen therapy, 573 hormonal instability, 690 radiological studies in, 884 rhinitis during, 283 Premature caloric reversal, 635 Presbycusis, 706f age-related hearing loss, 615, 699, 701, 702 conductive, 708 hearing loss, characteristics of, 708t neural, 708 NIHL, 751, 759 sensory, 708 socioacusis, 706 strial, 708 types of, 708 Presbystasis, 708 Prestyloid vs poststyloid masses, imaging characteristics of, 373t Prestyloid parapharyngeal space, 375 Propofol, 182 Propranolol, 573 for heamangiomas of infancy, 215 Propylthiouracil, 573 Protruding ears, 649 clinical findings in, 649 complications of, 649 treatment of, 649 Pseudoachalasia, 510 Pseudohypacusis, defined, 620 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 295 Psoriasis, 654 Pterygopalatine fossa, 32 anatomy of, 32–34 autonomic nerves, 33–34 deep petrosal nerve, 33 greater superficial petrosal nerve, 33–34 maxillary nerve branches, 32–33 greater palatine nerve, 32 infraorbital nerve, 32 lesser palatine nerve, 32 nasopalatine nerve, 33 posterior superior alveolar nerve, 32 zygomatic nerve, 32 PTH See Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Pulsed-dye laser, 907–908 Punch biopsy, 238 Q Q-switched mode, 199, 211 Quadrangular ligament, 27 Quincy tonsillectomy, 364 Quinolones for head and neck infection, 47–48 R Radiation dose, 375 Radiation-induced labyrinthitis, 166f Radiation oncology, 176 Radiation therapy, 177, 250–251 for auricle, basal cell carcinoma, 657 definitive, 178 patient evaluation and prevention of complications, 177–178 dental care, 177 nutritional support, 177–178 ophthalmologic/othe, 178 postoperative, 178 preoperative, 178 INDEX sequelae of, 178 acute sequelae, 178–179 late sequelae, 179 Radiation treatment complications of, 430 Radicular cysts See also Periapical cysts development of, 395f occlusal X-ray demonstrating, 402f Radioactive iodine for Graves’ disease treatment, 587 Radiobiology, 177 Radiofrequency ablation (RFA), 519 for sleep apnea evaluation, 563–564 Radiologic imaging of larynx and neck, 462 Radiology as diagnostic imaging techniques, 52 computed tomography, 52 magnetic resonance imaging, 52–54, 53f, 54f positron emission tomography, 54, 55f, 56f imaging head and neck hypopharynx anatomy of, 69–71 key imaging points, 71 lesions, high incidence of, 71 larynx, 72 anatomy of, 72 key imaging points, 76 lesions encountered on imaging studies, 72, 73, 75 lymph nodes, 77–82 mucosal disease, 57 nasopharynx anatomy of, 57–58, 57f key imaging points, 58 lesions, 58, 58f–61f, 58t oral cavity, 62 anatomy of, 62, 64 key imaging points, 66, 69 lesions, benign or malignant, 64, 66 oropharynx anatomy of, 61 key imaging points, 61–62, 66f, 67f lesions, encountered on imaging studies, 61, 64f, 64t, 65f spatial anatomy, 56 nonmucosal disease of the head & neck, 82 cystic neck masses, 110–115 infrahyoid neck, 99–100 the pediatric neck, 115, 117 suprahyoid head & neck, 82–99 thyroid and parathyroid, 103–110 trans-spatial masses, 100–103 Radionuclide scanning primary hyperparathyroidism evaluation, 593 Randomized control trials (RCTs), 677 Ranula(s), 66, 70f, 327, 328 definition of, 327 mucous retention cyst, 113 plunging, 328 plunging ranula, 221 simple, 328 unilocular cyst, 114 Rapid antigen-detection tests (RADT), 363 Rapid eye movement (REM), 556, 630 Rarefaction, 599 RBE See Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) RDI See Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) Rebound nystagmus, 633 Recombinant TSH protocol papillary carcinoma evaluation, 581 Reconstructive surgery, 258, 268, 648 Reflex(es) acoustic, 621–622, 693, 774 airway, 182 bradycardia, 185 ipsilateral light, 931 stapedial, 857 vestibuloocular, 610, 611f, 709 vestibulospinal, 612 Regional lymph node metastasis staging of, 429t Rehabilitations aesthetic, 224 with auditory, 711 aural, 721–728 dental, 389 of hearing loss, 711 nonsurgical, 410 and operative prognosis, 789 postoperative, 795 of vagal paraganglioma, 376 vestibular, 729 voice, 465, 469 Reinke edema clinical findings, 452 diagnosis, essentials of, 452 general considerations, 452 treatment of, 452 Relative biological effectiveness (RBE), 177 Remifentanyl, 181 Reserve cell theory, 334 Respiratory disturbance index (RDI), 557 Respiratory papillomatosis clinical findings, 489 diagnosis, essentials of, 489–490 general considerations, 489 treatment, 489–490 Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 363 1005 Retrofenestral otosclerosis imaging of, 159 imaging studies of, 163f Retropharyngeal abscess, 364 Retropharyngeal space, 26, 56 of adult, 371 deep cervical fascia, 93 infections, 370 infrahyoid, 100 lymph nodes in, 364 Retrosigmoidal approach, 787 advantage of, 787 CPA, 835, 836 facial nerve, risk to, 735 for hearing preservation, 794 operative view of, 837f overview of, 837f Rheumatic fever, acute, 364 Rhinitis (common cold), 43t adrenergic agents, 284 allergic, 285 allergy testing, 287 causes of, 286 classification of, 286 clinical findings, 286–288 diagnosis, essentials of, 285 differential diagnoses, 288 general considerations, 285 pathogenesis, 285 perennial, 286 prevalence of, 285f seasonal, 286 skin testing, 287 treatment of, 288–290 in vitro testing, 287–288 bacterial, 256 definition of, 282 infectious, 288 medicamentosa, 283 nonallergic, 282–290 with eosinophilia, 283 treatment of adrenergic agents, 284 anticholinergic agents, 284 irritant avoidance, 284 saline irrigation, 284 septal procedures, 284 topical intranasal steroids, 284 turbinate surgery, 284 occupational, 283 during pregnancy, 283 respiratory tract maladies, 568 and sinusitis; allergic, 253 types of, 283t vasculitides, autoimmune & granulomatous diseases, 283–284 vasomotor, 283 viral, 283 1006 Rhinophyma laser, surgery of, 209–210 Rhinoplasty, 928 Rhinorrhea, 844 Rhinoscleroma manifests, 279 Rhinosinusitis allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFS), 295 classification and diagnosis, 291–292 complications of intracranial complications, 300 orbital infection, 299–300 Pott puffy tumor, 300 diagnosis, essentials of, 291 diagnosis of, 292t diagnostic modalities endoscopic evaluation, 296 imaging studies, 296 laboratory tests, 297 physical examination, 296 differential diagnosis, 297 fungal ball, 295 general considerations, 291 invasive fungal sinusitis, 295 nasal cavity/paranasal sinuses, physiology of, 292 pathogenesis of, 293f Rhinosinusitis, acute pathogenesis/clinical features of, 292–293 Rhinosinusitis, chronic allergy, 294 bacterial superantigens, 294 biofilms, 294 coronal CT scan, 297f fungi, 294 genetic factors, 294 immune deficiency, 294 infections, 295 osteitis, 294 pathogenesis/clinical features of, 293–294 staging systems Lund–Kennedy endoscopic scores, 296 Lund–Mackay, 296 treatment of allergy management, 299 antibiotics, 297–298 decongestants, and leukotriene antagonists, 298 nasal saline irrigation, 298 oral steroids, 298 sinus surgery, 299 complications of, 299 functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), 299 steroid nasal sprays, 298 Rhinosporidium seebri, 279 Rhytidectomy See Facelift surgery INDEX Rigid esophagoscopy laryngeal trauma evaluation, 494 Robotic Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, 778 Romberg test vestibular testing evaluation, 629 Rosai–Dorfman disease, 325, 422 Rotary chair test, in vestibular testing, 636–637 Rotational test, 636 high-frequency, 637–639 Round window anomalies, 673 aplasia/hypoplasia, 673 RSV See Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) S Saccade test electronystagmography (ENG), in vestibular testing, 630–631, 631f Saliva, 317 Salivary duct adenocarcinoma, 340 carcinoma, 341f Salivary gland(s), 317, 333 adenocarcinomas of, 339 anatomy of, 5–7, 6f, 7f lymphoma, 341 malignant neoplasms, 342t frequency of, 334t grade classification of, 336t WHO classification of, 334t neoplasia multicellular theory of, 334 neoplasms, 374 nonneoplastic diseases of, 318t parotid gland, staging for, 336t sublingual gland, submandibular gland, unit, 335f Salivary glands, benign diseases of acute viral inflammatory disease clinical findings, 318 complications of, 318 diagnosis, essentials of, 318 differential diagnoses of, 318 general considerations, 318 prognosis of, 318 treatment of, 318 adenomatoid hyperplasia, 326 benign lymphoepithelial lesions clinical findings, 324–325 complications of, 325 diagnosis, essentials of, 324 general considerations, 324 pathogenesis of, 324 prognosis of, 325 treatment of, 325 benign neoplastic diseases clinical findings, 329 complications of, 329 diagnosis, essentials of, 328 differential diagnosis, 329 general considerations, 329 prognosis, 329 treatment of, 329 classification of, 317 minor salivary glands, 318 parotid gland, 317 sublingual glands, 317–318 submandibular glands, 317 general considerations, 317 granular cell tumors, 331 granulomatous sialadenitis, chronic actinomycosis, 321 cat-scratch disease, 320–321 clinical findings, 320 diagnosis, essentials of, 320 differential diagnosis, 320–321 sarcoidosis, 321 Wegener granulomatosis, 321 hemangiomas clinical findings, 332 general considerations, 331–332 treatment of, 332 HIV infection clinical findings, 320 diagnosis, essentials of, 320 general considerations, 320 prognosis of, 320 treatment of, 320 infectious inflammatory diseases, 318 Kimura disease, 325 clinical findings, 325 diagnosis, essentials of, 325 differential diagnoses of, 325 general considerations, 325 laboratory findings, 325 treatment of, 326 monomorphic adenomas, 330 basal cell adenomas, 331 canalicular adenoma, 331 myoepitheliomas, 331 oncocytomas, 331 mucoceles clinical findings, 328 complications of, 328 diagnosis, essentials of, 327 differential diagnoses, 328 general considerations, 327 pathogenesis of, 327–328 prognosis of, 328 treatment of, 328 necrotizing sialometaplasia, 326 nonneoplastic diseases, 318 parapharyngeal space tumors, 331 parotid cysts INDEX acquired parotid cysts, 327 congenital parotid cysts, 327 diagnosis, essentials of, 327 pleomorphic adenomas, 329–330 ptyalism, 328 sialadenitis, chronic clinical findings, 323 complications, 323 differential diagnosis, 323 general considerations, 322 pathogenesis, 322–323 prevention, 323 prognosis of, 323 treatment of, 323 sialadenosis clinical findings, 326 diagnosis, essentials of, 326 general considerations, 326 prevention of, 326 prognosis of, 326–327 treatment of, 326–327 sialolithiasis clinical findings, 322 complications of, 322 diagnosis, essentials of, 321 endoscopic techniques, 322 general considerations, 321 intraoral extraction, 322 pathogenesis of, 321–322 prognosis of, 322 surgical excision, 322 Sjögren syndrome clinical findings, 324 complications of, 324 diagnosis, essentials of, 323 differential diagnosis, 324 general considerations, 323–324 prognosis for, 324 treatment of, 324 submandibular gland, congenital salivary fistulas of, 327 suppurative sialadenitis, acute clinical findings, 319 complications of, 319 diagnosis, essentials of, 319 general considerations, 319 pathogenesis, 319 prevention, 319 prognosis of, 319 treatment of, 319 Warthin tumor, 330 xerostomia, 328 Salivary glands, malignant diseases of anatomy of, 333–334 clinical findings imaging studies, 336 laboratory findings, 336 symptoms and signs, 335–336 general considerations, 333 histologic types, 336 acinic cell carcinoma, 338–339 adenocarcinomas, 339–340 adenoid cystic carcinoma, 338 in children, 341 clear cell carcinomas, 340–341 epithelial-myoepithelial cell carcinoma, 340 lymphoma, 341 malignant mixed tumors, 339 metastases to, 341 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 337 polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, 340 salivary duct adenocarcinoma, 340 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 341 pathogenesis of, 334–335 prognosis of, 343–344 staging of, 335 treatment of chemotherapy, 343 complications of, 343 molecular targeted therapy, 343 nonsurgical measures, 342–343 radiation therapy, 342–343 of recurrence and metastatic disease, 343 surgical measures, 342 Sarcoidosis clinical findings, 275 diagnosis, essentials of, 275 general considerations, 275 pathogenesis, 275 treatment of, 275–276 Scar revision clinical findings, 907 complications, 907 general considerations, 906 pathogenesis, 906 genetic factors, 906 hypertrophic scar, 906–907 iatrogenic causes, 906–907 keloids, 906–907 widened scars, 906–907 prognosis, 910 treatment, 907 nonsurgical measures, 907–908 preoperative considerations, 908 surgical measures, 908–910 Scar(s) analysis of, 908 cleft lip, 357 donor, 940 ganglion, 706, 736 hypertrophic, 906–907, 962 with hypertrophic, 209 1007 of laryngeal structures, 492 laser surfacing, 209 Schwannoma(s) facial nerve, 163f in the labyrinth, 160 of the vestibule, imaging studies of, 163f Sclerosis, treatments of, 222 Sclerotherapy, treatment for craniofacial lesions, 218 Scopolamine, 185 Seborrheic keratosis, 237 lesion of, 237f Sensorineural hearing loss, 699, 763 classification, 699–700 clinical findings, 701–703 diagnosis of, 699 etiology of, 700t genetic causes, 700 nongenetic causes, 700 general considerations, 699 mixed hearing loss, 700 pathogenesis, 700–701 prevention, 701 prognosis, 704 treatment, 703–704 Sensory condition, 639–640 Sensory innervation of head, 5f Sensory organization test vestibular pattern in, 640f Sensory systems, 615 Septoplasty, 357 Septoplasty/nasoseptal reconstruction, 284 Serologic testing, 417 Serous cells, 333 Shave biopsy, 238 Shprintzen syndrome, 346 Shrapnell membrane, 600 Sialadenitis, acute, 318 clinical findings, 319 complications of, 319 diagnosis, essentials of, 319 general considerations, 319 pathogenesis, 319 prevention, 319 prognosis of, 319 treatment of, 319 Sialadenitis, chronic clinical findings, 323 complications, 323 differential diagnosis, 323 general considerations, 322 pathogenesis, 322–323 prevention, 323 prognosis of, 323 treatment of, 323 Sialadenosis/sialosis, 326 Silicone implants, 979 1008 Single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP), 719 Sinonasal manifestations, 274 Sinuses anterior table, fracture axial CT scan, 303f axial T2-weighted MRI, 310f, 314f coronal T1-weighted MRI scan, 312f depression of forehead, 306f differential diagnosis of, 310t frontonasal recess obstruction axial CT scan, 303f intracranial abscess axial CT scan, 300f intraoperative photograph demonstrating displaced fractures, 305f malignant maxillary and ethmoid sinus tumors staging criteria of, 312t Sinus fractures, frontal clinical findings imaging studies, 303 symptoms and signs, 302–303 complications of, 304–305 intracranial complications, 304 mucoceles and mucopyoceles, 304 diagnosis, essentials of general considerations, 302 pathogenesis, 302 prevention of, 302 differential diagnosis, 304 pediatric considerations, 308 prognosis long-term, 308 short-term, 308 surgical measures autologous fat grafts, 306 autologous tissue grafts, 306 cranialization procedure, 306 endoscopic repair, 306 location-related measures, 307 open reduction/internal fixation, 305 osteoplastic flap, 306 synthetic materials, grafts of, 306–307 treatment of, 305 surgical measures, 305–307 Sinus histiocytosis See Rosai-Dorfman disease Sinusitis acute/chronic, 291–300 Sinus neoplasms, 297 Sinusoidal harmonic acceleration, 636 Sir Charles Bell’s classic illustration of the muscles of facial expression, 862f Sistrunk operation, 419 Sjögren syndrome, 323, 324 INDEX Skeletal trauma, 227f, 228f mandible fractures, 232–234, 232f, 233f maxillary fractures, 228f, 230 Le Fort I fractures, 230 Le Fort II fractures, 231, 231f Le Fort III fractures, 231–232, 232f nasoethmoid complex fractures, 229 orbital fractures, 277–228 zygomatic complex fractures, 229, 230f Skin benign lesions, laser surgery of, 210–211 grafts, 910 malignant, lesions, laser surgery of, 211 Skin cancer nonmelanoma, 238–239, 243–246 parotid gland from, 341 Skin grafts, 202, 217, 910 full-thickness, 948 postauricular, 648, 848 scalp defects, 956 split-thickness, 227, 380 Skin lesions children, 645 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 280 nevi/granulomatous, 241 of right external meatus, 880f vascular lesions, 200, 210 Skin resurfacing ablative, 209 nonablative, 209 for rhytids and acne scarring, 199 Skull base, 810 anatomy of, 122f, 130 anterior, lesions of, 75 cancer, radiographic appearanc of, 53f cranial nerves in interior of, 384 imaging of anterior, 130–131 central chondrosarcomas, 134–135, 145f chordomas, 134 congenital and developmental disorders, 137 fibrous dysplasia, 137 infection, 135, 137 lesions intrinsic to the central skull base, 133–134 lesions involving the central skull base from below, 133 metastatic disease, 135 neoplasms, 133–134 osteoradionecrosis, 137 Paget disease, 137 vascular lesions, 137 posterolateral, 139 CT Scanning, 139 MRI, 139–140 major openings, 137t neoplasms of, 810 Radiographic Appearance of, 811t surgery, neurotologic, 829 Skull base osteomyelitis, 135, 137, 651–653, 652 clinical findings, 652 diagnosis, essentials of, 651 diagnostic tests for, 652 differential diagnosis, 652 essentials of diagnosis, 651 general considerations in, 652 pathogenesis, 652 symptoms and signs in, 652 treatment, 652–653 Sleep in adults, 556–565 in children, 565–568 NREM, 556 REM, 556 Sleep apnea, 557–565 in adults, 556–565 classification of, 556–557, 557t complications of, 561 definition of, 556 general considerations, 557 imaging studies, 560–561 in children, 565–568 classification of, 565–566 clinical findings in, 567 complications of, 567–568 general considerations, 566 pathogenesis of, 566 physical exam, 567 prevention of, 566 signs and symptoms, 567 special tests for, 567 treatment of, 568 pathogenesis of, 557–558 physical exam, 558–560 prevention of, 558 signs and symptoms, 558 treatment of, 561–565 Sleep disorders in adults, 556–565 apnea, 557–565 (See also Sleep apnea, in adults) in children, 565–568 apnea, 566–569 (See also Sleep apnea, in children) classification of, 565–566 sleep-disordered breathing, 558f classification of, 556–557, 557t Slow cumulative eye position, 633 Smooth pursuit test electronystagmography (ENG), in vestibular testing, 631–632 INDEX Sodium-iodide symporters (NIS), 571 Soft palate, 562, 563 anterior tonsillar pillars, 61 to epiglottis, 16 of minor salivary glands, 318 muscles of, 7–9 palpation of, 567 placement of, 564 posterior portion, 346 Soft tissue fillers, 907 Soft tissue trauma, 224 diagnosis, 224 prophylactic treatment measures, 225 treatment, 224–226 wound closure, 225–226 wound irrigation, 225 Solitary fibrous tumors, 424 Somatosensory ratio in sensory organization test, 640 Sound frequency, 599 intensity of, 599 pressure waves of, 600f Spectral analysis, 852 long-time average spectrum, 443 spectrography, 443 Speech awareness threshold (SAT), 619 Speech bulb prosthesis, 356 Speech detection threshold (SDT), 619 Speech discrimination testing, 619 Speech reception threshold (SRT), 619, 620f Speech Stenger test, 620 Speech testing, 619–620 Splint therapy, 410 Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs), 625 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), 242, 341, 341f, 377, 456, 533 stage I, T1, 462f well-differentiated laryngeal, 463f Squamous papilloma, 533 Stafne bone cysts, 405 Stanford sleepiness scale (SSS) for sleep apnea evaluation, 560 Static bone cyst cadaveric mandible with, 405f Stenger test, 620 Stensen duct, 317 Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 415 Sternocleidomastoid tumors, 420 Steroid(s) for heamangiomas of infancy, 215 Stickler syndrome, 715 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 280 Streptogramins, 50 Stridor, in children biphasic stridor, 481 congenital laryngeal webs, 485 expiratory stridor, 481 infants and children, airway obstruction, causes of, 482t inspiratory stridor, 481 laryngeal cysts, 483 laryngeal foreign bodies, 485 laryngomalacia, 481–483 laryngotracheobronchitis (croup), 490 posterior laryngeal cleft, 485 respiratory papillomatosis, 489–490 subglottic hemangiomas, 487–489 subglottic stenosis, 485–487 supraglottitis (epiglottitis), 491 vocal cord paralysis, 483–484 Stroboscopic video laryngoscopy, 460 Subclavian triangle, lower, 415 Subglottic hemangiomas clinical findings, 487, 488 diagnosis, essentials of, 487–489 treatment, 488 Subglottic stenosis classification of, 486 clinical findings, 486 diagnosis, essentials of, 485–487 general considerations, 485–486 Myer–Cotton grading system, 486f pathogenesis, 486 prevention, 486 treatment, 486–487 Sublingual gland, anatomy of, 6–7 innervation, secretomotor innervation, sympathetic innervation, 6–7 Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), 290 Submandibular calculi, 321 Submandibular gland, tumors, 424 Submucous cleft palate, 346 Submuscular triangle, 431 Sulfonamides & antifolate drugs, 48 for head and neck infection, 48 Superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS), 912 Superior semicircular canal dehiscence, 737–738 audiologic testing, 738 special examinations, 738 Superior semicircular canal dehiscence, 737 Supraglottic laryngectomy anatomic resection, schematic of, 467f, 468f postoperative endoscopic view, 467f Supraglottic tumor CT scan, 462f Supraglottitis (epiglottitis) clinical finding, 491 1009 diagnosis, essentials of, 491 general considerations, 491 treatment, 491 Suprahyoid head and neck, 133 deep cervical fascia, 56, 82 Surgery, of oral cavity and airway adenoidectomy, 193 intraoperative considerations, 194 postoperative complications, 194 preoperative considerations, 193–194 tonsillectomy, 193 Surgical excision for heamangiomas of infancy, 216 Surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER), 383 Swallowing process, 506, 507f Syndromic hereditary hearing impairment, 716t Systemic disease, nasal manifestations of Churg–Strauss syndrome clinical findings, 276 diagnosis, essentials of, 276 general considerations, 276 treatment of, 276 general considerations, 273 granulomatous/autoimmune diseases, 273 human immundeficiency virus (HIV), 280 clinical findings, 280 diagnosis, essentials of, 280 general considerations, 280 pathogenesis, 280 treatment, 280–281 rhinoscleroma clinical findings, 279 diagnosis, essentials of, 278 general considerations, 278–281 pathogenesis, 279 treatment of, 279 rhinosporidiosis clinical findings, 280 diagnosis, essentials of, 279 general considerations, 279 pathogenesis, 279 treatment, 280 sarcoidosis clinical findings, 275 diagnosis, essentials of, 275 general considerations, 275 pathogenesis, 275 treatment of, 275–276 T-cell lymphoma clinical findings, 277–278 diagnosis, essentials of, 277 general considerations, 277 pathogenesis, 277 treatment of, 278 1010 Systemic disease, (cont.) Wegener’s granulomatosis clinical findings, 273–274 diagnosis, essentials of, 273 general considerations, 273 treatment of, 274 Systemic polyarthritic disorders, 411 T Tandem gait test vestibular testing evaluation, 629 TBG See also Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) Tectorial membrane, 612 TEF See Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) Telavancin, 50 Telithromycin, 48 Temporal bone, 766–767, 810 diagnosis of, 766 fractures, 761, 762, 763 general considerations, 766 neoplasms of, 810 penetrating trauma to, 766 Temporal bone resection, 829 degrees of, 830f with a specimen, en bloc, 830f Temporal bone trauma, 760 Temporal lobe diseases of, imaging of, 141 external auditory canal, 141 inner ear, 152 middle ear, 141–152 Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), 407 articular disorders, 410 treatment indications for, 411t benign neoplasms, 412 bony ankylosis, 412 cause of, 407 clinical findings imaging studies, 408 symptoms and signs, 408 condylar dislocation, 412 condylar fracture, 412 controversial causes bruxism, 407 disc displacement, 408 whiplash, 408 development of, 408 differential diagnosis, 408 disc displacement acute, 411 chronic, 411 disorders, 411 with reduction, 411 etiology of, 407 fibrous ankylosis, 412 INDEX general considerations, 407 malignant neoplasms, 412 masticatory muscles neoplasms of, 413 metastatic neoplasms, 412 muscle disorders, 413 fibromyalgia, 414 muscle contracture, 413–414 myofascial pain, 413 myositis, 413 myospasm (trismus), 413 osteoarthritis, 411 polyarthritic disorders, 411–412 TMJ synovitis, 410–411 treatment of acupuncture, 409 arthrocentesis, 410 arthroscopy, 410 local anesthesia, injection of, 410 medication, 409 self-care, 408–409 splint therapy, 410 surgery, 410–411 ultrasound, 409 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 297, 394, 407, 410–412 with fibrous connective tissue, 410 malignant neoplasms, 412 neoplasms of, 412 sagittal section through temporomandibular joint, 410f Tennison–Randall cleft lip repair, 349 Tetracyclines, for head and neck infection, 49 Teunissen’s classification, 669 Threshold, defined, 617 Thyroglobulin antibodies, 582 Thyroglossal duct cysts, 111, 419 axial CT scan, 419f imaging of, 114f Thyroidectomy, 478 in Graves’ disease evaluation, 587 Thyroid function tests, 573–577 antithyroid peroxidase antibody, 576 diagnostic approach to, 574f drugs and effects on, 575t free T3, 576 free thyroxine immunoassay (FT4), 575 nonthyroidal illness and, 577 patterns of, 575t radioactive iodine uptake & scan, 576–577 serum thyroglobulin, 576 thyroglobulin antibody, 576 thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoassay, 574–575 triiodothyronine (T3), 575–576 TSH receptor antibodies (TRab), 576 Thyroid gland anatomy of, 571, 572f blood supply to, 572f cancer of, 580–585 anaplastic carcinoma, 585 follicular carcinoma, 583 frequency of, 580t imaging studies in, 103, 105, 107, 111f, 112f medullary thyroid cancer, 583–585 papillary carcinoma, 580–583 survival rates for, 583t TNM staging and, 583t disorders of, 571–591 hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis, 573f histology of, 571 nonmalignant thyroid disorders, 585–591 thyroid function, assessment of physical examination, 573 thyroid function tests, 573–577 thyroid masses, 577–580 Thyroid hormones, 571–573 metabolism of, 573 overproduction of, 585 structure and biologic activity, 573f suppressive therapy for multinodular goiter treatment, 580 synthesis of, 571–573, 572f transport of, 573 Thyroid nodules, 577–579 clinical findings in, 578–579, 578t general considerations, 577 treatment of, 579 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 571 serum immunoassays for, 573 Thyroid storm, 588 Thyrotoxicosis, 585–586 forms of, 589–590 amiodarone-lnduced hyperthyroidism, 589 hydatidiform mole, 589–590 metastatic follicular carcinoma, 589 struma ovarii, 589 subacute thyroiditis, 589 thyrotoxicosis factitia, 589 Thyrotropin, 573 l-Thyroxine, 582 Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), 573 INDEX Thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA), 573 See also Transthyretin Thyroxine withdrawal protocol papillary carcinoma evaluation, 581 Tigecycline (Tygacil), 49 Time constant, 633 Tinnitus low-power laser treatment, 203 with pulsatile, 53, 155 Titanium mesh, 307 Titratable mandibular repositioning devices for sleep apnea evaluation, 561 TMJ See Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Tobacco, uses, 377 Tongue, anatomy of, 8–9, 9f arteries, muscles of genioglossus muscle, 8–9 hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus, Tongue base surgery for sleep apnea evaluation, 564 Tongue-lip plication, 348 Tongue, lymphatic malformation, 222 Tongue tumor IMRT dose distribution for T2N2 base, 381f Tonotopic organization, 599 Tonsillar hypertrophy, asymmetric, 366 Tonsillar infections, 363 Tonsillar lesions, 383 Tonsillar neoplasms, 366 Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy complications of, 367–368 indication for, 366–367 surgical techniques, 367 surgical indications for, 366t techniques, 367 Tonsillitis, chronic, 365 antibiotics, 365 Tonsilloliths, 365 Tonsil(s) benign tumors of, 366 faucial, 61 HPV infection, 383 inflammatory processes, 61 laser, 205–206 lingual, 8, 61, 206 medial displacement of, 364 mucosa adjacent to, 367 palatine, 8, 62 pharyngeal, Tornwaldt cyst, 384 Toxoplasma gondii, 421 Trachea, 501–505, 540f anatomic relationships, 523, 525f anatomy of, 523–527, 524f atresia of, 501–505 benign and malignant disorders of, 523–535 blood supply to, 523, 526f congenital disorders of, 501–505 injuries to, 527 iatrogenic, 527–528 intubation injuries, 527 postintubation tracheal stenosis, 530–531 tracheoesophageal fistula, 528–530 tracheomalacia, 531–532 neoplasms of, 532–535, 533f benign tumors, 533–534 clinical findings in, 532 diagnosis of, 532 general considerations, 532 histology of, 532–533, 532t intermediate malignancy, tumors of, 533 malignant tumors, 533 primary, 532–534 secondary, 534 treatment of, 534 stenosis of, 503 Tracheal-innominate artery fistula, 542 Tracheal stenosis, 542 Tracheobronchial system laser, surgery of, 208 Tracheocutaneous fistula, 542 Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), 501–505, 542 acquired malignant, 530 acquired nonmalignant, 528–530 classification of, 501–502 clinical findings, 502–503 complications of, 505 differential diagnosis, 503 general considerations, 501, 528–530 imagning studies, 502 pathogenesis of, 502, 528–530 preoperative care, 503–504 pretreatment risk evaluation, 503 prognosis of, 505 repair with, 529f special examinations, 503 special tests, 503 surgical measures, 504 surgical repair of, 528f symptoms and signs, 502 treatment of, 503–505 1011 Tracheoesophageal speech prosthesis and tracheostoma occlusion, 471f Tracheoinnominate fistula, 527–528 general considerations, 528 identification & diagnosis of, 528 prevention of, 528 prognosis & follow-up of, 528 surgical intervention of, 528 treatment of, 528 Tracheomalacia diagnosis of, 531 esophagel atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula and, 505 general considerations, 531 treatment of, 531–532 Tracheostomy, 479, 480 postintubation tracheal stenosis evaluation, 531 for sleep apnea evaluation, 564 Tracheotomy in airway management, 536–542 complications in, 541–542, 541t decannulation in, 541 nonsurgical measures in, 536–539 patient evaluation in, 536 postoperative care in, 541 surgical measures in, 539–541 benefits of, 493 congenital airway anomalies, 536 emergency in airway management, 540–541 guided endotracheal intubation, 538 Jackson sliding laryngoscope, 537–538 laryngeal mask airway (LMA), 538, 538f oropharyngeal vs nasopharyngeal, 537 oxygen administration in, 536–537 pediatric in airway management, 541 percutaneous in airway management, 541 topical decongestants and, 537 translaryngeal intubation, 537 Transduction, 606 Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), 625 Trans-spatial masses, imaging of, 94f, 100, 101, 101f Transthyretin, 573 Trasposition flaps Trauma blunt, 527 general considerations, 527 injury, identification & localization of, 527 penetrating, 527 prognosis of, 527 treatment of, 527 1012 Traumatic bone cysts clinical findings histopathologic examination, 405 imaging studies, 404–405 symptoms and signs, 404–405 complications of, 405 diagnosis, essentials of, 404 differential diagnosis, 405 general considerations, 404 pathogenesis of, 404 prevention of, 404 prognosis of, 405 treatment of, 405 Treacher-Collins syndrome, 715 Treponema pallidum, 365 Triazoles, 51 for head and neck infection, 51 Trigeminal nerve, 38, 38f divisions of, 39 mandibular division, maxillary division, 2–3 ophthalmic division, Trigeminal nerve schwannomas, 796 Trochlear nerve, 38, 38f Tufted angiomas, 214 Tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system, 377 Tumor(s) classification of, 250t endolymphatic sac tumor, imaging studies, 164f glomus vagale tumors, 813 large glomus jugulare tumor, 833f petrous apex tumors, 813 surgery for tumors of Meckel cave, 842f tumor with intracranial, foraminal, and, 832f Tympanic membranes, 202 anatomy of, 601f Boyle’s law, 740 hemorrhage in, 741 microscopic exam of, 815 middle ear, 141, 600–601 perforation, 679, 760–761 posterosuperior retraction pocket of, 146 retraction of, 682 Tympanograms types of, 677t Tympanometric peak, 621–622 Tympanoplasty, 196 postoperative considerations, 196 special considerations, 196 Typical acquired nevi See Benign acquired nevi INDEX U Ulceration treatment of, 216 Ultrasound, 345 papillary carcinoma evaluation, 581 primary hyperparathyroidism evaluation, 594f Unilateral complete vagal paralysis clinical findings, 478 diagnosis, essentials of, 477–478 etiology, 478 general considerations, 477 treatment, 478 Unilateral vocal cord paralysis unilateral complete vagal paralysis clinical findings, 478 diagnosis, essentials of, 477–478 etiology, 478 general considerations, 477 treatment, 478 unilateral recurrent laryngeal paralysis clinical findings, 477 diagnosis, essentials of, 476–477 etiology, 476 general considerations, 476 treatment, 477 Unilateral weakness, 635, 637f Unknown primary squamous cell carcinoma, of neck Upper esophageal sphincter (UES) physiology of, 506, 507f Usher syndrome, 718t Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for sleep apnea evaluation, 562, 562f V VACTERL, 503 Vagal nerve, paralysis, 477f complete Vagus nerve, 38f, 40 Valacyclovir, 51 for head and neck infection, 51 Vancomycin, 50 Van der Woude syndrome, 348f Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA), 372 Vascular injuries, 766–767 clinical suspicion of, 166f evaluation of, 494 and events, 472 intraoperative complications for, 789 Vascular lesions, 796, 797 Vascular malformations, 217 facial, 217 Vascular skin lesions laser, surgery of, 210 Vascular tumor angiography, 373 Veau–Wardill–Kilner repair, 354 Veins, of face, 4f Velocity step test, 636 Velopharyngeal insufficiency nonsurgical measures, 356 preoperative evaluation, 356 surgical measures, 356 Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), 356, 365 Venous malformations, 218 facial, 218–219 vertebrobasilar, 842 cholesterol granulomas, 798 chondrosarcomas, 798 chordomas, 798 metastases, 799 Vertebrobasilar lesions, 842 Vertigo, 763 with diving, causes of, 743 due to unequal vestibular responses, 743t due to unequal vestibular stimulation, 743t Vestibular autorotation test (VAT), 638, 638f Vestibular disorders, 729 steps in vestibular evaluation, 730t Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP), 641–643 in vestibular testing equipment and recording, 641 parameters and evaluation, 642–643 response, waveform of, 641–642, 642f Vestibular neuronitis, 736–737 Vestibular organs, anatomy & physiology of, 607–610, 608f–609f Vestibular ratio in sensory organization test, 640 Vestibular schwannomas, 781–782, 782–783, 783–784, 784–785, 785–789 imaging studies of, 167, 168f, 169f middle fossa approach, 787–788 nonsurgical measures, 788–789 retrosigmoidal approach, 787 translabyrinthine approach, 785–786 Vestibular suppressants, 710, 711 to control vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, 737 dietary modifications, 734 for short-term symptomatic relief, 756 Vestibular system, 607–612 balance control involvement, 611f neurophysiology of, 610–612 Vestibular testing, 626–643 computerized dynamic posturography in, 639–641 cranial nerve evaluation, 629–630 drug used for, 627 1013 INDEX electronystagmography (ENG) in, 630–636 family history of, 627 oculomotor function tests, 628 patient evaluation in, 628–630, 628f patient history and, 626–628, 627f physical examination of, 628 positional tests for, 629 postural control tests, 629 psychological factors for, 627 subjective visual vertical & horizontal tests, 639 symptoms in, 626–627 visual acuity testing, 629 Vestibulocochlear nerve, 38f, 39 Vestibuloocular reflex, 610, 611f Vincristine for heamangiomas of infancy, 216 Visceral space, imaging of, 99 Vision preference ratio in sensory organization test, 640–641 Visual acuity testing vestibular testing evaluation, 629 Visual ratio in sensory organization test, 640 Vocal cord nodules, 450f clinical findings, 451 diagnosis, essentials of, 451 general considerations, 451 treatment of, 451 microlaryngoscopy, 451 speech therapy, 451 Vocal cord paralysis acquired, etiology of, 484t in adults, etiology of, 476t anatomy of, 475 bilateral complete vagal nerve paralysis, 479–480 bilateral, laser treatment of, 207 bilateral vocal cord paralysis, 478–479, 484 causes of, 476 clinical findings, 483–484 diagnosis, essentials of, 483 general considerations, 483 patient evaluation, 475–476 treatment, 484 unilateral complete vagal paralysis, 477–478 unilateral vocal cord paralysis, 476–477, 484 Vocal cord polyps clinical findings, 452 diagnosis, essentials of, 451 general considerations, 452 treatment of, 452 Vocal cord(s) innervation, summary of, 476t reconstruction, 466f stitch lateralization of’, 479 Voice assessment, 435–448 acoustic, 410 Voice production laryngologic conditions, 439–440 motor/sensory control, 437 phonation, aerodynamic properties of, 439 resonation, 439 vibratory process, 438 vocal cords, 437–438 Voltage-dependent ion channels, 606 von Recklinghausen disease, 426 VPI See Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) V-to-Y advancement flaps, 351 W Waardenburg syndrome, 718t Waldeyer ring, 362 Waldeyer tonsillar ring, 362 Warthin tumor, 330f Waterson classification, 503 Web sites inner ear, 720, 746 lasers in head & neck surgery, 201 oral cavity, oropharynx and nasopharynx, 383, 386 Wegener disease treatment of, 321 Wegener’s granulomatosis, 122, 126, 130f, 273, 274, 283, 294, 297, 320, 321, 455 active vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis, 274f Wharton duct, 317 Word recognition testing See Speech discrimination testing World Health Organization (WHO), 333, 334, 399, 705 W-plasty, 909 X Xerostomia, 328, 385 X-rays, 493 foreign body evaluation, 546f sleep apnea evaluation, 560 Z Zenker diverticulum, 511–512, 511f clinical findings of, 511–512 diagnosis of, 511 differential diagnosis of, 512 general considerations, 511 imaging studies, 512 pathogenesis, 511 prognosis of, 512 special tests, 512 symptoms and signs, 511–512 treatment of, 512 Zithromax, 48 Z-plasty, 910f, 948 Zygomaticomaxillary fracture, 269 ... facial and lingual veins, join the anterior division of the retromandibular vein and drain into the internal jugular vein The internal jugular vein drains blood from the areas to which the internal... supplies blood In addition, the superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein D Inferior Thyroid Veins The inferior thyroid veins lie in front of the trachea and drain blood... retromandibular vein and become the external jugular vein In addition, the suprascapular and transverse cervical veins drain into the external jugular vein C Internal Jugular Vein The two veins that correspond