“Tiếng Anh – Ngôn ngữ chung của toàn cầu” Mình xin chia sẻ cho mọi người File Tài liệu “Ngữ pháp Tiếng Anh cho Học sinh mất gốc”, một file tài liệu mà mình sưu tầm thêm cũng như dựa trên kiến thức của người thầy giáo cấp 3 – người thầy đã không chỉ giúp cho mình không chỉ “chống liệt” Tiếng Anh mà đồng thời còn truyền lửa giúp em thích thú và đam mê học Tiếng Anh hơn. Mong rằng tài liệu này sẽ hữu ích cho những bạn học sinh đang bị mất gốc Tiếng Anh mà không biết cần phải học như thế nào cũng như cách học ra sao!!! Vì đơn giản là mình cũng từng rơi vào tình trạng như vậy, không nắm vững được kiến thức nền, dẫn đến học trên lớp không thể hiểu được bài mà thầy cô giảng. Và hơn cả thế, mình mong muốn rằng, một phần nào đó mình đã giúp cho các bạn có thêm hứng thú khi bước vào những giờ học tiếng anh chán nản ở trường. Chính nhờ có tài liệu này mà mình đã thay đổi cuộc đời mình từ một thằng “một chữ bẻ làm đôi như mình” mà hiện giờ đang mày mò tự học IELTS đấy !!!! Để khai thác tối đa tài liệu này, mong rằng bạn sẽ vừa học và vừa tìm thêm bài tập để luyện tập hằng ngày nhé!!! Như thầy giáo mình đã từng nói : “ Tiếng Anh là mưa dầm thấm lâu, không phải ngày một ngày hai là chúng mình học được đâu nha”. Mình xin giới thiệu Chapter 3 - Mệnh đề phụ, một trong những chapter quan trọng cần học
Chapter 3: Subordinate Clauses ( Mệnh đề phụ ) I Relative Clause ( Mệnh đề quan hệ ) Relative Pronouns ( Đại Từ Quan hệ ) For Person Subject Who/That Object Whom/ That Possessive ( sở hữu ) Whose For Things Which/ That Which/ That Whose / Of Which Relative Clauses a) Chỉ người * Subject Who/ That Eg: • • • They are workers They come from Thanh Hoa They are workers who/that come from Thanh Hoa The man is friendly He lives next door to me The man who/that lives next door to me is friendly The man saw me this morning is my neighbour The man who/that saw me this morning is my neighbour * Object (Whom/ Who/That) Eg: • • • This is the man I saw him this morning This is the man (whom/who/that) I saw this morning I saw the man this morning He is very friendly The man (whom/who/that) I saw this morning is very friendly An has many friends I know some of them An has many friends, some of whom I know * Possessive ( sở hữu ) Whose Eg: • • That is the man I know his daughter That is the man whose daughter I know Mr Brain’s team lost the game He looked sad Mr Brain, whose team lost the game, looked sad b) Chỉ vật (For Things) * Subject Which/ That Eg: • • • This is the computer It was made in China This is the computer which/that was made in China The computer looks new It was made in China The computer which/that was made in China looks new An has a lot of books Some of these books are in English An has a lot of books, some of which are in English * Note: - “That” thường dùng trường hợp đứng sau Đại từ bất định ( Anyone, Someone, Somebody, ) câu nói bình phẩm , So sánh nhất, (The first, The second, ) Eg: Do you know anyone that can use this machine? She’s the best woman (that) I’ve ever known - Trường hợp chức Object, bỏ Đại từ quan hệ - Trong câu nói Lịch sự, đưa giới từ lên trước đại từ quan hệ - Các trường hợp dùng “,” : Tên riêng Đại từ định (This, that) Cụm từ “all of”, “one of” Trạng từ sở hữu Vật Adverbial Relative Pronouns (Phó từ đứng sau đại từ quan hệ) Where When Why in/on/at/from/through + which on/in/at + which for + which There Then place I have ever spent my holiday at this place/ there Eg: • This is the • • This is the place which/that I have ever spent my holiday at This is the place at which/where I have ever spent my holiday The day is the happiest day I first when to university on the day/ then The day which/that I first when to university on is the happiest day The day on which/ when I first when to university is the happiest day Please tell me the reason You come late for that reason Please tell me the reason for which/why you come late Please tell me the reason which you come late for Cleft sentences (Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn) a) Rút gọn “V-ing” câu chủ động Eg: That is the boy who broke/ breaking the window b) Rút gọn “V-ed” câu bị động Eg: The car which was made/ made in Germany is very expensive c) Rút gọn “To V” - Số thứ tự (the first, the only, the second, ) Eg: Jack is the last person who left/ to leave the building - For sb to V Eg: They have a small garden where their children can play They have a small garden for their children to play II Clauses of Reasons ( Mệnh đề lí ) Cụm từ lí N N.P (Noun Phrase) V-ing Because of Eg: We came late because of Mệnh đề lí S+ V+ Because As Since + Mệnh đề = due to = owing to = on account of the rain the heavy rain raining it rained it rained heavily the rain was heavy Eg: we came late because * Note: - “Since” “As” thường đứng đầu câu - “Because” đứng câu III Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề nhượng bộ) Cụm từ nhượng ( Phrasals of Concession ) In spite of Despite N N.P (Noun Phrase) V-ing Eg: We came in time of the rain the heavy rain raining Mệnh đề nhượng Although Even though Though + Mệnh đề, Mệnh đề Eg: We came in time though it rained it rained heavily the rain was heavy Cấu trúc với No Mater , “Cho dù , ” who/that/where/when/which/why a) No matter How adj adv Eg: No matter when you return, I’ll will always wait for you No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t lift that box Whoever Whatever +N Whenever b)“Cho dù ,thì ” Wherever Whichever However + adj adv S + be/V , S + V S + be/V , S + V Eg: • • • Whoever leaves the room, turn the lights off However hard his life is, he tries to the best Whatever kind of jobs he does, he seems to be successful IV Conditional Sentences ( Câu điều kiện ) Form Types “ If ” Clause Present Simple Tense Main Clause Present Simple Tense Present Simple Tense Future Simple Tense Past simple Tense Past perfect Tense Mixe d Past simple/perfect Tense Would/ Could + V (Tương lai đơn khứ) Would/ Could have + PII ( Tương lai hoàn thành khứ ) Would/Could + V/ +have PII Eg0: If you want to go to university, You’ d better/ have to study Eg1: If I have money tonight, I will lend some Eg2: If I had money now, I would lend you some Eg3: If I had had money then, I would have lent you some Egmix: If I had slept well last night, I’d not be tired now How to change Câu nói Eg: Future Simple Tense Present Simple Tense Past Present & Past Mix • Mary will go aboard next month She will visit Vietnam If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam • Hurry up or we’ll late for school If we don’t hurry up, we will be late for school “Unless” Clause Unless = If not Eg: If he doesn’t have a visa, he can’t go to the US Unless he has a visa, he can’t go to the US Eg: If he came here now, we’d go there Unless he came here now, we wouldn’t go there *Note: Không dùng phủ định mệnh đề “Unless” “If” thay bằng: Provided (that) On condition (that) As long as So long as In case In case of + N N.P (Noun Phrase) V-ing Supposed that Even if Under No Circumstance Miễn – Trong điều kiện Trong trường hợp Giả sử Ngay khi, Mọi trường hợp Eg: In case it rains / In case of raining, bring your rain coat with you Mệnh đề đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Type Should + S (not) + V Were + S(not) + to V Had + S(not) + PII Eg: • + Mệnh đề If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam • • Should Mary (not) go aboard next month, she will visit her parents If I knew your address, I’d write to you Were I to know your address, I’d write to you If It hadn’t rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk Had it not rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk V Mệnh đề sau: Would rather a) Present: S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + were/ V-ed Eg: I’d rather you studied hard b) Past S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + had PII/ could have done Eg: They didn’t come to our party last night We would rather they had come to our party last night c) Future: S + would rather (‘d rather) + S’ + (not) + V Eg: John will go business tomorrow I’d rather John not go Business tomorrow d) would rather = prefer * Present S + would rather (‘d rather) + V1 than V2 = S + prefer (s) + Ving than Ving Eg: My sister prefers swimming to jogging My sister’d rather swim than jog * Past S + would rather (‘d rather) + have P2 than P2 = S + prefer (s) + Ving than Ving Eg: I’d rather have stayed at home yesterday than gone out As if/ though : a) Present: S + V(es/s) + as if/ as though + S + was-were V-ing/ Ved Eg: He treats me as if I were a cow b) Past S + Ved + as if/ as though + S + had been V-ing/ had PII Eg: He talked to us as if he had known us for a long time * Note: She dressed yesterday as if she were a queen Eg: He talked to us as if he had known us for a long time c) Future: S + Ved + as if/ as though + S + would/ could + V Eg: He hurried up as if he’d leave at once = tức thì, It’s (high) time: đến lúc * Dùng với mệnh đề khứ đơn/ khứ tiếp diễn It’s (high) time + S + were/ V-ed Eg: It’s high time we went home now * Dùng với verb nguyên thể có “To” It’s (high) time + for O + to V Eg: It’s high time for us to go home now VI Clause after ‘wish’ , ‘If only’ a) Present: S + wish(es) If only S + were / Ved Eg: It’s a pity there isn’t a bookshop here I wish / If only there were a bookshop here b) Past S + wish(ed) If only S + had + PII Eg: I’m sorry I invited him to our party last night I wish(ed) / If only I had invited him to our party last night c) Future: S + wish(es) If only S + would/could + V Eg: What a pity that my father will go on business next week I wish / If only my father wouldn’t go on business next week VII Clause of results too: S + be/V + too + adj/adv (for Sb/St) + to V (đối với để làm gì) Eg: - It’s too hot for us to go swimming - We studies too hard to pass the exams Not enough S + not + be/V + adj/adv + enough (for Sb/St) + to V (không đủ để ) Eg: She isn’t old enough to join the company 3 So that: mà S + be/V + so + adj/adv + that + S + V Eg: • • It’s so hot that we can’t go camping He answered the question so intelligently that we all admired him * Note : “So that” với “little, few, much, many + N” S + be/V so Little/ Much + N ( Uncountable ) + that + S + v S + be/V so Few/ Many + N ( Countable ) + that + S + v S + be/V so adj + a/an + N + that + S + V Eg: • • • She has so little money that she can’t buy a TV set She has so many children that she can’t look after them well It was so hot a day that no one dared to go to the field Such that: mà S + be/V + such+ (a/an) adj + N that + S + V Eg: It’s such a hot day that we can’t g camping VIII Clause of purpose Phrasal of purpose In order (not) to So as (not) to Eg : • • +V , Main clause I usually get up early in order to/ so as to revise my lessons I study hard in order for my parents to be happy Clause of purpose S V-es/s V –ed So that In order that Eg: I usually get up early so that I can revise my lessons S + TĐT + V IX Mệnh đề Đảo ngữ Đảo ngữ với No Not No Not Any • N + Trợ động từ + S + V Eg: No money shall I let you Đảo ngữ với trạng từ Phủ Định Never Little Rarely Hardly Ever Seldom Trạng từ phủ định + Trợ Động từ + S + V Eg: Hardly ever/ Never / Rarely does he speak English in public Đảo ngữ với cụm từ “No” At no time For no reason On no condition No longer On no account In no way Under/ In no circumstance + Trợ động từ + S + V Đảo ngữ với Only Only If + mệnh đề Eg: Only if you tell me the truth, can I forgive you Only with + N Eg: Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to succeed Only after + N/ Clause Eg: Only after all guests had gone home, could we relax Only when + Mệnh đề Eg: Only when he is here, does he speak Chinese Only by + V-ing Eg: Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently Only in adv of time/place Eg: Only in central Vietnam have I seen such scenery like that + Trợ Động Từ + S + V Only once/ latter/ in this way/in that way/ then Eg: Only in that way can we expect to succeed in reaching the set targets Eg: • • • • Only when he is here, does he speak Chinese Only then did I understand the problem Only by practicing English every day can you speak it fluently Only with the full agreement of everyone can we hope to succeed * Note: Nếu “only” bổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ (chủ ngữ nằm sau “only”) câu khơng có đảo ngữ Eg: • Only he can speak English (Chỉ có anh nói tiếng Anh) • Only the special members can enter the club on Sundays (Chỉ thành viên đặc biệt tới câu lạc vào chủ nhật) Đảo ngữ với “Not only but also” Not only + TĐT + S + V + but also + Mệnh đề Eg: Not only does he study well but also she is beautiful Đảo ngữ với “No sooner than” Not sooner + TĐT + S + V + than + Mệnh đề Eg: No sooner had I got home than it started raining Đảo ngữ với “So that” So + Adj + trợ động từ + S + V + that + MĐ Eg: So busy am I that I don’t have time to go out Đảo ngữ với “Till/Until” (Not) Till/Until + Mệnh đề/ Adv of time + TĐT + S + V Eg: • I didn’t know that I had lost my key till I got home Not until I got home did I know that I had lost my money 9 Đảo ngữ với “No where” No Where + TĐT + S + V Eg: No where can you find a better man than my brother 10 Mệnh đề đảo ngữ câu điều kiện Type Should + S (not) + V Were + S(not) + to V Had + S(not) + PII Eg: • • • + Mệnh đề If Mary go aboard next month, she will visit Vietnam Should Mary (not) go aboard next month, she will visit her parents If I knew your address, I’d write to you Were I to know your address, I’d write to you If It hadn’t rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk Had it not rained last night, we’d have gone out for walk ... She’s the best woman (that) I’ve ever known - Trường hợp chức Object, bỏ Đại từ quan hệ - Trong câu nói Lịch sự, đưa giới từ lên trước đại từ quan hệ - Các trường hợp dùng “,” : Tên riêng Đại... gọn “V-ing” câu chủ động Eg: That is the boy who broke/ breaking the window b) Rút gọn “V-ed” câu bị động Eg: The car which was made/ made in Germany is very expensive c) Rút gọn “To V” - Số thứ... Note: - “Since” “As” thường đứng đầu câu - “Because” đứng câu III Clause of Concession (Mệnh đề nhượng bộ) Cụm từ nhượng ( Phrasals of Concession ) In spite of Despite N N.P (Noun Phrase) V-ing