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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY …… ….***………… TRAN VAN HAI STUDYING THE DIVERSITY OF THE VASCULAR FLORA IN PHIA OAC – PHIA DEN NATIONAL PARK, CAO BANG PROVINCE Major: Botany Code: 42 01 11 ABSTRACT OF A THESIS DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY Ha Noi – 2020 This Thesis was fulfilled at Graduate University of Science and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: Prof Dr Tran The Bach Phản biện 1: … Phản biện 2: … Phản biện 3: … The Thesis will be defended at Graduate Universityof Science and Technology, Viet Nam Academy Science and Technology The Thesis can be found at: - The National Library of Vietnam - Library of Graduate University of Science and Technology PUBLISHED WORKS Do Van Hai, Tran The Bach, Tran Van Hai, Ritesh Kumar Choudhary, Sangjin Lee & Joong ku Lee (2018), Staurogyne caobangensis (Acanthaceae), a new species from northern Vietnam, Ann Bot Fennici 56: 79-85 Trần Văn Hải, Trần Thế Bách, Đỗ Văn Hài, Các loài thực vật bị đe dọa tuyệt chủng thuộc ngành Hạt kín (Angiospermae) giá trị sử dụng chúng Vườn Quốc gia Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng, Tạp chí KHLN, Số 1/2019 (1318) Trần Văn Hải, Trần Thế Bách, Đỗ Văn Hài, Nghiên cứu đa dạng thuốc thuộc ngành Mộc lan (Magnoliophyta) Vườn quốc gia Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng, Tạp chí KHLN, Số 1/2019 (5-12) Trần Thế Bách, Đỗ Văn Hài, Bùi Hồng Quang, Phan Thị Lan Anh, Trần Văn Hải, Bùi Thu Hà, Hà Minh Tâm, Sỹ Danh Thường, Nghiên cứu định loại taxon thuộc họ Cà phê (Rubiaceae) Vườn Quốc gia Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng, TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 197(04): 119-125 Trần Văn Hải, Trần Thế Bách, Đỗ Văn Hài, Nghiên cứu đa dạng họ Mua (Melastomataceae) Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng Tuyển tập Hội nghị khoa học toàn quốc Sinh thái Tài nguyên sinh vật lần thứ (2017): 150-158 Joongku Lee, Tran The Bach, Do Van Hai, Bui Hong Quang, Hae Joo Lee, Badamtsetseg Bazarragchaa, Doan Hoang Son, Duong Thi Hoan, Ha Minh Tam, Hye-Young Jin, Le Ngoc Han, Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong, Phan Thi Lan Anh, Sangjin Lee, Sy Danh Thuong, Tai-Hyeon Ahn, Tran Duc Binh, Tran Van Hai, Vu Anh Thuong (2018), Woody Plants of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park in Vietnam Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon, Republic of Korea.(ISBN 97911-88720-25-5) INTRODUCTION Rationales of study The flora is an invaluable renewable resource and its role is vital in each country or any region’s science, socio-economic and environment Investigating and researching on the flora systems, especially vascular plants is always considered an essential task, it is necessary and indispensable scientific basis for investigation and research, education, training, with regard to plants, agriculture, forestry, medicine, This is also one of the important tasks of investigative methods and research basic related to natural environment and resources in each country, each region, especially the national parks (national parks), nature reserves (nature reserves), The information about the flora is the essential scientific data which contributes to making scientific evidences in elaborating our country's socio-economic development strategies and environmental The studying of the flora system also provides useful samples and data as a scientific basis that conducts planning methods, conservation, development and sustainable using of biodiversity at Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, in Cao Bang province as well as the whole country In terms of the flora system, vascular plants are often the dominant component and play the most important economic, social and environmental role So far, it has not been any research systematically and fully on vascular flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park Therefore, the author conducts the thesis: "Studying the diversity of the vascular flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province" Research objectives Assess the diversity of the vascular flora system at Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province Structure and layout of the thesis The thesis consists of 144 pages, 62 tables, 18 pictures, 38 pages of photos This thesis is structured as follows: Introduction (2 pages); Chapter 1: Documents overview (24 pages); Chapter 2: Objects, contents and research methods (10 pages); Chapter 3: Results and discussion (90 pages); Conclusions and recommendations (2 pages); The new contributions of the thesis (1 page); References (14 pages); List of relevant published works to the thesis (1 page); Appendix CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1.1 Studies on diverse the flora in the world 1.1.1 Study the composition of taxons in the flora The plant resources are extremely valuable assets of human, along with their richness and variety on the earth Research on plants have been done for a while, in Plinus's "Natural History" (79-23 BC), the Roman scientist described nearly 1,000 species of plants that provides medicinal purposes and fruit In the British scientist writing "Plant History" - Ray (1628-1705) mentioned up to 18,000 species of plants The swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778), who first initiative expert name compound naming, explained more than 8,000 species of plants The French scientist - Antoine - Laurent de Jussieu (1748-1836) was the first authority arranged plants into families and described approximately 100 groups Lecomte H (1907 - 1952) a French botanist reported 7,004 species, 1,850 genus, 289 families in his volumes " Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine " In the world, many scientists research about classification of plants There are also manifold achievements in this field such as: Hutchinson (1975), Heywood (1997), Takhtajan (2009) mentioned about the overview of all angiosperms families worldwide Some different researches on the composition of taxons in the flora such as Newman, M.F et al (2007), Maarten J.M Christenhusz, James W Byng (2016), Richard T Corlett (2016), Jin H.-Y.et al (2016), Rundel, P.W & Middleton, D.J (2017), William K Cornwell et al (2019), Enquist et al (2019) ; The flora of Malaysia (1948-1972), The flora of Hainam (1971-1980), The flora of Vannan (1977-1997), The flora of China (1994-2013) (1968-2000), (1972 -1976), Diversity of Indian flora (Rao, 1997), The flora of Hong Kong (2007-2009), The flora of Taiwan (1993-2000), The flora of Thailand (1970-2017), 1.1.2 Several studies of life forms The life form is closely related to the natural environment of each region and it indicates the impact of ecological conditions on plants There are a lot of research about species of life forms in the whole world, some remarkable works like: Raunkiaer divided the lifeforms of the flora based on the difference in adaptability in 1934, Raunkiaer observed only one indication the bud's position where was on unfavorable ground during any period of time In his opinions, he considered the world plants into five basic lifeforms groups: Phanerphytes (Ph): group of plants has buds on the ground; Chamaetophytes (Ch): group of plants has buds close to the ground; Hemicrytophytes (Hm): group of plants has semi-hidden buds; Crytophytes (Cr): group of plants has hidden buds; Therophytes (Th): group of plants has one year lived He also created the standard spectrum of life forms in different regions on the earth (SB): SB = 46% Ph + 9% Ch + 26% Hm + 6% Cr + 13% Th Raukiaer’s lifeforms division system in 1934 has an important meaning, ensuring the scientific research, easy to using Besides, there are several other researches on life forms like Braun - Blanquet (1951), Costa et al (2007), Jafari Z et al (2016) 1.1.3 Studies on geographic factors and endemic vascular species On the world, there are many works related to the geographic factors and endemic plants in each region or each nation Research on the composition of endemic species as well as their urgent assessments have been conducted in many parts worldwide This indicates that endemic plants is a vital factor in conservation research There are some researches on geographic elements and endemic species, for instance: Kyriacos G., Pinelopi D (2010), Zabta K Shinwari (2010), Kumar, K.M.P et al (2012), Maria M Romeiras et al (2016), Yuanjun Zhu et al (2019) 1.1.4 Studies of endangered and rare plants The IUCN Red List of threatened species was published in 1964 It provided comprehensive assessments about the conservation and diversity of animals and plants entire world It is used as a set of criterion to measure the endangered species (or subspecies) The IUCN Red List of threatened species also has been updated and changed regularly over the years 2006, 2007, 2008, 2012, the IUCN Red List of threatened species 2019 latest update of threatened species It means people have taken an interest in conservation activities long time ago, especially in developed countries, the national parks and protected areas are established in a while Vietnam already has had specific programs and actively actions in the conservation and development of rare, precuois and endemic plant species 1.2 Studies on diversity of the flora in Vietnam Researches on plant resources of our country has been in a long time When the French colonialism invaded Vietnam, the French scientists have explored our natural resources (including plant resources) in order to exploitation Therefore, plenty of researches on plants have been conducted by scientists 1.2.1 Studies on the composition of taxons in the Vietnam's flora In regards to the flora of Vietnam, the domestic and foreign scientists have published a great deal of well - known publications such as Loureiro, 1793, Pierre (1880 - 1888) These famous works are basic information for assessing of the diversity Vietnam's plants species from the 20th century to the present "Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine" by Lecomte H et al (1907 - 1952) is a famed work which is used as a manual research about plants by Vietnamese and foreign botanists "Flora of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" (1960 - 2018) that was initiated and edited by Aubréville et all have already published 36 volumes, including 83 vascular plant families In addition, many other researches were published, for instance: "Vietnamese plants" by Pham Hoang Ho (1999 - 2000); the List of vascular plant species, volume I was published by VNU Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES) (2001); Nguyễn Tiến Bân (chief editor) (2003, 2005) the Magnoliophyta plant list Ngọc Lan (Magnoliophyta) wass published; volumes II, III and some works was pulished by Phan Ke Loc (1970) and Tran Dinh Ly (chief editor) et al (1993, 2006), 21 volumes of Vietnamese lice plant were published (2000-2017) by Le Tran Chan et al (1999), Joongku Lee, Tran The Bach et al (2011), etc 1.2.2 Studies on life forms species There are some studies on life forms species in Vietnam, for example: Thai Van Trung, 1978, also applied the principle of Raunkiaer, 1934 when he divided the life forms species of the flora of Vietnam Le Tran Chan, 1990 used the approach of Raunkiaer (1934) to divided the flora into main life groups when he studied the flora of Lam Son, Hoa Binh province Vu Thi Lien, 2005, separated lifeforms plants in vegetation after shifting cultivation in Son La based on Raunkiaer's classification scale in 1934 Althought there are many different mehtods to classify life forms thus far, they often used the Raunkiaer classification in 1934 to established the spectrum standard of lifeforms flora 1.2.3 Studies on geographic factors and endemic species Studies on geographic factors are often in the same research about life forms species such as by Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007; Thai Van Trung, 1978, etc Le Tran Chan, 1990 arranged 10,193 plants species into 20 geographical factors elements of the 20 factors are related to endemism such as northern endemic, central endemic, southern endemic, and endemic Vietnam’s species 1.2.4 Studies on endangered, precious and rare plants The most important document that fully published endangered precious and rare plant species in Vietnam up to now was the "Vietnam Red Data Book, 2007" The Government has issued Decree 160/2013 / ND-CP and Decree No 06/2019 / ND-CP replacing Decree No 32/2006 / ND-CP in order to manage endangered, precious and rare plants species 1.3 Studies on diversity of the flora in Cao Bang province and Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park There are some studies on diversity of the flora in Cao Bang province like Le Vu Khoi (2003), Nguyen Huu Tu et al (2009), Tran Cong Khanh (2012) There are few research about plants in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park According to Tran Thi Thu Thuy, La Quang Do, Nguyen Quang Hung, 2014, the composition of rare and endangered plants species are divided 33 species belongs to 27 genera, 20 families belonging to different plants branches in the Phia Oac - Phia Den Nature Reserve Thus far, there is no complete and systematic research about the diversity of flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province 1.4 Natural and socio-economic conditions of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province - Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park has total natural area about 10,593.6 ha, including 8,146.6 of natural forest land in 05 communes: Thanh Cong, Quang Thanh, Phan Thanh, Hung Dao and TT Tinh Tuc has geographical coordinates: + From 22o31’44 '' to 22o39’41 '' Northern latitude; + From 105o49’53 '' to 105o56’24 '' Eastern longitude - The population is approximately 33,628 people including: Dao ethnic group accounts for 48.62%, Nung ethnic group accounts for 23%, Tay ethnic group 14%, Mong ethnic group 10% CHAPTER SUBJECTS, CONTENTS AND METHODS RESEARCH 2.1 Object and scope of the study The high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province 2.2 Contents of the research 2.2.1 Establish data about the high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park Establish complete and systematic the high level of vascular plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park until the end of the study 2.2.2 Evaluate the diversity of taxon at sector, class, family and genus - the level diversity of sector - The proportion of layers in Ngoc Lan sector - The diversity of family - The diversity of genus 2.2.3 Evaluate s the diversity of life forms species 10 for 15.06% of the total number of plants and lower plants species of the flora) During the research process, there are several notable results as follows: - 01 new species are discovered, described and illustrated to science: Nhi thap cao bang (Staurogyne caobangensis D.V Hai & Joongku Lee) of the O ro family (Acanthaceae) - 232 species of higher vascular plants are supplemented to the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province Table 3.1 The diversity of taxon of the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province T T Taxon sector Vietnamese name Psilotophyta Fmailies Genus Species Am oun t % Am oun t % Am oun t % 0,49 0,13 0,07 0,98 0,53 0,55 0,49 0,13 0,14 Pine needles branches Lycopodiophyta Ground pine branch Equisetophyta Pen tower grass branch Polypodiophyta Ferns branch 24 11,76 72 9,55 130 8,98 Pinophyta Pine branch 2,95 10 1,33 17 1,17 Magnoliophyta Ngoc Lan branch Ngoc Lan layer the Hanh layer 170 83,33 666 88,33 1290 89,09 146 24 71,57 11,76 558 108 74,01 14,32 1072 218 74,03 15,06 204 100 754 100 1448 100 Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Total Research demonstrated that the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province is the tropical flora The species in the branches are distributed unevenly Ngoc Lan branch is specified branch in this case in the following Table 3.6: Table 3.6 The distribution of taxons in Ngoc Lan sector 11 Families Amoun Perce ntage t % Class Magnoliopsida Liliopsida Total Magnoliopsida/ Liliopsida 146 24 170 Genus Species Amoun t Perce ntage % Amoun t Perce ntage % 558 108 666 83,78 16,22 100 1072 218 1290 83,10 16,90 100 85,88 14,12 100 6,08 5,17 4,92 In the table 3.6 can affirm that the superiority of the Magnolia layer (Magnoliopsida) over entirre flora 3.1.2 The diverse of families The flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park has a total of 204 plant families, of which 38 families were only found one species, 49 families were only found two species That is peculiarity flora of the this region It could be found several specific species which belong to high mountains areas or seldom seen like Olacaceae, Platanaceae, Rhoipteleaceae, etc Based on the summary and analysis about the diversity of plant families, the family Cuc (Asteraceae) with 54 species (3.73%) is the most diversified, the family Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) has 53 species (accounting for 3,66%), Total of the 10 richest species (accounting for only 4.9% of the total HTV family) but there were 372 species (accounting for 25.69% of the total species of HTV) According to A L Tolmachop (1974) reported that the Phia Oac Phia Den National Park flora is characteristics of the tropical flora 3.1.3 The diversity of plant species at genus Based on the research findings, there are a total of 754 genera in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park flora, Cao Bang province The quite numerous species have various genus and account for a large proportion of genus of the whole system The Cuc family (Asteraceae) has the most genera about 41 genera, accounting for 5.44% of the total genus of the entire HTV, followed by the family of Thau dau (Euphorbiaceae) with 29 genera accounting for 3.85%, the family is Co (Poaceae) 28 genera 12 account for 3.71%, The Sung (Ficus) is the highest number of species is around 20 species accounting for 1.38% the number of species, Com nguoi (Ardisia) has 15 species accounting for 1.04% the number of species, This proves that great deal of genera have a small number of species Especially, About 449 genera has only 01 species, 163 genera has just 02 species Therefore, loss of these species lead to loss of higher taxon In regard to research findings about the diversity of plant genus in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park also indicated that the flora of region is the tropical flora 3.1.4 Diversity of life forms species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province Applying the Raunkiaer standard in 1934 with the revision of Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007 to study the life form spectrum of Phia Oac Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province, As a result, 1448 species are determined types of life (accounting for 100% species of the entire flora) The lifeform spectrum in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province is established as follows: SB = 61.05% Ph + 8.08% Ch + 16.57% Hm + 9.32% Cr + 4.97% Th (Ph: group of plants has buds on the ground; Ch: group of plants has buds close to the ground; Hm: group of plants has semi-hidden buds; Cr: group of plants has hidden buds; Th: group of plants has one year lived) 3.1.5 The geographical diversity factors in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang Province 3.1.5.1 The diversity of geographical factors in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang Province The establishment of the geographic factors spectrum for Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is applied the approach of division by Nguyen Nghia Thin, 2007 and Le Tran Chan et al., 1999 Geographical factors of the flora region are shown in the following table 3.13: 13 Table 3.13 Plant geographical factors of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s Flora, Cao Bang province Number Geograp hical element Elements Number of species Percen tage of Specie s (%) 65 Whole world 65 4,49 Inter tropical 20 1,38 The inter - tropical Ancient tropical Ancient tropical (the tropical regions of Asia and Australia) Ancient tropical (the tropical regions of Asia and Africa) Tropical Asia Indochina - Malzi Indochina - India Indochina-Himalaya Indochina - South China Indo-Chinese The temperate north East Asia Vietnamese endemics Crop plants 40 All other elements (Asian elements) 86 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 Percenta ge of Species (%) Whole world 4,49 Number of species Total 20 1,38 Ancient tropical 19 50 1,31 3,45 11 0,76 80 264 86 195 23 309 111 64 103 18,23 5,94 13,47 1,59 21,34 7,67 0,14 4,42 7,11 Tropical Asia 988 68,23 1448 2,76 5,94 100 5,52 The temperate north 66 4,56 Vietnamese endemics 103 7,11 Crops 40 2,76 All other elements 86 1448 5,94 100 3.1.5.2 The diverse levels of endemic taxon species in Vietnam - The diversity of the flora at sector: (there are 02 sectors) Ngoc Lan (Magnoliophyta) has 102 species, the remaining fern sector (Polypodiophyta) has species - The diversity of the flora at layer: (there are 02 layers) Ngoc Lan layer (Magnoliopsida) has 89 species; Hanh layer (Liliopsida) has 13 species - The diversity of the flora at family: (there are 54 families) Ca phe family (Rubiaceae) has species, Mua family (Melastomaceae) has species, families have species such as Cau (Arecaceae), Thau dau 14 (Euphorbiaceae), De (Fagaceae) , Do quyen (Ericaceae), Ngu gia bi (Araliaceae), - The diversity of the flora at genus: (there are 81 genera), genera has species including Te Tan (Asarum), Mam soi (Rubus), Chan chim (Schefflera) In conclusion, Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province has 103 endemic species accounting for 7.11% species of the entire flora Endemic is one of the criteria for selecting priority species in conservation 3.1.6 The diversity of using value of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora Assessing the using value of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province illustrated that 884 valuable species are divided into 548 genera and 170 families The worth using species groups are listed in the following table 3.14: Table 3.14 The statistics of using value plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang Province Symbol TT Uses Edible plants AND Trees provide wood LGO Yarn plants SOI Plants provide essential CTD oils Poisonous plants DOC Ornamental plants CAN Plants provide animal AGS foods Medicinal plants THU Dying plants TAN Total number of species that are worth using Total number of species of the flora Total number of using times Species Percen Amount tage % 170 194 25 11,74 13,40 1,73 74 5,11 20 112 1,38 7,73 67 4,63 697 33 884 1448 1391 48,14 2,28 61,05 100 15 3.1.6.1 Edible plants Edible plants groups like vegetables, fruit trees, tree nuts, include 170 species, 135 genera, 72 families, Ngoc Lan that has layer are recorded (Magnoliopsida has 161 species, Liliopsida has species) of industry Ngoc lan (Magnoliophyta) 3.1.6.2 Trees provide wood The group of trees that provides wood in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province is recorded 194 species accounting for 13.40%, 121 genera accounting for 16.05%, 59 families accounting for 28.92% 3.1.6.3 Yarn plants Yarn plants group in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora are recorded 25 species, accounting for 1.73% species of the entire flora 3.1.6.4 Plants provide essential oils The group of plants that provide essential oils in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is recorded 74 species, accounting for 5.11% species of the entire flora, this group is the least species 3.1.6.5 Poisonous plants The poisonous plant group in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora is recorded 20 species, accounting for 1.38% species of the entire flora 3.1.6.6 Ornamental plants The group of ornamental plants is recorded 112 species which belong to 86 genera of 53 plant families in the entire Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora 3.1.6.7 Plants for animal food The group of plants that provide animal foods is recorded 67 species in 49 genera of 25 plant families in the entire flora 3.1.6.8 Medicinal plants The group of medicinal plants is recorded 697 species which belongs to 470 genera of 157 plant families in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora It means that the group of medicinal plants is 16 immensely abundance and variety About 56 species of medicinal plants that being exploited excessively are in danger of extinction According to the statistics, about 583 species, accounting for 83.64% medicinal plants were identified to treat 50 specific diseases, the remaining 114 species accounted for 16.35% medicinal plants were not identified to treat some diseases due to a lack of information and authentication 3.1.6.9 Dying plants The group of dying plants is recorded 33 species in 26 genera of 16 families in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora According to research findings about using value of the plant species in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, proposed conservation and "comprehensive developed combination, species are based appropriateness " on to principles make sure conservative and developed species more effectively because of having enough both ability and funds as following diagram: Figure 3.14 Comprehensive combination, appropriateness model for conservation and development of species 17 3.1.7 The diversity of endangered, precious and rare gene sources According to research findings, 109 endangered plants species belonging to 47 families, 82 genera accounting for 7.53% species, 23.04% families and 10.88% genera of 1448 species , 204 families and 754 higher level vascular plants genera in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park Rare and endangered plant species that are in danger of extinction each level, are shown in the following Table 3.37: Table 3.37 Endangered levels species are in danger of extinction TT Symbol Levels of Classification Number of species Number of endangered plant species 109 According to the Vietnam Red Data Book 2007 69 CR Critically endangered species EN Endangered species 23 VU Vulnerable species 43 According to the IUCN Red List of threatened in 2019 CR Critically Endangered species EN Endangered species VU Vulnerable species According to Decree 06/2019 / ND-CP 64 Group IA Exploited and used species for commercial purposes are strictly forbidden Group IIA Restrict exploited and used species for commercial purposes 60 18 As a results, the plant genetic resources that are threatened by extinction in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park’s flora, are immensely abundance and variety It is also a scientific basis for the government authorities to promulgate solutions for conservation and sustainable development species in the future 3.2 Conservation species are arrange in order of priority based on datas: Vietnam Red Data Book, 2007 (CR, EN, VU), Decree 06/2019 (IA, IIA), checklist of endemic plant species of Vietnam, IUCN Red List of threatened species 2019 According to the research results, the author arranged 324 species belonging to 22 groups in the order of conservation priority from to 22 CR + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (1 species): Vu huong (Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn.) CR (2 species): Dai mac (Chroesthes lanceolata (T Anders.) B Hansen); Kim cang petelot (Smilax petelotii T Koyama) EN + ND06 / 2019 (IA) + endemic (1 species): Kim tuyen da voi (Anoectochilus calcareus Aver) EN + ND06 / 2019 (IA) (1 species): Kim tuyen to (Anoectochilus setaceus Blume) ND06 / 2019 (IA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Lan hai henry (Paphiopedilum henryanum Braem) VU + ND06 / 2019 (IA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Hoa tien (Asarum glabrum Merr) EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic (2 species): Te tan nam (Asarum balansae Franch); Long la tia (Bulbophyllum purpureifolium Aver) EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + IUCN 2019 (3 species): Hai hoa nho (Paphiopedilum micranthum Tang & F.T.Wang); Po mu (Fokienia hodginsii (Dunn) A Henry & H H Thomas); Bach xanh (Calocedrus macrolepis Kurz.) 19 EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (6 species): according to Table 4.45 List of species included in EN + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) 10 EN (9 species): according to Table 4.46 List of species included in EN 11 VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic (1 species): Sa moc dau (Cunninghamia konishii Hayata) 12 VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Tue balansa (Cycas balansae Warb) 13 VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (8 species): according to Table 4.50 List of species included in VU + ND06 / 2019 (IIA) 14 VU + endemic (2 species): Bop qua bau duc (Actinodaphne ellipticibacca Kosterm); Ram bac bo (Bursera tonkinensis Guillaum) 15 VU + IUCN 2019 (7 species): according to Table 4.52 List of species included in VU + IUCN 2019 16 ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Nhan diep petelot (Liparis petelotii Gagnep) 17 ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic (4 species): according to Table 4.55 List of species included in ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + endemic 18 ND06 / 2019 (IIA) + IUCN 2019 (1 species): Trac day (Dalbergia rimosa Roxb) 19 ND06 / 2019 (IIA) (31 species): according to Table 4.57 List of species included in Decree 06/2019 (IIA) 20 Endemic + IUCN 2019 (2 species): Da hop hoa ong (Magnolia fistulosa (Fin & Gagnep.) Dandy); Tau muoi (Vatica chevalieri (Gagnep.) Smitinand) 21 Endemic (90 species): according to Table 4.59 List of species included in endemism 22 IUCN 2019 (149 species): according to Table 4.60 List of species included in IUCN 2019 20 3.3 The causes of depletion and propose conservation solutions to diversity of flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province 3.3.1 Threats of decline diversity of the flora in Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park 3.3.1.1 Direct causes: Mineral exploitation, illegal logging, illegal non-timber forest product exploitation, free grazing cattle, etc 3.3.1.2 Indirect cause: Lack of empoyment opportunities, residents’ awareness is still limited, 3.3.2 Proposed solutions to conserve biodiversity in Phia Oac Phia Den National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province 3.3.2.1 Overcome the causes of declining biodiversity Solutions details to overcome declining biodiversity are presented in the table below: Table 3.62 Solutions to conserve biodiversity in Phia Oac - Phia Den TT National Park’s flora, Cao Bang province Causes Solution direction - Developing secondary sectors and creating more jobs could help dependence of residents’ lives on the forest to decline - Applying scientific and technnological advances to agricultural production and economic development Poverty and lack - Strengthen information, propaganda and of empoyment communication awareness of conserve opportunities biodiversity - Infrastructure investing, expansion of trade networks - Conducting research and applying models in household economic and impulsing the development of local trade - Planning agricultural land, determining the Lack of the kinds of crops suitable to different types of productive soils, together with intercrop contributes capacity of the increasing the using value of land land - Conducting research, application of farm - Lack of grazing land Awareness of forest values is limited Forest management, protection and the conservation of species Conservation and development policies 21 effective models - Developing forest gardens models, together with valuable trees contributes aising resident’s incomes increasingly - Enhance communication and information to boosting awareness of using effective land - Propagating and encouraging the model of husbandry confinement and development of grass- feeding livestock - There are several solutions of developing farm -specific models - Enhance communication and information to boosting awareness of animal husbandry - Strengthen propaganda and education to raise resident’s awareness of forest values - Development of communication and radio systems - Investing infrastructure in education - Enhancing the work of investigation, inspection, control and management of natural resources - Enhancing communication education - Strengthening professional ability of National Park ‘s employees and forest management - Conducting biodiversity monitoring - Establishing practical and effective forest conservation and development policies - Preventing projects of mineral exploitation which are being implemented in the National park - Enhancing education awareness and raising scientific research activities contribute to the conservation and development of endemic, precious and rare plant species that have been strongly exploited, etc 3.3.2.2 The conservation of species is ordered 22rd grade (out of 46 steps) in the priority setting 22 3.3.2.3 Conservation and development of species based on a principle "comprehensive combination, appropriateness" There are not only focusing on overcoming the causes of declining biodiversity but also implementing the conservation and development of species simultaneously on the principle "comprehensive combination, appropriateness" 3.3.2.4 Reasonably combining the primeval conservation with transitional status of endangered and precious plant species in Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park’s flora CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions According to research findings, proposed some specific conclusions as follow: List of vascular flora of Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province has been completed with specific results including: + Statistics of 1448 vascular plant species belonging to 754 genera and 204 plant families of vascular plant branches + Discovering, describing and announcing 01 new species for science is the Nhuy thap cao bang (Staurogyne caobangensis D.V Hai & Joongku Lee) + Supplementing 232 species of vascular plants for the Phia Oac Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province + The most diverse families are Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Lauraceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae, Araliaceae + The most diverse genera are Ficus, Ardisia, Carex, Begonia, Rubus, Schefflera, Viburnum, Litsea, Strobilanthes, Alpinia Research on life form spectrum for Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park flora, Cao Bang province, the author has determined the 23 life style for 1448 species, built the lifeform spectrum for vascular flora here SB = 61,05%Ph + 8,08%Ch + 16,57%Hm + 9,32%Cr + 4,97%Th Determining the geographical factors for 1448 species belonging to 16 groups of geographical factors Of which, the Vietnamese Endemic factor has 103 species belonging to 81 genera, 54 families, classes and branches Statistics of 884 species and below species are used in 548 genera and 170 plant families on the basis of Microsoft Access software application A list and distribution map of endangered precious and rare plant species, including 109 species and under threatened species of plants belonging to 47 families and 82 genera, have been developed (According to Vietnam Red Book, 2007 recorded 69 species; IUCN-2019 Red List recorded 08 species; Decree No 06/2019 / ND-CP recorded 64 species) Proposing solutions to plant conservation and development: + solutions for overcoming the causes of diversity decline; + Proposing a conservation and development model based on a "comprehensive, reasonable combination" method; + Reasonably combining the conservation of primordial and transitional position for endangered and precious plant species of Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park; + Develop 46 priority order for species conservation based on a summary of data of Vietnam Red Data Book, Decree 06/2019, list of endemic species of Vietnam, list of species in IUCN 2019 Selection 324 species were classified into 22 groups in order of priority from to 22 Proposal It is necessary to continue researching and finalizing policies as well as specific actions in implementing forest protection and development solutions for Phia Oac - Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang Province (stopping and not granting new permits) projects of mineral 24 exploitation, development of economic garden model; ) Strengthen scientific cooperation with domestic and foreign scientific research institutions Effectively applying the "comprehensive and reasonable combination" model to conservation and development NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS - With a list of 1448 species and below species, 754 genera, 204 families of vascular plants, this is the first scientific work, systematic and relatively complete about higher flora available at Phia Oac – Phia Den National Park, Cao Bang province - Discovering, describing and announcing 01 new species for science: Nhị thap cao bang (Staurogyne caobangensis D.V Hai & Joongku Lee) of the surname O ro (Acanthaceae) - Supplementing 232 species of vascular plants to the Phia OacPhia Den National Park, Cao Bang province ... chúng Vườn Quốc gia Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng, Tạp chí KHLN, Số 1/2019 (1318) Trần Văn Hải, Trần Thế Bách, Đỗ Văn Hài, Nghiên cứu đa dạng thuốc thuộc ngành Mộc lan (Magnoliophyta) Vườn quốc. .. Đỗ Văn Hài, Nghiên cứu đa dạng họ Mua (Melastomataceae) Khu bảo tồn thiên nhiên Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng Tuyển tập Hội nghị khoa học toàn quốc Sinh thái Tài nguyên sinh vật lần thứ... Hải, Bùi Thu Hà, Hà Minh Tâm, Sỹ Danh Thường, Nghiên cứu định loại taxon thuộc họ Cà phê (Rubiaceae) Vườn Quốc gia Phia Oắc – Phia Đén, tỉnh Cao Bằng, TNU Journal of Science and Technology, 197(04):
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