The origins of neoliberalism modeling the economy from jesus to foucault

The O R IG I N S of NEOLIBERALISM MODELING THE ECONOMY F R O M J E S U S T O F O U C A U LT D O TA N L E S H E M www.ebook3000.com The Origins of Neoliberalism www.ebook3000.com www.ebook3000.com The Origins of Neoliberalism Modeling the Economy from Jesus to Foucault DOTAN LESHEM Columbia University Press New York www.ebook3000.com Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex cup.columbia.edu Copyright 2016 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Leshem, Dotan, author Title: The origins of neoliberalism: modeling the economy from Jesus to Foucault / Dotan Leshem Description: New York: Columbia University Press, 2016 Includes bibliographical references and index Identi ers: LCCN 2015039848 ISBN 9780231177764 (cloth: alk paper) ISBN 9780231541749 (e-book) Subjects: LCSH: Economics—Religious aspects—Christianity Neoliberalism—Religious aspects—Christianity Economics—History Classi cation: LCC BR115.E3 L39 2016 DDC 330.01—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015039848 Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper This book is printed on paper with recycled content Printed in the United States of America c 10 ( ): Pierre Hubert Subleyras, The Mass of Saint Basil, 1746 Oil on canvas, 54 × 31 1/8 in The Metropolitan Museum of Art / Art Resource, NY References to websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared www.ebook3000.com Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi Introduction: Economy Before Christ The Three-Dimensional Human Philological History of Oikonomia The Archives of Genealogical Inquiry Into the Marketized Economy: Arendt, Foucault, Agamben Toward a New Political Philosophy: An Ethical Economy Plan of the Book A Brief History of Pre-Christian Economy 12 From Oikos to Ecclesia 25 Oikonomia in Scripture 25 The Apostolic Fathers and the Early Apologists: Justin Martyr, Tatian, Ignatius, Athenagoras, Theophilus of Antioch 28 Later Apologists: Irenaeus, Tertullian, Clement of Alexandria 34 Economy Changes the Conception of Time, Space, and the Concept of History 44 www.ebook3000.com vi CONTENTS Modeling the Economy 55 Economic Models 55 The First Economic Model 59 Perichoresis in the Ontological Communion 62 The Archaic Transcription: The Transcript Is of the Same Nature as the Origin 64 The Second Economic Model: The Hypostatic Union in the Economy of the Incarnation 68 The Third Economic Model: Christomimesis 71 Afterword: Trial Balance of Oikonomia in the Three Moments of Greek Antiquity 76 Economy and Philosophy 81 The Hermeneutics of the Subject 81 Platonic Self-knowledge 82 Origen 84 Change in the Human Condition: Economy and Theology Are Set Apart 86 Gregory of Nyssa’s Economy of Growth 87 Unlimited Economic Growth 93 Economy and Politics 103 Thinking of the Political Prior to the Christianization of the Empire 108 Following the Baptism of Constantine 115 John Chrysostom 119 The Distinction Between Economy and Politics as Mirrored by the Models 128 Economy and the Legal Framework 135 The Two Paradigms 135 The Christological Origins of Pastoral Economy in the State of Exception 136 A Genealogy of the Principle of Economy 138 Salvation, Truth, and Law 145 www.ebook3000.com CONTENTS Economic Pastorship and Political Sovereignty in the Exception 147 The Modern Power of Exclusive Inclusion 150 From Ecclesiastical to Market Economy 153 A Condensed History of Oikonomia in Greek-Speaking Antiquity 154 A Genealogical Inquiry Into the Neoliberal Marketized Economy 158 A Condensed History of Economic Growth 163 Comparative Politics 170 Economic Ethics: Practicing Freedom as a Governed Subject 177 Notes 183 Works Cited 203 Index 221 www.ebook3000.com vii www.ebook3000.com Acknowledgments he road to publishing this book began nearly a decade ago as a dissertation that was written in Hebrew at the Hermeneutics and Cultural Studies Program at Bar-Ilan University under the supervision of Ariella Azoulay and Yuval Yonay I thank Ariella for her mentorship in critical reading and Yuval for curbing the excesses of my writing At that time I was blessed with the scholarly friendship of my fellow Ph.D students Tamar Sharon and Doron Nachum, and of my fellow scholars at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute, Arik Sherman, Yossi Yonah, and Yehuda Shenhav A special thanks goes to Fr Michael Azkoul for his kind yet strict guidance in orthodox reading of the Church Fathers, to Olivier Thomas Venard for an enchanting discussion that made so many things crystal clear for the rst time, and Avital Wohlman for her masterful review of the dissertation I wish to thank the Minerva Humanities Center at Tel Aviv University and the Dan David Prize for granting me a postdoctoral fellowship at the Political Lexicon Group, headed by Adi Ophir They granted me the precious time and space needed to complete the research for this book, as well as for writing a rst draft in English that I was able to send to non-Hebrew readers I was fortunate to receive comments on it from John Milbank, David Burrell, Michel Callon, and Bruno Latour I am grateful for their insight and encouragement T www.ebook3000.com WORKS CITED 217 —— 1974 “Con icting Versions of Valentinian Eschatology: Irenaeus’ Treatise vs the Excerpts from Theodotus.” Harvard Theological Review 67 (1): 35–53 —— 1985 “The Politics of Paradise: Augustine’s Exegesis of Genesis 1–3 Versus That of John Chrysostom.” Harvard Theological Review 78 (1): 67–99 Parker, Thomas D 1980 “The Political Meaning of the Doctrine of the Trinity: Some Theses.” Journal of Religion 60 (2): 165–84 Parry, Kenneth 1996 Depicting the Word: Byzantine Iconophile Thought of the Eighth and Ninth Centuries Leiden: Brill Parsons, Wilfrid 1940 “The In uence of Romans XIII on Pre-Augustinian Christian Political Thought.” Theological Studies (4): 337–64 —— 1942 “The Political Theory of the New Testament.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly 4:218–29 —— 1945 “Lest Men, Like Fishes.” Traditio 3:380–88 Pásztori-Kupán, István 2006 Theodoret of Cyrus New York: Routledge Plass, Paul 1980 “Transcendent Time and Eternity in Gregory of Nyssa.” Vigiliae Christianae 34 (2): 180–92 Prestige, George Léonard 1964 God in Patristic Thought London: SPCK Quinn, Jerome D and William C Wacker 2000 The First and Second Letters to Timothy: A New Translation with Notes and Commentary Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Rabinowitz, Celia E 1984 “Personal and Cosmic Salvation in Origen.” Vigiliae Christianae 38 (4): 319–29 Rahner, Hogu 1992 Church and State in Early Christianity San Francisco: Ignatius Rai, Pier 1973 “L’économie dans le Droit Canonique Byzantin des Origines jusqu’au XI Si cle: Recherches Historiques et Canoniques.” Istina 3:260–326 Reid, Robert S 1997 “Hermagoras’ Theory of Prose Oikonomia in Dionysius 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Sagovsky, Nicholas 2000 Ecumenism, Christian Origins, and the Practice of Communion Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 218 WORKS CITED Samuelson, Paul and William D Nordhaus 1995 Economics, 15th ed New York: McGrawHill Schabas, Margaret 2005 The Natural Origins of Economics Chicago: University of Chicago Press Schabas, Margaret and Neil de Marchi 2003 “Introduction to Oeconomies in the Age of Newton.” History of Political Economy 35 (annual supplement): 1–13 Schmemann, Alexander 1953 “Byzantine Theocracy and the Orthodox Church.” St Vladimir’s Seminary Quarterly (2): 5–22 Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 1962 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy New York: Harper and Row Setton, Keneth M 1967 Christian Attitude Towards the Emperor in the Fourth Century, Especially as Shown in Addresses to the Emperor New York: AMS Shaw, Brent D 1985 “The Divine Economy: Stoicism as Ideology.” Latomus 44 (1): 16–54 Singh, Devin 2015 “Anarchy, Void, Signature: Agamben’s Trinity Among Orthodoxy’s Remains.” Political Theology http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/146231 7X14Z.000000000133?af=R (accessed September 16, 2015) Smallwood, E Mary 2001 The Jews Under Roman Rule: From Pompey to Diocletian, a Study in Political Relations Leiden: Brill Smith, Adam 1904 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations London: Methuen Sorabji, Richard 1983 Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages London: Duckworth Spary, Emma 1996 “Political, Natural, and Bodily Economies.” In James A Secord Nicholas Jardine and Emma C Spary, ed., Cultures of Natural History, 178–96 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Stratoudaki-White, Despina 2000 “The Dual Doctrine of the Relations of Church and State in Ninth Century Byzantium.” Greek Orthodox Theological Review 45 (1): 443–52 Strikis, Steven G 1981 “The Theology and Ecclesiology of Eulogius, Patriarch of Alexandria: A Study and Translation.” Master’s thesis, St Vladimir’s Orthodox Theological Seminary Studer, Basil 1993 Trinity and Incarnation: The Faith of the Early Church Collegeville: Liturgical Swanson, Judith Ann 1992 The Public and the Private in Aristotle’s Political Philosophy Ithaca: Cornell University Press Tacitus, Cornelius 2006 Dialogue on Orators In Herbert W Benario, ed., Agricola, Germany, and Dialogue on Orators, 89–130 Indianapolis: Hackett Tarn, William Woodthorpe 1952 Hellenistic Civilization London: E Arnold Taylor, Nicholas 1992 Paul, Antioch, and Jerusalem: A Study in Relationships and Authority in Earliest Christianity She eld: JSOT Thunberg, Lars 1985 Man and the Cosmos: The Vision of St Maximus the Confessor Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press —— 1995 Microcosm and Mediator: The Theological Anthropology of Maximus the Confessor Chicago: Open Court Tooley, W 1966 “Stewards of God.” Scottish Journal of Theology 19:74–86 WORKS CITED 219 Torrance, Thomas F 1967 “The Implications of Oikonomia for Knowledge and Speech of God in Early Christian Theology.” In Felix Crist, ed., Oikonomia heilsgeschichte als thema der Theologie, 223–38 Hamburg: H Reich Toscano, Alberto 2011 “Divine Management: Critical Remarks on Giorgio Agamben’s The Kingdom and the Glory.” Angelaki 16 (3): 127–29 Toumano , Cyril 1946 “Caesaropapism in Byzantium and Russia.” Theological Studies 7:213–43 Trigg, Joseph W 1998 Origen New York: Routledge —— 2001 “God’s Marvelous Oikonomia: Re ections of Origen’s Understanding of Divine and Human Pedagogy in the Address Ascribed to Gregory Thaumaturgus.” Journal of Early Christian Studies (1): 27–52 Tsirpanlis, Constantine N 1987 “Doctrinal Oikonomia and Sacramental Koinonoa in Greek Patristic Theology and Contemporary Orthodox Ecumenism.” Patristic and Byzantine Review (1): 30–43 Tsouna, Voula 2007 The Ethics of Philodemus Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tzamalikos, Panagiotes 2007 Origen: Philosophy of History and Eschatology Leiden: Brill Vishnevskaya, Elena 2004 “Perichoresis in the Context of Divinization: Maximus the Confessor’s Vision of a ‘Blessed and Most Holy Embrace.’” PhD diss., Drew University Vlastos, Gregory 1965 “The Disorderly Motion in the Timaeus.” In Reginald E Allen, ed., Studies in Plato’s Metaphysics, 379–99 London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Von Balthasar, Hans Urs 2003 Cosmic Liturgy: The Universe According to Maximus the Confessor San Francisco: Ignatius Wagner, Walter 1968 “Another Look at the Literary Problem in Clement of Alexandria’s Major Writings.” Church History 37 (3): 251–60 Waithe, Mary Ellen, ed 1987 Ancient Women Philosophers, 600 –500 Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Ware, Kallistos 1979 The Orthodox Way Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press Weil, Constant van de 1991 History of Canon Law Leuven: Peeters Weintraub, E Roy 1985 General Equilibrium Analysis—Studies in Appraisal Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Williams, George Huntston 1951a “Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century.” Church History 20 (3): 3–33 —— 1951b “Christology and Church-State Relations in the Fourth Century.” Church History 20 (4): 3–26 Wilson-Kastner, Patricia 1983 Faith, Feminism, and the Christ Philadelphia: Fortress Winslow, Donald F 1971 “Christology and Exegesis in the Cappadocians.” Church History 40 (4): 389–96 —— 1979 The Dynamics of Salvation: A Study in Gregory of Nazianzus Cambridge: Philadelphia Patristic Foundation Wolfson, Harry Austryn 1956 The Philosophy of the Church Fathers Cambridge: Harvard University Press Yonay, Yuval and Daniel Breslau 2006 “Marketing Models: The Culture of Mathematical Economics.” Sociological Forum 21(3): 345–86 220 WORKS CITED Zimmermann, Reinhard 1996 The Law of Obligations: Roman Foundations of the Civilian Tradition Oxford: Oxford University Press Zizioulas, John 1985 Being as Communion: Studies in Personhood and the Church Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press —— 1995 “The Trinity and Personhood.” In Christoph Schwöbel, ed., Trinitarian Theology Today, 44–60 Edinburgh: T T Clark —— 2006 “Pneumatology and the Importance of the Person.” In Communion and Otherness, 178–205 New York: Continuum Index Accommodation, 76 Address to the Greeks (Tatian), 57 Against Celsus (Origen), 84–86, 112–14 Against Heresies (Irenaeus), 36, 37–38, 111–12 Agamben, Giorgio, 26; on Basil the Great, 138; on economic knowledge, 7–8; on economic theology, 7; on exception, 149–50; Foucault and, 136, 146–47, 150–51; genealogy of, 6–8; on government, 135–36, 145–46; The Kingdom and the Glory, 6, 135; on oikonomia, 7–8; on pastorate, 6; on political power, 135–36; on providence, 7; on sovereignty, 147–49 Alcidamas, 20–21 Alienation, 77, 79 Alivisatos, Hamilcar, 136–37 Anthropology, 53 Apathetic ethics, 88–89 Apologists: apologetic treaties, 109–12; early, 28–34; late, 34–44 Apostolic fathers, 28–29, 186n10; on political, 108–9 Apostolic literature, 35–36 Archaic transcription, 64–68 Arendt, Hannah, 198nn7–8; on economic growth, 163; Foucault and, 163, 178–80; on freedom, 178–79; genealogy of, 4–5, 11–12, 153–54, 158–59; The Human Condition, 9, 158–59, 160, 162; on human trinity, 9; on oikonomia, 4–5; on politics, 4–5, 158–62; The Promise of Politics, 161; on Reformation, 160, 161–62 Arian heterodoxy, 7, 112, 116–19 Aristotle, 16, 95, 165, 181, 184n12; on communal life, 13; on oikonomia, 20–21; on plurality and unity, 97; on political community, 61, 97; on politics, 170, 200n23; on rhetoric, 19–20 Arts, 17–18 Athanasius, 32, 51, 116, 117–18, 194n40 Athenagoras, 28 Baptism, 138–39; Constantine’s, 115–19 Basil the Great, 32, 41, 47; Agamben on, 138; on boundaries, 70; characteristics of canon by, 140–41; on God, 52; in Letter 38, 62, 65, 66–67; on phenomenology of the outside, 138–41, 140; on Theology, 52 222 INDEX Becker, Gary, 167, 173–74, 175 Behr, John, 39 Bishops, 27–28, 29, 139 Bodily desire, 89; see also Desire Body: of Jesus Christ, 138–39, 148; soul and, 86–87 Bo , Leonardo, 64 Boundaries: Basil on, 70; of economy, 37; of perichoresis, 56, 70, 72; of space, 26 Buchanan, James, 174–75 Byzantine political thought, 130–31 Caesar, 103–4, 106, 110–11, 113, 115–18, 132–33 Callon, Michel, 189n3 Canon law, 136–38, 147–50 Cappadocian Fathers, 59–60, 78, 189n7 Cappadocian settlement, 59, 61–62, 128 Catharoi, 148 Chalcedon, council of, 68, 69, 146, 151, 191n29 Chalcedonian Creed, 56, 69, 72 Christian doctrine: models of, 10; Roman Empire and, 115 Christian economists, 28, 77 Christian economy of time, 46–47, 48 Christian history, 46–49 Christianity, 7–10, 34–35, 36, 44, 50–51, 84, 136, 138; Oikonomia and, 55, 76–77; politics before Christianization, 103–4, 108–15; Pre-Nicean Christian political theory, 114–15 Christian mirror, 58–59 Christian philosophical mode of conduct, 86 Christologies, 116–17 Christomimesis, 71–72; divine operation, 76; Gregory of Nazianzus, on, 100–1; inclusive philanthropy and, 76; mimesis of mirror and, 58–59, 71–76, 97–98, 100–1, 128–29; praxis of virginity and, 73–75; transcription of third economic model, 100–1 Chrysostom, John, 11, 31; on Eve’s punishment, 119–20, 195nn48–49; on freedom, 121–22; on government, 120– 28; on governor, 125–26; on matron, 120–23, 196n52; on Ontological Communion, 119; on politics, 119–28; on roles of political government, 126–28; on Romans, 125–27; on separation of powers, 123–25; on Son’s self-subjection to Father, 119; on sovereignty, 123–28 Church Fathers, 78, 184n10; Caesar and, 110; on politics, 104–5; speech economy by, 31–32 Cicero, 21 Circular economy of time, 44–46, 66 Civil society, 171–73 Classical economy, 12–17, 50, 76, 183n5 Classical formation: of human trinity, 23; of political community, 77 Classical political community, 61 Clement of Alexandria, 34, 42–44, 187n29, 187n31 Communal life, 4; Aristotle on, 13; communal economy, 145; happy, 13; philosophical life and, Comparative politics, 170; economy and philosophy relating to, 175–77; liberal triad relating to, 171–73; neoliberal marketized economy and, 173–75 Constantine’s baptism, 115–19 Constantius, 117–18 Corinthians 4:1–2, 27 Corinthians 11:3, 119 Corinthians 15:4–5, 121 Cosmology: anthropology and, 53; Stoicism on, 53; Williams on, 53 Creation, 29, 93; Irenaeus on, 37–38; in Valentinian economy, 36 Creative destruction, 94 Critobulus, 13–14 Cullmann, Oscar, 46 INDEX Cyprian, 139–40 Cyril of Alexandria, 141–43, 191n29 Daley, Brian, 50 Desire: bodily, 89; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 164; transgressive, 49–50; unsaturated, 94–96, 163–67, 169–70 Devotion, 27 Diachronic economy, 29 Didymus, Arius, 184nn12–13 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 22 Diotima, 73, 74 Divine excess, 92 Divine-human perichoresis, 69–70, 131–33 Divine intervention, 29 Divine nature, 69–70 Divine revelation, 43 Divine truth, 30–31 Doctrinal economy, 144–45 Double-edge limitation, 131–32 Early apologists, 28–34 Earning power, 173 Ecclesia, 3, 10 Ecclesiastical economy, Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius), 51 Economic ethics, 177–81 Economic growth: Arendt on, 163; history of, 163–70; human condition, excess, and, 153–55, 169–70; marketization of economy relating to, 167–68; marketized economy, rede ned, 169–70; unlimited, 93–101, 163–67, 169–70; see also Economy of growth Economic human condition re ned, 162 Economic knowledge, 7–8 Economic modeling, 10; afterword on, 76–79; archaic transcription, 64–68; Christomimesis and transcription of third economic model, 100–1; distinction between politics and economy, in economic models, 223 128–33; economic models, 55–59; rst economic model, 55–56, 59–68, 118; Ontological Communion relating to, 56, 57–58, 62–64; perichoresis, in Ontological Communion, 62–64, 190n23; in political law, 130–31; principle of transcription in, 57–59, 58, 65–68; second economic model, 56, 68–71, 69, 98–99; third economic model, 56, 71–76, 100–1; three spheres of action in, 131–33; transcription of economic models, 58, 100–1, 118; trial balance of oikonomia in, 76–79, 79 Economic pastorship, 147–50 Economic rationality, 141–43 Economic theology, Economy: basic parameters, in classical, Christian, and contemporary moments, 177; before Christ, 1–23; bishops relating to, 27–28, 29, 139; boundaries of, 37; classical, 12–17, 50, 76; conception of time, space, and history changed by, 44–53; de nition of, 154–55, 170–71; as divine intervention, 29; feminine, 16; fourfold typology of, 3–4; freedom and, 78; of fullness, 36–40; future age to come in, 46–47; genealogical inquiry into marketized economy, 4–8, 158–62; as God’s salvi c plan, 28; law, politics, philosophy and, 156–57, 157; as morally questionable behavior, 29–32; of mystery, 40–41, 71–72, 145–46; necessity and, 78; of oversight, 29; philosophy and, 10–11, 81–101, 175–77; politics and, revised, 161–62; pre-Christian, 12–23; principle of movement, 32–34; in three premodern moments, 154–56, 155; society of believers in, 160–61; in space, 52; of speech, 31–32; theology and, 50–53, 86–87; as worldly time, 34–36; see also speci c economies; speci c topics 224 INDEX Economy and legal framework, 11; Christological origins of pastoral economy, in exception, 136–38; economic pastorship and political sovereignty, in exception, 147–50; genealogy of principle of economy, 138–45; modern power of exclusive inclusion, 150–51; salvation, truth, and law, 135–36, 145–47; two paradigms of, 135–36 Economy of growth: apathetic ethics and, 88–89; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 87–93, 163–64; on human condition, 92–93; Ontological Communion relating to, 98–100; theological darkness and, 91–92; theoretical gaze in, 90–91 Economy of Incarnation, 26, 42–43, 47–49; in second economic model, 56, 68–71; in third economic model, 56; hypostatic union in, 68–71, 69, 77 Edgeworth, Francis Y., 167 Emperors, 103–4, 109–11, 116–17, 123, 138; see also speci c emperors Ephesians 1:9–10, 25, 35 Ephesians 3:9, 26 Epistle to Diognetus, 53 Eroticism, 91; self-askesis and, 73–75 Eryxias, 184n12 Eschaton, 48 Eternality, 47–49, 48, 93 Eternity, 44, 66, 187n34 Ethical economy, 8–9 Ethics, 50, 64, 171; apathetic, 88–89; economic, 177–81; Origen on, 86; theory-art-, 8; -theory-theology, 86–87 Eulogius, 144–45 Eusebius of Caesarea, 51; see also speci c texts Eve’s punishment, 119–20, 195nn48–49 Evil, 94 Exception: Agamben on, 149–50; Christological origins of pastoral economy in, 136–38; economic pastorship and political sovereignty in, 147–50; Eulogius on, 144–45; histories of, 48–49; regulation of, 144–45 Excess, 14–15, 56; in classical economy, 76; divine, 92; economic growth, human condition, and, 154–55, 169; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 92; origin of, 77, 79 Exclusive inclusion, 150–51 Faith, 68–69 Feminine economy, 16 Feminism, 64 Flexibility, 138 Florovsky, Georges, 147–48, 197n77 Foucault, Michel: Agamben and, 136, 146– 47, 150–51; Arendt and, 163, 178–80; on classical economy, 183n5; on freedom, 178–79; genealogy of, 5–6, 158; on government, 136, 146–47, 178; on Gregory of Nyssa, 82; The Hermeneutics of the Subject, 10, 81–82; on pastoral economy, 137; on pastorate, 5; on patristic economy, 5–6; on political power, 130; on salvation, truth, and law, 135–36, 146–47 Fourth Ecumenical Council, 56, 68–69 Freedom, 64; Arendt on, 178–79; Chrysostom on, 121–22; economic ethics and, 177–81; economy and, 78; Foucault on, 178–79 Full communion, 61 Fullness, see Pleroma (fullness) Future age, 46–47 Gaze, 49, 75, 86, 89, 92, 99; mystical, 52; philosophical, 37, 51; sensual, 83; theoretical, 83, 85, 90–91 Geanakoplos, Deno, 132 Genealogy: of Agamben, 6–8; of Arendt, 4–5, 11–12, 153–54, 158–59; of Foucault, 5–6, 158; of principle of economy, 138–45; of sovereignty, 123–24, 124 INDEX General equilibrium, 169 Gnosticism, 35, 187n28; Valentinian economy and, 36, 38 God, 32–33; Basil on, 52; plurality in, 41; see also Knowing God Godhead, 34, 40, 41, 71, 72, 77; Cappadocian Fathers on, 59; Gregory of Nazianzus, on, 195n42; in Ontological Communion, 55–57, 61, 118–19; Tertullian on, 187n25; see also Ontological Communion God’s salvi c plan, 28 Good: Gregory of Nyssa, on, 94; Plato on, 83 Government: Agamben on, 135–36, 145– 46; Chrysostom on, 120–28; Foucault on, 136, 146–47, 178; roles of political government, 126–28; spiritual, 113–14; transcription of, 125 Governor, 125–26 Greek polis, 1, 13 Gregory of Nazianzus, 32, 194n40; on Christomimesis, 100–1; on Godhead, 195n42; on Ontological Communion, 118–19; on political community, 98–99; on virginity, 74–75 Gregory of Nyssa, 10–11; on apathetic ethics, 88–89; on bodily desire, 89; on desire, 164; on economy of growth, 87–93, 163–64; on excess, 92; Foucault on, 82; on Good and evil, 94; on human condition, 92–93; in Letter 38, 62; on mirror and mind, 67–68, 89; on sin, 88; on theological darkness, 91–92; on theoretical gaze, 90–91; on virginity, 73–74, 96–97 Hagel, Karl Friedrich, 128 Happy communal life, 13 Healing, 18, 31 Hellenistic empire, 17 Hermagoras, 21–22, 176 Hermeneutics of the Subject, The (Foucault), 10, 81–82 225 Hesiod, 13 Hippolitus, 34, 40 History: Christian, 46–49; conception of, changed by economy, 44–53; of economic growth, 163–70; of exception, 48–49; in Greek-speaking antiquity, 154–57; of human trinity, 13, 17; of oikonomia, 2–4, 13, 17–18; pre-Christian concept of, 45; of preChristian economy, 12–23 Hobbes, Thomas, 172, 174 Holy Spirit, 32, 55–58, 64–65, 71; Cappadocian Fathers on, 59; Tertullian on, 40; see also Ontological Communion Human: perichoresis between divine and, 69–70, 131–33; threedimensional, 1–2 Human condition, 15, 45, 61–62, 78–79, 79; becoming, 92–93; change in, 86–87; economic, 162; economic growth, excess, and, 153–55, 169–70; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 92–93; knowing God relating to, 92–93; modern, 2–3, Human Condition (Arendt), 9, 158–59, 160, 162 Human economist, 71 Humanity, 42 Human nature, 69–70 Human progress, 49 Human trinity, 3, 6, 8; Arendt on, 9; classical formation of, 23; history of, 13, 17; imperial formation of, 17–21, 23; zoon oikonomikon and, Hypostasis, 59–60 Hypostatic union, 56, 129, 146; between economy and politics, 132; in economy of incarnation, 68–71, 69, 77 Ignatius of Antioch, 28–29 Image, 44–45, 57–58, 78–79, 84–85, 96–99; origin and, 65–68 Imperial formation, 77 Imperial politics, 226 INDEX Incarnation: of God the Son, 47; oikonomia as, 28–29, 42–43; see also Economy of Incarnation Inclusive philanthropy, 76 Irenaeus: on creation, 37–38; on oikonomia, 34–36; on politics, 111–12; Valentinian economy and, 36–40 Ischomachus, 13–14 Jesus/Christ, 26–29, 36–37, 51, 68–71, 74, 97–98, 106, 114, 119, 148; body of, 138–39; as God the Son, 47 Jevons, William Stanley, 166–67 John of Damascus, 47, 51–52, 188n37, 188n39; on divine-human perichoresis, 70; on perichoresis, in Ontological Communion, 62–64, 190n23; on persona, 62–64 Justinian (Emperor), 130–31 Kingdom and the Glory, The (Agamben), 6, 135 Knowing God, 50–51, 82–83; human condition relating to, 92–93; mirror and, 89 Know thyself, 84, 96 LaCugna, Catharine Mowry, 64 Law: canon, 136–38, 147–50; political, 130–31; politics and, 17; politics, philosophy, economy, and, 156–57, 157; salvation, truth, and, 135–36, 145–47; see also Economy and legal framework Letter 38, 62, 65, 66–67 Letter to Corinthians, 119, 121 Liberal triad, 171–73 Licentiousness, 165–66 Limitless object, 94–96, 163–67, 169–70 Logos, 32–33, 42–43 Lossky, Vladimir, 60, 62, 64 Maifreda, Germano, 154 Malthus, Thomas, 199n13 Marketized economy, 3, 11–12; economic growth and marketization of economy, 167–68; economic human condition and, 162; economy and politics, revised, 161–62; genealogical inquiry, into marketized economy, 4–8, 158–62; marketized economy, rede ned, 169–70; neoliberal marketized economy and politics, 173–75; political monarchic rule, civil society, and, 171–73; rise of social and, 158–60 Markus, R A., 41, 187n26 Martyr, Justin, 28–29, 186n11; on politics, 110; on theology, 51 Marx, Karl, 160–61, 201n27 Master, 15–17, 27, 41; in Ontological Communion, 61 Matron, 15–17; Chrysostom on, 120–23, 196n52; in Ontological Communion, 61 Maximus the Confessor, 51–52, 53, 188n44, 189n49 Meijering, Roos, 42–43 Meyendor , John, 131 Mill, John Stuart, 165, 199n14 Mimesis of mirror, 58–59, 71–76, 97–98, 100–1, 128–29 Mind, 67–68, 89 Mirror: of becoming, 58–59; Christian, 58–59; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 67–68, 89; knowing God and, 89; mimesis of, 58–59, 71–76, 97–98, 100–1, 128–29; mind and, 67–68, 89; Ontological Communion, persona, and, 63–64, 65– 68; Plato on, 84; stage, 89; theoretical gaze through, 90–91 Modern human condition, 2–3, Moltmann, Jorgen, 64 Monarchy, 40–41 Mondzain, Marie-Jose, 185nn3–4 Morally questionable behavior, 29–32 Mystery: in economic model, 71–72; economy of, 40–41, 71–72, 145–46; revelation of, 27, 38–39 INDEX Mystical gaze, 52 Mystikos, Nicholas, 37, 76 Necessity, 78 Neoliberal marketized economy, 173–75; genealogical inquiry into, 158–62 New society, 97–100 Oikonomia: Agamben on, 7–8; apostolic fathers and early apologists on, 28–34; Arendt on, 4–5; Aristotle on, 20–21; Christianity and, 55, 76–77; condensed history, in Greek-speaking antiquity, 154–57; Dionysius on, 22; Hermagoras on, 21–22; history of, 2–4, 13, 17–18; as incarnation, 28–29, 42–43; Irenaeus on, 34–36; late apologists on, 34–44; Paul on, 25–28; philological history of, 2–4; political expansion and, 17; rhetoric relating to, 20–22; salvation and, 27–28; in scripture, 25–28; Tatian on, 32–34; of thought, 21–23; trial balance of, in three economic models, 76–79, 79; Xenophon on, 14, 184n12; see also speci c topics Oikos, 2, 3, 10, 15–17 Old Testament, 5–26 Ontological Communion: Arian heterodoxy and, 118–19; Chrysostom on, 119; economic modeling relating to, 56, 57–58, 62–64; Economy of growth relating, 98–100; in rst economic model, 59–68; Godhead in, 55–57, 61, 118–19; Gregory of Nazianzus, on, 118–19; master and matron in, 61; mirror and, 63–64, 65– 68; origin-transcript relationship in, 64–68; perichoresis in, 62–64, 190n23; persona relating to, 59–65; principle of transcription and, 65–68; in second economic model, 70–71 Origen, 10, 43; Against Celsus, 84–86, 112– 14; on economy and philosophy, 84–86; 227 on politics, 112–15; on Romans, 113; on sovereignty, 113–15; on theoretical gaze, 85; on Timaeus maxim, 84–85; on truth telling, 31 Origin: Christological origins of pastoral economy, 136–38; of excess, 77, 79; image and, 65–68; -transcript relationship in, 64–68 Orthodoxy, 7, 44, 64, 77–78, 103–4, 116–19, 118, 133, 138–39 Osborn, Eric, 35 Ousia, 59–60 Parable of the Cave, 83–84 Parasynagogues, 139 Pareto optimality, 169 Parsons, Wilfrid, 115 Pastoral economy: Alivisatos on, 137; Christological origins of, 136–38; Cyril on, 141–43; economic pastorship and political sovereignty, in exception, 147–50; Eulogius on, 144–45; Foucault on, 137; sovereignty and, 147–50 Pastoral power, 6, 11, 139–41 Pastorate, 5, Patristic economy, 5–6 Patristic political theory, 11, 104–5, 119 Paul: apostolic literature compared to, 35–36; on Oikonomia, 25–28 Pauline oath, 190n27 Perichoresis: boundaries of, 56, 70, 72; divine-human, 69–70, 131–33; in Ontological Communion, 62–64, 190n23; in third economic model, 71–76 Persecutions, 103–4 Persona, 30, 60, 107, 113; John of Damascus on, 62–64; mirror and, 63–64, 65–68; Ontological Communion relating to, 59–65 Phenomenology of the outside, 138–41, 140 Philanthropy, 76 228 INDEX Philippians, 105–6 Philodemus, 15, 184n12 Philosophical gaze, 37, 51 Philosophical life, 1–2; communal life and, 6; economy’s relations with politics and, in Greek-speaking antiquity, 156–57, 157 Philosophy: change in human condition and, 86–87; Christian philosophical mode of conduct, 86; economy and, 10–11, 81–101, 175–77; in Gregory of Nyssa’s economy of growth, 87–93; The Hermeneutics of the Subject on, 81–82; law, politics, economy, and, 156–57, 157; Origen on economy and, 84–86; Platonic self-knowledge and, 82–84; political, 8–9; rhetoric and, 17–18; unlimited economic growth and, 93–101 Phocylides, 12 Physician, 18, 30–31 Plato, 13, 73, 101; on Good, 83; on healing, 18; on mirror, 84; Platonic melancholic archaism, 48; Platonic self-knowledge, 82–84; on rhetoric, 18–19, 30; on self-perpetuation, 45; on sensual gaze, 83; on theoretical gaze, 83, 85; on time, 44 Pleroma (fullness), 36–40, 41, 48 Plurality: in God, 41; unity and, 97 Politeuma, 105–6, 193n36 Political authority, 109–10, 112 Political community: Aristotle on, 61, 97; classical, 61; classical formation of, 77; Gregory of Nazianzus, on, 98–99; imperial formation of, 77 Political economy, 183n6, 198n4 Political expansion, 17 Political law, 130–31 Political monarchic rule, 171–73 Political philosophy, 8–9 Political power: Agamben on, 135–36; Foucault on, 130 Political speech, 20–21 Political theology, 11 Politics, 11, 180–81; apologetic treaties on, 109–12; apostolic fathers on, 108–9; Arendt on, 4–5, 158–62; Aristotle on, 170, 200n23; before Christianization, 103–4, 108–15; Byzantine political thought, 130–31; Chrysostom on, 119–28; Church Fathers on, 104–5; comparative, 170–77; after Constantine’s baptism, 115–19; distinction between economy and, in economic models, 128–33; economy and, revised, 161–62; genealogy of sovereignty, 123–24, 124; hypostatic union between economy and, 132; imperial, 6; Irenaeus on, 111–12; law, philosophy, economy, and, 156–57, 157; law and, 17; Martyr on, 110; in Matthew, 106; neoliberal marketized economy and, 173–75; Origen on, 112–15; patristic political theory, 11, 104–5, 119; in Philippians, 105–6; Pre-Nicean Christian political theory, 114–15; relationship between economy and, in three moments, 122; in Romans, 106–7, 109, 111–12; separation of powers, 106, 123–25; Tertullian on, 110–11; in Timothy 1, 107–8; Williams on, 116–17 Polybius, 39, 186n24 Pre-Christian economy: brief history of, 12–23; classical economy, 12–17, 50; imperial formation of human trinity, 17–21, 23; oikonomia of thought, 21–23 Pre-Christian history, 45 Pre-Nicean Christian political theory, 114–15 Principle of economy, 138–45 Principle of movement, 32–34 Principle of transcription, 10, 57–59, 58, 65–68, 71, 164 Productive paradox, 95 INDEX Promise of Politics, The (Arendt), 161 Prosopon, 60 Providence, Quintilian, 21 Reformation, 160, 161–62 Reumann, John, 25, 26 Revelation: divine, 43; of mystery, 27, 38–39 Rhetoric: Aristotle on, 19–20; branches of, 19–20; Dionysius on, 22; Hermagoras on, 21–22; oikonomia relating to, 20–22; philosophy and, 17–18; Plato on, 18–19, 30; truth telling and, 30–31 Rhetorica ad herennium, 20 Ricardo, David, 199n13 Richter, Gerhard, 25, 26 Risk, 15 Roman Empire, 17; Christian doctrine and, 115 Romans 13:1–7: Chrysostom on, 125–27; Origen on, 113; politics in, 106–7, 109, 111–12 Sacramental economy, 144 Salvation, 12; Christian history and, 46–49; Clement on, 42–44; morally questionable behavior for, 29–30; oikonomia and, 27–28; time and, 46–47; truth, law, and, 135–36, 145–47 Schisms, 139 Schmitt, Carl, 135, 147, 149 Sciences, 17–18 Scripture: oikonomia in, 25–28; see also speci c scripture Self: care of, 84, 96–97; knowing, 84, 96; -perpetuation, 45, 77–78, 79, 175–76 Self-askesis: eroticism and, 73–75; renunciation of, 82 Sensual gaze, 83 Separation of powers: Chrysostom on, 123–25; in Matthew, 106 229 Septuagint, 25 Servitude, 27 Sin, 36, 38; of Eve, 119–20; Gregory of Nyssa, on, 88 Slaves, 15, 27 Smallwood, Mary, 105 Smith, Adam, 172, 173, 199n13 Social, 158–60 Social Trinity, 64 Society: of believers, in economy, 160–61; civil, 171–73; modeling new society, 97–100 Socrates, 13–14, 103; Diotima and, 73, 74 Son’s self-subjection, 119 Sophia, 36–37 Soul, 86–87 Sovereignty: Agamben on, 147–49; apologetic treaties on, 109; Athanasius on, 117–18; Chrysostom on, 123–28; economic pastorship and political sovereignty, in exception, 147–50; genealogy of, 123–24, 124; Origen on, 113–15; pastoral economy and, 147–50; see also Government Space: alteration of, 49–50; Behr on, 39; boundaries of, 26; conception of, changed by economy, 44–53; economy in, 52 Spiritual government, 113–14 Stoicism: on cosmology, 53; Valentinian economy and, 36–40 Stoic thought, 17, 29, 62, 184n13 Surplus, 154–55, 169–70 Tatian, 29, 109; Address to the Greeks, 57; on oikonomia, 32–34 Taxis, 22–23 Terminological exibility, 138 Tertullian, 34, 40–41, 103, 104, 107, 187n28; on Godhead, 187n25; on politics, 110–11 Theodore of Mopsuestia, 141 Theodore the Studite, 51–52 230 INDEX Theodoret of Cyrus, 51–52 Theological darkness, 91–92 Theology: Basil on, 52; economic, 7; economy and, 50–53, 86–87; ethicstheory-, 86–87; Martyr on, 51; Origen on, 86; political, 11 Theophilus of Antioch, 109 Theophrastus, 184n12 Theoretical gaze: Gregory of Nyssa, on, 90–91; through mirror, 90–91; Origen on, 85; Plato on, 83, 85 Theoretical knowledge, 14–15 Theory-art-ethics, Three-dimensional human, 1–2, 153 Timaeus (Plato), 82–85 Time, 187n34; Christian economy of, 46–47, 48; circular economy of time, 44–46, 66; conception of, changed by economy, 44–53; economy, as worldly time, 34–36; Plato on, 44; salvation and, 46–47 Timothy 2:1–2, 107–8 Transcription: archaic, 64–68; Christomimesis and transcription of third economic model, 100–1; of economic models, 58, 100–1, 118; of government, 125; principle of, 10, 57–59, 58, 65–68, 71, 164 Transgressive desire, 49–50 Trial balance, of Oikonomia, 76–79, 79 Trinity, 10, 41, 60, 145–46; social, 64; See also Human trinity Truth: law, salvation, and, 135–36, 145–47; telling, 30–32, 191n29 Tsirpanlis, Constantine, 138 Tullock, Gordon, 174–75 Tzamalikos, Panagi t s, 44 Unity: coexistence in, 41; plurality and, 97 Unlimited economic growth: Christomimesis and transcription of third economic model, 100–1; economy, philosophy, and, 93–101; limitless object and unsaturated desire, 94–96, 163–67, 169–70; modeling new society, 97–100; selfcare relating to, 96–97 Unsaturated desire, 94–96, 163–67, 169–70 Utilitarian calculus, 107–8 Valentinian economy: creation in, 36; Gnosticism and, 36, 38; Irenaeus and, 36–40; Stoicism and, 36–40 Violence, 148–49, 150–51 Virginity: Gregory of Nazianzus on, 74–75; Gregory of Nyssa on, 73–74, 96–97; praxis of, 73–75 Virgin Mary, 73–74, 120–21, 190n20 Wealth, 15 Williams, George: on Christologies and politics, 116–17; on cosmology, 53 Wilson-Kastner, Patricia, 64 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 91 Women, 12, 195n46; Eve’s punishment, 119–20, 195nn48–49; feminine economy and, 16; feminism and, 64; matron, 15–17, 61, 120–23, 196n52; Sophia, 36–37 Xenophon, 13, 14, 184n12 Zizioulas, John, 60, 62, 64 Zoon oikonomikon, ... the revelation of the divine plan since the creation of the world up to the end of times (the economy of the incarnation to be situated at the center of this drama), then history of salvation does... economy and theology, the subjugation of politics to the economy, the migration of freedom from the realm of politics to that of the economy, the designation of politics as the sphere entrusted... but the light of the rst torch is not lessened by the kindling of many torches, so the Logos, FROM OIKOS TO ECCLESIA 33 coming forth from the Logos-power of the Father, has not divested of the