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1 Prospects of Multilevel VSC Technologies for Power Transmission B Gemmell, Siemens USA; J Dorn, D Retzmann, D Soerangr, Siemens Germany Abstract Deregulation and privatization are posing new challenges to high voltage transmission and distributions systems System components are loaded up to their thermal limits, and power trading with fast varying load patterns is leading to an increasing congestion In addition to this, the dramatic global climate developments call for changes in the way electricity is supplied Innovative solutions with HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) have the potential to cope with the new challenges New power electronic technologies with self-commutated converters provide advanced technical features, such as independent control of active and reactive power, the capability to supply weak or passive networks and less space requirements In many applications, the VSC (Voltage-Sourced Converter) has become a standard for self-commutated converters and will be increasingly more used in transmission and distribution systems in the future This kind of converter uses power semiconductors with turn-off capability II INTEGRATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES – A BIG CHALLENGE Power output of wind generation can vary fast in a wide range [3], depending on the weather conditions Therefore, a sufficiently large amount of controlling power from the network is required to substitute the positive or negative deviation of actual wind power infeed to the scheduled wind power amount Fig shows a typical example of the conditions, as measured in 2003 Wind power infeed and the regional network load during a week of maximum load in the E.ON control area are plotted The relation between consumption and supply in this control area is illustrated in the figure In the northern areas of the German grid, the transmission capacity is already at its limits, especially during times with low load and high wind power generation [11] This will be a strong Issue in the German Grid Development Index Terms Elimination of Bottlenecks in Transmission; Enhanced Grid Access for Regenerative Energy Sources (RES); Increase in Transmission Capacity; Security and Environmental Sustainability of Supply; Smart Grid Technologies E I INTRODUCTION NVIROMNMENTAL constraints will play an important role in the power system developments [1-2] However, regarding the system security, specific problems are expected when renewable energies, such as large wind farms, have to be integrated into the system, particularly when the connecting AC links are weak and when sufficient reserve capacity in the neighboring systems is not available [3] Furthermore, in the future, an increasing part of the installed capacity will be connected to the distribution levels (dispersed generation), which poses additional challenges to the planning and safe operation of the systems Power electronics is to be used to control load flow, to reduce transmission losses and to avoid congestion, loop flows and voltage problems [4-6] In this paper, the basic concept and the technical performance of the new MMC PLUS technology are discussed in detail and the area of applications is depicted B Gemmell is with Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., Wendell, NC 27591 USA (e-mail: brian.gemell@siemens.com) J Dorn, D Retzmann, D Soerangr are with Siemens AG, PTD High Voltage Division, Power Transmission Solutions, 91058 Erlangen, Germany (e-mails: joerg.dorn@siemens.com, dietmar.retzmann@siemens.com, dag.soerangr@siemens.com) Additional Reserve Capacity is required Problems with Wind Power Generation: o Wind Generation varies strongly o It can not follow the Load Requirements Source: E.ON - 2003 Fig 1: Network Load and aggregated Wind Power Generation during a Week of maximum Load in the E.ON Grid - Example of Germany The prospects of embedding large amounts of regenerative energy sources and dispersed generation into the power systems are depicted in Fig It can be seen that this will have impact on the whole transmission and distribution network structure Load flow control will be much more complex, system control and system protection strategies will need to be adapted and reserve generation capacity will be required In what follows, the global trends in power markets and the 978-1-4244-1904-3/08/$25.00 ©2008 IEEE Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 2 prospects of system developments are depicted, and the outlook for VSC technologies for environmental sustainability and system security is given Tomorrow: Today: G G G G low losses, but the switching speed is relatively low Power electronics can provide high switching frequencies up to several kHz, however, with an increase in losses Fig indicates the typical losses depending on the switching frequency [16] It can be seen that due to the low losses, line-commuted Thyristor technology is the preferred solution for bulk power transmission, today and in the future G More Dynamics for better Power Quality: G G Use of Power Electronic Circuits for Controlling P, V & Q Parallel and/or Series Connection of Converters Fast AC/DC and DC/AC Conversion Depending on Solution 2-4 % G H G G G G H H Transition from “slow” to “fast” Use of Dispersed Generation Fig 2: Regenerative Energy Sources and Dispersed Generation – Impact on the whole T&D Grid Structure III SMART GRID SOLUTIONS WITH POWER ELECTRONICS The vision and enhancement strategy for the future electricity networks is depicted in the program of “SmartGrids”, which was developed within the European Technology Platform (ETP) of the EU in its preparation of the 7th Frame Work Program Features of a future “SmartGrid” of this kind can be outlined as follows [1, 18]: • Flexible: fulfilling customers’ needs whilst responding to the changes and challenges ahead • Accessible: granting connection access to all network users, particularly to RES and highly efficient local generation with zero or low carbon emissions • Reliable: assuring and improving security and quality of supply • Economic: providing best value through innovation, efficient energy management and ‘level playing field’ competition and regulation It is worthwhile mentioning that the Smart Grid vision is in the same way applicable to the system developments in other regions of the world Smart Grids will help achieve a sustainable development The key to achieve a Smart Grid performance will be the use of power electronics A HVDC and FACTS Technologies HVDC systems and FACTS controllers based on linecommutated converter technology (LCC) have a long and successful history Thyristors have been the key components of this converter topology and have reached a high degree of maturity due to their robust technology and their high reliability HVDC and FACTS with LCC use power electronic components and conventional equipment which can be combined in different configurations to switch or control reactive power, and to convert the active power Conventional equipment (e.g breakers, tap-changer transformers) has very Thyristor GTO 1-2 % Load Flow will be “fuzzy” Switching Frequency > 1000 Hz < 500 Hz 50/60 Hz IGBT / IGCT Losses On-Off Transition 20 - 80 ms The Solution for Bulk Power Transmission Fig 3: Power Electronics for HVDC and FACTS – Transient Performance and Losses It is, however, necessary to mention that line-commutated converters have some technical restrictions Particularly the fact that the commutation within the converter is driven by the AC voltages requires proper conditions of the connected AC system, such as a minimum short-circuit power B Voltage-Sourced Converters Power electronics with self-commutated converters can cope with the limitations mentioned above and provide additional technical features In DC transmission, an independent control of active and reactive power, the capability to supply weak or even passive networks and lower space requirements are some of the advantages In many applications, the VSC has become a standard of selfcommutated converters and will be used more often in transmission and distribution systems in the future Voltagesourced converters not require any “driving” system voltage; they can build up a 3-phase AC voltage via the DC voltage This kind of converter uses power semiconductors with turn-off capability such as IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) Up to now, the implemented VSC converters for HVDC applications have been based on two or three-level technology which enables switching two or three different voltage levels to the AC terminal of the converter To make high voltages in HVDC transmission applications controllable by semiconductors with a blocking ability of a few kilovolts, multiple semiconductors are connected in series – up to several hundred per converter leg, depending on the DC voltage To ensure uniform voltage distribution not only statically but also dynamically, all devices connected in series in one converter leg have to switch simultaneously with the accuracy in the microsecond range As a result, high and steep Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 3 voltage steps are applied at the AC converter terminals which require extensive filtering measures In Fig 4, the principle of two-level converter technology is depicted From the figure, it can be seen that the converter voltage, created by PWM (Pulse-Width Modulation) pulse packages, is far away from the desired “green” voltage, it needs extensive filtering to approach a clean sinus waveform +Vd /2 Vd /2 ) VConv Vd /2 - Vd /2 Desired voltage Realized voltage High harmonic Distortion High Stresses resulting in HF Noise Fig 4: VSC Technology – a Look back C The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) Approach Both the size of voltage steps and the related voltage gradients can be reduced or minimized if the AC voltage generated by the converter can be selected in smaller increments than at two or three levels only Topologies: Two-Level GTO / IGCT The finer this gradation, the smaller is the proportion of harmonics and the lower is the emitted high-frequency radiation Converters with this capability are called multilevel converters Furthermore, the switching frequency of individual semiconductors can be reduced Since each switching event creates losses in the semiconductors, converter losses can also be effectively reduced Different multilevel topologies [7-10], such as diode clamped converter or converters with what is termed “flying capacitors” were proposed in the past and have been discussed in many publications In Fig 5, a comparison of two, three and multilevel technology is depicted A new and different multilevel approach is the modular multilevel converter (MMC) technology [9] The principle design of conventional multilevel converter and advanced MMC is shown in Fig and Fig depicts the HVDC PLUS MMC solution in detail A converter in this context consists of six converter legs, whereas the individual converter legs consist of a number of submodules (SM) connected in series with each other and with one converter reactor Each of the submodules contains [9, 16, 17]: - an IGBT half bridge as switching element - a DC storage capacitor Three-Level IGBT in PP Multilevel IGBT Module Power Electronic Devices: Fig 5: The Evolution of VSC and HVDC PLUS Technology Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 4 a) b) Vd / Vd VConv Vd / VConv Small Converter AC Voltage Steps Small Rate of Rise of Voltage Low Generation of Harmonics Low HF Noise c) Low Switching Losses Fig 6: The Multilevel Approach a) Conventional Solution b) Advanced MMC Solution c) Sinus Approximation – and Submodule (SM) Vd Fig 7: HVDC PLUS – Basic Scheme For the sake of simplicity, the electronics for controlling the semiconductors, measuring the capacitor voltage and for communicating with the higher-level control are not shown in Fig Three different states are relevant for the proper operation of a submodule, as illustrated in Table I: Both IGBTs are switched off: This can be compared to the blocked condition of a twolevel converter Upon charging, i.e after closing the AC power switch, all submodules of the converter are in this condition Moreover, in the event of a serious failure all submodules of the converter are put in this state During normal operation with power transfer, this condition does not occur If the current flows from the positive DC pole in the direction of the AC terminal during this state, the flow passes through the capacitor of the submodule and charges the capacitor When it flows in the opposite direction, the freewheeling diode D2 bypasses the capacitor Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 5 IGBT1 is switched on, IGBT2 is switched off Irrespective of the current flow direction, the voltage of the storage capacitor is applied to the terminals of the submodule Depending on the direction of flow, the current either flows through D1 and charges the capacitor, or through IGBT1 and thereby discharges the capacitor It is thereby possible to separately and selectively control each of the individual submodules in a converter leg So, in principle, the two converter legs of each phase module represent a controllable voltage source In this arrangement, the total voltage of the two converter legs in one phase unit equals the DC voltage, and by adjusting the ratio of the converter leg voltages in one phase module, the desired sinusoidal voltage at the AC terminal can easily be achieved Fig depicts this advanced principle of AC voltage generation with MMC It can be seen that there is almost no or – in the worst case – very small need for AC voltage filtering to achieve a clean voltage, in comparison with the two-level circuit with PWM in Fig IGBT1 is switched off, IGBT2 is switched on: In this case, the current either flows through IGBT2 or D2 depending on its direction which ensures that zero voltage is applied to the terminals of the submodule (except for the conducting-state voltage of the semiconductors) The voltage in the capacitor remains unchanged TABLE I STATES AND CURRENT PATHS OF A SUBMODULE IN THE MMC TECHNOLOGY State11 State State State State33 State Off On Off Off Off On Off On Off Off Off On AC and DC Voltages controlled by Converter Leg Voltages: +Vd / VAC VConv - Vd / Fig 8: The Result – MMC, a perfect Voltage Generation Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 6 As is true in all technical systems, sporadic faults of individual components during operation cannot be excluded, even with the most meticulous engineering and 100-percent routine test However, if a fault occurs, the operation of the system must not be impeded as a result In the case of an HVDC transmission system this means that there must be no interruption of the energy transfer and that the system will actually continue to operate until the next scheduled shutdown for maintenance Redundant submodules are therefore integrated into the converter, and, unlike in previous redundancy concepts, the unit can now be designed so that, upon failure of a submodule in a converter leg, the remaining submodules are not subjected to a higher voltage The inclusion of the redundant submodules thus merely results in an increase in the number of submodules in a converter leg that deliver zero voltage at their output during operation In the event of a submodule failure during operation this fault is detected and the defective submodule is shorted out by a highly reliable high-speed bypass switch, ref to Fig This provides fail-safe functionality, as the current of the failed module can continue to flow, and the converter continues to operate, without any interruption possible, evaluation of the feedback and selective switching of the individual submodules can be used to balance the submodule voltages With this approach, the capacitor voltages of all submodules of a converter leg in HVDC PLUS are maintained within a defined voltage band From the perspective of the DC circuit, the described topology looks like a parallel connection of three voltage sources – the three phase units that generate all desired DCvoltages In practice, there will be little difference between the momentary values of the three DC voltages, if for no other reason than that the number of available voltage steps is finite To dampen the resulting balancing currents between the individual phase units, and to reduce them to a very low value by means of appropriate control methods, a converter reactor is integrated into the individual converter legs In addition to the aforementioned function, these reactors are also used to substantially reduce the effects of faults arising within or outside the converter As a result, unlike in previous VSC topologies, current rise rates of only a few tens of amperes per microsecond are encountered even in so far very critical faults These faults are swiftly detected, and, due to the low current rise rates, the IGBTs can be turned off at absolutely uncritical current levels This capability thus provides very effective and reliable protection of the system PLUSCONTROL High-Speed Bypass Switch Phase Unit Fig 9: MMC – Redundant Submodule Design As in all multilevel topologies it is necessary to ensure, within certain limits, a uniform voltage distribution across the individual capacitors of the multilevel converter When using the MMC topology for HVDC this is achieved by periodic feedback of the current capacitor voltage to a central control unit The time intervals between these feedback events are less than 100 microseconds Due to the fact that in each line cycle in the converter leg, current flow occurs both in one and in the other direction and that charging or discharging of the individual capacitors is Submodule The following describes a very interesting fault occurrence: In the event of a short-circuit between the DC terminals of the converter or along the transmission route, the current rises in excess of a certain threshold value in the converter legs, and, due to the aforementioned limitation of the speed in the current rise, the IGBTs can be switched off within a few microseconds before the current can reach a critical level, which provides an effective protective function Thereafter – as with any VSC topology – current flows from the threephase line through the free-wheeling diodes to the shortcircuit, so that the only way this fault can be corrected is by opening the circuit breaker Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 7 The free-wheeling diodes used in VSC converters have a low capacity for withstanding surge current events related to their silicon surface, i.e only a very limited ability to withstand a surge in current without sustaining damage In an actual event, the diodes would have to withstand a surge fault current without damage until the circuit breaker opens, i.e in most cases for at least three line cycles In HVDC PLUS, a protective function at the submodule level effectively reduces the load of the diodes until the circuit breaker opens This protective measure consists of a press-pack thyristor, which is connected in parallel to the endangered diode and is fired in the event of a fault, ref to Fig 10 by assembling them in a vertical arrangement to meet the specific project requirements Fig 11 depicts a view of the MMC design In principle, both a standing and a suspended construction can be readily achieved However, a standing construction was chosen, since in that case the converter design imposes less specific requirements on the converter building If required in specific projects, highly effective protective measures against severe seismic loads can also be implemented (ref to Fig 11) For such a situation, provisions have been made for diagonal braces at the individual units that ensure adequate stability of the construction PLUSCONTROL Protective Thyristor Switch SM electronics IGBT1 Phase Unit D1 IGBT2 D2 Submodule Fig 10: Fully suitable for DC OHL Application – Example Line-to-Line Fault As a result, most of the fault current flows through the thyristor and not through the diode it protects Press-pack thyristors are known for their high capability to withstand surge currents This characteristic is also useful in conventional, line-commutated HVDC transmission technology This fact makes HVDC PLUS suitable even for overhead transmission lines, an application previously reserved entirely for line-commutated converters with thyristors Thanks to its modular construction, the HVDC PLUS converter is extremely well scalable, i.e conveniently adaptable to any required power and voltage ratings The mechanical construction adheres consistently to the modular design Sets of six modules are assembled to form transportable units that are easy to install with the proper tools The required number per converter leg can be optimally realized by a horizontal array of such units and – if required – The submodules are connected bi-directionally via fiber optics with the PLUSCONTROL (Fig 12), the central control unit The PLUSCONTROL was developed specifically for HVDC PLUS and has the following functions: - Calculation of appropriate converter leg voltages at time intervals of several microseconds - Selective actuation of the submodules depending on the direction of current flow and on the relevant capacitor voltages in the submodules so as to assure reliable balancing of capacitor voltages In addition to the current status of each submodule, the momentary voltage of the capacitor is communicated via the fiber optics to the PLUSCONTROL Control signals to the submodule, such as the signals for the switching of the IGBTs, are communicated in the opposite direction from the PLUSCONTROL to the submodules Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 8 Typical Converter Arrangement for 400 MW Optional Seismic Reinforcements Converter Leg with more than 200 Submodules Fig 11: HVDC PLUS – The Advanced MMC Technology Calculation of required Converter Leg Voltages Control of Active and Reactive power Selection of Submodules to be switched Submodule Voltage Balancing Control SIMATIC TDC Measuring System SIMATIC TDC C&P System Fig 12: Main Tasks of PLUSCONTROL TM Key features of the PLUSCONTROL are: - Mechanical construction in standard 19-inch racks - High modularity and scalability through plug-in modules, and the capability of integrating different numbers of racks into the system - Uniform redundancy concept with an active and passive system and the ability to change over on the fly - Modules and fans can be replaced during operation - Sufficient interfaces for communication and control of well over 100 submodules per rack - High performance with respect to computational power and logic functions The PLUSCONTROL was integrated into the industryproven Simatic TDC environment, which provides the platform for the measuring system and the higher-level control and protection The MMC topology used in HVDC PLUS differs from other, already familiar VSC topologies in design, mode of operation, and protection capabilities The following summarizes the essential differences and related advantages: Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 9 - A highly modular construction both in the power section and in control and protection has been chosen As a result, the system has excellent scalability and the overall design can be engineered very flexible Thus, the converter station can be perfectly adapted to the local requirements, and depending on those requirements, the design can favor a more vertical or more horizontal construction The use of HVDC can therefore become technically and economically feasible starting from transmission rates of several tens of megawatts - In normal operation, no more than one level per converter leg switches at any given time As a result, the AC voltages can be adjusted in very fine increments and a DC voltage with very little ripple can be achieved, which minimizes the level of generated harmonics and in most cases completely eliminates the need for AC filters What’s more, the small and relatively shallow voltage steps that occur cause very little radiant or conducted high-frequency interference - The low switching frequency of the individual semiconductors results in very low switching losses Total system losses are therefore relatively low for VSC PLUS technology, and the efficiency is consequently higher in comparison with existing two and three-level solutions - HVDC PLUS utilizes industrially proven standard components that are very robust and highly reliable, such as IGBT modules These components have proven their reliability and performance many times over under severe environmental and operating conditions in other applications, such as traction drives This wide range of applications results in a larger number of manufacturers as well as long-term availability and continuing development of these standard components - The encountered voltage and current loads support the use of standard AC transformers - The achievable power range as well as the achievable DC voltage of the converter is determined essentially only by the performance of the controls, i.e the number of submodules that can be operated With the current design, transmission rates of 1000 MW or more can be achieved - Due to the elimination of additional components such as AC filters and their switchgear, high reliability and availability can be achieved What’s more, the elimination of components and the modular design can shorten project execution times, all the way from project development to commissioning - With respect to later provision of spare-parts, it is easy to replace existing components by state-of-the-art components, since the switching characteristics of each submodule are determined independently of the behavior of the other submodules This is an important difference to the direct series-connection of semiconductors, such as in the two-level technology, where nearly identical switching characteristics of the individual semiconductors are mandatory - Internal and external faults, such as short-circuit between the two DC poles of the transmission line, are reliably managed by the system, due to the robust design and the fast response of the protection functions Figs 13-15 summarize the advantages in a comprehensive way Added to these are the aforementioned advantages that ensue from the use of VSC technology in general With these features, HVDC PLUS is ideally suitable for the following DC systems (Fig 16): - Cable transmission systems Here, the use of modern extruded cables, i.e XLPE, is possible, since the voltage polarity in the cable remains the same irrespective of the direction of current flow - Overhead transmission lines, because of the capability to manage DC side short-circuits and prompt resumption of system operation - Back-to-back arrangement, i.e rectifier and inverter in one station - The implementation of multiterminal systems is relatively simple with HVDC PLUS In these systems, more than two converter stations are linked to a DC connection It is even possible to configure complete DC networks with branches and ring structures The future use for systems such as these was addressed in the development of HVDC PLUS by pre-engineering the control strategies required for them - It goes without saying that the converters can also be used as STATCOMS, e.g when the transmission line or cable is out of service during maintenance or faults STATCOM with PLUS technology is also useful in unbalanced networks, for instance in the presence of large single-phase loads Symmetry of the three-phase system can to some extent be restored by using load unbalance control This multitude of possibilities in combination with the performance of HVDC PLUS opens up a wide range of applications for this technology: - DC connections for a power range of up to 1,000 megawatts, in which presently only line-commutated converters are used - Grid access to very weak grids or islanded networks - Grid access of renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms, via HVDC PLUS This can substantially help reduce CO2 emissions And vice versa, oil platforms can be supplied from the coast via HVDC PLUS, so that gas turbines or other local power generation on the platform can be avoided Furthermore, with its space-saving design and technical performance, HVDC PLUS is tomorrow’s solution for the supply of megacities To achieve transmission redundancy, HVDC PLUS can be configured in two ways, as depicted in Fig 17 Option a) is the standard solution, providing a full n-1 redundancy for the whole transmission scheme, including cable or line Option b) can be selected, when cost saving for one cable/line conductor is required In this case, however, standard AC transformers can not be used, HVDC transformers would be required Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 10 High Modularity in Hardware and Software Low Generation of Harmonics Low Switching Frequency of Semiconductors Use of well-proven Standard Components Sinus shaped AC Voltage Waveforms Easy Scalability a) Reduced Number of Primary Components Low Rate of Rise of Currents even during Faults High Flexibility, economical from low to high Power Ratings Only small or even no Filters required Low Converter Losses High Availability of State-ofthe-Art Components Use of standard AC Transformers Low Engineering Efforts, Power Range up to 1000 MW High Reliability, low Maintenance Requirements Robust System Space Saving HVDC PLUS Example 400 MW b) HVDC “Classic” Fig 13: a) Features and Benefits of MMC Topology b) Space Saving in Comparison with HVDC “Classic” Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 11 Low Switching Frequency DC Cable Transmission DC Cable Transmission Reduction in Losses DC Overhead Line Transmission DC Overhead Line Transmission Less Stresses Back-to-Back Systems Back-to-Back Systems In Comparison with and 3-Level Converter Technologies Multiterminal Systems Multiterminal Systems STATCOM Features included STATCOM Features included … with Advanced VSC Technology = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = Fig 16: Applications and Features of = = = HVDC PLUS Clean Energy to Platforms & Islands … G~ Fig 14: HVDC PLUS – The Power Link Universal System = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = HVDC PLUS – One Step ahead Compact Modular Design Less Space Requirements Advanced VSC Technology Fig 15: HVDC PLUS – The Smart Way = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = G~ G~ b) G~ = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = = = HVDC Transformers required = = = Use of Standard AC Transformers Fig 17: Options a) and b) for a) Transmission Redundancy Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 12 D Benefits of Active AC and DC Filters Active filters with VSC offer many benefits in comparison with passive filters only In high voltage systems, the active filters are used in combination with passive filters By means of their controls, they can “track” the system frequency, and they can filter several harmonics at the same time: - Excellent performance even in case of detuning of the passive filter or variation of system frequency - Superior harmonic performance through the elimination of several harmonics simultaneously with a single active filter - Less resonance frequencies due to interaction with network impedance or other filters, capacitors, reactors - Easy adaptation to existing passive filter schemes - Containerized design allows to test the complete system at the factory and reduces commissioning works - Active filters meet the highest harmonic performance, which is an important environmental issue in cities and megacities This technology which uses VSC has been successfully applied since long An example for the AC side application in Europe at HVDC station Skagerak III is shown in Fig 18 For DC filtering, Fig 19 shows the results, measured at Tian-Guang HVDC station in China The figures 18-19 show that active filters significantly improve the power quality on the AC and DC side respectively In Fig 18, the containerized active filter (blue “box”) is positioned close to the associated passive filters of the HVDC station For the Neptune HVDC project in USA, a superior harmonic performance on the AC side of the DC transmission system was required due to the power quality requirements [16] Adhering to these very tight requirements was not possible with passive filters alone For flexibility reasons, the MMC concept was also introduced in the new active filter development for the Neptune project Highlights of this new design (ref to Fig 20), already fully proven in practice, are as follows: - The rating has been increased to 26 kV 600 ARMS - Up to 16 independent harmonic frequencies can be mitigated with either voltage or current control - Active damping is possible The energy balance is maintained by the fundamental frequency component - The main circuit is independent of auxiliary power Multilevel converter technology renders the power transformer superfluous Only Passive 11 13 23 25 Harmonic numbers Passive + Active 35 37 47 49 11 13 23 25 Harmonic numbers 35 37 47 49 Remark: the Output of the Measuring System is proportional to the Frequency 400 kV AC On-Site Measurements Fig 18: Active Filter for AC Side – HVDC Skagerrak III, Nordel Europe Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 13 Comparison of DC Currents with passive Filter alone (yellow) and with active Filter inserted (green) Power: 450 MW (0.5 pu) per Pole 500 kV DC On-Site Measurements Fig 19: Active Filter for DC Side – HVDC Tian-Guang, China a) Topology: Passive AC Filter b) Switchgear HF Filter and IGBT Converter Fig 20: Advanced Active Filter for AC using MMC Technology – a) Application for Neptune HVDC, Site View, b) Topology Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 14 E STATCOM with MMC Technology – SVC PLUS It is obvious that the advanced MMC technology can also be applied to STATCOM with benefits similar to those of HVDC PLUS With respect to technology similarities and synergies, the decision was made to use the active filter modules for the STATCOM application in combination with a power transformer The concept and the compact, modular design of the SVC PLUS development with MMC technology summarized in Figs 21 and 22 In the figures, synergies with the active filter highlighted It can be seen, that the SVC PLUS solution the same H-Bridge modules as the active filter new are are uses VSC b) Similar Benefits in Comparison a) with HVDC VSC PLUS Fig 21: From Active Filter - a) to SVC PLUS - b) Control System Modul #1 Modul #2 Modul #6 Modul #4 Cooling System Modul #7 Modul #3 Modular Multilevel Converter Modul #8 Modul #5 Fig 22: SVC PLUS – The Advanced STATCOM a) Converter with H-Bridge Modules b) A View on the Technology – Containerized Solution Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 15 IV CONCLUSIONS The new Modular Multilevel Converter technology (MMC) for HVDC PLUS and SVC PLUS provides tremendous benefits for power transmission It will help significantly in increasing sustainability and security for transmission systems In future, a combination of the different transmission technologies may offer additional benefits for the power systems This idea is outlined in Fig 23 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ~ ~ ~ HVDC PLUS – from Offshore to Land Its basis is the widely promoted political intention to install huge amounts of wind energy, most on offshore platforms, in Europe and in Germany in particular The transmission scenario, as depicted in the figure, uses both Bulk Power HVDC Classic and HVDC PLUS each “on its place” The goal is a significant CO2 reduction through the replacement of conventional power plants by renewable energy sources, mainly offshore wind farms [2], however, without jeopardizing the system security [12-15], as indicated in the figure ~ ~ ~ = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Vattenfall Europe Transmission HVDC Classic – for Load & Generation Reserve Sharing Fig 23: Conclusions – Integration of large Offshore Wind Farms into the Main Grid Prospects of HVDC in Germany V REFERENCES [1] “European Technology Platform SmartGrids – Vision and Strategy for Europe’s Electricity Networks of the Future”, 2006, Luxembourg, Belgium [2] DENA Study Part 1, “Energiewirtschaftliche Planung für die Netzintegration von Windenergie in Deutschland an Land und Offshore bis zum Jahr 2020”, February 24, 2005, Cologne, Germany [3] [4] [5] M Luther, U Radtke, “Betrieb und Planung von Netzen mit hoher Windenergieeinspeisung”, ETG Kongress, October 23-24, 2001, Nuremberg, Germany “Economic Assessment of HVDC Links”, CIGRE Brochure Nr.186 (Final Report of WG 14-20) N.G Hingorani, “Flexible AC Transmission”, IEEE Spectrum, pp 4045, April 1993 [6] “FACTS Overview”, IEEE and CIGRE, Catalog Nr 95 TP 108 [7] Working Group B4-WG 37 CIGRE, “VSC Transmission”, May 2004 [8] F Schettler, H Huang, N Christl, “HVDC Transmission Systems using Voltage-sourced Converters – Design and Applications”, IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, July 2000 [9] R Marquardt, A Lesnicar, “New Concept for High Voltage – Modular Multilevel Converter”, PESC 2004 Conference, Aachen, Germany [10] S Bernet, T Meynard, R Jakob, T Brückner, B McGrath, “Tutorial Multi-Level Converters”, Proc IEEE-PESC Tutorials, 2004, Aachen, Germany [11] L Kirschner, D Retzmann, G Thumm, “Benefits of FACTS for Power System Enhancement”, August 14-18, 2005, IEEE/PES T & D Conference, Dalian, China [12] G Beck, D Povh, D Retzmann, E Teltsch, “Global Blackouts – Lessons Learned”, Power-Gen Europe, June 28-30, 2005, Milan, Italy [13] G Beck, D Povh, D Retzmann, E Teltsch, “Use of HVDC and FACTS for Power System Interconnection and Grid Enhancement”, Power-Gen Middle East, January 30 – February 1, 2006, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply 16 [14] W Breuer, D Povh, D Retzmann, E Teltsch, “Trends for future HVDC Applications”, 16th CEPSI, November 6-10, 2006, Mumbai, India [15] G Beck, W Breuer, D Povh, D Retzmann, “Use of FACTS for System Performance Improvement”, 16th CEPSI, November 6-10, 2006, Mumbai, India [16] J M Pérez de Andrés, J Dorn, D Retzmann, D Soerangr, A Zenkner, “Prospects of VSC Converters for Transmission System Enhancement”; PowerGrid Europe 2007, June 26-28, Madrid, Spain [17] J Dorn, H Huang, D.Retzmann, “Novel Voltage-Sourced Converters for HVDC and FACTS Applications”, Cigre Symposium, November 14, 2007, Osaka, Japan Dag Soerangr was born in Oslo, Norway, on April 22, 1953 He graduated in Electrical Engineering (Dipl.-Ing.) at the University of Trondheim, the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in 1976 Dag Soerangr joined Siemens Norway in 1978 and has been with Siemens AG in Erlangen since 1996 His experience includes project development, sales and marketing for HVDC projects, HVDC system design, project management for hydroelectric generators, project management for offshore safety systems and automation systems and engineering as well as commissioning of high voltage installations and automation systems in power plants, substations and petrochemical plants [18] W Breuer, D Povh, D Retzmann, Ch Urbanke, M Weinhold, “Prospects of Smart Grid Technologies for a Sustainable and Secure Power Supply”, The 20TH World Energy Congress, November 11-15, 2007, Rome, Italy VI BIOGRAPHIES Brian D Gemmell (M’00) received his MEng and PhD in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Strathclyde, UK in 1990 in 1995 respectfully During 1992, he spent months as a Visiting Engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology He worked for ScottishPower (19942000) in Substation Engineering and Transmission Planning He has spent the past years working in FACTS & HVDC Business Development and is currently Director of Business Development with Siemens Power Transmission & Distribution, Inc., based in Wendell, NC Joerg Dorn was born in Forchheim, Germany, on March 7, 1969 He has graduated in Electrical Engineering (Dipl.-Ing.) at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany in 1996 His employment experience included Eupec GmbH, Infineon Technology and Siemens He has worked in the fields of application of high power semiconductors, design of power stacks for HVDC and medium voltage drives, development and application of high power converters Currently, he is principal engineer and director for the development of HVDC PLUS in High Voltage Division, Power Transmission Solutions of Siemens Mr Dorn is active in Cigré and IEC in different working groups Dietmar Retzmann was born in Pfalzfeld, Germany, on November 4, 1947 He graduated in Electrical Engineering (Dipl.-Ing.) at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany in 1974 and he received Dr.-Ing degree from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany in 1983 Dr Retzmann is with Siemens Erlangen, Germany since 1982 Currently, he is director for Technical Marketing & Innovations HVDC/FACTS in High Voltage Division, Power Transmission Solutions His area of expertise covers project development, simulation and testing of HVDC, FACTS, System Protection and Custom Power as well as system studies, innovations and R&D activities Dr Retzmann is active in Cigré, IEEE, ZVEI and VDE He is author and co-author of over 160 technical publications in international journals and conferences In 1998, he was appointed guest-professor at Tsinghua University, Beijing, and in 2002 at Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Since 2004, he is lecturer on Power Electronics at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany Since 2004, he gives lectures on HVDC/FACTS at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany In 2006, he was nominated “Siemens TOP Innovator” Authorized licensed use limited to: TOKYO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Downloaded on April 7, 2009 at 01:37 from IEEE Xplore Restrictions apply ... comparison of two, three and multilevel technology is depicted A new and different multilevel approach is the modular multilevel converter (MMC) technology [9] The principle design of conventional multilevel. .. worked in the fields of application of high power semiconductors, design of power stacks for HVDC and medium voltage drives, development and application of high power converters Currently, he... useful in conventional, line-commutated HVDC transmission technology This fact makes HVDC PLUS suitable even for overhead transmission lines, an application previously reserved entirely for line-commutated