Self Research ‘Self Research’ is both a therapeutic and a research endeavour that enables the subject of the research to interpret and validate their own data In Self Research, Ian Law outlines and draws together the theoretical, institutional and practical elements of this work, and offers illustrative examples of how different elements of the methodology can be applied in practice He proposes a methodology for the practise of self research that is based on an epistemological approach, thereby closing the interpretative gap between the researcher and the researched Engaging in therapeutic work with those who experience their sense of self as problematic can be transformative in two main respects: it enables them to produce a sense of self which acknowledges that an understanding of one’s self is discursively produced, and it helps locate that sense of self within its historical, political and social context Self Research will be essential for advanced students of counselling, along with practising therapists in psychotherapy across different schools of practice Ian Law is a qualified social worker and has a PhD in Critical Psychology He has practised as a psychotherapist for over 20 years and has lived, worked and taught in Australia, the UK, Canada and the USA He was inaugural editor of GECKO: A Journal of Deconstruction and Narrative Ideas in Therapeutic Practice and is on the editorial board of the Annual Review of Critical Psychology Concepts for Critical Psychology: Disciplinary Boundaries Re-thought Series editor: Ian Parker Developments inside psychology that question the history of the discipline and the way it functions in society have led many psychologists to look outside the discipline for new ideas This series draws on cutting edge critiques from just outside psychology in order to complement and question critical arguments emerging inside The authors provide new perspectives on subjectivity from disciplinary debates and cultural phenomena adjacent to traditional studies of the individual The books in the series are useful for advanced level undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers and lecturers in psychology and other related disciplines such as cultural studies, geography, literary theory, philosophy, psychotherapy, social work and sociology Published Titles: Surviving Identity Vulnerability and the Psychology of Recognition Kenneth McLaughlin Psychologisation in Times of Globalisation Jan De Vos Social Identity in Question Construction, Subjectivity and Critique Parisa Dashtipour Cultural Ecstasies Drugs, Gender and the Social Imaginary Ilana Mountian Self Research The Intersection of Therapy and Research Ian Law Forthcoming Title: Ethics and Psychology Beyond Codes of Practice Calum Neill This page intentionally left blank Self Research The intersection of therapy and research Ian Law Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2014 by Routledge 27 Church Road, Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Ian Law The right of Ian Law to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law, Ian Self research : the intersection of therapy and research / Ian Law pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Psychotherapy Self I Title RC480.L38 2014 616.89'14 dc23 2013030566 ISBN: 978-0-415-59930-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-59931-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-85795-4 (ebk) Typeset in Times by Fish Books Ltd Contents Preface Acknowledgements ix xi Introduction 1 Theorising the ‘self’ Family therapy as a potential disciplinary site for the practise of self research 26 A discursive approach to family therapy 39 A discursive approach to research 51 The methodology of self research 62 Elements of practice: ADD, addictions and the DSM 78 Self Research: An illustration 91 Reflexivity: A critical analysis of self research 110 References Index 119 135 This page intentionally left blank Preface This book provides an archaeology and overview of some crucial methodological resources that have been dear to the hearts of critical psychologists – studies of discourse and reflexivity – and it brings these resources together to show us why they are so useful in practice, in work with people who struggle to make sense of themselves in therapeutic and research contexts The ‘turn to discourse’ is not at all, we can see from this book, an approach which excludes reflexivity – the subjectivity of those involved in the research process – but it provides an entirely new way of thinking about the puzzle that is the ‘self’ And we can see now why ‘discourse analysis’ is not at all an approach to language that is confined to academic study, but it resonates with the practise of a new generation of family therapists This discourse analysis is also a kind of ‘discursive therapy’, and Ian Law shows us how developments in the therapeutic world then loop back and provide new ways of thinking about language and the self in the discipline of psychology itself You learn here why ‘post-structuralism’ and ‘critical theory’ speak to therapeutic practitioners, and how those ideas have immediate consequences for the way that those who seek help from professionals can find new ways of speaking, thinking and feeling about themselves And, in a striking reflexive ‘self-critical’ move, we also learn how the therapist and the researcher is also enabled to find a completely different way of conceptualising what they are doing when they think they are helping someone else or – as is more commonly the case in mainstream academic psychology – when they think they are merely discovering and describing something about other people Psychology is a discipline with immense influence in a number of the ‘helping professions’, and much of that influence has been malign; it has tended to reinforce the claim that we know what the ‘self’ is as the core of the individual, and the assumption that the task of the professional is to correct faulty thinking or promote a kind of happiness that they, 126 References Haslem, B., Marris, S and Crossweller, A (2000) ‘PM’s Family Crusade.’ The Australian, August, Haug, F (ed.) 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debate of within medicine 78–80; infantilising or ‘growing down’ of children 82; and mother blaming 82–3; and pathologising of behaviour 81–2 addiction 5–6, 83–9; appeal of metaphors 86–8; biological explanations 84–5; effects of pathologising metaphors 88–9; and genetics 85; twelve-step tradition 85–6 ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 5, 47, 79, 80, 90 Adorno, Theodor 13 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) 85 Altheide, D 57, 71 Althusser, Louis 12, 20, 21 American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT) 37 American Psychiatric Association (APA) 10 American Psychological Association (APA) 73 anthropology 9, 57–8 Aponte, Harry 29 attachment 46 attention deficit disorder see ADD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder see ADHD Australia 41 author: biographical details of 12 auto-ethnography 58, 63 autobiographical research 63–4, 113 autopoesis 35 Banister, P 58–9 Barrett, M 50 Bateson, Gregory 27, 28, 29, 32, 34; Mind and Nature 28; Steps to an Ecology of Mind 28 behavioural conditioning Bertaux, D 59–60 Bertaux-Wiame, I 59–60 BFTC (Brief Family Therapy Center) 30 biological determinism 8, 9–10, 81, 84, 90 Boscolo, Luigi 30 Bowen, Murray 27, 31 Bowlby 46 BPS (British Psychological Society) 73 Brief Family Therapy Center (BFTC) 30 brief therapy 28, 30, 33 British Psychological Society (BPS) 73 Brown, D.D 11, 56 Bruner, Edward 31 Bruner, Jerome 31 Bruni, N 64 Burman, E 46 136 Index Burnham, J 88 Butto, Benazir 41–2 capitalism 14, 20, 21, 27 Ceccin, Gianfranco 30 Chavasse, P.H 45, 46 clinic: and family therapy 34–5, 42–3 code of conduct, professional 73–4 collaborative research 114–15 collaborative therapy 32, 114–15 communication theory 28 community-relationship 8, competence 73, 74, 82, 83 confidentiality 42, 73, 74 consent/deception 74 conservatism: and family therapy 28, 33–6 constructionism 19, 31, 32; and positivism in epistemology 52, 53–4, 63 conversational analysis 58 counter transference 70, 115 criminal responsibility 44 critical psychology 56, 57, 58–9 critical theory 3, 7, 11, 12, 13–15, 19–20, 24, 66; attempt at rapprochement of poststructuralist theory and 17–18; beginnings 13–14; definition 14; and Freud-Marx axis 18–21; philosophical framework 14; struggle with subjectivity 14–15, 21 Crotty, M 51–2 cybernetics 28, 31 de Man, Paul 12 deconstruction 12, 24, 31 Deleuze, Gilles 20 Derrida, Jacques 8, 12, 20–1, 24, 74 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual see DSM discourse 23; and Foucault 43, 44, 45–6, 49, 50 discursive approach 66, 67, 70; and family therapy 39–50, 63; to research 51–61, 67 discursive formation 43–9; educational discourse 43–4; medical discourse 45–6; military discourse 44–5; psychiatric discourse 47–8; psychological discourse 46–7; of self 49–50 Donzelot, J 40, 50 double-bind theory 28, 32, 34, 67 Dr Chavasse’s Advice to a Mother 45 DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) 5, 10, 24, 81 eclectic psychotherapy 60 educational discourse 43–4 efficacy 1, 68 Ellacuria, Ignacio 19 Elliott-Griffith 32 Ellis, C 55 empowerment 55 Enlightenment 8, 15, 17 Eno’s Fruit Salt 45 epistemology/epistemological stance 6, 52, 116; political-apolitical 54–5; positivism-constructionism in 52, 53–4, 63 Epston, David 31 Erickson, Milton 29 ethic(s) 62, 65, 112; poststructuralist 62, 72–3, 74–5; and professional code of conduct 73–4; research therapy as an 72–5 ethnography 9, 57, 58 ethnomethodology 57 Evans, Dr Rob: interviews with 6, 91–109, 115 evidence-based movement 60 Eysenck, H.J 19, 60 false consciousness 19 family 4; as a Foucauldian institute 40–2, 83; and gender 41; politicisation of 40–1 Family Institute of New York 29 Family Process (journal) 29, 37 family therapy 3–4, 26–38, 111, 115; clinic based 34–5, 42–3; and conservatism 28, 33–5; deconstructive approach 31; discursive approach 39–50, 63; and educational discourse 43–4; and ethnography 57; and feminism 34, 36; foundational theory 28; and gender 34; and general systems Index theory 30; history 27–33; and hypnotherapy 29; and medical discourse 45–6; and military discourse 44–5; and narrative therapy 35; ‘post’ 31; and poststructuralism 26, 31, 33, 39, 40; and professionalisation process 36–7; and psychiatric discourse 47–8; and psychological discourse 46–7; and radicalism 28, 33–6, 37; solution focused 30–1, 35; structural 29–30, 33; and systematic approach 30, 32, 33–4; and wave metaphor 35 family-of-origin 31 feedback 30 feminism/feminists: epistemological stance 54–5; and family therapy 34, 36 Flemons, D.G 32 fluidity 101, 103, 104, 107, 108 folk wisdom 10 Foucault, M 1, 4, 12, 16, 18, 31, 33, 43, 81; and discourse 43, 44, 45–6, 49, 50; and ethics 72, 74; and family 39, 40; History of Sexuality 16; Madness and Civilization 16; and power 4, 36, 49 Frankfurt School 11, 13, 14, 15; and Freud-Marx axis 19–20 Freire, Paulo 19 Freud, Sigmund 10, 18–21, 60 Freud-Marx axis 18–21; and Frankfurt School 19–20 Fromm 20 Gamblers Anonymous (GA) 85 gambling 6, 83–6; absolution from guilt and responsibility 87–8; addiction pathology as metaphor 83–6; appeal of metaphors and problem 86–8; biology and problem 84; provision of an explanation 86 Geertz, Clifford 31, 35 gender: and family 41; and family therapy 34 gender discourse 48 general systems theory 30 genetics: and addiction 85 137 Gergen, Ken 8, 9, 19, 36 Giddens, A 2, 10 Goffman 58 good practice 73 Greenwood, J.D 19 Griffith, J.L 32 grounded theory 54 Grunberg, Carl 13 Guattari, Felix 20 Habermas, J 15, 17–18, 20 Haley, Jay 28, 29, 33; Uncommon Therapy 29 Hammersley, M 59 Haraway, D 54 Harré, R 58 Haug, F 57, 58 historical materialism historicism 16 Hodges, J 50 homeostasis 30 Horkheimer, Max 13, 14 Hume, D 19 Hussain, A 50 hyperactivity 47 see also ADHD hypnotherapy: and family therapy 29 hysteria 45 identity 50, 53, 66, 70, 78, 91, 92 inconcludability 54 indexality 54 inequality 24, 25, 75 infantilisation: and ADD 82 Ingleby, D 20 Institute of Social Research 13 institution(s) 6; family as Foucauldian 40–2, 83; self as discursively constructed through 23–4 International Classification of Disease 10 interpretative gap 53, 55; negotiating 2, 58, 68, 70, 71, 102–3, 115 interviewing 63, 64, 65 intrapsychic 8, 10 irony 110–13 Jackson, Don 28 Johnson, J 57, 71 justice 74–5; as un-deconstructable 24–5 138 Index Kim Berg, Insoo 30 Kitzinger, C 53, 75 Kvale, S 59 Lacanian psychoanalysis 21 Lather, P 59 Lewin, Kurt 58 liberal humanism 19 life history 57–8 Lipchik, Eve 30 Lobovitz, D 57 Local Government Act (1988) 41 logical positivism 19 logical types 36 McIntosh, M 50 mad or bad dichotomy 87 Madanes, Cloe 29, 33 Marcuse, Herbert 13 Marks, Isaac 84 Martin-Baró, I 19 Marx, Karl 14, 18–21 Marx-Freud axis: and poststructuralism 20–1 Marxism 15 Masson, J 60 May, T 71 medical discourse 45–6 memory work 58 Mental Research Institute see MRI metaphor of pie 98–9, 102, 104 metaphor of research 115 metaphors: and addiction 6, 86–9 methodological horrors 54 methodology 52, 56–9, 60–1, 112; qualitative-quantitative binary opposition 56–9; of self research 62–77 Milan Associates 30, 32, 33–4 Milgram, Stanley 12–13 military discourse 44–5 Minuchin, Salvador 29–30, 33, 34 modernism 8, 51 Montalvo, Braulio 29 Morrow, R.A 11, 56 Morss, J 16 mother blame/blaming 34, 45, 46, 47–8, 66, 67, 75, 111; and ADD 82–3 MRI (Mental Research Institute) 28, 29, 30–1, 33, 37 multiple personalities 69 narrative therapy 31, 32, 114 Native North Americans Nazism 12, 13 New Age New Zealand 41 objectivism: and subjectivism in ontology 52–3, 63 Ochs, E 59 O’Hanlon, W.H 30 ontology 52; objectivism-subjectivism in 52–3, 63 oppression 24 Palo Alto Communication Project 28 Palozzoli, Mara Selvini 30 Papp, Peggy 30 parent-child relations 44 parenting discourse 48, 49 Parker, I 14, 20, 55, 59 Participant(s): protection of 74; relationship between Research Supervisor/Therapeutic Consultant and 63, 65, 67, 70–1; relationship with their self 69, 76–7 pastoral counselling pathologising of behaviour 6, 24; and ADD 81–2 pathology 29, 47, 89; and addiction 83–6, 87–8, 90; ascribing of an identity 96; and deficit language 81–2; gambling and appeal of metaphor of 87–8; self as 27 patriarchy 49 Pennell, J 55 personality, notion of 81 Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic 29 political: and apolitical 54–5 politics: poststructuralist struggle with 17 pop-psychology 10 positive power 4, 49 positivism 60; and constructionism in epistemology 52, 53–4, 63 postcolonialism 36, 55 Poster, M 16, 17, 18, 21 postmodernism 32 Index poststructuralist ethic 62, 72–3, 74–5 poststructualism/poststructuralist theory 3, 7, 13, 15–17, 24, 66; attempt at rapprochement of critical theory and 17–18; and family therapy 26, 31, 33, 39; and Freud-Marx axis 18–19, 20–1; struggle with politics 17; and subjectivity 16–17 Potter, J 59 power: and Foucault 4, 49 Prata, Guiliana 30 praxis 11 problem self 40 professionalisation 36 psychiatric discourse 47–8 psychiatry 35, 81; diagnostic categories of 47 psychoanalysis 10, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 35, 50, 60, 70 psychodynamic theory 20 psychological discourse 46–7 psychology 8, 9, 67, 81, 114; critical 56, 57, 58–9 psychotherapy 1, 2, 60, 70; eclectic 60; use of research as weapon against 60 qualitative research 52, 56–9, 63; anthropology 57–8; critical psychology 58–9; evaluation and interpretation 59–60 quantitative research 52, 56–7, 63 questions/questioning 63, 65, 66, 75–7, 112–13; about the Participant’s relationship to self 76–7; about the process of self research 77; of reflexivity 77 radicalism: and family therapy 28, 33–6, 37 Rajchman, J 73 rational emotive therapy 32 realism 19 reflexivity 6, 52, 53, 54, 62, 63, 64, 102, 106–7, 110–17; endogenous 71; kinds of 55, 71; psychological and personal 55; questions of 77; referential 71; and subjectivity in research 55–6; and Therapeutic 139 Consultant’s relationship with their self 71–2 Reid, R 79, 80 relational co-research 57 relationships 69–72; between Participant and Research Supervisor/Therapeutic Consultant 70–1; between Participant and their self 69; between Research Supervisor and their self 71–2 research: discursive approach to 51–61, 67; elements of 51–6; intersection with therapy 5, 62, 64–77; objectivism-subjectivism in ontology 52–3, 63; politicalapolitical in epistemological stance 54–5; positivism-constructionism in epistemology 52, 53–4, 63; subjectivity-reflexivity 55–6; and therapy 60–1 research methodology see methodology Research Supervisor 5, 68; relationship between Participant and 70–1; relationship with Participant 63, 65; relationship with their self 71–2 responsibility 44, 73 rigidity 103 Ristock, J 55 Roiser, M 14 romanticism Rorty, R 19 Russell, Bertrand 19, 36, 53 Satir, Virginia 28; Conjoint Family Therapy 28 schizophrenia 28, 30, 34 scientific method 53, 112 scientism 52–3 Secord, P.F 58 secular theories Seidal, E.C 57 self: definition of 92; discursive formation of 23, 25, 49–50; as discursively constructed through institutions 23–4; need for description of and not explanation of 22–3; as political 24; problem 40; problems of as products of 140 Index oppression and inequality 24; production of as (ab)normal 50; sense of as neither totally determined nor individualised 23; theorising of see theorising the self; uniqueness of an experience of 22 self research: as an emergent process 113–15; meaning of 1–2; object of 64, 66; process of 64–5, 77; subject of 64, 67 self-actualisation 11 separation 46 Shazer, Steve de 30 Shotter, J 19 Silverstein, Olga 30 single mother example 66 slippage 10 social determinism 8, 10 social learning theory 10 social role theory social services: regulating of family by 42 social work 114 socialisation 10, 41, 58 solution-based therapy 30, 32 soul, conceptualising of the spirituality Spivak, G.C 22, 55 Stancombe, J 60 student revolt (1968) 17–18 subjectivity/subjectivism 7, 23, 63; critical theory’s struggle with 14–15, 21; and objectivism in ontology 52–3, 63; and postructuralist theory 16–17; problem of 11; and reflexivity in research 55–6; and research 52 Sullivan, G 55 systematic approach: and family therapy 30, 33–4 systems approach: and family therapy 30, 32 criteria for choosing a theory 11–13; and critical theory 13–15; epistemologies 8–10; Freud-Marx axis 18–21; poststructuralist theory 15–17; principles for 22–5; problem of subjectivity 11 theory-as-action 11 Therapeutic Consultant 5, 68; relationship with Participant 63, 65, 67, 70–1; relationship with their self 71–2 therapy 2; intersecting with research 5, 62, 64–77; as a political act 114; and research 60–1 Tomm, Karl 32 Torres Strait Islanders Tourette’s Syndrome 92–109 transference 70, 115 transience 103 Turner, Victor 31, 35 twelve-step tradition: and addiction counselling 85–6 talk therapy 1, 2, 10, 11 technologies of the self 44 theological theoretical context theorising the self 7–25; attempted rapprochement between critical and poststructuralist theory 17–18; Zametkin, A.J 79 unconscious 10 unemployment 75 validity 59–60, 63, 112 van Gennep, A 35 Walkerdine, V 11 Watzlawic, Paul 28 Weakland, John 28 Weedon, C 16 Wetherell, M 59 White, Michael 31 White, S 60 Whittaker, Carl 27, 31 Willig, C 14 Winnicott 46 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 19, 22, 36, 53 Woolgar, S 54 Wynne, Lyman 27 ... Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Law, Ian Self research : the intersection of therapy and research / Ian Law pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Psychotherapy Self. . .Self Research ? ?Self Research? ?? is both a therapeutic and a research endeavour that enables the subject of the research to interpret and validate their own data In Self Research, Ian Law... of research is the self; if the object of self research is someone’s self then its subject must be the person to whom the self relates; if this signification of roles is to be extended then the