RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Modern techniques of sports performance analysis enable the sport scientist, coach and athlete to objectively assess, and therefore improve upon, sporting performance They are an important tool for any serious practitioner in sport and, as a result, performance analysis has become a key component of degree programmes in sport science and sports coaching Research Methods for Sports Performance Analysis explains how to undertake a research project in performance analysis including: • • • • • • • selection and specification of a research topic the research proposal gaining ethical approval for a study developing a performance analysis system testing a system for reliability analysing and discussing data writing up results Covering the full research cycle and clearly introducing the key themes and issues in contemporary performance analysis, this is the only book that sports students will need to support a research project in performance analysis, from undergraduate dissertation to doctoral thesis Including case studies, examples and data throughout, this book is essential reading for any student or practitioner with an interest in performance analysis, sports coaching or applied sport science Peter O’Donoghue is Reader and Discipline Director for Performance Analysis in the Cardiff School of Sport, UWIC He is also the editor of the International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Peter O’Donoghue Published 2010 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk © 2010 Peter O’Donoghue All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data O’Donoghue, Peter Research methods for sports performance analysis / Peter O’Donoghue p cm Includes bibliographical references Sports sciences—Research Sports—Research Sports—Study and teaching Sports—Physiological aspects I Title GV558.0375 2010 612Ј.044—dc22 2009036584 ISBN 0-203-87830-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0-415-49622-5 (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-49623-3 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-87830-2 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49622-3 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-49623-0 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-87830-9 (ebk) CONTENTS List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements Preface vii ix xi xiii Performance analysis research Research processes 29 Selecting a research question 55 Specifying the research question 78 Ethical issues in performance analysis 103 Devising methods 128 Measurement issues in performance analysis 149 Analysis of quantitative sports performance data 178 Analysis of qualitative sports performance data 210 Writing up performance analysis research 227 References Index 253 271 10 FIGURES 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 6.1 6.2 6.3 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Performance analysis in a coaching context (Mayes et al., 2009) Data gathering and analysis methods Populations and samples in empirical research The ‘V’ shaped model of the quantitative research process Moving from research problem to research question Deductive and inductive reasoning Problem structure Manual form for collecting tennis service data Tally system for boxing analysis Classification of point types in tennis Areas of shooting circle of a netball court Relative reliability of elapsed time in 800m running (using data from Brown, 2005) Relative reliability of split time in 800m running (using data from Brown, 2005) Bland Altman Plot (using data from Brown, 2005) Decision tree of statistical tests Cross-tabulation of frequencies and chi-square test of independence Pearson’s coefficient of correlation Nonparametric correlations Tests of normality Independent samples t-test Paired samples t-test 37 39 47 51 79 87 88 136 137 139 165 169 169 174 180 186 187 189 190 191 193 viii FIGURES 8.8 One-way ANOVA 8.9 Repeated measures ANOVA 8.10 A significant interaction between two factors (fictitious example of percentage match time spent performing high intensity activity by soccer players) 8.11 Two-way factorial ANOVA results 8.12 Mann Whitney U test 8.13 Descriptive statistics comparing medians between samples 8.14 Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test 8.15 Descriptive statistics comparing two samples 8.16 Kruskal Wallis H test 8.17 Friedman test and supporting Wilcoxon signed ranks tests for comparing pairs of related samples 9.1 Adapted version of Côté et al.’s (1995) method for analysing unstructured qualitative data 10.1 Distribution of %HR max during match time in competitive netball (fictitious data) 10.2 Proportion of high intensity activity performed in different quarters of a netball match (fictitious data) 10.3 Mean number of shots played per rally in Grand Slam tennis tournaments (fictitious data) 10.4 Distance covered (m) by different positions during a match quarter 10.5 Mean running speed for 300m sections of international women’s 1,500m races (fictitious data) 10.6 The association between the percentage of points where the first serve is in and the percentage of points won when the first serve is in during women’s singles tennis matches (fictitious data) 10.7 Distribution of match time during Grand Slam singles tennis (fictitious data) 10.8 Fraction of possessions starting in different court areas that lead to goals in international netball (data from Williams and O’Donoghue, 2006) 195 197 198 199 200 201 201 202 203 205 223 241 242 242 243 244 244 245 246 TABLES 1.1 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 8.1 Purposes of performance analysis relevant to the analysis of different people Technical effectiveness ratings for soccer (Hughes and Probert, 2006) Percentage error of point type in tennis in an inter-operator agreement test (data from Brown and O’Donoghue, 2008b) Inter-operator reliability table for point type (data from Brown and O’Donoghue, 2008b) Frequency distribution of point type in tennis in an inter-operator agreement test (data from Brown and O’Donoghue, 2008b) Interpretation of kappa values (Altman, 1991: 404) An ordinal scale for rating aggressiveness of tennis shots (adapted from Boffin, 2004) Inter-operator reliability of rating of aggressiveness of tennis shot (fictitious data using Boffin’s 2004 method) Weightings to be used when applying the weighted kappa statistic to inter-operator reliability of a shot aggressiveness in tennis Calculation of mean percentage error for split time (data from Brown, 2005) Summary of absolute reliability statistics(s) Type I and Type II errors 135 162 162 164 164 166 167 167 172 175 183 264 RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS O’Donoghue, P.G (2001b) Is notational analysis research? A repeated investigation of tennis strategy In M Hughes and I.M Franks (eds), Performance Analysis, Sports Science and Computers (pp 147–52), Cardiff: CPA Press, UWIC O’Donoghue, P.G (2002) ‘Performance models of ladies’ and men’s singles tennis at the Australian Open’, International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport, 2: 73–84 O’Donoghue, P.G (2003) ‘The effect of score line on elite tennis strategy: a cluster analysis’, Journal of Sports Sciences, 21: 284–5 O’Donoghue, P.G (2004) ‘Sources of variability in time-motion data; measurement error and within player variability in work-rate’, International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport, 4(2): 42–9 O’Donoghue, P.G (2005a) ‘Normative profiles of sports performance’, International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport, 5(1): 104–19 O’Donoghue, P.G (2005b) ‘Evaluation of computer-based predictions of the Euro 2004 soccer tournament’, paper presented at the 5th International Symposium of Computer Science, Hvar, Croatia, May 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Abstraction 21, 46, 47, 81, 88, 214, 223, 246 Academic research Acceleration 168, 176, 243 Accounts 53, 217, 219–220, 225 Action research 36–37, 49 Action variables 155, 160 Aerobic endurance 150 Aggression 7, 15, 165–167 Agility 23 Alertness American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD) 71 American College of Sports Medicine 112 Anatomy 16 ANCOVA 206 Anger 152 Angles 176 Angular acceleration 168, 243 Angular velocity 168, 243 Anonymity 115 ANOVA tests 145–146, 180, 193–199 ANOVA tests (ANCOVA) 206 ANOVA tests (MANCOVA) 206 ANOVA tests (MANOVA) 206 ANOVA tests (One-way ANOVA) 180, 191, 193–194 ANOVA tests (Factorial ANOVA) 145–146, 197–199 ANOVA tests (Repeated measures ANOVA) 146, 180, 194–197, 241 Anthropometry 25, 42, 80, 115, 158, 215 Anticipation 43 Antipositivism 45 Anxiety 151 Appendices 248 Applied research 11, 12 Arizona State University Observation Instrument (ASUOI) 20, 53, 58 Arousal 7, 15 Assumptions of research methods 43–49 Athletics 121 Attention 7, 15, 234 Audio-visual aids 18 Audio recording 118–119, 214, 221 Australian rules football 17 Authorship of papers 109–111 Autobiographies 220 Automatic player tracking 10, 43, 70 Backup 231–232, 248 Baseline strategy 6, 154 Basketball 22, 61, 164, 217, 245 Beamon, Bob 16 Behavioural aspects 4, Bias 224 Binary logistic regression 154, 207 272 RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Biomechanics 2–6, 10, 15–16, 24, 31, 65, 67, 74, 115, 141, 151, 157, 158, 211, 237, 243 Bland and Altman plot 173–174 Blind testing 31 Blood lactate 2, Blood samples 123, 124 Bloomfield movement classification 141 Body language 15, 152 Bonferroni adjusted post hoc tests 193–194 Bonferroni adjustment 193, 204 Boxing 9, 136–137, 152 British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES) 13–15, 71 Burrell and Morgan’s framework 43–46 Business 21 Camera/camcorder 17, 20, 173 Canoe slalom 21 Career aspirations 57–58, 65, 68 Case studies 29, 37–38, 42, 236 Catalytic validity 49, 150 Categorical variables 46, 87–88, 98–101, 179, 237, 238–239 Causal attribution 73 Change in the mean 169, 173, 174–175, 176 Charts 133, 237, 239–246, 250 Charts (Bar charts) 133, 192, 193, 239, 242–244 Charts (Histograms) 239, 241 Charts (Line graphs) 243–244 Charts (Pie charts) 136, 183, 244–245 Charts (Scattergrams) 188, 243–244 Chi-square test of independence 145, 179, 182, 184–186 Child protection 119 Cluster analysis 208–209 Coach behaviour 4, 20–21, 39, 141, 234 Coach education 112–113 Coach knowledge 222 Coaching model 247 Coaching process 4, 5, 9, 36 Coaching science 56, 59, 153 Coaching style 20, 57, 234 Coach education 3, 7–8 Coda 176 Coding in qualitative research 147, 246 Coefficient of determination 187 Commercial sports analysis packages 141–142 Computational analysis Computerised systems 137–142, 232, 248 Computers 18 Conceptual framework 229 Conclusions 248–249 Concurrent validity 151 Conditioning training 13, 23, 63 Confidence 151 Confidentiality 115, 120 Construct validity 151–152 Content validity 150–151, 155 Conversation analysis Copyrighted material 105 Correlation 152, 168–170, 180, 186–188, 208, 237 Covariance 206 Covert methods 117, 124, 218 Cricket 10, 25 Criminal Records Bureau 114 Criteria for exclusion of data 106 Criteria for inclusion of data 106, 144, 212, 235 Criteria for selecting a research topic 55–68 Criterion referenced validity 152 Criterion validity 151 Critical incidents 19–20 Critical reflection 49 Critical theory 48–49 Cross-sectional studies 34 Cross-tabulation of frequencies 184–186, 237–239 Cross-validation 151 Crossover design 33 Cycling 150 Dartfish 36, 176 Data Protection Act (UK) 115 Data storage devices 137–138, 231 Data storage problems 108–109 Database 3–5, 7–8, 18, 137, 141 Deception 116–117, 124, 218 Decision accuracy validity 152 Decision making (by coaches) 119, 158 Decision making (by players) 5, 6, 43, 82, 151–153, 158 Deductive reasoning 82–84, 87, 213, 222–223 Defensive play 156–157 Degrees of freedom 185–186, 190–191, 194, 196 Delimitations 80 Dependent variable 31–32, 75, 86–87, 151, 152, 179–181, 188–191, 207, 238 INDEX Descriptive statistics 92, 149, 182–184, 237 Determinism 45–46 Developmental research 29, 34 Dietary interventions 115 Digitisation 17 Discrepant cases 147, 222 Discriminant function analysis 154, 207–208 Discus 17 Discussion 247–248, 250 Displacement 243 Distance travelled 18, 21, 30, 43, 151, 243 Distribution free tests 181 DM-CSAI-2 41 Documentaries 220 Drinking culture 120 Drugs 123 Dynamic systems theory 9, 11 Ecological validity 30, 150 EEG 211 Efficacy expectation 73 Eigenvalues 208 Elapsed times 168–169 Elite athletes 4, 5, 9, 47, 90, 216 Elite Sports Analysis Energy systems 7, 12 Engineering 16, 21 Epistemology 44, 45, 250 Error bars 241–242 Ethical approval 78–79, 123, 126, 147, 229–230 Ethical issues 52, 103–127, 227–228, 229, 236 Ethics committees 122, 123, 126, 129, 228–229 Ethics framework 103 Ethics policies and procedures 103, 122–127 Ethics principles 103, 112 Ethnomethodology 48 European Space Agency 49 Event skills 24 Ex-Post-Facto research 32, 38 Exercise diaries 42 Exercise prescription 115 Exercise testing Experiments 8, 13, 14, 31–33, 42, 51, 248 Expert opinion 152–154, 214 External validity 33, 150 Extrapolation 207 273 Extreme values 106 Eyewitness testimony (limitations) Fabrication 105–106 Face validity 150 Factor analysis 208 Factorial ANOVA 145–146, 197–199 Fault tree analysis 20 Faulty data gathering 107–108 Feasibility 51–52, 67–68, 128, 153 Feedback 4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 59, 63, 119, 132, 234 Feedback (effectiveness of) 8, 63 Feed-forward 10 Ferguson, Sir Alex 60 Field games 21, 73, 241, 248 Field notes 43, 119, 218–225, 247, 250 Field studies 12, 233, 236 Field tests 42 Field work 43, 53, 235 Figure skaters Figures 248, 251 Filming 118–119, 125, 144, 235, 248 Fisher’s exact test 186 Fitness surveys 35, 43 Fitness testing 13, 42, 43, 115, 158 Flexibility 150 Focus groups 21, 153, 154, 214, 216, 250 Focus X2 36 Form chart 26 Formal specification techniques 156 Fouls Frequency distribution 182, 238 Friedman test 180, 204–205, 241 Gaelic games 8, 26, 27, 32, 42, 46–47, 61, 67 Generalisation 46 Geographical factors 81 Golf 24 GPS systems 10, 43 Grading 153 Grant applications 230 Graphical user interface 137 Greenhouse-Geisser adjustment 196 Grounded theory 213 Gymnastics 222 Harvard referencing system 251 Hawkeye 10, 67, 157 Health Health authority facilities 124 Health authority patients 124 Health authority staff 124 274 RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Heart rate 2, 7, 116, 241 Heteroscedasticity 176 Hieroglyphics 17 High performance director (applications) 9, 15, 39–40, 215 Highlighter pens 221 Historical research 15, 33–34, 38, 80 History of performance analysis research 16–19, 232 Hockey (Field hockey) 17, 26, 61, 116, 245 Hockey (Ice hockey) 20 Homogeneity of variances 188, 190–191 Homogeneity of variances (Levene’s test) 190–191 Homoscedasticity 177 Hooliganism 117 Hotelling’s T 206 Hughes, Mike 17 Human nature assumptions 44–46 Human observer recall (limitations) 3, 27, 43, 217 Human tissue 115, 123, 124 Huynh Feldt adjustment 196 Hypotheses 91–101 Idiographic methods 45, 48 Illegal behaviour 117 Independent checking 221 Independent samples 144, 179 Independent t-test 145, 180, 182, 190–192 Independent variable 42, 75, 87–88, 157, 179, 207, 233, 250 Inductive content analysis 223, 224 Inductive reasoning 82–87, 159, 213, 222–223 Inferential statistics 66, 92, 149, 154, 182–184, 237 Injury risk 5–7, 15, 23, 63 Injury rehabilitation 11 Instructional feedback 6, 63, 119, 234 Inter-operator agreement 23, 129–130, 143, 154, 159–161, 168–169, 173, 177, 248 Inter-quartile range 182–183, 237 Interacting performances theory 11, 215, 236 Interaction effects 198–199 Intermittent high intensity activity 15, 61, 73, 233 Internal validity 33, 150 International Amateur Boxing Association 151 International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport 19, 72 International Society of Notational Analysis of Sport 18 International Society of Performance Analysis of Sport 18 International Tennis Federation 64 International Workshop of Performance Analysis of Sport 19 Internet 17, 22–23, 35, 36, 71, 212 Interpretive paradigm 44, 47–48, 208 Interval scale variables 161, 176–177, 179, 181 Interview guide 39, 131, 216–217, 236 Interview quotes 247 Interview transcripts 43, 115, 131, 220–222, 223–225 Interviews 38–40, 115–116, 123–124, 153–154, 214–217, 220–222, 236, 247 Interviews (Group interviews) 39 Interviews (Stages) 216–217 Interviews (Types) 215–216 Intra-operator agreement 159, 160 Invasion games 21 Invasive testing 115–116, 123 Javelin 150 Job analysis 30 Journal paper 251 Judging applications 3, 8, Jumping 150 Kappa 23, 161–166 Kappa (weighted) 164–167 Kendall’s 179, 180, 188 Key performance indicators 152, 250 Kinematic analysis 5, 16, 176, 237 Kinetic analysis 5, 151, 237 Known group difference 152, 154 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 189–190 Kruskal Wallis H test 144, 180, 181, 203–204 Laban, Rudolph 17 Labanotation 17 Laboratory studies 11, 12, 30, 123, 211, 233 Laptop computer Language 214, 218 Level effects 62, 198–199, 233 Levene’s test 190–191 Limitations 101, 229, 231 INDEX Literature review 68–76, 153, 229, 232–234, 250 Location of events 6, 30, 134, 136, 160, 164–165, 237, 245–246 Log book 148 Logical validity 150 Long jump 8, 16 Longitudinal studies 34, 42 Lyons, Keith 18 Manual notation methods 17–18, 23, 130, 134–137 MANCOVA 206 Mann Whitney U test 146, 180, 192, 200–201, 203–204 MANOVA 206 Match syntax 12 Matched samples 179 Mauchly’s test of sphericity 196 Mean 91, 99–101, 180, 182–183, 237 Mean absolute error 168, 169, 171–176 Meaning units 223–225 Measurement issues 41, 149–177 Measurement scale 21, 160–177, 179, 180, 188 Measures of dispersion 182–183, 237 Measures of location 46, 182 Mechanical aspects 5, 16 Mechanical theory 11 Media applications 3, Median 91, 180, 182–183, 237 Member checking 225 Menu design 139, 141 Methodology 234, 250 Methods 128–148, 234–237, 250–251 Metric properties 21 Microsoft Excel 171 Middle distance athletics 21, 220 Mixed methods 29, 53–54, 128, 236–237 Mode 182–183 Modula2 137 Mood 151 Morphological constraints Motif writing 17 Motivation 73 Motivational feedback 42, 63, 119 Motor control 5, 11, 234 Motor learning Movement analysis 3–7, 15 Multivariate analysis 205–209 Muscle biopsies 115 Narratives 247 NASA 16 275 Natural science 47 Negative case selection 222, 247 Nepotism 111 Net games 21 Net strategy 6, 215 Netball 12, 23, 26, 36–38, 63–64, 121, 156, 245–246 Neural networks 4, 21–22, 154 Neuromotor control 4, Newton’s laws 11–12 Nominal scale variables 89, 92–95, 153, 160, 161–165, 179, 182, 184 Nominalism 44 Nomothetic methods 45 Nonparametric statistical tests 145–146, 180–182, 200–205 Norm referenced validity 150–152 Normal distribution 173, 181, 188 Normality tests 189–190 Normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of) 189–190 Normality (Shapiro-Wilks test of) 189–190 Normative paradigm 44, 45, 46–47, 209 Norms 12, 26, 36, 150, 184 Norwegian Football Association 5, 12 Notational analysis 2–5, 10, 13–16, 157, 158, 235, 237 NUD-IST 224 Numerical scale variables 46, 95–101, 167–177, 179–180, 237 Objectivity 158–161 Observational research 30, 43, 53, 217–219, 233, 234, 248 Observer Pro (Noldus) Observer training 17–218 Omission of data 106–107 One-way ANOVA 180, 191, 193–194 Ontology 44, 45, 250 Operational definitions 90, 92, 134, 155–157, 212, 235 Opposition effects 25, 63, 101, 119, 120, 158, 215 Ordinal scale variables 160, 161, 165–167, 179–180, 182 Outcome indicators 8, 152, 153, 154–155, 207 Outliers 106 p value 183–184 Paired t-test 180–181, 192–193, 207 Palm-top computer 276 RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Parametric statistical tests 145–146, 180–182, 191–199 Parametric statistical tests (assumptions of) 180–181, 188–191 Patterns of play 25 Pearson’s r 168–170, 180, 186–188 Pedometers 43 Peer review 22 Perceived exertion scale Percentage error 23, 161, 168, 169–172, 176–177 Percentiles 171, 173 Performance accomplishment 73 Performance analysis (laboratory) Performance analysis (purposes of) 3–8 Performance analysis (research) 11–19 Performance analysis (stages of) Performance analysis (support for athletes) 8, 12, 26–27, 63, 119–121, 131–132, 234, 235 Performance indicators 21–23, 25, 36, 61, 63, 151–161, 243–244 Performance modelling 3, 5, 7–8 Peripheral devices 18, 139, 141 Perturbations 19–20 PhD 249–250 Phenomenology 48, 216 Phlebotomy 115 Physical aspects / demands 4, 7, 16, 62, 74, 153 Physical education teachers 20 Physiological testing 158 Physiological variables 2, 11, 12 Pilot interviewing 224 Pilot testing 129, 130–131, 142, 235 Piracy 118 Pivot tables 176 Placebo 31 Plagiarism 104–105 Planning 132, 143, 147, 229, 246 Player education 3, 7–8 Playing surface diagrams 245–246 Portable computers 17 Positional role effects 62, 81, 89–90, 198–199, 233 Positive to negative ratios 5, 24, 182 Positivism 45 Post hoc tests 193–194, 196, 199, 239 Poster 251 POWER system 155 Predictive models 8, 106–107, 151, 207 Predictive validity 151 Presentations 250–251 Principle components analysis 22, 154, 155, 208 Privacy 115, 117, 124 Probability 183 Process indicators Profile of mood states 2, 35–36, 152 Profiling 25–26, 61, 67, 237 ProZone® 34, 43, 81, 115 Pseudoball 26 Psychological aspects 5, 7, 15, 74 Psychological skills training 116 Public domain data 121, 144, 228 Qualitative methods 5, 6, 10, 11, 20, 52–53, 66, 146–147, 210–228, 236–237, 246–247 Quantitative methods 49–52, 154–155, 178–209, 211–213, 236–246 Quartiles 182 Questionnaires 2, 29, 35, 40–42, 115, 128, 150–151, 214 Quintic biomechanics 176 Random error 173–176 Range 237 Ranks 180–181, 200–205 Ratio scale variables 161, 167–176, 179, 181 Real-time systems 14, 22, 156 Realism 44 Recreational participants 5, 25, 43 Referees / officials 4, 6, 27, 4, 43, 121, 151, 233 Referencing 251–252 Reflexivity 224, 236 Regression analysis 22, 154, 188, 206–207, 237 Related samples 144, 179 Relative reliability 167–170 Reliability 23–24, 105, 108, 129–130, 138, 143, 158–177, 212 Reliability statistics 23, 161–177 Repeated measures ANOVA 146, 180, 194–197, 241 Research assessment exercise (UK) 106 Research design 178–182, 213, 235, 236–237 Research proposal 78, 122, 123, 337–230 Research topics in performance analysis of sport 19–27 Risk assessment 116 Root mean squared error 168, 176 Rugby union 17, 25, 27, 61, 67, 107, 134, 154, 156 INDEX 277 Rugby league 61–62 Rules / regulations of games 6, 11, 24, 25, 27, 64, 70, 75, 80 Running 24, 150 Swimming 150 Symbolic interactionism 48 System development 133–143, 235 Systematic bias 173–176 Safety 118, 120–121 Safety analysis 20 Sample size 180, 211–212 Sampling 46, 146–147, 183, 211–212 Sampling error 46, 183–184 Schools 124–125 Scientific dishonesty 104–112 Scope 80, 82, 101, 153, 216, 231, 248 Scoreline 25, 35–36, 62, 73–74, 138, 208–209, 233, 236 Self report 2, 7, 11, 35, 40–41, 214, 250 Senior sport Sensitive behaviour 117, 124 Shapiro-Wilks test 189–190 Shorthand symbols 10, 17, 136 Signature scheme 247 Siliconcoach 176 Sit and reach test 150 Skill acquisition 234 Skype 39 Soccer 10, 12–13, 17–18, 27, 60, 61, 73–74, 106, 107 Software 4, 9, 17, 18, 224 Spearman’s 179, 180, 188 Speed, agility and quickness 23 Sphericity 196 Sphericity (Mauchly’s test of) 196 Split screen systems 20 Split times 168–176 Sports development 15, 56 Sports management 15, 56 Sports medicine 15 Sports science support (for athletes) 16 Sports technology SportsCode 36 SPSS 65, 160, 178, 185–206 Squash 17, 19, 26, 245 Standard deviation 90, 173–174, 180, 182–183, 237 Standard error of measurement 168, 169, 173, 174–175, 176 Statistical analysis 46, 50, 66, 130, 176, 213, 235 Statistical compilation Stick figure diagrams 237 Strategy 6, 88–89, 139–140 Subjective judgement 30, 90, 134, 157 Supervision meetings 147, 252 Survey research 35–36, 38, 42, 60 Tables 133, 183, 237, 238–239, 248, 250, 251 Tactical evaluation 3–7, 25 Tactics 6, 11, 12, 25, 220, 234, 248 Talent development 15, 34 Tallies 10, 134, 136–137, 161–162 Teaching style 20 Technical effectiveness 3–5, 24–25, 60–61, 233 Technique analysis 2–5, 24, 141, 151, 153, 157 Technological advances 18, 24, 64, 80 Temporal patterns 135–136, 138 Tennis 14–15, 64–65, 135–136, 137–141 Territorial map 208 Tests of differences 179–180 Tests of relationships 179–180, 184–188, 237 Test–retest reliability 158, 159, 167 Testing 42–43, 115 Themes in qualitative analysis 146, 216, 218, 220, 221, 225 Theoretical framework 229 Theoretical research 11 Thesis 231–250, 252 Throwing 150 Time-motion analysis 27, 31, 54, 73, 159, 198–199, 248 Timing of events 6, 134, 138–139, 142 Triangular surveying 10 Triangulation 220 Trustworthiness 217, 224–225, 236 Turnitin 104 Type I error probability inflation 193, 204 Type I errors 46–47, 183–184 Type II errors 47, 183–184 Typical error 174 Unacceptable publication practices 111–112 User training 105, 130, 142, 159, 212 V-shaped model of the quantitative research process 49–51 Validity 21–23, 42, 70, 150–155, 212, 236 Velocity 7, 21, 151, 168, 176, 243 Venue (analysis at) 9, 211, 236 278 RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Venue (effect of) 25, 62, 158, 181–182, 236, 237 Vicon 176 Video capture 141 Visual perception 43 Visualisation 247 VO2 max 150 Volleyball 17 Voluntarism 45–46 Voluntary informed consent 113–114, 117, 118, 124, 248 Vulnerable populations 116, 124 Walking 150 Wall games 21 Weighted kappa 164–167 Wilcoxon signed ranks test 180, 201–202, 204–205 Wilk’s 206 Winner and error analysis 5, 24 Wireless communication 17 Work-rate 23, 27, 73–74, 233–234 World Congress of Notational Analysis of Sport 18 World Congress of Performance Analysis of Sport 18, 73 Wrestling 17 ... introduction to performance analysis research History of performance analysis research An introduction to research topics in performance analysis In introducing the area of performance analysis of... purposes For example neural networks, computational methods, sports software systems and sports technology would not be purposes of performance analysis although presentations on methodo- PERFORMANCE. .. of Sport, UWIC He is also the editor of the International Journal of Performance Analysis of Sport RESEARCH METHODS FOR SPORTS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Peter O? ??Donoghue Published 2010 by Routledge