Methods in chemosensory research sidney a simon miguel a l nicolelis, CRC press, 2002 scan

METHODS IN CHEMOSENSORY RESEARCH METHODS & NEW FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE Series Editors Sidney A Simon, Ph.D Miguel A.L Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D Published Titles Apoptosis in Neurobiology Yusuf A Hannun, M.D., Professor of Biomedical Research and Chairman/Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina Rose-Mary Boustany, M.D., tenured Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center Methods for Neural Ensemble Recordings Miguel A.L Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center Methods of Behavioral Analysis in Neuroscience Jerry J Buccafusco, Ph.D., Alzheimer’s Research Center, Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Professor of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia Neural Prostheses for Restoration of Sensory and Motor Function John K Chapin, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Health Science Center Karen A Moxon, Ph.D., Assistant Professor/School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University Computational Neuroscience: Realistic Modeling for Experimentalists Eric DeSchutter, M.D., Ph.D., Professor/Department of Medicine, University of Antwerp Methods in Pain Research Lawrence Kruger, Ph.D., Professor of Neurobiology (Emeritus), UCLA School of Medicine and Brain Research Institute Motor Neurobiology of the Spinal Cord Timothy C Cope, Ph.D., Professor of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine Nicotinic Receptors in the Nervous System Edward D Levin, Ph.D., Associate Professor/Department of Psychiatry and Pharmacology and Molecular Cancer Biology and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine Methods in Genomic Neuroscience Helmin R Chin, Ph.D., Genetics Research Branch, NIMH, NIH Steven O Moldin, Ph.D, Genetics Research Branch, NIMH, NIH Methods in Chemosensory Research Sidney A Simon, Ph.D., Professor of Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering, and Anesthesiology, Duke University Miguel A.L Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Neurobiology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University The Somatosensory System: Deciphering the Brain’s Own Body Image Randall J Nelson, Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center The Superior Colliculus: New Approaches for Studying Sensorimotor Integration William C Hall, Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience, Duke University Adonis Moschovakis, Ph.D., Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Crete New Concepts in Cerebral Ischemia Rick C S Lin, Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center DNA Arrays: Technologies and Experimental Strategies Elena Grigorenko, Ph.D., Technology Development Group, Millennium Pharmaceuticals Methods for Alcohol-Related Neuroscience Research Yuan Liu, Ph.D., National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health David M Lovinger, Ph.D., Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience, NIAAA In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Function Ron Frostig, Ph.D., Associate Professor/Department of Psychobiology, University of California, Irvine Primate Audition: Behavior and Neurobiology Asif A Ghazanfar, Ph.D., Primate Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Harvard University Methods in Drug Abuse Research: Cellular and Circuit Level Analyses Dr Barry D Waterhouse, Ph.D., MCP-Hahnemann University Functional and Neural Mechanisms of Interval Timing Warren H Meck, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology, Duke University Biomedical Imaging in Experimental Neuroscience Nick Van Bruggen, Ph.D., Department of Neuroscience Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco Timothy P.L Roberts, Ph.D., Associate Professor, University of Toronto The Primate Visual System John H Kaas, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Christine Collins, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Neurosteroid Effects in the Central Nervous System Sheryl S Smith, Ph.D., Department of Physiology, SUNY Health Science Center METHODS IN CHEMOSENSORY RESEARCH Edited by Sidney A Simon Miguel A.L Nicolelis CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C 2329 FM Frame Page iv Tuesday, January 27, 2004 9:25 AM Special thanks for the front cover photographs — A Caicedo and Stephen D Roper, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida; Matt Wachowiak, Ying-Wan Lam, Lawrence B Cohen, and Michal R Zochowski from the Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Thomas A Christensen and John G Hildebrand from ARL Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Methods in chemosensory research / edited by Sidney A Simon and Miguel A.L Nicolelis p cm (Methods & new frontiers in neuroscience) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8493-2329-0 (alk paper) Chemical senses Research Methodology I Simon, Sidney A II Nicolelis, Miguel A L III Methods & new frontiers in neuroscience series QP455 M48 2001 612.8¢6¢072 dc21 2001035759 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All rights reserved Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-2329-0/02/$0.00+$1.50 The fee is subject to change without notice For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431 Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2002 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2329-0 Library of Congress Card Number 2001035759 Printed in the United States of America Printed on acid-free paper 2329 FM Frame Page v Tuesday, January 27, 2004 9:25 AM Methods & New Frontiers in Neuroscience Series Editors Sidney A Simon, Ph.D Miguel A L Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D Our goal in creating the Methods & New Frontiers in Neuroscience Series is to present the insights of experts on emerging experimental techniques and theoretical concepts that are, or will be, at the vanguard of neuroscience Books in the series cover topics ranging from methods to investigate apoptosis to modern techniques for neural ensemble recordings in behaving animals The series also covers new and exciting multidisciplinary areas of brain research, such as computational neuroscience and neuroengineering, and describes breakthroughs in classical fields such as behavioral neuroscience We want these to be the books every neuroscientist will use in order to get acquainted with new methodologies in brain research These books can be given to graduate students and postdoctoral fellows when they are looking for guidance to start a new line of research Each book is edited by an expert and consists of chapters written by the leaders in a particular field Books are richly illustrated and contain comprehensive bibliographies Chapters provide substantial background material relevant to the particular subject Hence, they are not just “methods books.” They contain detailed “tricks of the trade” and information as to where these methods can be safely applied In addition, they include information about where to buy equipment and Web sites helpful in solving both practical and theoretical problems We hope that as the volumes become available, the effort put in by us, the publisher, the book editors, and the individual authors will contribute to the further development of brain research The extent to which we achieve this goal will be determined by the utility of these books 2329 FM Frame Page vi Tuesday, January 27, 2004 9:25 AM 2329 FM Frame Page vii Tuesday, January 27, 2004 9:25 AM Preface To edit a book in the Methods and New Frontiers in Neuroscience series in which we are the series editors was an endeavor that was taken only after much consideration Now that this project is completed, we feel that all the hard work has paid off handsomely The stated goal of the books in this series is to produce a book in which each chapter contains not only information about the emerging methods, but also provides what information can be obtained from these methods The disciplines of olfaction, taste, and the common chemical sense have exploded This is partially the result of the identification of many of the genes and their products involved in these fields and partially because methods and analyses developed in other fields of neuroscience are now being applied to the chemical senses The multidisciplinary nature of this field demanded that this book cover a large range of topics We therefore have structured this book into three sections: behavioral, molecular and cell biology, and higher order studies The latter two sections cover methods ranging from molecular biology, to multielectrode recordings from moths and rats, to NMR studies of the olfactory bulb and the cortex To the extent that this book is found to be useful, the authors of the chapters deserve the lion’s share of the credit The most enjoyable aspect of our task was having the privilege of interacting with them We also acknowledge three other people who contributed significantly to the success of this project Don Katz not only wrote a chapter in this book, but also read and provided insightful comments on many others Doug Buchacek kept us organized and was a great help in communicating with CRC Press Finally, we truly appreciate Barbara Norwitz at CRC Press who not only had to deal with us and this book, but with all others in the series Without her support and faith in us, this series would not exist Sid Simon and Miguel Nicolelis 2329_index Page 514 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 514 Gradient-echo sequence, 480, 481 Grafts, 121–124 Gray matter, 480 Greater superficial petrossal nerve, 341 Green fluorescent protein (GFP), 123 Ground loop, 416, 418 Guessing, 10 Gustatory cortex, 344–345 Gustatory nuclei, 344 Gustatory system brief description, 341–342 central pathways, 295 development developmental mechanisms and taste bud formation, 125–131 embryonic origins of taste buds, 119–125 taste bud innervation, 131–134 isolation and monitoring second messengers, 231 peripheral anatomy, 294–295 Gustducin expression and T1Rs taste receptor, 156 expression and T2Rs taste receptors, 160, 161 identification methods for candidate taste receptors, 148 role in taste-signaling, 146 Gyrus parahippocampus, 446 G·15 coupling, 161 H Habituation, 277, 451, 452, 439 Habituation–discrimination tests, see Habituation tests Habituation tests, 25–26 Halothane anesthesia, 242, 470, 468 Hamster vaginal discharge (HVD), 24 Hamsters, 24, 257 HCA, see Hierarchical cluster analysis Head positioning, 246, 298, 362, 494 Headspace, 40, 41 Headstage amplifiers, see also Amplifiers electrophysiological recordings, 417 learning/behavior in orbitofrontal cortex, 385, 386–387 recording, behaving animals, 425–427 Headstage resistance, 177, 180–181, 182 Heart rate, 244 Hedonic stimuli, 483, 486, 490, 496 Hemispheres, 361, 466, see also Left hemisphere; Right hemisphere Hemoglobin, 465, 466 Heterodimers, 147 Heterologous expression, 157, 160 Methods in Chemosensory Research 2-Hexanone, 99–100 Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), 310, 312, 313–315 Hippocampus, 446, 482 Histamine, 96–97 Holding potentials, 180, 190 Hot, definition, 16 Humid stimuli, 434 Hunger, 487–488 HVD, see Hamster vaginal discharge Hybridization, in situ early events assessment in taste bud development, 128 identification methods for candidate taste receptors, 150, 151, 152 mGluR4 taste receptor, 155 neurotrophin role in taste development, 129 T1Rs taste receptor, 156 T2Rs taste receptors, 159, 160, 161 Hydrogen sulfide functional magnetic resonance imaging, 485, 487 magnetic source imaging, 492, 494, 496 olfactory event-related potential, 439, 441, 444 Hydrophobic stimuli, Hygiene, 246–247 Hypoglossal nerve, 341 Hyposmia, 467, 486 I I/O cards, 376, 378 Ibuprofen, 452 IC, see Insular cortex ICF, see Pseudo-intracellular fluid Idiopathic environmental intolerances (IEI), 449, 497 IEI, see Idiopathic environmental intolerances IFF, see International Flavors and Fragrances Illness-inducing agent, 26–27 Illumination system, 200–203 Imipramine, 453 Immunochemistry c-fos and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, 284–288 neurotrophin role in taste development, 129 Immunocytochemistry, 128 Immunohistochemical methods, 285–286 Impedance, electrodes for recording behaving animals calculation, 421 electrophysiological recordings, 414–417 measurement, 420–421 2329_index Page 515 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index modeling, 419–420 reducing, 420, 422–424 resistive, 420 Implantation, 341, 344–345, 383, 384 Impulse patterns, 66 Incentive value, 408–410 Incremental spikes, see Decremental/incremental spikes Inductive pickup, 415–416, 418 Infection, 384 Inferences, 12 Information coding, 144 Information processing, 395, 490–491 Infrared differential interference contrast (DIC) video microscopy, 68, 70 Ingestion/gustation coupling, 340 Inositol triphosphate, 146 Input bias current, 418 Insects, 328 Instrinsic noise, 415 Instructions, practice importance and adapting psychophysical methods for chemesthesis, 13 Insular cortex (IC) electrode implantation and recording of single neurons, 361 gustatory processing, 341 magnetic resonance imaging, 483 magnetic source imaging, 496 olfactory event-related potential, 446 positron emission tomography, 478, 491 recording, 343–344 chronic implanted microwire, 344–345, 346 value of chronic isolation of multiple single units, 347–349 Integrated recording technique, see Summated recording technique Integration, 196 Intensifier, 195–196 Intensity of stimulus, 439–440 Intensity scaling method, 10–11 Interference, 177 Interference filters, 194–195 Inter-item interference, 49–50 International Flavors and Fragrances (IFF), 375 Inter-problem transfer, 48 Interrupted mode, Quench Flow Module-5, 216 components of a driving sequence for singlemixing experiments, 219 designing driving sequences for single-mixing experiments, 222–225 Interspike interval time histogram (ISTH), 259 515 Inter-stimulus interval (ISI) adapting psychophysical methods for chemesthesis, 10 event-related potentials to intranasal trigeminal stimuli, 451, 452 functional magnetic resonance imaging, 471 measuring oral chemesthesis, olfactory event-related potentials, 433, 436, 442–443 trigeminal subnucleus caudalis response to chemical irritants, 276 Inter-trial intervals, 379 Intracellular microelectrodes, see Microelectrodes, intracellular Intranasal air flow, see Air flow, intranasal Intranasal trigeminal stimuli, 451–453 Intraoral cannula (IOC), 350–351, 363, 364 Intubation, 243–244 IOC, see Intraoral cannula Ion channels, 146, 184, 190 Ionic substitution, 190 Ionomycin, 203 Ionophores, 191–192 Ion-sensitive dyes, see Dyes, ion-sensitive Iontophoresis, 328 IP3 binding assay, 233 Iridium electrodes, 330 Irritants, 274–283 Irritation, 15, 268 ISI, see Inter-stimulus interval ISO, see Isoamyl acetate Isoamyl acetate (ISO) air dilution olfactometers, 35 olfactory event-related potential, 440, 442, 446 electrophysiological recordings from olfactory epithelium, 84, 86, 87 functional magnetic resonance imaging in rat, 471 oscillations in olfactory bulb and odor response, 101–103 Isoflurane anesthesia, 342, 383, see also Anesthesia Isolated olfactory receptor neurons, 66–68, see also Olfactory receptor neurons Isovaleric acid, 467, 483 ISTH, see Interspike interval time histogram J Jaw, 127 JFET, see Junctional field effect transformers Jitter, 432 Johnson noise, 415, 417, 420 2329_index Page 516 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 516 Junction potential, 179 Junctional field effect transformers (JFET), 385, 386 Juveniles, 24 K Ketamine, 241, 242 Knockouts, 130–131, 146, 155 L Labeled line theory, 296, 297, 307, 349 Labeled magnitude scale (LMS), 11–12, 13, 14 Labeling, 120, 121 Laryngoscopes, 244 Late positivity, 450 Lateralized stimulation, 441 Leak subtraction protocols, 186–187 Leaks, 34, 228, 377 Learning associative and conditioned odor preference, 28–29 –behavior, orbitofrontal cortex electrode, 381–383 odor discrimination training, 375–381 recording in context of behavior, 386–388 recording methods, 385–386 surgical methods, 383–385 complex olfactory discrimination tasks, 48–50 conditioned odor aversion, 26 distinguishing taste-related from gustatory activity, 352 gustation, 340 odor selectivity and behavior importance, 395–399 olfactory based in rat, 21–22, 372 wind tunnel-type test chamber in olfactometry, 42 Left hemisphere, 495, 496 Lesions, 374 Life-span prolongation, 444 Light dye imaging, 108–110 sources, 95, 105, 107 Limonene, 86, 87 Linalool, 439, 440, 443 Lingual nerve, 271 Lingual-tonsillar nerve, 294 Lips, 7–8 Liquid dilution systems, 40–42 Lithium chloride, 408–409 LMS, see Labeled magnitude scale Methods in Chemosensory Research Loading, calcium imaging, 198–200 Lobster, 93–97, see also Dye imaging Local field-potential responses, 100 Localized testing techniques, Low-pass filter, 185, 186 M Macaca mulatta, see Primates Macroglomerular complex (MGC), 326, 327 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 494 Magnetic source imaging (MSI) findings from studies of olfaction in brain, 492–497 investigation of olfactory activation in brain, 481–482 Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 446, 493–497 Magnitude information, 12 Male/female concept, 51, see also Gender Malingering, 447 Mammals, 119, 173–175, see also Gustatory system development; Taste receptors, mammalian Manduca sexta, see Moth Manifolds, 33, 34, 35 Mapping patterns, 473 Markers, 121–124 Massater muscle, 350 Matching/non-matching, 48–49 Mazes, 24 MCS, see Multiple chemical sensitivity MD, see Mediodorsal thalamus MDS, see Multidimensional scaling Measurement, 4–6, 213 technology, 104–107 Mechanical stimulation, 6, 271, 272 Mechanical subsystem, 214 Medico-legal investigations, 447 Mediodorsal thalamus (MD), 373, 374, see also Thalamus MEG, see Magnetoencephalography Membrane expression, 159 Membrane potential, 184, 185 Memory, odor discrimination, 28, 29, 50 functional magnetic resonance imaging, 486, 487 positron emission tomography, 490, 491–492 Meningeoma, 448 Menstrual cycle, 443 Menthol psychophysical measurement of oral chemesthesis, 6, 8, 9, 10, 15 trigeminal subnucleus caudalis response, 275 2329_index Page 517 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index Menthone, 486 Merocyanine dye, see Dye, merocyanine Mesenchyme, 127, 128 Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), 129–130 Method of limits, 10 Methyl amyl ketone, 86, 87 MGC, see Macroglomerular complex mGluR4 expression, 149, 154–156 Mice, 173–175, see also Rodents Microelectrodes, 419–424 extracellular microelectrodes, 327–328 intracellular, 328–330 Microinjection technique, 120–121, 122, 123 Micropipettes, 342 Microscopes, 177 Microwires, implantation gustatory processing, 341, 344–345 insular cortex, 344 learning/behavior in orbitofrontal cortex, 383, 384 Migraineurs, 449 Mis-expression, 131 Mismatch negativity, 442, 443 Mixers, 214, 215, 216 MND, see Motor neuron disease Molecular olfactory receptors (ORs), 80 Monochromator, 194–195 Monoclonal antibodies, 148 Morphine, 452 Morphological cell types, 313 Morrison task, 352 Mosaic analysis, 123–125 Moth, 330–334 Motivational information, 373, 374 Motor neuron disease (MND), 449 Motor reflexes, 243 Moulton system, 32 Mouth, Mouton olfactometer, 40, 46 Movement artifact, see Artifact, movement MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging mRNA, see Messenger ribonucleic acid MSI, see Magnetic source imaging mT2R-5 receptor, 160 mT2R-8 receptor, 160 Mucosa, 81, 82 Mudpuppies, 172–173 Mueller’s law of specific nerve energies, 296 Multichannel microelectode arrays, 331–334 Multidimensional scaling (MDS) electrophysiological recordings of mammalian taste nerves, 261–262 response profiles and data analysis, 310, 312, 315–316 Multidimensional space, 365 517 Multifiber recordings, 257–260 Multineuronal Acquisition Processor, 345 Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), 449 Multiple odors air dilution olfactometers, 35–36 liquid dilution systems, 40–42 Multiple sclerosis, 449 Multisite recording, 297, 347–349 Multisite sampling, 382 Muscular contractions, see Artifacts, muscular contraction Mustard oil, , 274 N NAcc, see Nucleus accumbens Nasal cavities, 434, 468 Nasal sprays, 444 Nearest neighbor method, 315 Near-field potentials, 430 Neocortex, 295, 297 Neonates, 24, 28 Nerve-independent mechanisms, 127–129 Nerves, 126 Neural coding, 295–296, 340 Neural crest fate mapping, 121 taste buds embryonic origins, 119, 124 innervation, 132, 133 Neural firing, 387 Neural induction hypothesis, 126–131 Neural Mass Difference (NMD), 311 Neural recordings, 250, 253–257 Neurodegenerative disorders, 447–449 Neuromagnetometer, 492, 496 Neuronal activity, 481 Neurons, sensory, 132, 133 Neuron-specific staining, 112, see also Dye imaging Neurophysiological study, rats learning and behavior electrode, 381–383 importance and odor selectivity, 395–399, 400–401 odor discrimination training, 375–381 recording in context of behavior, 386–388 recording methods, 385–386 surgical methods, 383–385 olfactory anatomy and stages of processing, 372–373 orbitofrontal cortex encoding and training, 388–395 modeling prefrontal function, 373–375 2329_index Page 518 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 518 relation to olfactory event-related potential, 445 Neuropsychological performance, 444 Neurotrophins, 129–131, 132 NG, see Glossopharyngeal nerves Nicotine brainstem fos-like immunoreactivity, 286, 288 recording of olfactory event-related potentials, 436 tongue response to application, 277 trigeminal subnucleus caudalis response, 275, 276, 280, 281 chemical irritants, 278, 280 NMD, see Neural Mass Difference Nociceptive neurons, 271–272 Nociceptive-specific (NS) unit, 272, 274 Noise, see also Individual entries electrophysiological recording, 414–418 learning/behavior in orbitofrontal cortex, 381, 414–418 optical recording methods and dye imaging, 104–107 Non-human primates, 297–298 Nonlinear fit strategy, 482 Non-olfactory cues, 40 Nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, 452 Nosepoke, 350, 381 Nostril stimulation, 466, 496 NS, see Nociceptive-specific unit NTS, see Nucleus of solitary tract Nucleus accumbens (NAcc), 373, 374 Nucleus basalis Meynert, 489 Nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) central pathways of gustatory system, 295 gustatory processing, 341 location and testing of taste-responsive cells, 300 recording, 343 response profiles and data analysis, 313, 314 response to tastant and modulation, 302 surgical preparations for electrophysiological recordings of taste-responsive cells, 298 uncertainty measure, 309 Number of averages, 436 Numbness, 16 Numerical aperture, 108 Nyquist theorem, 186 Nystatin, 191 O Objective, 194 Occiptal cortex, 491 Methods in Chemosensory Research Odd-ball paradigm, 450 Odor cartridge, 379 Odor classification, 51 Odor coding, 79, 80 Odor concentration electrophysiological recordings of olfactory epithelium, 83, 85–87 maps of input from olfactory receptor neurons, 99–100 olfactory event-related potential, 439 Odor cues, 395, 410–411 Odor-cued taste avoidance, 27 Odor delivery chamber, 379 Odor detection, 372 Odor dilution chamber, 379 Odor discrimination task encoding in orbitofrontal cortex in trained rat, 388, 389, 390 selectivity, 396 training, 375–381, 410–411 learning/behavior in orbitofrontal cortex, 375–381 Odor encoding, 490 Odor-evoking activity methods for direct recording, 327–334 methods for indirect recording, 327 Odor identification encoding in orbitofrontal cortex in trained rat, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395 maps of input from olfactory receptor neurons, 99–100 Parkinson’s disease, 447 Odor imagination, 486, 487 Odor maps, 333, 467, 471, 472 Odor perception, 486 Odor quality perception, 50–52, 441 Odor recognition, 45–46 Odor responses, 73–74, 75 Odor-responsive neurons, 391 Odor sampling, 390, 391 Odor sampling port, 377, 379, 380, 381 Odor selectivity, 395–399 Odor stimulation, 67, 83–84 Odorant solutions, 230 Odors -induced response and oscillations in olfactory bulb, 100–103 static presentation, 22–30 OE, see Olfactory epithelium Ohm’s law, 414, 423 Olfactometry air dilution olfactometers, 30–37 dual air dilution odor generators, 37–39 flow rates and control procedures, 39–40 2329_index Page 519 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index liquid dilution systems for controlling multiple odors, 40–42 test chamber, 42 training methods, 42–43 Olfactory activation, brain imaging functional magnetic resonance imaging, 479–481 findings, 483–488 general issues, 482–483 magnetic source imaging, 481482 findings, 492–497 positron emission tomography, 478–479 findings, 488–492 Olfactory afferents, 94–99 Olfactory bulb maps of input from olfactory receptor neurons, 99–100 odor quality perception, 51 olfactory sensory information, 482 organization and anatomy, 326 oscillations in response to odors, 100–103 presynaptic inhibition of primary olfactory afferents, 97–99 Olfactory cilia, 231–232 Olfactory coding, odor-evoking neural activity methods for direct recording, 327–334 methods for indirect recording, 327 Olfactory cortex, 489 Olfactory epithelium (OE), 70, 435 Olfactory event-related magnetic fields (ERMF), 493, 495–496 Olfactory event-related potentials (ERP) applications, 447 brief history of brain potentials to chemical stimuli, 430 cortical generators, 446–447 intranasal trigeminal stimuli, 451–453 magnetic source imaging, 478, 493, 494, 497 neurodegenerative disorders, 447–449 obtaining, 431–432 other disorders, 449–450 recording, 436–437 specific conditions, 437–439 stimulation techniques, 432–435 relation to stimulus characteristics, 439–446 shape and nomenclature, 435–436 tool to investigate cognitive processing of odors, 450–451 why record, 432 Olfactory lobe, 94, 96–97 Olfactory P3, 444, 445, 450, 451 Odor information, 329, 373, 374, 467 Olfactory-learning tasks, cognitive-based, 28–29 Olfactory processing anatomy and stages in rat, 372–373 519 functional magnetic resonance imaging, 467 methods for direct recording of odor-evoking neural activity, 329 orbitofrontal cortex, 374 Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) background, 65–66 electrophysiological recordings, 84–87, 88 intact epithelial preparations, 68–74 maps of input to olfactory bulb, 99–100 methods of in vivo recordings, 80–83 recording from isolated, 66–68 Olfactory research, behavioral methods olfactometry air dilution olfactometers, 30–37 dual air dilution odor generators, 37–39 flow rates and control procedures, 39–40 liquid dilution systems for controlling multiple odors, 40–42 stimulus control of behavior achieved, 44–52 test chamber, 42 training methods, 42–43 static presentation of odors, 22–30 Olfactory stimuli, 46–47, 412–413, 483 One-trial learning protocol, 344 Onset, slow, 4–5 Operant conditioning, 42 Operational amplifier, 418, 425–427, see also Amplifiers Optical recording methods, 101–111 Oral cavity, 243 Oral chemesthesis, psychophysical measurement adapting standard methods to unique requirements, 10–16 properties, 4–6 stimulus delivery and control, 7–9 Orbital cortex, 341 Orbitofrontal cortex functional magnetic resonance imaging, 478, 483, 484, 485, 486–487 incentive value, 408–409 olfactory sensory information, 482 positron emission tomography, 489, 490, 491 prefrontal function in rat, 373, 374 ORNs, see Olfactory receptor neurons Orofacial behaviors, 351–353, 365 ORs, see Molecular olfactory receptors Oscillations, olfactory bulb, 100–103 Oversampling, 186 Ovulation, 443 Oxonol dye, see Dye, oxonol Oxygen, 465–466 Oxyhemoglobin, 480 2329_index Page 520 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 520 P Pain, 16 Pain intensity, 453 Pain rating, 453 Paired comparisons, 11 Paired preference paradigm, 282 Paired-pulse suppression, 98 Palatability, 352, 353 Panulirus argus, see Lobster Papain, 172, 173 Parabrachial nucleus of pons (PbN) central pathways of gustatory system, 295 gustatory processing, 341 issues in neural coding, 297 location and testing of taste-responsive cells, 300 organization of response profiles and data analysis, 312, 316 recording, 343 surgical preparations for electrophysiological recordings of taste-responsive cells, 298 uncertainty measure, 309 Parahippocampus, 484 Parainsular cortex, 446, 495–496 Parallel readout arrays, 110 Paramagnetic contrast agent, 480 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 447–448 Patch-clamping technique dendritic knobs of olfactory receptor neurons, 71–73 isolated taste receptor cells acquiring data, 185–187 compensating for capacity and series resistance, 181–185 equipment, 177 gigaseal and voltage clamp, 179–181 patch pipette electrode, 178–179 perforated patch, 190–192 running experiment and appropriate controls, 192–193 whole-cell and isolating currents, 187–190 methods for direct recording of odor-evoking neural activity, 330 Patch electrodes, 330 Patch pipette electrode, 178–179 PbN, see Parabrachial nucleus of pons PCR, see Polymerase chain reaction PD, see Parkinson’s disease Pearson product-moment coefficients recording of single neurons in primary taste cortex, 365 response profiles and data analysis, 310, 311, 312, 313–314 Methods in Chemosensory Research Pentanoic acid, 271, 282 Pentazocine, 452 Peppermint, 486 Perception, 10 Perforated patch technique, 190–192 Performance, 48, 50 Peri-event time histograms, 390, see also Peristimulus time histograms Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 118 Peristimulus time histogram (PSTH), trigeminal subnucleus caudalis characterization of receptive field and unit classification, 273 extracellular single-unit recordings, 270 repeated application of chemical irritants, 278, 279, 280 Perisylvian area, 485 Permeability, 191 PET, see Positron emission tomography Pharmacological agents, 190 Pharmacological studies, 286–287 Pharyngeal endoderm, 120 Phase contrast images, 66 Phasic response, 256 Phenyl ethyl alcohol functional magnetic resonance imaging, 485 magnetic source imaging, 492, 497 olfactory event-related potential, 431, 437, 441, 446 Pheromone receptor, 151 Phosphodiesterase, 146 Phospholipase C, 146–147 Phospholipase C‚, 159 Photoarray camera, 195 Photobleaching, 202 Photodiode array camera, 93, 95, 106, 108, 110–111 Photons, 104, 105, 106, 108 Picrotoxin, 96–97 Pigment-to-albino grafts, 123 Pigs, 241, 248 Pilot tests, 10 Pinch valves, 37, 39 Piperine, 274, 275, 281 Pipette pullers, 178 Pipette resistance, 182, 183–184 PIR, see Piroform cortex Piriform cortex (PIR), 373, 374, 384 Plating method, 422 Platinum electrodeposition, 423–424 Pleasant stimuli, 490, see also Hedonic stimuli Plunger tip, 227–228 Pluronic F-127, 199 PNS, see Peripheral nervous system Polyenes dyes, see Dyes, polyene 2329_index Page 521 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification methods for candidate taste receptors, 149, 150, 151, 152 mGluR4 taste receptor, 155 T1Rs taste receptor, 156 Population recording, 330 Population responses, 392–393 Positron emission tomography (PET) findings from studies of olfaction in brain, 488–492 investigations of olfactory activation in brain, 478–479 Post-recording procedures, 252–253 Poststimulus time histograms, 331, see also Peristimulus time histograms Postsynaptic potentials, 328, 329 Potassium currents isolation, 187, 189, 190 patch-clamping technique for isolated taste receptor cells, 184, 186 Power supply, 214–215 Precipitates, 229 Predictability, stimulus, 451 Predictive odor pairs, 390, 391 Preference tests, 23–25 Prefrontal function, 373–375 Premedication, 241 Primary taste cortex, alert macaque, see also Insular cortex (IC) data analysis, 365–367 electrophysiology, 362–363 stimulus delivery, 363–365 subjects, 360 surgery, 361–362 time considerations, 367 Primates complex olfactory discrimination tasks, 48 dissection chorda tympani nerve, 248–249 glossopharyngeal nerve, 252 mammalian taste nerves data analysis and electrophysiological recordings, 261 premedication and preparations for surgery, 241 recording of single neurons in taste cortex, 360 Probenecid, 200 PROP, see 6-n-Propyl-2-thiouracil Propionic acid, 51, 484 Propyl acetate, 50 6-n-Propyl-2-thiouracil (PROP), 153, 158, 160, 161 Proteases, 173 Proteins, 147–149, 232 521 Protons, 465, 478 Prp locus, 158 Pseudo-intracellular fluid (ICF), 174, 178 PSTH, see Peristimulus time histogram Psychophysical measures, 445, see also Olfactory chemesthesis, psychophysical measurement Psychophysics, 46 Pulsed-flow apparatus, 210 Purification, proteins, 147–149 Pyriform cortex, 478, 483, 490, 496 Q Qualitative olfactory space concept, 80 Quantum efficiency, 106, 196 Quench Flow Module-5 components of a driving sequence for singlemixing experiments, 217–220 description, 213–216 designing driving sequences for single-mixing experiments, 220–225 maintenance, 226–228 monitoring second messengers in chemosensory systems, 230–234 Quenching flow apparatus, 213–216 Quenching flow method, 211–212 Qui locus, 158 Quinine, 396 Quinpirole, 97–98 R Radio frequency (RF) probe, 468, 469 signal, 480 Radioisotopes, 479 Rapid kinetics measurements, chemosensory systems background, 209–212 description of quench-flow apparatus, 213–216 initial setup components of driving sequence for single mixing experiments, 217–220 designing driving sequences for single mixing experiments, 220–225 calibration of QFM-5 system, 225–226 maintenance, 226–228 principle of operation of flow apparatus, 212–213 troubleshooting errors in quench-flow techniques, 228–230 2329_index Page 522 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 522 use of QFM for monitoring second messengers, 230–234 Rapid mixing systems, 209 Rapid reactions, 208–209 Rasterplots, 346 Ratiometric dyes, see Dyes, ratiometric Rats, see also Neurophysiological study; Rodents awake compared to anesthesized and recording in gustatory nuclei, 343, 344 preparation functional magnetic resonance imaging, 468 patch-clamping technique for isolated taste receptor cells, 173–175 RC filter, 186 Reactance, 417 Reaction mixture, 217 Receptive field, 272–273 Receptor cells, 194–196 Recording sites, 365–366 Recording solutions, 173, 174, 175, 176 Recovery, 225, 228–229, 385 Reductionism, 170 Reinforcement, 24, 43, 380 Relaxation, 465, 466 Relay board, 378 Reporter system, 159 Resaturation, 41 Resistance, 179, 180, 414, 417 Resolution, CCD cameras, 196 Respiration, 84 Respiratory arrest, 245 Respiratory epithelium, 69 Response characteristics, 84–86 Response latencies, 23, 397, 398 Response profiles, data analysis classification, 307–309 organization, 310–316 Restraint technique, 350–351 Retrograde staining, 112 Reversal, 396, 399, 400, 401 Reversal learning tasks, 48 Reversal potential, 184, 329 Reward, 381 RF, see Radio frequency Rhesus monkey, 360, see also Primates Ribonuclease (RNase) protection analysis, 155 Right hemisphere olfactory event-related potential, 446 magnetic source imaging, 494–495, 496 positron emission tomography, 489 Rinsing medium, 254 RNase, see Ribonuclease Methods in Chemosensory Research Rodents, see also Mice; Rat central pathways of gustatory system, 295 dissection chorda tympani nerve, 247–248 glossopharyngeal nerve, 251 embryos and neural induction model, 126–127 extracellular single-unit recordings of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, 270 olfactory research, see Olfactory research preparation for patch-clamping technique, 173–175 recording olfactory receptor neurons, 68 single-unit electrophysiological recording, 297, 298 Roller culture, 127 Rompun, 241 Room-temperature solutions, Rotation problem, 385 Rua locus, 158 Run-down, 190, 191 S S/N, see Signal-to-noise ratio Sac locus, 157 Salty compounds, 144, 146, 301 Sampling, , 44–46 Satiety-related stimuli, 352, 487 Saturation, 31–32, 33–35 Scented sand, 28–29 Scoring, habituation tests, 25 Scree test, 312 Screening, 14–15 Second messengers, 146, 230–234 Self-desensitization, 277 Semantic information, 12 Semantic processing, 490–491 Semaphorin, 133 Sensation quality, 15 Sensitization/desensitization, 5–6, 278–280 Sensory-and-gate channeling analysis, 26–27 Sensory discrimination, 283 Sensory irritancy, 4, Sensory neurons, 119 Sensory signaling, 143 Serial dilutions, 123 Serial readout arrays, 111 Series resistance, patch-clamping technique, 176 compensation, 183–185 capacity, 182 Gigaseal and voltage clamp, 180 patch pipette electrode, 178 perforated patch technique, 192 Serotonin, 275 2329_index Page 523 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index Sex pheromones, 330 Shaping program, 380, 396 Shh, see Sonic hedgehog Shielding, 177, 299, 387 Short-exposure train, 471–472 Shot noise, 103, 104–107 Signaling, 193 Signal transduction, 66, 151 Signaling pathways, 147 Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) dye imaging of olfactory bulb, 92, 104–107 event-related potentials, 431, 439 magnetic source imaging, 492, 494 Silicon diode arrays, 110, 111 Silicon intensified target (SIT) cameras, 195 Silicon microprobes, 330, 331, 333 Silver/silver electrodes, 179, 183 Sine-wave generator, 420 Single wavelength dyes, see Dyes, single wavelength Single-cell isolation patch-clamping technique, 172–175 identification methods for candidate taste receptors, 151–152 Single-fiber recording, 257 Single-mixing experiments, Quench Flow Module-5 components of driving sequence, 217–220 designing driving sequences, 220–225 Single-mixing reactions, 214, 215 Single-unit recordings extracellular advantages/disadvantages, 269–270 characterization of receptive field and unit classification, 272–273 neuronal outputs and inputs, 273–274 responses to irritant chemicals, 274–283 search strategies to identify chemonociceptive Vc units, 271–272 surgical and recording methods, 270–271 in vivo olfactory epithelium, 81, 82–83, 84, 88 receptor neuron activities, 66 Sip-and-spit, whole-mouth, 7–9 SIR, see Stimulus-induced recovery SIT, see Silicon intensified target Slyguard coating, 182 Sniffing, 28, 44, 484, 492 Soa locus, 158 Social odors, 24 Social phobia, 488 Sodium chloride electrophysiological recordings of tasteresponsive cells, 300 neural recordings of mammalian taste nerves, 253, 254 523 trigeminal subnucleus caudalis response, 275–276, 281, 282 Sodium currents isolation, 187, 188, 190 patch-clamping technique, 184, 186 Sodium pentobarbital, 242, 298 Soft palate, 294 Solenoid valves air dilution olfactometers, 33, 34, 36, 37 odor discrimination training, 380 Somatosensory response chemesthesis, 4, gustatory coding, 352 impact of orofacial behaviors, 351 ventroposterior medial thalamus, 342 Somatosensory stimuli, 435, 486 Sonic hedgehog (Shh), 128 Sour compounds, 144, 146, 301 Spatial encoding, 332 Spatial resolution, 327, 469 Spatial stimulation, Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, 471 Species differences, 297 Spike –amplitude discriminator, 305 discharge rate, 300 response profiles and data analysis, 316 train data analysis and electrophysiological recordings, 305, 306 direct recording of odor-evoking neural activity, 328, 333 neural coding, 296, 297 transferring analog to digitized and multifiber recordings, 258, 259 Spin-echo sequence, 480 Spontaneous firing rate, 306 Squid giant axon, see Axon Stability, neural coding, 296 Staining protocols, 93–94, see also Dye imaging Stimulation protocols, 471 Stimulus concentration, 35 Stimulus control behavior using olfactometry complex olfactory discrimination tasks, 48–50 odor quality perception, 50–52 odor sampling behavior, 44–46 psychophysics, 46 salience of olfactory stimuli, 46–47 electrophysiological studies of gustation in awake rats, 349–350 issues in oral chemesthesis, odor discrimination training, 375, 412–413 whole-mouth sip-and-spit, 7–8 2329_index Page 524 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 524 Stimulus delivery electrophysiological studies gustation in awake rats, 350–351 taste-responsive cells, 302, 303–305, 306 functional magnetic resonance imaging, 468 measuring oral chemesthesis, 7–9 odor discrimination training, 375, 377 odor selectivity and importance of learning and behavior, 396 odor stimuli and olfactory research, 22 single neurons in primary taste cortex, 363–365 Stimulus evaluation, 451 Stimulus-induced recovery (SIR), 278, 279, 280 Stimulus intensity, 296 Stimulus preparation, problems, 8–9 Stimulus probability, 450 Stimulus significance, 450 Stinging, 15, 16 Stinging pain, 451, 452 Stop solution, 230 Stopped-flow apparatus, 210–211 Storage, 443 Styryl dyes, see Dyes, styryl Substance P, 295 Subtractive screen, 150–151, 156 Sucrose, 256 Summated recording technique, 255–256 Superior temporal sulcus, 446 Suprathreshold intensity measure, 11–16 Surfactants, 8–9, 199 Surgery electrophysiological recordings of tasteresponsive cells, 298 extracellular single-unit recordings of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis, 270–271 learning/behavior in orbitofrontal cortex, 383–385 mammalian taste nerves, 241–242, 246–252 recording of single neurons in primary taste cortex, 361–362 Swab techniques, Swallowing, Sweetness electrophysiological recordings mammalian taste nerves, 262 taste-responsive cells, 301 G-protein coupled receptors role in taste, 146 pathways, 144 T1Rs taste receptor, 156–158 Sylvian fissure, 446 Syringe barrels, 228 Methods in Chemosensory Research T T1R-2, see T1Rs T1Rs, 156 T1/T2-weighted image, 469, 470 T2Rs, 153, 158–161, see also G-protein coupled receptors Tachyphylaxis, 277, 281 Tactile inhibition, Tastants concentration, 309, 310, 311, 316 discrimination, 344 electrophysiological studies gustation in awake rats, 349 taste-responsive cells, 301–302 Taste buds development of innervation, 131–134 characterization, 294 embryonic origins, 119–125 gustatory processing, 341 nerve-independent mechanisms of genesis, 127–129 single intact and preparation for patchclamping technique, 175 Taste coding, 296–297 Taste nerves, electrophysiological recordings of mammalian anesthesia, 242–246 data analysis, 260–262 multifiber recordings, 257–260 neural recordings, 253–257 post-recording procedures, 252–253 preparations before surgery, 241–242 surgery, 246–252 Taste–odor stimuli, 486 Taste qualities, 301, 351, 352 Taste receptors, mammalian candidate, 154–161 G-protein coupled receptors role in taste, 145–147 methods used to identify candidate receptors, 147–153 Taste receptor cells (TRCs) calcium imaging choice of dye, 196–198 illumination system running an experiment, 200–203 making the fura-2 solution and loading cells, 198–200 characterization, 294 gustatory processing, 341 patch-clamp recordings of isolated acquiring data, 185–187 compensating for capacity and series resistance, 181–185 2329_index Page 525 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index equipment, 177 gigaseal and voltage clamp, 179–181 patch pipette electrode, 178–179 perforated patch, 190–192 running experiment and appropriate controls, 192–193 whole-cell recording and isolating currents, 187–190 preparing for study, 171–176 replacement, 296 Taste-related activity, 351–353 Taste response, 306, 307 Taste-responsive cell brainstem background, 294–295 coding, 295–297 data analysis, 302, 305–316 electrophysiological recording, 297–300 taste stimuli, 301–302, 303–305 location and testing, 300 uncertainty measure, 308 Taste–smell interactions, 489 Taste solutions, 230 Taste space, 312 Taste stimuli electrophysiological recordings of tasteresponsive cells, 300, 301–302 neural coding, 296 response profiles and data analysis, 307, 313 Taste-O-Matic system, 250, 253–254 Teflon valves, 37 Telazol, 241 Temperature calcium imaging of isolated taste receptor cells, 200 gustatory coding, 352 poikleothermic neonates and odor preference tests, 24 preparations for surgery on mammalian taste nerves, 245 sensitivity and measuring oral chemesthesis, single-unit electrophysiological recording of taste-responsive cells, 298 Template matching algorithm, 386 Temporal coding theories, neural coding, 297 Temporal lobe, 482, 484, 485, 495 Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 449, 450 Temporal patterning, 327, 332–333 Temporal profile, 256 Temporal resolution, 330–331 Temporal response patterns, 85–87, 316 Temporal sulcus, 495 Terrepene carolina, see Turtle Test chamber, 42 Test of mixing, 225–226 525 Test–retest reliability, 24, 444 Thalamocortical forebrain, 295 Thalamus, 295, 297, 484, 491 Thaumatin, 256 Theory of signal detection (TSD), 10 Thermal stimulation, 271, 272, 434 Three-dimensional surface plot, 330 Threshold measurement, 10–11 Threshold values, 44, 446 Time control, 192 Time constant controls, 182, 183–185 Time of best fit (TOBF), 493–494 Time resolution, 225–226 Timing of spikes, 297 Tingling, 16 Tip geometries, 299 TIR-1/2 clone, 151, 152 Tissue incubation, 232–233 Tissue printing, 67, 69 TLE, see Temporal lobe epilepsy T-maze, 29 TOBF, see Time of best fit Tomograph, 478–479 Tongue electrophysiological recordings of tasteresponsive cells, 303, 304, 306 epithelium explant culture and neural induction hypothesis, 127 mGluR4 taste receptor, 155 peripheral anatomy of gustatory system, 294 preparations for surgery, 246 stimulus control in awake rats, 350 temperature sensitivity and oral chemesthesis, trigeminal subnucleus caudalis receptive field, 271, 272, 273 ventroposterior medial thalamus recording, 342 Tonic response, 256 Topographic distribution, 436, 437, 441, 444–445 Tracers, 479 Tracheotomy electrophysiological recordings from olfactory epithelium, 81, 85 preparations for surgery mammalian taste nerves, 243, 244 electrophysiological recordings of tasteresponsive cells, 298 Tracking task, 437–438 Trail Making Test, 445 Training adapting psychophysical methods for chemesthesis, 12 encoding in orbitofrontal cortex, 388–395 2329_index Page 526 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM 526 Methods in Chemosensory Research V odor selectivity and importance of learning and behavior, 396 Training chamber, 376, 377, 378 Training methods, 42–43 Tramadol, 452, 453 Transducin, 147 Transgenic animals, 129 Transistor–transistor logic (TTL) channels, 376, 386 Transitive inference, 29 Transmembrane proteins, 151 TRCs, see Taste receptor cells Trigeminal nerve, 4, 483 Trigeminal sensitivity, Trigeminal stimuli, 434–435 Trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) extracellular single-unit recordings advantages/disadvantages, 269–270 surgical and recording methods, 270–271 search strategies to identify chemonociceptive units, 271–272 characterization of receptive field and unit classification, 272–273 neuronal outputs and inputs, 273–274 responses to irritant chemicals, 274–283 c-fos immunochemistry, 284–288 Triton X-100, 200 trkB, 129, 130 Tschebycheff filters, 186 TSD, see Theory of signal detection TTL, see Transistor–transistor logic channels Tucker olfactometer, 40, 46 Tungsten electrodes, 299, 363 Tungsten filament lamps, 105, 107–108 Tuning, 307, 308, 343 Turbulence flow, 212 Turtle, 94–95, 97–99 Tween 80, Two-alternative forced-choice task (2AFC), 11 Two-odor discrimination task, 44, 47 Vacuum dump, 379 Vagus nerve, 4, Valveless olfactometer, 37, 38 Valves, 227 Vanilla, 487 Vanillin electrophysiological recordings from olfactory epithelium, 86, 87 functional magnetic resonance imaging, 484, 485 magnetic source imaging, 492, 495, 496 olfactory event-related potential, 439, 441, 445, 446 Vanilloid receptor, 152 Vapors, 23 Vapor cues, 39 Vc, see Trigeminal subnucleus caudalis Vehicle controls, 11 Velopharyngeal closure, 438–439, 492 Ventral forebrain, 295, 360 Ventroposterior medial thalamus (VPMpc), 341, 342–343 Vibrational noise, 107 Vigilance, 437, 438, 443 Vision, 325 Visual event-related potential (ERP), 435 Visual naming tasks, 491 Vital dyes, see Dyes Voltage, electrophysiological recordings, 414, 417 Voltage clamping isolating currents, 187 patch-clamping technique for isolated taste receptor cells, 179–181, 183 patch-clamp comparison, 176 Voltage-sensitive dyes, see Dyes, voltagesensitive Vortex flow, 213 VPMpc, see Ventroposterior medial thalamus U W Ultradian variations, 443 Umami receptor, 149, 154–156, 301 Uncertainty measure, 307, 308–309 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 28 Unmyelinated fibers, 451–452 Unquenched sample, 229 Urethane anesthesia, 298, 468, see also Anesthesia US, see Unconditioned stimulus Warm, definition, 16 Washing system, 227, see also Quench Flow Module-5 Washing phase, 217–218, 220, 223, 224 Water deprivation, , 380 Waveform, 258, 305 WDR, see Wide dynamic range unit White matter, 480 Whole-cell configuration 2329_index Page 527 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM Index 527 methods for direct recording of odor-evoking neural activity, 330 patch-clamping technique for isolated taste receptor cells, 179, 180, 182–183, 190 current isolation, 187–190 Whole-mouth stimulation, 7–9 Wide dynamic range (WDR) unit, 272, 274 Wind tunnel, 42 Xylazine, 241, 242 X Zingerone, 10, 275, 276 Xenon arc lamps, 194–195 Y Y-maze, 29 Z 2329_index Page 528 Tuesday, January 27, 2004 3:13 PM ... 2004 9:28 AM 26 Methods in Chemosensory Research Investigation Time (Sec) a) Different strains Strain b) Same strains Strain Water 1 Water Urine Urine 2 Water Urine Urine Two Minute Odor Presentations... sensation • Stinging/Pricking: Sharp, uncomfortable sensations similar to those produced by an insect sting or a pinprick; may be constant (stinging) or brief (pricking) • Tingling: A lively pins-and-needles... Medicine Methods in Genomic Neuroscience Helmin R Chin, Ph.D., Genetics Research Branch, NIMH, NIH Steven O Moldin, Ph.D, Genetics Research Branch, NIMH, NIH Methods in Chemosensory Research