A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2011 and 2014 to study the response of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to plant growth regulators. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice. Among the different treatments T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering has recorded maximum value for plan height (131.8 cm) and maximum number of capsules per plant at 70 DAS (55.5). The significantly highest 1000 seed weight (3.38 g) of sesame was recorded due to spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering + capsules formation stage(T7) followed by T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage. The significantly highest harvest index (25.8) was noted under T3 Gibberellic Acid (GA3 -100 ppm) at capsules formation stage. On the bases of pooled results, the significantly highest seed (947 kg ha-1 ), stalk (2810 kg ha-1 ) and biological yield (3757 kg ha-1 ) were obtained due to foliar spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering and capsule formation stage (T7) and statically at par with T5 and T6.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number (2017) pp 1113-1120 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.129 Response of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to Growth Regulator under Dry Farming Condition G.B Vekaria, K.D Rakholiya, V.D Vora*, J.T Patel, G.S Sutaria and P.D Vekaria Main Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Targhadia, Rajkot - 360003, Gujarat, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Crop growth indexes growth regulators, Capsule formation, Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), Yield Article Info Accepted: 18 February 2017 Available Online: 10 March 2017 A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2011 and 2014 to study the response of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to plant growth regulators The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with ten treatments and replicated thrice Among the different treatments T (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering has recorded maximum value for plan height (131.8 cm) and maximum number of capsules per plant at 70 DAS (55.5) The significantly highest 1000 seed weight (3.38 g) of sesame was recorded due to spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering + capsules formation stage(T 7) followed by T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage The significantly highest harvest index (25.8) was noted under T3 Gibberellic Acid (GA3 -100 ppm) at capsules formation stage On the bases of pooled results, the significantly highest seed (947 kg ha-1), stalk (2810 kg ha-1) and biological yield (3757 kg ha-1) were obtained due to foliar spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering and capsule formation stage (T 7) and statically at par with T and T6 Introduction Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the oldest oil seed crop cultivated in India It is called as “Queen of oil seed crop” by virtue of its excellent quality Sesame is very droughttolerant crop of semiarid regions It is superior to other oilseed crop due to adaptability to varied agro-climatic condition and high degree of drought tolerance It is widely grown in countries such as India, China, Bangladesh, Turkey and also in drier parts of African and Mediterranean countries languages Sesame ranks first for having oil content of 46-64 per cent and 6355 K cal kg-1 dietary energy in seeds (Sanjay Kumar and Goel, 1994) Seed of sesame is also rich source of protein (20-28%), sugar (14-16%) and minerals (5-7%) This oil has 85 percent unsaturated fatty acid is highly stable and has washing effect on cholesterol and prevents coronary heart disease Sesame as a valued oil seed appears to have numerous industrial applications It has been called a survivor crop, with an ability to grow where most crops fail It is popularly known as gingelly, til, benni, ajanjoli, ellu, goma and simsim in different Sesame originated from South West Africa and is botanically termed as Sesamum indicum L of family Pedaliaceae Among top ten oil seed producing countries Mayammar 1113 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 ranks first in production of 0.72 million tonnes with productivity of 0.46 tonnes ha-1 fallowed by India which having production of 0.62 metric tonnes and productivity of 0.34 tonnes ha-1 It is clearly indicated that, it is not matching with the increasing demand The country continues to experience edible oil deficit (Hedge, 2002) A further increase in production could be achieved by adopting improved agronomic practices like proper nutrient management, application of biofertilizers, micronutrients and growth regulators, reorienting of plant structure, reducing field harvesting losses and storage losses To achieve this strategy, the field experiment was conducted at Main Dry Farming Research Station, Junagadh Agricultural University, Targhadia with the entitled Response of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to growth regulator during monsoon period Materials and Methods Experimental site and plant material Field trials was carried out during the Kharif seasons 2011 to 2014 at main dry farming research station, Junaghadh Agriculture University, Targhadia, located at 22.17' N, 700 48’ E and altitude 137.7 m above mean sea level The research farm is situated in north Saurashtra agroclimatic zone of Gujarat Soil of the experimental site was medium black with pH 8.1 and organic carbon status 0.59% The area was ploughed and harrowed before sowing Recommended dose of fertilizer was applied before sowing to each plot at 50.0:25.0:0.0 NPK The seeds of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) variety “Gujarat Til-3”were sown in eight rows per plot, m length with spacing of 45 cm between rows After germination, the plants were thinned to obtain optimum plant population Two inter-culturing and hand weeding were carried out The three types of growth regulators of different concentration were foliar sprayed at flowering and capsules formation stage as following treatments Treatments The experiment comprised of total 10 treatments viz T1[(Absolute control), T2 (gibberellic acid (GA -100ppm) at flowering stage)], T3 [(gibberellic acid (GA3 100ppm) at capsules formation stage)], T4[(gibberellic acid (GA3 -100ppm) at flowering stage and capsules formation)], T5[(Indole Acetic Acid (IAA -100ppm) at flowering stage)], T6[(T6 Indole Acetic Acid (IAA -100ppm) at capsules formation stage)], T7[(Indole Acetic Acid (IAA -100ppm) at flowering stage and capsules formation stage)], T8[(Benzine Amino purine (BA -5 ppm) at flowering stage)], T9 [Benzine Amino purine (BA- ppm) at capsules formation stage)] and T10 [Benzine Amino purine (BA5 ppm) at flowering and capsules formation stage] Experimental design and layout The experiment was laid out thrice in Randomized Block Design (R.B.D.) in with the plot size of (a) Gross: 5.0 m x 3.6 m (8 lines) (b) Net: 4.0 m x 2.7 m (6 lines) The row spacing and seed rate were 45 cm x 10 cm and 2.25 Kg\ha respectively The fertilizer 50.0-25.0-0.0 NPK kg ha-1 was applied Observations The plants were harvested at physiological maturity and yield components, such as plant height (cm), number of total capsules per plant at 70 DAS and maturity, 1000 seed weight and harvest index were recorded on five randomly selected plants in each plot Seed yield was determined by harvesting the middle six rows of each plot 1114 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Harvest index Harvest index is defined as the yield of grain divided by the total yield of above ground biomass (Stover plus grain) Harvest index = yield of grain / (yield of Stover + yield grain) x 100 Seed yield (kg ha-1) At the maturity, the sesame crop in each plot was harvested and threshed, and yield ha−1 was calculated by the following formula Seed yield plot kg-1 Seed yield kg ha-1 = (Seed yield plot kg-1 / Plot size m-2) X 10000 Statistical analysis Statistical analysis of variance was done using SAS computer software package and the mean values were compared with Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) at 0.05 probability level Results and Discussion Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters of sesame are presented in Table In the results revealed that the growth parameters of sesame were significantly differed during pooled result due to foliar spraying of growth regulator The highest value of plant height (131.8 cm) was observed with T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage) (Table 1a) which was at par with treatments T3, T4 and T6 to T10 Pooled results indicated that the highest number of branches per plant (2.81) of sesame was recorded under spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage + capsules formation stage(T7) followed by T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage) (Table 1b).The minimum plant height(123.7 cm) and minimum number of branches (1.89) were observed under control plot.IAA induced higher plant height was reported earlier in grasspea (Rahman et al., 1989), soybean (Reena et al., 1999), groundnut (Lee, 1990), Mungbean (Quaderi et al., 2006), Jatropha curcas (Joshi et al., 2011) and tomato (Khaled et al., 2015) The stimulatory effects of IAA on plant height in the present experiment agreed well with the above findings Effect of foliar spraying of growth regulator on number of capsules plant-1 at 70 DAS and maturity as well as capsule growth rate was found significant In pooled result significantly highest number of capsules per plant at 70 DAS (55.5) was observed with T5 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage) (Table 2a)which was at par with treatments T3, T4, T6, T7,T9 and T10 While at maturity treatment T7 (IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering + capsules formation stage Table 2b) recorded significantly highest number of capsules per plant (65.4) followed by T5(IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage), T6(T6 IAA -100ppm at capsules formation stage)and T10 (BA- ppm at flowering and capsules formation stage) The minimum number of capsule per plant at 70 DAS and maturity stage were found under control condition In sesame crop, spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering stage (T5) and GA3 @ 100 ppm at capsules formation stage (T3) was recorded significantly higher capsules growth rate Senthil et al., (2003) also investigated the IAA at 100 ppm supplied as foliar spray at 35 and 60 days after sowing on some biochemical and physiological aspects of soybean plant They reported that all treatments increased the biochemical parameters of soybean and IAA treatment had the highest effects on the plant Khaled et al., (2015) also reported that IAA treated plots showed better performance for growth parameters and yield compared to control condition and 100 ppm IAA was more suitable than the 200 ppm IAA for higher yield for tomato cultivation 1115 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Table.1 Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters of sesame Sr No Treatment 2011 2013 2014 Pooled Y YxT 1(a) Plant Height(cm) T1 Control 104.7 130.1 136.4 123.7 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 103.2 131.9 137.5 124.2 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 105.9 133.8 139.0 126.3 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 97.7 135.1 142.7 125.1 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 104.5 142.3 148.5 131.8 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 105.7 141.4 147.2 131.4 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 98.1 144.1 149.5 130.6 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 106.3 134.3 141.7 127.4 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 110.6 135.8 142.6 129.7 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 103.5 138.7 143.0 128.4 S.Em + 3.37 3.64 3.87 2.24 1.23 3.63 C.D.at 5% 10.01 10.81 11.49 6.67 3.65 10.30 C.V % 5.61 4.61 4.69 4.92 1(b) Number of Branches/plant T1 Control 1.67 2.21 1.80 1.89 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 1.93 2.47 2.00 2.13 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 2.00 2.53 2.00 2.18 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 2.13 2.67 2.10 2.30 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 2.33 3.11 2.57 2.67 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 2.27 2.99 2.33 2.53 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 2.53 3.23 2.67 2.81 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 2.10 2.43 2.00 2.18 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 2.20 2.90 2.10 2.40 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 2.20 2.80 2.00 2.33 S.Em + 0.15 0.20 0.17 0.05 0.03 0.17 C.D.at 5% 0.44 0.60 0.49 0.16 0.09 0.49 C.V % 12.07 12.77 13.31 12.82 *Foliar spray at flowering and capsule formation stage 1116 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Table.2 Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters of sesame Sr No Treatment 2011 2013 2014 Pooled Y YxT 2(a)No of Capsules/plant at 70 DAS T1 Control 27.07 41.08 53.37 40.5 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 31.40 44.56 54.67 43.5 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 35.67 55.78 56.90 49.4 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 34.27 50.90 60.33 48.5 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 37.67 57.10 71.77 55.5 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 36.07 56.42 70.23 54.2 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 33.77 51.77 80.00 55.2 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 32.90 47.67 57.90 46.2 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 30.07 45.33 66.90 47.4 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 33.53 54.02 63.57 50.4 S.Em + 1.89 3.54 4.59 2.58 1.42 3.52 C.D.at 5% 5.62 10.51 13.62 7.68 4.21 9.98 C.V % 10.86 12.14 12.49 12.41 2(b) No of Capsules/plant at Maturity T1 Control 30.67 53.10 57.77 47.2 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 32.00 56.34 58.73 49.0 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 37.80 68.43 59.10 55.1 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 36.93 63.57 62.00 54.2 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 39.10 76.99 74.83 63.6 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 38.13 73.00 72.97 61.4 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 35.80 75.00 85.50 65.4 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 35.70 62.89 60.17 52.9 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 31.60 57.77 67.23 52.2 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 36.77 69.67 65.30 57.2 S.Em + 1.88 4.61 4.49 2.79 1.53 3.87 C.D.at 5% 5.59 13.71 13.34 8.30 4.55 10.99 C.V % 10.2 12.17 11.72 12.02 *Foliar spray at flowering and Capsule formation stage 1117 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Table.3 Effect of growth regulators on yields of sesame Sr No Treatment 2011 2013 2014 Pooled Y YxT -1 (a) Seed Yield (kg ) T1 Control 407 621 1101 710 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 430 614 1194 746 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 519 794 1256 856 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 461 719 1313 831 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 522 814 1458 931 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 495 807 1414 905 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 557 784 1502 947 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 452 641 1267 787 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 443 638 1375 819 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 479 744 1326 850 S.Em + 29 49 78 32 17 56 C.D.at 5% 88 145 232 94 51 158 10.7 11.8 10.2 11.5 C.V % (b) Straw Yield (kg ha-1) T1 Control 1698 2148 2438 2095 T2 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage 1731 2130 2469 2110 T3 GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 2096 2623 2531 2417 T4 GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 2052 2593 2809 2485 T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage 2299 2778 3179 2752 T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage 2123 2654 3086 2621 T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 2333 2840 3256 2810 T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage 1796 2099 2623 2173 T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage 1914 2284 2901 2366 T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage 1963 2377 2716 2352 S.Em + 130 178 189 62 34 167 C.D.at 5% 385 527 560 184 101 474 C.V % 11.2 12.5 11.7 12.0 *Foliar spray at flowering and Capsule formation stage 1118 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Table.4 Effect of growth regulators on harvest Index Sr No T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Treatment Control GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage S.Em + C.D.at 5% C.V % 2011 19.4 19.9 20.7 2013 22.7 22.4 23.1 2014 31.2 32.5 33.4 Pooled 24.4 24.9 25.8 18.5 18.8 19.0 21.8 22.7 23.3 32.0 31.6 31.4 24.1 24.4 24.6 19.4 20.4 19.0 21.8 23.4 21.7 31.6 32.9 32.6 24.2 25.5 24.4 20.0 1.3 NS 11.8 24.1 1.6 NS 12.4 33.0 2.1 NS 11.5 25.7 0.3 0.9 12.1 Y YxT 0.17 0.49 1.73 4.91 Y YxT 0.02 0.07 0.07 0.20 *Foliar spray at flowering and Capsule formation stage Table.5 Effect of growth regulators on 1000 seed weight (g) of sesame Sr No T1 T2 T3 T4 Treatment Control GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage GA3 @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage GA3 @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage T5 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage T6 IAA @ 100ppm at capsule formation stage T7 IAA @ 100ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage T8 BA @ 5ppm at flowering stage T9 BA @ 5ppm capsule Formation Stage T10 BA @5ppm at flowering stage + capsule formation stage S.Em + C.D.at 5% C.V % *Foliar spray at flowering and Capsule formation stage Effect of growth regulators on yield Effect of growth regulators on yields of sesame is presented in Table 3.The yields of sesame were significantly differed during all the three year and also in pooled result due to foliar spraying of growth regulator On the bases of pooled results, maximum seed yield and straw yield were 947 kg ha-1 (Table 3a) and 2810 kg ha-1 (Table 3b) respectively obtained due to foliar spraying of 2011 2.38 2.71 2.78 2013 3.07 3.15 3.31 2014 3.17 3.20 3.22 Pooled 2.87 3.02 3.10 2.71 2.84 2.91 3.19 3.35 3.30 3.27 3.47 3.43 3.06 3.22 3.21 3.12 2.63 2.64 3.51 3.17 3.16 3.50 3.25 3.38 3.38 3.02 3.06 2.71 0.06 0.19 3.99 3.28 0.07 0.22 3.93 3.32 0.07 0.22 3.82 3.10 0.04 0.12 3.92 IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering and capsule formation stage (T7) and statically at par T5 and T6 Results (Table 3) further indicated that around 34 % increase in seeds, stalk and biological yield were recorded with T7 in comparison to their respective control The lowest seed yield (710 kg ha-1) and straw yield (2095 kg ha-1) were recorded under control treatment Rastogi et al., (2013) effort done in linseed (Linumusitatis simum L.) and get better result with indole acetic acid 1119 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2017) 6(3): 1113-1120 Effect of growth regulators on harvest index and 1000 seed weight (g) The effect of different treatments on harvest index was found significant and varied from 24.1 to 25.8 (Table 4) The significantly highest harvest index was recorded under treatment T3 (GA3 @ 100 ppm at capsule formation stage) followed by T2 The significantly highest1000 seed weight (3.38 g) of sesame was recorded due to spraying of IAA @ 100 ppm at flowering and capsules formation stage(T7,Table 5) The least harvest index was notedunder control treatment Maximum result was found in IAA at 100 ppm at flowering and capsules formation may be due to its plays an important role in improving the plant growth, development and yield of crops and affects the physiological processes, hastens maturity and improving the quality of fruits (Rout, 2006; Khaled et al., 2015) Growth hormone like Indole acetic acid is naturally occurring auxin that stimulates growth through cell elongation and lateral root formation which probably support more absorption of minerals (Egamberdieva, 2009; Rathod et al., 2015) From the overall results it may be concluded that IAA treated plot at flowering stage showed better performance for growth parameters and yield compared to control condition Therefore, 100 ppm IAA at flowering stage was more suitable than the other treatments for sesame cultivation References Egamberdieva, D 2009 Alleviation of salt stress by plant growth regulators and IAA producing bacteria in wheat, Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 31: 861-864 Garai, A.K., and Datta, K 1999 Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, morphophysiological characters and yield of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum L cv Rama) under moisture stress Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 21: 277-281 Joshi, G., Shukla, A., and Shukla, A 2011 Synergistic response of auxin and ethylene on physiology of Jatropha curcas L Brazilian J Plant Physiol., 23: 1-7 Khaled, M., Sikder, S., Islam, M.R., Hasan, M.A., and Bahadur, M.M 2015 Growth yield and yield attributes of tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.) as influenced by indole acetic acid J Environ Sci Natural Res., 8(1): 139-145 Lee, H.S 1990 Effects of presowing seed treatments with GA3 and IAA on flowering and yield components in 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Var Arka Komal IOSR J Agri Vet Sci., 8: 36-39 Reena, T., Delotale, R.D., Armarkar, N., and Chore, C.N 1999 Influence of seed soaking in IAA and kinetin solutions of growth and yield of soybean J Soils Crops, 9: 7277 Rout, G.R 2006 Effects of Auxins on adventitious root development from single node cutting of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze and associated biochemical changes Plant Growth Regulators, 48: 111-117 Senthil, A., Pathmanaban, G., Srinivasan, P.S 2003 Effect bioregulators on some physiological and biochemical parameters of soybean (Glycine max L Legume Res India, 26: 5456 How to cite this article: Vekaria, G.B., K.D Rakholiya, V.D Vora, J.T Patel, G.S Sutaria and Vekaria, P.D 2017 Response of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to Growth Regulator under Dry Farming Condition Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 6(3): 1113-1120 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.603.129 1120 ... How to cite this article: Vekaria, G.B., K.D Rakholiya, V.D Vora, J.T Patel, G.S Sutaria and Vekaria, P.D 2017 Response of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to Growth Regulator under Dry Farming Condition. .. Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters Effect of growth regulators on growth parameters of sesame are presented in Table In the results revealed that the growth parameters of sesame were... flowering and Capsule formation stage Effect of growth regulators on yield Effect of growth regulators on yields of sesame is presented in Table 3.The yields of sesame were significantly differed during