The objectives of this study are to estimate the proportion of the healthy adult population using SRH measure and to identify the socioeconomic, demographic and health correlates of SRH among the adult population.
International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 3, March 2020, pp 166–174, Article ID: IJM_11_03_018 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=3 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF SELF RATED HEALTH AMONG ADULTS IN ALKHARJ AREA KSA, 2017 Dr Ayman Mahgoub College of Business Administration Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia am.mohammed@psau.edu.sa ABSTRACT Aim: Self Rated Health (SRH) is a widely used measure of subjective assessment of health status SRH has been found to carry predictive validity concerning future mortality among diseased and healthy individuals Several socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of individuals found to have an association with their overall assessment of health The objectives of this study are to estimate the proportion of the healthy adult population using SRH measure and to identify the socioeconomic, demographic and health correlates of SRH among the adult population Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Alkharj area in the center of Saudi Arabia, using a questionnaire comprising the basic questions relating to SRH and the socioeconomic and demographic correlates of SRH Univariate and logistic regression models were carried out to analyze the data Results: Mode of living, age class, education, marital status, the prevalence of diseases and risky behavior of individuals were significantly associated with SRH in the study area Individuals with diabetes and those who drink alcohol were more likely to be unhealthy compared with other individuals in the sample Conclusion: The results reveal a correlation between socioeconomic and behavioral factors with SRH; these factors should be given high priority in the setting of health strategies and policies Keywords: Self Rated Health, Cross-sectional, Adults in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia Cite this Article: Dr Ayman Mahgoub, Socioeconomic and Demographic Correlates of Self Rated Health among Adults in Alkharj Area KSA, 2017, International Journal of Management (IJM), 11 (3), 2020, pp 166–174 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=3 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 166 editor@iaeme.com Dr Ayman Mahgoub INTRODUCTION The concept of self-rated health (SRH) is considered a multidimensional concept that refers to an individual's assessment and perception of his\her own health status The concept has been widely used in health surveys in recent decades Of note, it is an inexpensive instrument and it also has trusted reliability among all age groups, for both men and women (Liang, 1986; Bombak, 2013) During the past decades, SRH has been increasingly involved in the national and international public health monitoring and has been recommended as a standard part of health surveys Also, SRH has been used to measure clinical outcomes in epidemiological studies (Robine et al., 2003) Currently, it is proposed to be a critical tool in the clinical assessment as well as the primary prevention screening procedures (Bombak, 2013) Changing the life situation and lifestyle as well as the characteristics of individuals proposed to have an association with the overall health condition SRH has been found to carry a predictive validity concerning future mortality, not only among diseased but also among healthy individuals Several socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of individuals found to have an association with their overall assessment of health (Idler & Benyamini, 1997 ; Strawbridge & Wallhagen, 1999) A consistent inverse association was stabilized by age, sex and social status (Miilunpalo et al., 1997) Moreover, socioeconomic status was proved to influence the health status that may also attribute to psychosocial wellbeing (Richter et al., 2012; Moor et al., 2017) Various characteristics may affect the SRH; the age of specific gender, mode of living, educational level, marital status, work status, type of work, frequent diseases, as well as risky behavior of individuals such as smoking and obesity The prevalence of harming health owing to demographic characteristics or socioeconomic status are considered to be high in the United States and the UK, especially the individuals with low income who were more likely to report poor/fair health (Kennedy et al., 1998 ; Weich et al., 2002) However, it is still under-studied in KSA We conducted this study specifically in the Alkharj Area, because of its economical, strategical, and cultural importance in the Kingdome of Saudi Arabia OBJECTIVES The objectives of this present study are to estimate the proportion of the healthy adult population in the Alkharj area in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia using SRH measure and to identify the socioeconomic, demographic and health correlates of SRH among this population HYPOTHESES • • • The mode of living is positively associated with the SRH The age groups of the cases will be significantly associated with SRH; older cases will have less SRH than younger cases The educational level, work status, and socioeconomically status were positively associated with the SRH METHODS AND MATERIALS 4.1 Participants A survey had been carried out to obtain the primary data needed to estimate a healthy population using the SRH method covering all the study areas in the Alkharj area Al Kharj, also known locally as Al Saih, is a city in Al Kharj Governorate in central Saudi Arabia The total population of the area is 425300 individuals http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 167 editor@iaeme.com Socioeconomic and Demographic Correlates of Self Rated Health among Adults in Alkharj Area KSA, 2017 4.2 Questionnaire Our primary exit was to measure SRH through a few simple questions Respondents were asked to indicate how they rate their health in general and/or in comparison with other people of their age The key question in SRH is "How would you describe your state of health these days or this year", Usually, SRH is measured on a five Points Likert-scale, with options been; "1 = very good, = good, = moderate, = bad, = very bad ", whereas 1,2,3 recorded in the tables as “healthy” and 4,5 recorded as “non-healthy” The household questionnaire used was consistent of limited and specific questions that were asked to the head of the household and covered the following dimensions: (i) demographic characteristics: gender and age, (ii) social characteristics: mode of living, education, and maritime status, (iii) economic characteristics: occupation of the head of household, daily consumption, and work status, and (iv) health characteristics: health status, disability, diseases and risky behaviors such as smoking, obesity, and drinking 4.3 Sample Size The equation to determine the simple random sampling was used depending on the population proportion, the equation takes the following form (Cochran, 1963) : n *= z * p * (1 − p) d2 Where: n *: the initial sample size Z: the standard variable of the normal distribution corresponding to a 95% confidence level P: the anticipated population distribution of good SRH D: the absolute statistical precision on either side of the anticipated population proportion By taking P = 50% which gives the maximum possible sample size and d = 0.05 then, the initial sample size will be: * 0.5* 0.5 = 400 0.0025 However, in the actual field survey, simple random sampling was not the method of data collection and the clustered random sampling had been used, this requires multiplying the sample size by the design effect which taken to be (2), hence, the actual sample size was calculated at 800 The response rate was about 75%; the sample was collected from the 800 participants through face to face questionnaire, in many clusters, such as universities, government associations, NGOs, markets and streets 4.4 Data Analysis Analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS for Windows (IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20.0 Released 2011 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and Excel software Different methods of analysis were carried out to meet the study objectives including estimation of healthy proportion using SRH measure, the descriptive statistics, the inferential statistics which include the Chi-square test, and the binary logistic regression model (Hosmer & Lemeshow, 2000) http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 168 editor@iaeme.com Dr Ayman Mahgoub RESULTS 5.1 The Association between SRH and Socioeconomic Status and Demographic Characteristics The results reveal that no significant association was found between SRH and mode of living, as shown in the (table 1), so that, the percentages of healthy respondents were (90.8%) and (89.6%) in urban and rural areas respectively, which indicates indifference in SRH according to the mode of living in the study area SRH has a highly significant correlation with the gender of respondents, males have a higher percentage of good SRH (91.8%) compared with (88.1%) for females, as the P-value was (