Polyamides are the most commonly used polymers for routine applications as well as in the fisheries sector for the construction of fishing gear due to its high resistancey. The accumulation of polyamide after thrown in environment or the effect of ghost fishing is a threat to environment as it causes pollution, creating an imbalance in the ecosystem, thus proving to be hazardous. As polyamide is highly resistant to the environment, the natural degradation of polyamide is too time consuming and at the same time the ways to degrade polyamide have not been successful. The main objective of the present study is to assess the microbial load of the polyamide netting materials exposed in soil, water and atmosphere using standard microbial procedures.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1437-1440 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 09 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.172 Assessment of Microbial Load from the Polayamide Netting Materials kept in Soil, Water and Atmosphere Sandipan Mondal1*, Mosaraf Hossain1, Arnab Bandyopadhyay1, Devika Pillai2 and B Manojkumar3 Fishery Engineering & Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala, India Department of Fish Pathology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kerala, India Department of Pathology Payyanur Fisheries Station, Kerala, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Polyamide, Monofilament, Multifilament, Microbial load Article Info Accepted: 10 August 2018 Available Online: 10 September 2018 Polyamides are the most commonly used polymers for routine applications as well as in the fisheries sector for the construction of fishing gear due to its high resistancey The accumulation of polyamide after thrown in environment or the effect of ghost fishing is a threat to environment as it causes pollution, creating an imbalance in the ecosystem, thus proving to be hazardous As polyamide is highly resistant to the environment, the natural degradation of polyamide is too time consuming and at the same time the ways to degrade polyamide have not been successful The main objective of the present study is to assess the microbial load of the polyamide netting materials exposed in soil, water and atmosphere using standard microbial procedures Introduction The use of polyamide materials have been increased in food clothing, shelter, transportation, construction, medical, and recreation industries and degrade it encourages research and studies in the field of biosynthetic and biodegradation material One of the waste that cannot be destroyed is polyamide waste, which is a type of a plastic waste Materials and Methods They are most widely used worldwide as they are having certain advantages like they are strong, light-weighted, durable and having the highest elastic recovery than any other polymer However, they are disadvantageous as they are resistant to biodegradation, leading to pollution, harmful to the natural environment Increasing environmental pollution and waste that cannot be renewed The test material comprised samples of: (i) PA monofilament yarn of specification viz of diameter 0.23 mm diameter and (ii) PA multifilament twine of specification, viz 210 d × × Samples were kept in three environmental conditions i.e., water, atmosphere and soil 1437 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1437-1440 Sub-samples from the test material were removed for the assessment of microbial load after 8, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 days of exposure The test exposure was done from February, 2018 to May, 2018 from February to May 2018 The two ends of the samples were tied to Polypropylene ropes with a cm gap in between and taking care that there is no tension in the material and then mounted on a frame of 1m x 0.7m Soil Microbial load and colony morphology was assessed after each sampling by taking Total Plate Count and visual observation Assessment of total plate count (TPC) was done as per the standard procedure given below and colonies were serially numbered based on their morphological characters such as color, shape, transparency etc 10 grams of exposed sample was collected using a sterile scissor and transferred into a sterile mortar Polyamide samples were buried in soil at 20 cm depth sewn with vinyl-coated polypropylene (PP) rope cm apart on a frame Samples were buried in the experimental tank outside the Department of Fishery Engineering & Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies at a latitude of 9°54'44.92"N and longitude of 76°19'2.67"E No of bacteria/g = (No of colonies per ml x reciprocal of dilution x 100) / weight of the sample Marine condition Experiment was conducted by keeping the samples in a glass aquarium of the size 180 cm × 80 cm × 80 cm; length, width, height having a total capacity of 1000 L Seawater was collected from Chellanam, Kochi (Kerala) in plastic drums Samples were sewn into a rope made with plastic to prevent eventually forming fragments from falling apart The rope was with non-biodegradable vinyl-coated polypropylene having a diameter of about 280 mm The rope along with the nylon samples were suspended in the aquarium, the distance between the samples was approximately 5 cm To avoid large temperature fluctuations the tank was kept inside lab and covered with a sheet Results and Discussion Colony morphology and microbial load during each sampling time of each sample was observed Microbial load of the sample during each sampling time is shown in Table In soil the microbial load after 90th day for mono and multifilament were 2.3 x 10^5 cfu/g and 1.7 x 10^6cfu/g respectively In water the loads were 2.1 x 10^7 cfu/g and 2.3 x 10^6cfu/g respectively In atmosphere for mono and multifilament samples upto3rd and 2nd sampling, there were no colonies found in petri plates However, at the end of 90 the day microbial load on mono and multifilament were 3.3 X 10^4 cfu/g and 3.9 X 10^4cfu/g Atmospheric condition The samples were exposed to atmospheric conditions on the roof top of the Department of Fisheries Engineering Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (9°54'44.92"N and 76°19'2.67"E) for a period of months Table showed the morphological characteristics of the colonies with color, margin and shape Among the all colonies, yellow and pale yellow color colonies were found from samples of all three environments and were most abundant 1438 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1437-1440 Table.1 Microbial load of mono and multifilament samples in different environments DAY 15 30 45 60 90 MONOFILAMENT SAMPLES SOIL WATER ATMOSPHERE (CFU/g) (CFU/g) (CFU/g) 3.1 x 10^4 3.5 x 10^5 No colony 3.7 x 10^4 1.7 x 10^6 No colony 4.2 x 10^4 2.2 x 10^6 No colony 4.6 x 10^4 2.3 x 10^6 2.8 x 10^4 2.0 x 10^5 8.7 x 10^6 3.1 x 10^4 2.3 x 10^5 2.1 x 10^7 3.3 x 10^4 MULTIFILAMENT SAMPLES SOIL WATER ATMOSPHERE (CFU/g) (CFU/g) (CFU/g) 4.0 x 10^4 2.5 x 10^5 No colony 2.5 x 10^5 2.8 x 10^5 No colony 3.0 x 10^5 3.0 x 10^5 3.4 x 10^4 3.3 x 10^5 1.6 x 10^6 3.5 x 10^4 1.3 x 10^6 1.7 x 10^6 3.6 x 10^4 1.7 x 10^6 2.3 x 10^6 3.9 x 10^4 Table.2 Assessment of microbial load of mono and multifilament samples in difference conditions on agar medium SOIL WATER Colony no Color Shape Margin Colony no Color Shape Margin Colony ATMOSPHERE no Color Shape Margin Yellow Transparent White Green Round Circular Round Circular Round Circular White Pale yellow Creamish white Rod Rod Oval Circular Circular Circular Creamish Red Pale yellow white Irregular Oval Oval Rod Weavy Circular Circular Cylindrical yellow Red Orange Round Circular Round Circular Oval Circular Yellow Pale yellow Round Irregular Circular Weavy A gradual increase in the microbial load was observed for both samples in all three environments At the end of the 90 days the microbial load was maximum for the samples kept in water for both mono and multifilament and minimum for the samples kept in atmosphere Types of microbes found more in the samples kept in soil and minimum was found in the samples kept in atmosphere Acknowledgement I wish to thank Director, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi; Vice Chancellor, Kerala University of Fisheries & Ocean Studies, Kochi for the opportunity to carry out the work 1439 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(9): 1437-1440 References Asmita, K., Shubhamsingh, T and Tejashree, S., 2015 Isolation of plastic degrading micro-organisms from soil samples collected at various locations in Mumbai, India Int Res J EnvirSci, 4(3), pp.77-85 Gouda, M.K., Swellam, A.E and Omar, S.H., 2012 Biodegradation of synthetic polyesters (BTA and PCL) with natural flora in soil burial and pure cultures under ambient temperature Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences, 4(3), pp.325-333 Mahdiyah, D and Mukti, B.H., 2013 Isolation of Polyethylene Plastic Degrading-Bacteria Biosci Inter, 2(3), pp.29-32 Singh, G., Singh, A.K and Bhatt, K., 2016 Biodegradation of polythenes by bacteria isolated from soil Int J Res Dev Pharm L Sci, 5(2), pp.2056-2062 Skariyachan, S., Patil, A.A., Shankar, A., Manjunath, M., Bachappanavar, N and Kiran, S., 2018 Enhanced polymer degradation of polyethylene and polypropylene by novel thermophilic consortia of Brevibacillus sps And Aneurini bacillus sp screened from waste management landfills and sewage treatment plants Polymer Degradation and Stability, 149, pp.52-68 How to cite this article: Sandipan Mondal, Mosaraf Hossain, Arnab Bandyopadhyay, Devika Pillai and Manojkumar, B 2018 Assessment of Microbial Load from the Polayamide Netting Materials Kept in Soil, Water and Atmosphere Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 7(09): 1437-1440 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.709.172 1440 ... article: Sandipan Mondal, Mosaraf Hossain, Arnab Bandyopadhyay, Devika Pillai and Manojkumar, B 2018 Assessment of Microbial Load from the Polayamide Netting Materials Kept in Soil, Water and Atmosphere. .. samples in all three environments At the end of the 90 days the microbial load was maximum for the samples kept in water for both mono and multifilament and minimum for the samples kept in atmosphere. .. load during each sampling time of each sample was observed Microbial load of the sample during each sampling time is shown in Table In soil the microbial load after 90th day for mono and multifilament