I.Định nghĩa: •Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như ( where, when, why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩ cho danh từ, đại từ ấy, phân biệt danh từ, đại từ ấy với danh từ đại từ khác. Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.
I Định nghĩa: • II Mệnh đề quan hệ mệnh đề phụ nối với mệnh đề đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that) hay trạng từ quan hệ ( where, when, why) Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng đằng sau danh từ, đại từ mệnh đề để bổ sung ý nghĩ cho danh từ, đại từ ấy, phân biệt danh từ, đại từ với danh từ đại từ khác Chức giống nh tính từ gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ.� CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ Who: Là đại từ quan hệ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ đứng sau Theo sau who động từ Form: N (person) + WHO + V + O Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father Whom: Là đại từ quan hệ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ ngư ời làm tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau Theo sau whom chủ ngữ Form: N (person) + WHOM + S + V Eg: The women whom you saw yesterday is my aunt Which: Là đại từ quan hệ vật, làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ cho động từ đứ ng sau Theo sau which động từ chủ ngữ Form: N (thing) + WHICH + V (S) + O Eg: This is the book I like best => This is the book which I like best Note: Khi which làm tân ngữ ta lược bỏ which Eg: The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful That: Là đại từ quan hệ người lẫn vật, dùng thay cho who, whom, which mệnh đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restricted Clause (M ệnh đề xác định) Note: Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”: – sau hình thức so sánh – sau từ: only, the first, the last – danh từ trước bao gôm người vật – sau đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothin g, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little , none Eg: That is the book that I like best Whose: Là đại từ quan hệ người thay cho tính từ sở hữu, thường thay cho từ: her, his, their, hình thức ‘s Theo sau whose danh từ Form: N (person,thing) + WHOSE + N + V Note: Whose = Of which Eg: The boy is Tom You borrowed his bycicle yesterday => The boy whose bicycle you borrowed his bycicle yesterday is Tom III CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ: When: Là trạng từ quan hệ thời gian, đứng sau tiền ngữ thời gian Form: N (time) + WHEN + S + V … (WHEN = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Eg: Do you still remember the day? We first met on that day => Do you still remember the day when we first met? => Do you still remember the day on which we first met? Where: thay từ nơi chốn, thường thay cho there Form: N (place) + WHERE + S + V (WHERE = ON / IN / AT + WHICH) Eg: The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed t that hotel => The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean => The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean Why: mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ lý do, thường thay cho cụm for the reason, for that reason Form: N (reason) + WHY + S + V … Eg: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason => I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school IV CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: (Có loại mệnh đề quan hệ) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): • Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng đề bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, phận quan trọng câu bỏ mệnh đề khơ ng có nghĩa rõ ràng • Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ không xác định không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách với m ệnh đề Eg: The girl who is wearing the blue dress is my sister Mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định (Non-defining relative clauses): • Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng đề bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, phần giải thích thêm bỏ mệnh đề n ghĩa rõ ràng • Nó sử dụng danh từ danh từ xác định ngăn cách với mệnh đề hoặ c hai dấu phẩy (,) hay dấu gạch ngang (-) Eg: Dalat, which I visited last summer, is very beautiful Note: Khi dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định, ta lưu ý điểm sau: - Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa danh từ riêng - Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa tính từ sở hữu (my, his, her, their) - Khi danh từ mà bổ nghĩa la danh từ với this , that, these, those • Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp: Mệnh đề dùng để giải thích câu, trường hợp dùng đại từ quan hệ which dùng dấu phẩy đê tách mệnh đề Mệnh đề đứng cuối câu Eg: He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me V DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1/ Thêm V + ING: a/ Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động (active), ta dùng presnet participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề (bỏ đại từ quan hệ trợ động từ, đưa động từ ngun mẫu thêm ING) Eg1: The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle => The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle Eg2: Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night ? => Do you know the boy who broke breaking the windows last night? 2/ Bỏ CN, bỏ tobe PII: Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể bị động (passive) ta dùng past participle phrase (bỏ đại từ quan hệ trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằn g V3) Eg1: The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting => The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting Eg2: The students who were punished by teacher are lazy => The students who were punished by teacher are lazy 3/ Chuyển To + Vnguyên thể: Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn to-infinitive infinitive phrase (có d ạng for +O+ to-inf): Chúng ta sử dụng dạng trường hợp sau :gặp từ the first, the second, the last, so sánh (superlative), mục đích (purpose), the only here/ there/ have/has Eg1:Tom is the last person who enters the room => Tom is the last person who enters to enter the room Eg2: John is the youngest person who takes part in the race => John is the youngest person who takes to take part in the race Eg3:Here is the form that you must fill in => Here is the form that for you must to fill in Note: rút gọn đại từ quan hệ làm chủ từ làm tân ngữ ko rú t gọn VI CLEFT SENTENCES CÂU NHẤN MẠNH (CÂU CHẺ) Câu nhấn mạnh sử dụng để giúp làm bật phần định câu đĨ nhấn mạnh điều chúng muốn nói cách đưa vào xây dựn g loại đại từ quan hệ Ex: My brother bought his new car from our next-door neighbour last Saturday => It was my brother who/that bought his new car from our neighbour last Saturda y => It was last Saturday that my brother bought his new car from our neighbour => It was a new car that my brother bought from our neighbour last Saturday => It was our next-door neighbour that my brother bought his new car from last Sa turday Subject focus (Nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ): Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday S =>It was Sue who sent me a letter yesterday Object focus ( Nhấn mạnh tân ngữ ): Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday O =>It was a letter that Sue sent me Dverbial focus (Nhấn mạnh trạng ngữ): Ex: Sue sent me a letter yesterday Adv =>It was yesterday that Sue sent me a letter Cleft sentence in the passive (Câu nhấn mạnh dạng bị động): Ex : Nguyen Du wrote KIEU story => It was KIEU story that was writen by Nguyen Du Note : - Who is usually used for proper subjects is usual for non-personal subjects:(Cá nh ân) Ex: It’s speed that causes accidents, not bad roads - When the object is a proper noun, that is more usual than who With all others obj ects, that is the correct form:(Tất đối tượng) Ex: It was Ann that I saw Form : It + be + ………+ that / who +……… It + be +……… + that / who + be + Vpp +……… VII Một số lưu ý MĐQH: Giới từ với MĐQH: Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ Whom which thường có giới từ kèm giới từ c ó thể đứng trước đại từ quan hệ cuối mệnh đề quan hệ Eg: The man about whom you are talking is my brother => The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother Eg2: The picture at which you are looking is very expensive => The picture (which) you are looking at is very expensive Note: Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ dù ng that thay cho whom which mệnh đề quan hệ xác định Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ ta có khơng thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ có k hông thể dùng that thay cho whom which Form: All, most, none, neither, any, either, some, a few, both, haft, each, two, several, many, much + of which/whom Các trường hợp bắt buộc dùng that: - Có thể thay cho vị trí who, whom, which mệnh đề quan hệ quan hệ xác định * Các trường hợp thường dùng “that”: - Khi sau hình thức so sánh - Khi sau từ: only, the first, the last - Khi danh từ trước bao gôm người vật Khi sau đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebo dy, all, some, any, little, none Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met * Các trường hợp không dùng that: - Trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định - Sau giới từ BÀI TẬP TỰ LUYỆN Bài tập 1: Nối câu sau dùng mệnh đề quan hệ: I gave you a book It had many pictures The book _ I am reading a book at the moment It is very interesting The book _ You live in a town The town is very old The town _ The sweets are delicious I bought them yesterday The sweets _ The football match was very exciting My friend played in it The football match _ The letter hasn't arrived yet I posted it three days ago The letter _ He lives in a house The house is not very big The house _ They are playing a song on the radio Do you like it? Do you like _ Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday Did you see it? Did you see _ 10 Sue is going out with a boy I don't like him I don't like _ Bài tập 2: Nối hai câu sử dụng mệnh đề quan hệ: Samuel Johnson was the son of a bookseller Samuel Johnson was born in 1709 Samuel Johnson _ In 1728, he went to Oxford He studied at Pembroke College in Oxford In 1728, he went _ Johnson had to leave Oxford without a degree He was too poor to pay the fees Johnson _ In 1737, Johnson moved to London There he wrote poetry, essays and biographies In 1737, Johnson _ In 1746, Johnson started to write his dictionary It took him nine years to complete In 1746, Johnson started _ His home at that time was in 17 Gough Square in London It is a museum now 17 Gough Square in London _ In this house, his wife died in 1752 Her name was Elizabeth Porter In this house his wife _ In 1755, the work was published It was called A Dictionary of the English Language In 1755, the work _ Samuel Johnson died in 1784 He is buried in Westminster Abbey Samuel Johnson _ Bài tập 3: Vietnam, _is in the south-east Asia, exports rice coffee and rubber A who where B that C which They are the children won the match yesterday D A whose B whom C who D they They live in the house _ they bought last year A whom whose B which C where D The girl you met yesterday is a famous pop singer A whom which B whose C what D It’s going to rain in Canberra, is the capital city of Australia A which when B where C that D The man _you met on Main Street yesterday is your new teacher A which B when C whose D who That’s the house _Shakespeare was born A which where B that C in that D The scientist _discovered a new planet has won the Nobel Prize A which whom B what C who D The book _ is on the table belongs to my teacher A who where B it C which D 10.He invited us to the house he was born and grew up A which where B that C who D 11.I have a friend _ran in the New York Marathon last year A which whose B who C whom D 12 The Southam Chess Club, has more than 50 members, meets weekly on Friday evening A that where B which C who D 13.Dr Rowan, secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to all his own typing A who B that C whose D Ø 14.The film is about the lives of three women, all of them are played by Kate A who whom B that C them D 15.This is the painter _picture you admire so much A who which B whom C whose D 16.The shoes I bought were made in Italy A where B which C who D it 17.I wrote a letter to the girl I met at the meeting A whom B whose C which D her 18.The speech we listened last night was informative A which that B that C to which D to 19.Dr John is the professor I told you A about who about whom B about that C about whose D 20.The student _parents you just met is in one of my classes A whose whom B who’s C whom D of 21.The pianist at the concert last night is internationally famous A playing whom played B played C who played D 22.The woman _lives next door to us is a weathercaster on a local TV station A she which B whom C that 23.Mr Green is the man _ I was talking about D A who B whom C which D A & C where D in D at B 24.That is the place the accident occurred A which where B in that 25.There was a time movies cost a dime A which when B at that C when 26.The people _ moved in next door seem very friendly A who whose B whom C which D 27.I've lost the paper _ I had written her phone number on A who B whom C which D it 28.The man interviewed you is the boss A whom B who C whose D Ø 29.The girl you met yesterday is a famous pop singer A who which B whose C what D 30.Two guys, car had broken down, asked me for a lift A who B whom C whose D that 31.The film, _ lasted for three hours, was boring A who B whom C which D that 32.A lot of people were offended by the jokes _ he told A which are correct B that C Ø D 33.The computer _ I bought last week is already broken A which when B who C where D all 34.That is the place _ Max works A which whom B whose C where D 35.That fat man is the man for _ Max works A which B who C whom D that 36.He is the one _ wife is the teacher of my class A which whom B who C whose D C which D 37 That is the car _ I want to buy A who when B whom 38.I really enjoyed the time _ we went to that Chinese restaurant A where B when C which D that 39.Kurt Vonnegut, _ is one of America's best writers, is also a very good painter A which B who C Ø D he 40.I remember the day _ I met her like it was just yesterday A which where B who C when D 41.The boy _ dog chased the cat has gone home A which B whom C whose D that 42.People live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones A whom whose B who C which D 43.She prefers to watch movies make her cry A whom when B who C which D 44.John's children, graduated from college, came home for her eightieth birthday A who B which C whom D that 45.The answers, you can find in the back of the book, are sometimes incorrect A which when B that C where D 46.You should speak to Peter, is responsible for company relations abroad A which B who C whom D that 47.Smith House, _ was built in 1756, is an important local monument A that when B which C where D 48.Frank Smith, son works for us, can provide an estimate A who B which C whose D that 49.The young man _ is standing on the corner works at the supermarket A whose B who C whom D that 50.The woman _ lives at 67 17th Ave was employed by Fred Meyers A whose B which C whom D that Bài tập 3:Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ sử dụng Ving , V3 Vto Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country The children who attend that school receive a good education The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress They live in a house that was built in 1980 We have an apartment which overlooks the park Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country 10 The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals 11 Do you know the woman who is coming toward us ? 12 The people who was waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet 13 I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country 14 They live in a house that was built in 1890 15 He was the first man who left the burning building 16 The couple who live in the house next door are both college professors 17 The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet 18 The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher 19 Did you get the message which concerned the special meeting ? 20 Lan is the second student who entered the classroom this morning 21 The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries 22 He was the only man who reached the top 23 He is always the first who comes and the last who goes 24 People who listen to very loud music may suffer gradual hearing loss 25 He was the second man who was saved in the fire 26 I haven’t got anything that I could open a bottle of wine with 27 The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the island 28 The fifth man who was interviewed was completely unsuitable 29 This is the third who is late for the meeting today 30 Am I the next person who joins the interview ? ... LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: (Có loại mệnh đề quan hệ) Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (Defining relative clauses): • Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng đề bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, phận quan trọng câu bỏ mệnh. .. giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ dù ng that thay cho whom which mệnh đề quan hệ xác định Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ ta có khơng thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ có k hơng thể... V DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ 1/ Thêm V + ING: a/ Nếu động từ mệnh đề quan hệ thể chủ động (active), ta dùng presnet participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề (bỏ đại từ quan hệ trợ động từ, đưa