Journal of Fisheries science and Technology – No 4/2018

Journal of Fisheries science and Technology – No 4/2018 present the content effects of rearing water and tank on larval survival rate of white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis; larviculture of slipper lobsters in the genus Ibacus and Thenus a review; assessing on coastal fi shing activities and marine resources in Tuy An district, Phu Yen province...

Journal of Fisheries science and Technology No - 2018 LIST OF CONTENTS JOURNAL OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY No 4, 2018 Effects of rearing water and tank on larval survival rate of white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis Luc Minh Diep, Phung The Trung, Vu Dinh Chien Role of antibiotics in chilled storage of sperm in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Le Minh Hoang, Dinh Van Khuong Effects of feeding rate on density, biomass and protein compositions of oligochaete (Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede, 1862) Truong Thi Bich Hong, Nguyen Dinh Mao, Le Minh Hoang 13 Fish oil extraction from yellowfin tuna heads by enzymatic hydrolysis method Nguyen Thi My Huong, Bui Truong Bich Ngan 19 Larviculture of slipper lobsters in the genus Ibacus and Thenus: a review Kaori Wakabayashi 27 Voluntary feed intake and transition of ingesta in the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) fed different diets Nguyen Van Minh, M Espe, Pham Duc Hung, Pham Thi Anh, Ivar Rønnestad 34 Protect and enhance the resources by using artificial reef at coastal areas in central of Vietnam Pham Viet Tich, Tran Duc Phu, Nguyen Trong Luong, Tran Van Hao 44 Assessing on coastal fishing activities and marine resources in Tuy An district, Phu Yen province Tran Duc Phu, To Van Phuong 53 Selenium deficiency, toxicity and its requirement in marine fish: A research review Pham Duc Hung 60 Photoperiod manipulation in the induced breeding of the rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus) Pham Quoc Hung, Hua Thi Ngoc Dung, Augustine Arukwe 69 Impact of trawling speed on vertical opening of trawl net by modelling method Nguyen Huu Thanh 78 Can aqui-s help as an aneasthetic in long-distance live transportation of spiny lobsters (Panulirus ornatus and P homarus)? Le Anh Tuan, Tran Bao Chan 84 Research on the fitness between the mesh size and the length of threadfin bream (Nemipterus sp.) in stow net fishery Nguyen Trong Luong, Vu Ke Nghiep 93 Effect of stocking density on performance of goldlined rabbitfish Siganus lineatus and the environmental quality in a closed culture system Luong Cong Trung 102 Journal of Fisheries science and Technology No - 2018 EFFECTS OF REARING WATER AND TANK ON LARVAL SURVIVAL RATE OF WHITE-STRIPED CLEANER SHRIMP Lysmata amboinensis Luc Minh Diep¹, Phung The Trung¹, Vu Đinh Chien² Received: 7.Nov.2017; Revised: 8.Jan.2018; Accepted: 29.Mar.2018 ABSTRACT The white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis is a favorite ornamental species in Vietnam and worldwide, but the rearing conditions for larvae of this species has not been studied yet Therefore, this study was conducted to determine proper conditions for larval rearing of white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis The experiment was designed as completely randomized design with treatments, including types of rearing water (disinfected water using chlorine, green-water and biofilter-water) and types of tank (upwelling, Weis and Kreisel tank) Each treatment had replicates, resulting in a total of 27 experimental units The experimental units were tanks filled with 5L of one of three types of rearing water The results showed that larval survival was similar among three different water types Larval survival was higher in Kreisel tanks than in upwelling and Weis tanks There was no interactive effect between rearing water and tank type on the survival rate of the cleaner shrimp larvae Therefore, disinfected water (lower operation cost) and Kreisel tank are recommended for rearing of white-striped cleaner shrimps Keywords: Lysmata amboinensis, white-striped cleaner shrimp, Kreisel, Weis I INTRODUCTION The demand of ornamental organisms has been rising rapidly during the last decades with a total annual value of 200-300 million USD [2; 7] There are many marine species such as finfish, starfish, jellyfish, mollusk and crustacean that are cultured in aquarium nowadays Among ornamental species, whitestriped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis is one of the favourite ornamental species as they have attractive appearance and behavior [5] This species also has high trading value For example, the price per individual typically varies from 65-85 USD [8] However, most of them are caught from coral reefs with unsustainable methods, causing high pressure to natural environment [3] Although Lysmata amboinensis has high market demand and value, there is a lack of studies on the broodstock culture and efforts in rearing larvae are, unfortunately, unsuccessful [8] Therefore, research on white-striped shrimp production that includes artificial seed production is, no doubt, contributing to satisfy local and global market demand However, seed production of white-striped ¹ Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University ² Aquaculture master student, Nha Trang University • NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY shrimp, as also for other marine crustacean species, is still facing great challenges This is because the development of crustacean larvae consists of many stages with complex morphological and physiological characteristics [3] Furthermore, during early larval stages, Lysmata are weak swimmers and sensitive to environmental conditions, resulting in a very low survival rate Therefore, the proper rearing water and tank design may considerably increase the survival More generally, there are water systems in rearing crustacean larvae that are static water, raceway water and biofiltered water Static water is only proper to culture larvae at low density at laboratory scale for some research purposes such as determination of larval characteristics or requirements [1; 9; 10] Raceway water and biofiltered water could maintain and improve water quality but it is difficult to operate the system for long time [1; 6] Besides, the larvae could be reared in some types of tanks such as normal tank, upwelling tank, Weis tank and Kreisel tank that have been introduced and recommended to rear ornamental crustacean larvae [4; 10] Howerver, a proper rearing tank and water system for rearing Lysmata amboinensis larvae Journal of Fisheries science and Technology had not been reported This experiment was designed to determine the effects of rearing water and types of rearing tank on white-striped cleaner shrimp larval mortality Based on the results, larval rearing performance of Lysmata amboinensis could be improved with proper rearing tank and water treatment II MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental design The experiment was conducted indoor with a completely randomized design that included factors, rearing water and tank There were No - 2018 types of water and types of tank, resulting a total of treatments (see detail in Table 1) Each treatment had replicates with a total of 27 trial units Experimental units were liter volume tanks with diferent designed systems (see Figure 1) The water inlet and outlet of each tank covered by nets with a mesh size of 100 µm to filter trash and keep the larvae from escaping Water in rearing tanks was exchanged continuously by a pump that located in a 200 liter volume sum tank There were storage tanks for systems of water treatment including disinfected water, Table Detail of the experiment treatments green water and biofiltered water Each water system consisted of tanks that included upwelling tanks, Weis tanks and Kreisel tanks connected to the storage tank Disinfected marine water was use for disinfected water system The water was disinfected by chlorine a at 30 ppm concentration, strongly aerated for day then exposure under sunlight for another day before use The microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata were used for green-water system with an initial density of 0.8 × 106 cells per mL Biofilter-water system used orchid net as biofilter material The larvae used in the experiment were collected from shrimp females All females were at the same spawning stage The stocking density of larvae was Zoeas (larvae at stage Zoea 1) per liter (25 individuals per tank) Figure The experimental design and operation NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY • Journal of Fisheries science and Technology Experimental monitoring Water temperature, salinity, pH and total ammonia nitrogen in each tank were measured and adjusted daily to meet the larval requirements A diet of enriched rotifer was used in all stages of the shrimp larvae The rotifer were enriched by DHA Protein Selco at 200 ppm concentration before feeding shrimp larvae The density of rotifer was maintained at 20 individuals per ml by supplying new rotifer daily to compensate for the number of rotifers that had been eaten From larval stage Zoea 3, they were fed by a mixture of rotifer, early hatched nauplii and artificial feed The rotifer was supplied at the same density as in previous stages Early-hatched nauplii Artemia were supplied at the density of individual per milliliter tank water per day A mixture of artificial feed, including 25% Frippak, 25% Lansy and 50% V8-zoea was also used Data collection Specific stage and accumulated larval survival rates were calculated for each tank and treatment based on the number of remaining larvae Specific survival rate in a stage n was the percentage of survived larvae after completing the transformation to stage n + and the number of larvae at beginning of stage n Accumulated survival was the percentage of survived larvae when finishing the experiment and the initial number of stocking larvae The successfully transformed larvae of a stage in a tank were determined when they completely transformed to next stage with no larvae of the previous stage left Data analysis Data are presented as mean ± SD Results were compared by analysis of variance with two factors (two-way ANOVA) followed by the Duncan’s test when significant differences were found at the p < 0.05 Data analyses were performed with SPSS 20.0 for Windows III RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The survival rate of L amboinensis larvae did not differ among three types of water (disinfected water, green-water and biofilter- • NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY No - 2018 water) (p > 0.05) The survival rates of the larvae were 71.1 ± 11.6% in disinfected water system, 67.6 ± 14.3% in green-water system and 68.4 ± 12.1% in biofilter-water system for zoea then decreased to 61.3 ± 20.1%, 58.6 ± 23.7% and 54.4 ± 15.7% for zoea stage, 44.2 ± 23.6%, 39.1 ± 30.2% and 31.5 ± 25.4% for zoea stage, respectively However, all of this difference was not statistically significant among the three water types Tank type significantly affected the survival rate of the larvae (p < 0.05) The shrimp larvae in later stages had significant higher survival rate in Kreisel tanks than that in upwelling tanks and Weis tanks (p < 0.05) Some other studies on ornamental shrimp larval rearing such as Calado et al (2008) also reported that different tank type affected significantly on the survival rates of Lysmata seticaudata, L debelius and Stenopus hispidus [4] In disinfected water system, the survival rate of larvae in zoea stage was 25.3% in Kreisel tank, times higher than that in upwelling tank (2.7%) and almost 20 times higher than that in Weis tank (1.3%) This result could be seen in Figure where Kreisel treatment was shown significant higher survival rate of larvae compare to the other two treatments Survival rate of shrimp larvae was generally highest in Kreisel treatment (p < 0.01, see figures 2, and 4), except for larvae reared in in biofilter-water system (p > 0.05) whose survival rates only higher in Kreisel in zoe 5, but not in previous stages Note that although the survival rates of larvae in tank types showed a dependence on the rearing water, the interaction between two factors was not significant (p > 0.05) The result of no interaction between tank types and rearing water could be because of the low sample size (only replicates per treatment) In general, results from all water systems types showed that the higher survival rate of larvae reared in Kreisel suggests that this tank type could be a potential and proper option for rearing L amboinensis larvae Also, there is no need to treat rearing water in advance by making green-water or using biofilters The Journal of Fisheries science and Technology disinfected marine water with low operation cost should be used for white-striped cleaner shrimp larval rearing IV CONCLUSION There was no significant effect of rearing water system (disinfected, green and biofilter No - 2018 water) on larval survival rate of white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis Types of tank significantly affected on the larval survival rate Generally, highest larval survival rate occurred in Kreisel tank treatments Figure Accumulated survival rate (left) and stage-based survival rate (right) of the larvae in disinfected water treatments Z1 – Z6 indicate stages of the larvae from Zoea to Zoea Figure Accumulated survival rate (left) and stage-based survival rate (right) of the larvae in green-water treatments Z1 – Z6 indicate stages of the larvae from Zoea to Zoea Figure Accumulated survival rate (left) and stage-based survival rate (right) of the larvae in biofilter-water treatments Z1 – Z6 indicate stages of the larvae from Zoea to Zoea NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY • Journal of Fisheries science and Technology Disinfected water (with low preparation and operation costs) and Kreisel tank should be used in rearing Lysmata amboinensis No - 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was carried out under a project of Nha Trang University funded by The Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam REFERENCES Calado, R., Martin, C., Santos, O and Narciso, L., 2001 Larval development of the Mediterranean cleaner shrimp Lysmata seticaudata (Risso, 1816) (Caridea; Hippolytidae) fed on different diets: Costs and benefits of mark-time molting Larvi'01 Fish and Crustacean Larviculture Symposium European Aquaculture Society (Special Publication), 30: 96-99 Calado, R., Figueiredo, J., Rosa, R., Nunes, M.L., Narciso, L., 2005 Effects of temperature, density, and diet on development, survival, settlement synchronism, and fatty acid profile of the ornamental shrimp Lysmata seticaudata Aquaculture, 245: 221 – 237 Calado, R., 2008 Marine ornamental shrimp Biology Aquaculture and Conservation Wiley-Blackwell Calado, R., Pimentel T., Vitorino, A., Dionisio, G., Dinis, M.T., 2008 Technical improvements of a rearing system for the culture of decapod crustacean larvae with emphasis on marine ornamental species Aquaculture, 258: 264 – 269 Calado, R., Vitorino, A Lopes da Silva, T., Dinis, M.T., 2009 Effect of different diets on larval production, quality and fatty acid profile of the marine ornamental shrimp Lysmata amboinensis (de Man 1888) using wild larvae as a standard Aquaculture Nutrition, 15: 484–491 Ritar, J., 2001 The experimental culture of phyllosoma larvae of southern rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) in a flow-through system Aquacultural Engineering, 24: 149-156 Tziouveli, K., 2006 Studies on aspects of Reproductive biology - Broodstock conditioning and Larval rearing of the ornamental cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis AIMS@JCU NEWS, 2(4): 4-4 Tziouveli, V & Smith, G., 2009 Sexual maturity and environmental sex determination in the white-striped cleaner shrimp Lysmata amboinensis Invertebrate Reproduction and Development, 53(3): 155-163 Zhang, D., Lin, J and Creswell, R., 1997 Larviculture and effect of food on larval survival and development in golden corral shrimp Stenopus scutellatus Journal of Shellfish Research, 16(2): 367-369 10 Zhang, D., Lin, J and Creswell, R., 1998 Ingestion rate and feeding behavior of the peppermint shrimp Lysmata wurdemanni on Artemia nauplii Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 29: 97-103 • NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY Journal of Fisheries science and Technology No - 2018 ROLE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CHILLED STORAGE OF SPERM IN GRASS CARP (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Le Minh Hoang¹, Dinh Van Khuong¹ Received: 30.Nov.2018; Revised: 20.Dec.2018; Accepted: 25.Dec.2018 ABSTRACT: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of antibiotics on chilled storage sperm motility of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) The extenders were used in this study were HBSS (Hanks’ balanced salt solution), Modified HBSS, CCSE-2 (common carp sperm extender), Kurokuda-1 and Kurokuda-2 The dilution ratios were 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 (sperm:extender) Two antibiotics Cephalexin and Amoxcelin were used in this study at the concentration of 50, 100 or 150 ppm The experiments were conducted in a refrigerator at the temperature of 4ºC The results showed that the sperm motility was the highest and activated to day when Kurokuda-2 was used as the extender at the dilution ratio of 1:3 The sperm motility can be maintained until day 13 by adding 25ppm Cephalexin combined with 25ppm Amoxceline to extender Keywork: Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, sperm, chilled storage, extender, antibiotic I INTRODUCTION Chilled storage of fish sperm is a useful biotechnique that facilitates hatchery operations It reduces the need of frequent collection of sperm from males, enables transportation of sperm to distant locations and prevents problems related to asynchrony in gamete production between males and females Sperm chilled storage is affected by extenders, dilution ratio, temperature, and antibiotics (Le et al 2011; Le et al 2014) However, the presence of microorganisms in chilled samples may decrease fertilization and lower cell and viability (Segovia et al 2000) To address this issue,, antibiotics are commonly added to chilled storage of sperm, but the effect of antibiotics on the chilled sperm storage of the grass carp, an important freshwater species in aquaculture, has not been tested Grass carp has a rapid growth rate and a low requirement for protein from food The production of grass carp has a low cost compared to other freshwater fish Grass carp can be cultured in integration to land farm to maximize the use of resources such as food, wastes and water Grass carp is a favorite fish of many Asian countries In response to the need of aquaculture of the grass carp, artificial seed production of this species has been ¹ Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University investigated (FAO, 2004-2017) There has been many studies investigating on the preservation of fish sperm such as of common carp, (Cyprinus carpio) (Alavi et al., 2007), sturgion Acipenseridae (Alavi et al., 2006), trout and salmon (Billard et al., 1992) However, there has no study investigating the preservation of grass carp sperm This was the reason we conducted the study “The role of antibiotics in chilled storage of sperm in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) II Materials and methods All experiments were carried out at the laboratory of the Department of Fisheries Biology, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University Fish handing and sperm collection Sperm was collected from grass carps during the spawning season between March and May 2018 without hormonal stimulation The males were anesthetized with Methlylene glycol mono ester (Merk, Germany) at the concentration of 200 ppm before sperm collection Sperm was collected by abdominal massage and put it into a 1.5 ml dry Eppendorf tubes Handling was done with care to avoid contamination with urine and feces in samples designated for chilled storage as these can lead to the activation of spermatozoa The samples were immediately placed on crushed ice until NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY • Journal of Fisheries science and Technology use for experiment after collection Evaluation sperm motility The sperm motility was immediately determined after sperm collection The percentage of sperm exhibiting rapid, vigorous, forward movement was estimated under the microscope by diluting the sperm in distilled water at a ratio of 1:100 (sperm: distilled water) Only samples with motility equal to or greater than 80% were used for experiments Motility was checked using a light microscope at 400× magnification and was expressed as percentage of motile spermatozoa An activating medium of distilled water was used to estimate motility Sperm was diluted in distilled water at the ratio No - 2018 of 1:100 (1µl sperm to 99 µl distilled water) Then, 1µl was put on a glass slide without a cover glass and observed at 400× magnification under a microscope Effect of extenders on motile sperm To determine the optimal extender, sperm was diluted at a ratio of 1:3 (sperm:extender) with Hanks balanced solution (HBSS), Common carp sperm extender (CCSE-2), Kura Kuro’s (Ku1), Kura Kuro’s (Ku2) and Modified (Table 1) Diluted sperm was stored in a refrigerator at 4ºC, storage treatments were replicated three times The percentage of motile sperm in each tube was tested at 2-4 day intervals until sperm stopped moving Table Composition of extenders for chilled storage of sperm of grass carp in 50ml distilled water Ku2: Kuro Kura’s2 Effect of dilution ratio on sperm motility To determine the optimal dilution, sperm was diluted in HBSS, CCSE-2, Ku1, Ku2, Modified at the ratio of 1:1, 1:3 1:5 (sperm:extender) Mixtures were placed in 1.5ml Eppendorf tubes and stored in a refrigerator at 4ºC Treatments were replicated three times The spermatozoa motility was tested at 2-4 day intervals until spermatozoa stopped moving Sperm was not diluted with extender was used as the control samples Effect of antibiotics on sperm motility To determine optimal antibiotics for chilled • NHA TRANG UNIVERSITY sperm storage of grass carp, the sperm was diluted in Kura Kuro’s at a ratio of 1:3 combined with antibiotics Cephalexin with Amoxcelin at the concentrations of 50, 100 or 150 ppm All treatments had three replicates and stored in a refrigerator at 4ºC The percentage of motile sperm in each tube was tested at 2-4 day intervals until sperm motility ceased The sperm samples without antibiotic were used as the control treatment Data analysis Data were expressed as mean ± standard error (SE) One-way ANOVA were performed Journal of Fisheries science and Technology using SPSS version 22.0 Differences with a probability value (P) of 0.05 (P