A double chain-sprocket winnower was developed to reduce the hand drudgery and increase the efficiency of the winnower. The winnower consisted of two stage chain and sprocket transmission system with an overall speed increment ratio of 6. The performance and ergonomical evaluation of the developed winnower was carried out using anemometer and pulse oximeter, respectively. Both the evaluation parameters were compared with the pinion driven winnower and single chain-sprocket type winnower.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.102 Development and Evaluation of a Hand Operated Double Chain-Sprocket Winnower for Cereal Crops Anup Behera*, Arjya Utkalini Sahoo, Jyoti Ranjan Swain, Suprava Kar and Markandeya Mahapatra Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Anemometer, Double chainsprocket winnower, Drudgery, Energy expenditure, Pulse oximeter and Wind speed Article Info Accepted: 05 February 2020 Available Online: 10 March 2020 A double chain-sprocket winnower was developed to reduce the hand drudgery and increase the efficiency of the winnower The winnower consisted of two stage chain and sprocket transmission system with an overall speed increment ratio of The performance and ergonomical evaluation of the developed winnower was carried out using anemometer and pulse oximeter, respectively Both the evaluation parameters were compared with the pinion driven winnower and single chain-sprocket type winnower.The double chain sprocket developed highest wind speed with an average wind speed of 5.92 m/s followed by pinion driven type winnower with an average wind speed of 4.66 m/s and single chain sprocket type winnower with an average wind speed of 4.08 m/s Further, the double chain sprocket required lowest energy expenditure with an average value of 13.23 kJ/min, whereas the energy required for single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower was 15.76 kJ/min and 17.38 kJ/min, respectively The overall weight of the machine was only 23.5 kg and the production cost of the developed winnower was Rs 4492 making it affordable for small and marginal farmers was estimated as 2.6 thousand kg/ha (Anonymous, 2020a) West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, and Bihar are the major rice producing states In Odisha, rice area covers about70 % of total cultivated area, 63 percent of total area under food grains and about 90 % of area under cereals In 2016-17, rice Introduction Rice is the most consumable staple food crop of India India is the second largest producer of rice after China with a production of 172.8 million metric ton and share a global production of more than 11% (Anonymous 2020) In financial year 2019, the rice yield 871 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 production was 9.79 metric ton in 3.96 million area with a productivity of 2471 kg/ha (Anonymous 2019) pinion driven winnower and single chain sprocket winnower Materials and Methods The harvesting of paddy is usually carried at quite high moisture content (25%) to avoid loss of grains during harvesting After harvesting, the crop is allowed to dry in the field and then tied in small bundles and carried to threshing yard (Anonymous, 2015) The grains are separated from the straw with a thresher or conventional local methods To separate the threshed grains from chaff, winnowing operation is carried out Development of double chain sprocket winnower The CAD design and developed double chain sprocket winnower are shown in Figs and 2, respectively The lower frame had four legs to hold the upper part of Winnower The frame was made up of MS angles of different dimensions which are welded together to form a sturdy joint The lower frame should be properly oriented to give a stable stand to the Winnower The upper frame was the main working part of the winnower as it carried all the working shafts, bearing blocks, sprockets and chain arrangements Three 500 mm length fan blades were used for the winnower The chain and sprockets arrangement is shown in Fig 3.The fan assembly was connected to the 25mm diameter output shaft on which the small sprocket of 18 numbers of teeth was bolted A handle was connected to the 20mm diameter input shaft on which the big sprocket of 44 numbers of teeth was bolted In the bottom bearing blocks, a 20mm diameter intermediate shaft was fitted on which one big and one small sprocket of 44 and 18numbers of teeth were bolted for the simultaneous rotation of both the sprockets The working principle of the transmission is shown in Fig 4.The winnower was provided with a fan guard in front of fan to prevent any accident The overall weight of the developed winnower was 23.5 kg Winnowing is the method of extracting grain from a mixture of grain and chaff in a naturally or artificially produced air stream Separation is achieved by allowing the air stream to pass through the falling mixture vertically downwards The grain being heavier material is deposited nearly at the dropping place, whereas lighter material (chaff) is blown away to a greater distance Winnowing operation in India is performed on a threshing floor, where all harvested crops are stacked in bundles Traditionally, winnowing is carried out to separate straw or bhusa from the paddy by creating air draft or natural wind by dropping the grain from pan or scoop from a certain height in blowing wind This is very simple and effective method, but output is very low, i.e., 40-45 kg/h (Singh and Gite, 2007) The existing hand winnowers like, pinion driven winnower and single chain sprocket winnower have low output capacity and are tedious for farm workers So, to reduce the drudgery of hand winnowing and increase the efficiency of the winnowing machine, a double chain sprocket winnower was developed The performance of the developed winnower was evaluated and ergonomical parameters were studied The performance of the developed winnower was compared with In 1st step up, increment of speed = 44/18 In 2nd step up, increment of speed = 44/18 So, the overall increment of speed = (44/18)2 = 5.97 ≈ 872 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 The maximum heart rate (HRMAX) was calculated using the following equation (Fox et al., 1971) Performance evaluation Aerodynamic properties of Wheat and Rice (paddy) are important factors in pneumatic conveying, separating and cleaning machines Among all the physical properties, terminal velocity is very important Terminal velocity was measured as the minimum air velocity at which the grains remained suspended in air Therefore, the wind speed developed by the winnower (cleaning machine) should be less than the terminal velocity of grain and more than that of straw for efficient cleaning of the threshed grain So, the wind speed developed by the double chain and sprocket winnower was measured using anemometer (Fig 5) Also, the wind speed developed by the pinion driven winnower (gear ratio = 5) and single chain sprocket winnower (gear ratio = 2.44) was measured for comparison (1) Where, HRMAX = Maximum heart rate, beats/min (2) (3) Where, ΔHR = Net heart rate, beats/min HRwork = Heart rate during work, beats/min HRrest= Heart rate at rest, beats/min %HRmax = Percentage of maximum heart rate, % Energy expenditure during work was calculated using the following equation (Singh and Gite, 2007) The wind speed of the three models were measured by different worker groups i.e 22 year male (S22), 22 year female (S22F), 25 year male (S25), 30 year male (S30) and 42 year male (S42) workers (4) Where, VO2 = Oxygen consumption, l/min HR = Heart rate, beats/min Ergonomical evaluation The heart rate of the different groups i.e 22 year male (S22), 22 year female (S22F), 25 year male (S25), 30 year male (S30) and 42 year male (S42) workers was measured before and during operating for the three different type of winnowers using a pulse oximeter as shown in Fig The oxygen consumption (l/min) was converted in kJ (1 litre O2 =20.93 kJ) for calculating energy expenditure Results and Discussion Performance evaluation Heart rate or heart pulse, is the speed of the heartbeat measured by the number of poundings of the heart per unit of time; typically beats per minute (bpm) Wind speed developed by three different type winnowers is shown in Fig 7.From Fig 7, it can be seen that for all the worker groups, a higher wind speed was observed with double chain sprocket type winnower compared to single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower For the same work effort, the double chain sprocket developed highest wind speed with an average wind speed of 5.92 m/s The maximum heart rate (HRMAX) is the highest heart rate an individual can achieve without severe problems through exercise stress and generally decreases with age 873 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 followed by pinion driven type winnower with an average wind speed of 4.66 m/s and single chain sprocket type winnower with an average wind speed of 4.08 m/s The terminal velocity of paddy and paddy straw is 7.2 m/s and 1.07-4.48 m/s, respectively (Gorialand O'callaghan, 1990 and Parkand Kim, 1998) Similarly, the terminal velocity of wheat and wheat straw is8.8-9.2 m/s and 4.9 m/s, respectively (Bilanskiand Lai, 1965) So, the double chain sprocket type winnower can efficiently remove the straw from grain for both paddy and wheat because its developed wind speed is higher than the terminal velocity of straw and less than the terminal velocity of grain for both the crops However, the other two models can notremove wheat straw efficiently as the wind speed developed by them were less than the terminal velocity of wheat straw types of winnowers are given in table From this table, it can be seen that for all worker groups, the HRwork was found to be minimum for double chain sprocket type compared to single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower The average HRwork for double chain sprocket type, single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower were 119.8, 127.6 and 132.6 beats/min respectively Similarly, the VO2 and energy expenditure were found to be minimum for double chain sprocket type compared to single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower for all work groups The double chain sprocket required lowest energy expenditure with an average value of 13.23 kJ/min At the same time, energy requirement for single chain sprocket type and pinion driven type winnower was 15.76 kJ/min and 17.38 kJ/min, respectively Ergonomical evaluation The ergonomical data of the three different Fig.1 CAD design of the double chain sprocket winnower 874 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 Fig.2 Developed double chain sprocket winnower Fig.3 Double chain and sprocket transmission system 875 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 Fig.4 Principle of working of double chain and sprocket transmission system Fig.5 Measurement of wind speed using anemometer 876 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 Fig.6 Measurement of heart rate using pulse oximeter Fig.7 Variation of wind speed with different worker groups and different types of winnowers 877 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 Table.1 Ergonomical evaluation of three different types of winnowers Work group HRMAX HRREST Pinion drive HRWORK ΔHR %HRMAX VO2 Single chain sprocket Energy HRWORK ΔHR %HRMAX expenditure VO2 Double chain sprocket Energy HRWORK ΔHR %HRMAX VO2 expenditure Energy expenditure S22 198 77 135 58 68.18 0.87 18.16 128 51 64.65 0.76 15.89 120 43 60.61 0.64 13.29 S22(F) 198 69 137 68 69.19 0.90 18.81 132 63 66.67 0.82 17.19 125 56 63.13 0.71 14.92 S25 195 79 132 53 67.69 0.82 17.19 127 48 65.13 0.74 15.57 119 40 61.03 0.62 12.97 S30 186 76 130 54 69.89 0.79 16.54 127 51 68.28 0.74 15.57 119 43 63.98 0.62 12.97 S42 178 71 129 58 72.47 0.77 16.21 124 53 69.66 0.70 14.59 116 45 65.17 0.57 12.00 Note: HR means Heat rate in beats/min., VO2 means oxygen consumption in l/min., Energy expenditure in kJ/min 878 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(3): 871-879 Conclusion of the study are as follows References The developed winnower with a double chain and sprocket mechanism produced an average wind speed of 5.92 m/s which can efficiently remove the straw from grain for both paddy and wheat Anonymous 2020 https://www.mordorintelligence.com/in dustry-reports/india-rice-market Anonymous 2020a https://www.statista.com/statistics/7642 99/india-yield-of-rice/ Anonymous 2015 National Rice Research Institute Cuttack, Odisha.www.nrri.nc.in Anonymous 2019 State agricultural plan of Odisha OUAT; 38-39 Bilanski, W.K and Lai, R., 1965 Behavior of threshed materials in a vertical wind tunnel Transactions of the ASAE, 8(3), pp.411-0413 Fox, S M III., Naughton, J P., and Haskell, W L., 1971 Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease Ann Clin Res 3, 404–432 Gorial, B.Y and O'callaghan, J.R., 1990 Aerodynamic properties of grain/straw materials Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 46, pp.275-290 Park, S.J and Kim, M.H., 1998 Some physical properties of chopped rice straw J Korean Soc Agric Machin, 23, pp.583-590 Singh, S P and Gite, L P., 2007 Ergonomic evaluation of a hand operated paddy winnower by women workers J Agri Eng., 44:67-71 It required less energy (avg energy expenditure of 13.23 kJ/min.) for carrying out winnowing operation which would help the farm workers especially the women workers to operate this winnower with less drudgery The overall weight of the machine was only 23.5 kg which make it suitable for transportation The production cost of the double chain sprocket winnower was 4492 rupees making it affordable for small and marginal farmers Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the HOD of Farm Machinery and Power Department, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha and DE of OFMRDC (Odisha Farm Machinery Research and Development Centre), Bhubaneswar for providing financial and technical support to carry out the project How to cite this article: Anup Behera, Arjya Utkalini Sahoo, Jyoti Ranjan Swain, Suprava Kar and Markandeya Mahapatra 2020 Development and Evaluation of a Hand Operated Double Chain-Sprocket Winnower for Cereal Crops Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 9(03): 871-879 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.102 879 ... Bhubaneswar for providing financial and technical support to carry out the project How to cite this article: Anup Behera, Arjya Utkalini Sahoo, Jyoti Ranjan Swain, Suprava Kar and Markandeya Mahapatra... of Farm Machinery and Power Department, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha and DE of OFMRDC (Odisha Farm Machinery Research and Development Centre), Bhubaneswar... 871-879 The maximum heart rate (HRMAX) was calculated using the following equation (Fox et al., 1971) Performance evaluation Aerodynamic properties of Wheat and Rice (paddy) are important factors in