Quá trình tái thiết nước mỹ (1863 1877) tt tieng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION NGUYEN THI BICH THE AmericaN RECONSTRUCTION ERA (1863 - 1877) Concentration: World history Code: 9.22.90.11 DISSERTATION FOR DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY HA NOI – 2020 THE DISSERTATION IS COMPLETED AT HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION SUPERVISORS: Assoc Prof Dr NGUYEN THI HANH Prof Dr DO THANH BINH Reviewer 1: Prof PhD Hoang Khac Nam University of Social Scine and Humanities – Vietnam National University, Hanoi Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof PhD Tran Khanh Institute of Southeast Asian Studies - Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof PhD Dinh Ngoc Bao Hanoi National University of Education The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Thesis Evaluation Committee at Hanoi National University of Education at .hour date month year 2020 The dissertation can be found at: National Library of Vietnam, Hanoi or Library of Hanoi National University of Education LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION TOPIC Nguyen Thi Bich (2017), "Critical thinking in historical research evaluation of the Civil War and Reconstruction period in American History (1861-1877)", Proceedings of International Scientific Conference : Training and nursing teachers for History subject to meet the requirements of renewing curricula and textbooks, Publishing House of Vietnam National University, Hanoi, ISBN 978-604-62, pp 692 - 700, Hanoi Nguyen Thi Bich (2018), "Factors affecting American Reconstruction after the Civil War (1863-1877)", Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, ISSN 0868-3719, Issue 63 (1/2018), pp 93-105 Nguyen Thi Bich (2018), "The impact of the "Emancipation Proclamation" on the status of African-Americans in the Civil War (18611865), Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education 2, ISSN 1859-2325, Issue Nguyen Thi Bich (Chairwoman), (2018), The American Reconstruction after the Civil War (1863-1877), Science and Technology Project at the university level, Code: C2018.15, accepted in August 2019, classified: Very good Nguyen Thi Bich (2019), “The development of nationalism of the nineteenth century: The Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) and the American Reconstruction after the Civil War (1863-1877)”, Journal of Science, Hanoi National University of Education, ISSN 0868-3719, Issue 8/2019 Nguyen Thi Bich (2019), “Experience the liberal realism of African Americans in the Reconstruction era (1863-1877)”, Americas Today Journal, ISSN 0868–3654, Issue 8/2019 Nguyen Thi Bich (2019), “Struggling for “The right to fight” – AfricanAmerican’s participation in the Federal army during Civil war”, Americas Today Journal, ISSN 0868–3654, Issue 12/2019 PREAMBLE Rationale The Civil War (1861-1865) marked a turning point in American history The war accomplished its historic mission: preserving the Federal "family", abolishing slavery, liberating four million blacks, radically changing the situation in the North, the South, and the future of the United States However, the United States during and after the war faced many issues that needed to be resolved Firstly, when 11 southern states separated, forming a separate government under the leadership of President Jefferson Davis (1861), the United States faced a serious crisis The question is: how will the separatist states have a legal status in the national political system when the war is over? How can these states be brought back to the Federation? What conditions does the process require? Who sets the conditions: Parliament or President? How to rebuild the new government system in the southern states? Secondly, as soon as the war was in a fierce phase, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) Slavery was strongly supported by the legal system, courts, the military, and racial prejudice Therefore, the destruction of slavery would inevitably and fundamentally alter the Southern A series of questions were asked: Which labor system would replace slave labor? What political status will African-Americans have after liberation? Would they be considered citizens of the United States and entitled to the same rights and freedoms as white people? Those are the tasks that the Reconstruction must solve Thirdly, the Civil War is considered to be the bloodiest war in American history After years of fire and smoke, the Union government was finally defeated but the cost was the lives of 600,000 soldiers from the two regions A large part of the South was devastated, the southern economy was completely bankrupt War is not only materially destructive but also mentally People from both regions boiled deep resentments At the same time, the North and the South faced internal divisions and numerous difficulties brought about by the civil war This historical fact requires the United States to carry out the "Reconstruction" both during and after the Civil War In essence, the period (1863-1877) was a political and social struggle to resolve internal conflicts within the United States So on what basis does the process take place, what developmental steps does it undergo and what results does it achieve? is one of the contents that the dissertation focused on solving Understanding American history in the Reconstruction period (1863 - 1877) also means learning about the process of establishing important principles for the modern United States of America It was during the Reconstruction era that the most core issues that determined the development of the United States were resolved Besides the positives, the Reconstruction era (1863-1877) also noted the limitations of American democracy The problems of the Reconstruction era, especially the Civil rights movement, are still present in the lives of Americans today Therefore, it is necessary to identify the role and position of the Reconstruction of American history Besides, no period in American history has undergone a "reassessment" more complex than the Reconstruction The controversy surrounding the reconstruction still exists to this day In 2017, President Brack Obama signed a decision to establish the National Museum of History on the Reconstruction era (South Carolina) to enhance Americans understanding of this historical period For Vietnam, diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the United States are growing We have moved from a partnership (2005) to a comprehensive partnership (2013) Therefore, learning about a period of hinge and orientation for the development of modern America will provide a scientific basis for readers to understand the profound causes of development; as well as explain the outstanding issues of American society today Stemming from the above reasons, we selected the topic: "The American Reconstruction Era (1863 - 1877)" as the research topic of the dissertation Purposes and tasks The purpose of the dissertation is to determine the position and role of the Reconstruction era from 1863 to 1877 for the development of the United States To achieve the research purpose, the dissertation focuses on the following specific tasks: Firstly, analyze the context of the American Reconstruction during and after the Civil War (1863-1877) including international and regional situations; the difference between the South and the North; Civil War (1861-1865) and requirements set forth for the Reconstruction Secondly, clarify the stages of Reconstruction under the direction of Presidents: Abraham Lincoln (1863-1865), Andrew Johnson (1865-1867), the period taken over by the Progressive Congress (1868-1876) and the end of Reconstruction under the era of President Rutherford B Hayes (1876-1877) In particular, the dissertation focuses on pointing out the differences in reconstruction plans at each stage and the complications arising from this process Thirdly, draw some remarks on the Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) on the following aspects: assess the results of the Reconstruction (achievements and limitations); point out some characteristics and evaluate the impact of this period on the development of American history in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Research subjects and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects: The dissertation identifies the research subject as the American Reconstruction Era in the fields of economy, politics, society in the period (1863-1877) 3.2 Scope of the study Spatial scope: After Abraham Lincoln was elected in the Presidential election in 1860, 11 slavery states in the southern United States declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America The remaining 25 states support the Northern Union government (Union) The Civil War lasted for years and ended in 1865 with the victory of the Northern Confederacy When the war ended, reconstruction efforts were required in both regions to rebuild the nation Therefore, the thesis explores the process of Reconstruction in the whole Federation (36 states) States that were subsequently established are not within the scope of the thesis Scope of time: Within the scope of the thesis, the author defines the process of Reconstruction started in 1863 and ended in 1877 * Regarding the term "Reconstruction": At first, the term "Reconstruction" was not widely used The term Americans use is "restoration" The simplest understanding is the process of the southern states returning to the Union as before with the way of the social and economic organization is kept intact However, radicals in the Republican Party rejected the use of the term "restoration" and replaced it with the term "reconstruction" Accordingly, the process of reorganization of the country, especially in the South, is not simply a process of restoration 11 secessionist states that want to return to the Federation must it: eliminate slavery; end the political role of large landowners; establishing a free labor system in the South, implementing democratic politics and equality among races In other words, this process will lead to a sweeping social revolution not only in the South but also in the United States References To accomplish the purpose and tasks of the thesis, the thesis focuses on exploiting and using the following sources: - Original sources: including documents related to the Reconstruction such as the US Constitution, the Emancipation Proclamation, Amendment 13,14,15, Law on Civil Rights of 1866, Reconstruction Acts of the Congress, Black Codes, Reconstruction Constitution of Southern States (Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee ) - Inaugural speeches, presidential speeches: Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Rutherford.B.Hayes - Biography, memoirs, letters from individuals directly involved in the Reconstruction such as Congressman Thaddeus Steven, Charles Sumner, President Ulysses S Grant and letters of African-Americans to their relatives - Articles published in magazines: New York Times, Harper’s Weekly (Harper’s Weekly Reports on Black America 1857-1874) at the time of Reconstruction - Statistical yearbook, reports from the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Freedmen's Bureau reports on marriages, labor contracts and cases of killed blacks in Southern states These documents are selected, edited and published on the website of the US National Archives; Library of Congress, Harvard University, Yale, Columbia or in the selection of documents about American history References of the thesis include monographs on the Reconstruction era of domestic and foreign scholars with different approaches and evaluation points of view Besides, the author also references many articles published in specialized journals such as the Journal of Historical Studies, the Americas Today Journal and several dissertations, scientific topics, documents on the reputable site related to the topic content Research Methodology and Methods 5.1 Methodology: The thesis thoroughly complies with the views of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh ideology and the views of the Communist Party of Vietnam in historical scientific research 5.2 About the research methods: The thesis uses the historical method and logical method as the dominant method In addition, the thesis flexibly applies the methods of document research to collect, select, classify, compare and evaluate the collected materials to generalize the system of viewpoints of domestic and international scholars The thesis also uses interdisciplinary methods including the use of knowledge and research methods of disciplines such as politics, law, sociology, economics to comprehensively assess the results of the process of Reconstruction The synthesis, comparison method are used by the author to draw the characteristics and impacts of this process to solve the research tasks set by the thesis Contribution of the thesis Based on inheriting research results of domestic and foreign works and solving research tasks set out, the thesis has the following contributions: Firstly, provide a systematic and in-depth study of the Reconstruction period (1863-1877) from the perspective of a Vietnamese author It is the process that the United States strives to reorganize and reorganize the country during and after the Civil War, including : the context of the Reconstruction process, the contents of the Reconstruction Plans and the implementation process under the of the Presidents and the US Congress Secondly, drawing out assessments and remarks on results (including achievements and limitations), characteristics and impacts of the Reconstruction process (1863-1877) on the development of the United States at the end of the nineteenth-century and the early of the twentieth century Thirdly, enriching multi-dimensional resources, updating research fields, providing an objective view of the American Reconstruction process (1863-1877) This is a reference source for learning activities and historical research in the United States, especially in the modern period This is more significant in the context of Vietnam - US relations increasingly developing both in breadth and depth as today Organization of the Dissertation In addition to the introduction, conclusion, list of references, appendices, the thesis is structured into chapters: Chapter 1: Overview of the research Chapter 2: Background of the Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) Chapter 3: The process of Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) Chapter 4: Results, characteristics, and implications of the Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The history of the United States has been dissected and analyzed through many aspects from its founding to explain the rapid and powerful development of the US in less than 250 short years For the period of Reconstruction (1863 - 1877), many research works of domestic and foreign authors were directly related or mentioned directly to research issues 1.1 Works on American history related to the study 1.1.1 Works of domestic scholars 1.1.2 Works of foreign scholars 1.2 Works that refer directly to the period of Reconstruction (1863-1877) 1.2.1 Works of domestic scholars 1.2.2 Works of foreign scholars 1.3 Comment on the study Through the process of collecting, gathering, exploiting and processing documents about the American Reconstruction process (1863-1877), the author draws some comments as follows: Firstly, the number of works related to the topic is very diverse and diverse These works provide fundamental insights for the author to continue to understand more deeply about the research phase Secondly, in Vietnam at present, there is no systematic and in-depth study on the history of the United States in the period of Reconstruction (1863-1877) The majority of works in this group are by foreign scholars, especially by American scholars With rich content, diverse presentation styles, many works use valuable original material Therefore, the author can inherit and put the research results into the thesis scientifically Thirdly, the evaluation of the period of Reconstruction is still controversial among American scholars Some schools offer a research perspective which, according to Ph.D students, is not consistent with the perspective of Vietnamese researchers Therefore, based on surveying materials, supplementing, updating the latest research results will help the author have a comprehensive and objective view of the research 1.4 Thesis issues focused on solving Based on inheriting and updating the latest research results, as well as based on the purpose, tasks, and scope of the research, the thesis focuses on solving problems that previous works have not clarified: Firstly, the basic analysis of the process of American reconstruction (1863-1877) includes international and regional situations, the differences between the South and the North, the Civil War (1861-1865) and the consequences for the reconstruction process Secondly, clarify the development stages of the Reconstruction work (1863-1877) with the various Reconstruction plans of the presidents of Lincoln (1863-1865), Andrew Johnson (1865-1867), the National process Radical assembly took over (1867-1876) and ended the reconstruction in 1877 Thirdly, make comments on the results of the Reconstruction process, evaluate the characteristics and analyze the impact of this historical period on the development of the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries 10 the involvement of African-American soldiers in the Federal army for the post-war situation It is the self-effort of the black people that is the key point that they have the right to claim equality of civil rights during the Reconstruction period War has created opportunities for women who are more concerned about social events, conscious of their independence and political status This was the motivation for during the period of Reconstruction (1863-1877), American women carried out the movements for democratic rights Brief Conclusion of chapter Civil war (1861-1865) was extremely important, it is a turning point in American history From here, the "family" of the Federation is no longer "divided" However, the United States also faced numerous difficulties due to the war Besides the physical and mental destruction, the two social systems in both regions have internal divisions This fact increases the complexity of the process and will directly affect the outcome of the Reconstruction period CHAPTER THE PROCESS OF RECONSTRUCTION (1863 - 1877) When the South surrendered to the North, the Civil War ended, the United States faced many challenges The two biggest problems for the United States are bringing 11 secessionist states back into the Union At the same time, building a new political and social order in the South after slavery was abolished The two above contents must be done concurrently However, to solve these two problems, a series of questions arise: Regarding the determination of the legal status of 11 Southern states: What are the conditions to reintegrate the Southern separatist states into the Union? Who will make these conditions, Congress or President? What is the relationship between the states and the central government? What is the relationship between the states and the central government? Regarding the establishment of state governments: Can people who have 11 previously fought against the North been allowed to vote? And are they allowed to get involved in the new government? If not, which political department will replace them to govern the affairs of the states? Identifying a new labor system in the South What labor system would replace the labor of slaves in plantations after slavery was abolished in some places under the Slavery Declaration (1863) and no longer exist in the whole of America after the 13th Amendment (1865)? How will blacks hold their positions in the political and social life of the South and the country after liberty? Do they enjoy freedoms and equality? What will the relationship be like between them and whites etc.? Facing these questions, different political groups have different points of view to protect their rights This point of view is specified in President Lincoln's Reconstruction Plans (1863-1865); President Andrew Johnson (1865-1867) and Radical Parliament (1867-1876) 3.1 Reconstruction under President Lincoln (1863 - 1865) The time of the Reconstruction is usually determined from 1865 - after the end of the Civil War In reality, however, the Reconstruction process was carried outright during the Civil War with the fact that Lincoln issued the Slavery Declaration (1863) 3.1.1 Emancipation Proclamation (1863) While the Civil War was raging, Lincoln's declaration of slavery had completely transformed not only the nature of the Civil War but also the issues of Reconstruction Firstly, when determining the abolition of slavery was the goal of the war, a simple "recovery" would not have happened The first condition for the southern states to want to return to the Union was to accept the end of slavery Secondly, the "release of slaves" makes the nature of the Reconstruction period to be the South's attempt to reshape political, economic and social structures and institutions to adapt to ending slavery; at the same time, it leads to economic and political restructuring of the nation 12 3.1.2 Amnesty and Reconstruction Statement (10% Plan) On December 8th, 1863, Lincoln signed the "Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction", otherwise known as the "10% Plan" It states that: in any state, only 10% of voters in 1860 can establish a government to declare their loyalty to the US Constitution, recognize obedience to the laws of Congress and the Presidential statements will be recognized as the legitimate government of the state [196; 110] 3.1.3 The process of implementing Lincoln's plan Depending on the conditions of each state, the attempt to establish a loyal civil government under the 10% Plan takes place with different characteristics The most typical are in Tennessee and Louisiana 3.1.4 Radical Parliament response In 1864, Congress introduced the Wade - Davis Provisions with stricter rules than Lincoln's plan to delay the reconstruction process until the war ended, but President Lincoln “pocket veto” the bill In the second session, in December 1864, the 38th National Assembly passed the 13th Amendment on the abolition of slavery On March 3, 1865, Congress established the "Freedman’s Bureau" which acted as a guardian for African-Americans and directed them to an independent life The assassination of President Lincoln on April 15, 1865 completely changed the course of the Reconstruction process 3.2 Reconstruction under President Andrew Johnson (1865-1867) 3.2.1 The "Restoration" Plan On April 15, 1865, Andrew Johnson was sworn in as President Johnson's approach to the Reconstruction process shares many similarities with Lincoln The biggest difference with Lincoln's policy is that this statement does not grant amnesty to the rebels whose property value exceeded $ 20,000 in 1860 If they want to regain their rights, they have to apply and receive special amnesty from the President 3.2.2 Process of implementing Johnson's plan Within a few months, all former rebel states, except Texas, had completed the process and elected representatives of Congress in December 1865 However, 13 Johnson's reconstruction plan, implemented in the summer and autumn of 1865, did not produce the results he expected 3.2.3 Radical Parliament response The National Assembly established "The Joint Committee on Reconstruction" to manage all rehabilitation measures for the South The first action for the reconstruction of the National Assembly is to extend the operation time and expand the powers of the "Freedman’s Bureau" In 1866, Lyman Trumbull, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, submitted the "Civil Rights" to Congress to abolish the Dred Scott regulations and the Black Codes The follow-up was the Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposing the 14th Amendment to clarify the rights of US citizens Johnson was deeply discontented with the radical Congressional Reconstruction program He appointed five more military governors - supporters of the white conservative Party; continued use of amnesty allowed the rebels to return to the control of lands captured by the Federal government In October 1866, in the National Assembly election, the Republican Party won overwhelmingly with 42/11 seats in the Senate, 143/49 seats in the House of Representatives, enough for them to overcome all of Johnson's veto decisions The Radical faction, which prevailed in the Republican party, officially took over the reconstruction work 3.3 Reconstruction under the direction of radical Parliament (1867 - 1876) 3.3.1 Reconstruction plan of the Congress The views of Radicalism in the Republican Party were completely opposite to the Presidential Reconstruction plans Therefore, concerning the legal status of the 11 separatist states, they have a very strict view and evaluation At the same time, the reconstruction process is required to be accompanied by the exercise of the right to vote for blacks In March 1867, the National Assembly introduced the "Reconstruction Acts" including bills This is the most comprehensive part of Reconstruction legislation 14 3.3.2 President Johnson was impeached Faced with hostile measures by the President, Congress conducted impeachment on Johnson with 11 main charges The Radical faction lacked one vote to cover twothirds of the deposition of Johnson Shortly thereafter, his presidency ended in 1868 3.3.3 Establishment of Radical government in the South In 1868, when the United States held the presidential election, Ulysees Grant became the 18th President of the United States Immediately after taking office, President Grant continued to implement the National Assembly's policy of building new radical governments in the South * The political basis of the Reconstruction government: The Republican rebuilding governments of the South Republican were built on a trio of African Americans, "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags" * Radical government activities: From 1867 to 1869, the Constitutional Conferences took place vigorously in the southern states to elect the new Governor and Legislature; developed State Constitutions following Congressional Reconstruction Acts The new Constitution is mainly based on the constitution of the Northern states To strengthen the fledgling Government, the Republican Party focused on rebuilding the South, seeking to change the social and political life The four areas they focus on are : racial relations, the labor system, economic development, and educational development 3.3.4 The reaction of the whites in the South As the dominance of whites in the South was abolished, violence against blacks increased They hoped to "liberate" the South from the "Black Republic" [80; 552] Violence erupted almost as soon as the Civil War ended and went through two main stages of development The first stage (1865-1866) during the rule of President Johnson The Freedman’s Bureau has records of hundreds of black murders in the years 1865-1866 However, in terms of extent, these cases occurred spontaneously and unorganized The second stage (1867 - 1870) was the period of organized political violence 15 The weapon of these "rescuers" is the Ku Klux Klan (3K)1 Also, organizations similar to the "White Camellia Knight", "White Brotherhood" work to break the structure of the Republican Party in the South, destroy the reconstruction, establish labor control and restore white supremacy [156; 239] and the banner of thought to rally white forces to support the Democratic Party 3.4 Compromise 1877 and end of the Reconstruction process (1876 - 1877) 3.4.1 Republican crisis During the 1870s, while violence was breaking out in the South, in the North, the Republican Party was in a serious crisis: widespread corruption; internal divisions within the party, economic crisis and eruption of social struggles Since then weakening the commitment of the North in implementing the process of Reconstruction in the South following the Northern model 3.4.2 The North changed its attitude with the reconstruction From 1874 onwards, the North showed a change of attitude towards the South during President Grant's second term Helping and facilitating African-American development is no longer a top priority in government policies 3.4.3 The Election of 1876 and Compromise of 1877 The results of the election of 1876 were surprisingly equal Therefore, the Republican Party and the Democratic Party decided to adopt the "Compromise of 1877" Accordingly, the Democratic Party will recognize Hayes as President, in return Congress will provide assistance to build the railway system in the South, especially the Texas and Pacific Railway; conduct subsidies for the South to build infrastructure Federal troops will withdraw from the South, ending the military regime The Republican Party also accepted three states of Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida to take over the Southern Democratic Party In 1877, President Hayes ordered the Federal Army to withdraw its troops from the capital of the Reconstruction states At the same time, it allows Democrats full control of their governments The name is thought to be derived from the Greek name "ky kyklos", meaning circle 16 3.4.4 The South under the "rescue" period Since 1875, Democrats have sought to return to control of the states, deport Radical governments and intimidate blacks to vote or try to hold government positions The South entered a new phase - the "redemption" period under the rule of the white people of the Democratic Party Thus, the reconstruction process meant that the Federal government's intervention in the South to resolve political disputes, suppress the violence and protect the rights of former slaves was over Since the late 1890s, the South has witnessed a wave of extreme racism with a determination to ensure the primacy of whites through both violence and the rule of law, commonly known as the "Jim Crow system"2, lasted from 1877 until the 1960s Brief conclusion of chapter In the year 1863, some first few activities of the rebuild had already been carried out when the civil war was still at its peak However, Lincoln was assassinated while the plan was still incomplete (1865) His successor, Mr President Andrew Johnson, continued with his policy with the defeated Southern (1865 - 1867) The freed African Americans had no role in politics, which greatly angered the members of the Progressive Republic in Congress The passage of Congress by the Reconstruction Act of 1867 marked the beginning of a period of a Progressive Rebuild lasting a decade later The newly created state legislatures in 1867 - 1869 reflected revolutionary changes For the first time, the black and white stood together in political life The Republicans made great efforts to build up equality in the new South, but they still had obvious internal disagreements The rampant violence in the South threatened the Rebuild efforts In 1877, the Republican Party promised to withdraw the Confederation troops stationed in the South following the 1877 Agreement In the states, the Democratic Party gained the upper hand At this time, the South moved into a new phase under the leadership of the “saviors” They sought to eliminate the power of the black people, to shape the southern legal system that was conducive to labor control and racial obedience in favor of landlords Jim Crow is a disdain for blacks The word comes from a dance called "Jump Jim Crow", a dance that draws on ridiculous images of blacks 17 CHAPTER RESULTS, TRAITS, AND IMPACTS OF THE AMERICA REBUILD 4.1 Results of the rebuild (1863 - 1877) 4.1.1 Reestablishing the legal positions of the 11 separated states Until 1870, after meeting the requirements of the Federal government, all breakaway states were reintegrated into the Union with all their political rights 4.1.2 Fixing and completing the constitutional system The Reconstruction period witnessed the adoption of three Amendments (Amendments 13, 14, 15) The provisions of the three Amendments together with some other Reconstruction Acts became the most important content in the amendment and completion of the Constitution in this period 4.1.3 Restoring the economy and recovering from the war From April 1865 when the Civil War ended, economic recovery, repairing the damage of the war in the South had been carried out quickly 4.1.4 Establishing new labor systems The slaves’ freedom would lead to a struggle to form a new labor system to replace it This process is carried out through the following stages : * Self-employment experiment : in which the largest maneuvers took place in the Sea Island (South Carolina), in southern Louisiana under the control of General N Banks and at Davis Bend - owned by Jefferson David - Union president and his brother Joseph Davis * Freedmen’s Bureau and the contracted-labor system The freedmen’s bureau is to help draft a labor contract with detailed terms about : job info, wages, clothing provision, and medical care; the division ratio of the crop However, this labor organization system also faced many difficulties By the end of the Rebuild period, only about 25% of blacks worked as pay workers [81;406] * Sharecropping The sharecropping system became a unique feature of the South in the 1870s and 1880s and lasted until the 1930s when the United States implemented the "New 18 Deal" It was a form of compromise between the white’s need for employees and the black’s desire to gain more economic 4.1.5 Developing education and public services One of the greatest achievements of the Rebuild period (1863-1877) was to establish the first public education system in the region - an improvement that benefited both the white and the African Americans Besides, with various sources of funding, the progressive governments had built hospitals, orphanages, mental hospitals, prisons, fixed and renovated roads, and many other civil works depending on each state 4.2 Limitations of the Rebuild process Aside from the achieved results, the Rebuild period also had many flaws : 4.2.1 Southern economy could not achieve the set objectives Instead of a prosperous development towards the capitalist industry, the South has become a land of poverty, economy associated with agriculture and was a low region in the economic development of the country 4.2.2 Corruption was common Corruption was common among the Rebuild governments in the South This situation had increased the opposition to the Rebuild in the South and caused disapproval among public opinion in the North 4.2.3 African Americans’ problems were not completely solved 4.2.3.1 Issues with land ownership For African Americans, their greatest desire was to have their land However, the slogan "40 acres and mule" became bitter frustration for the black when only a very small area of the land was transferred to the slaves The lack of land distribution forced the freed black to give up on their want for economic autonomy and be constrained by the sharecropping - a cruel and exploitative regime, the remnant of the slavery regime 4.2.3.2 Issues with guaranteeing political rights From 1876 to 1877, the legislatures of the Democratic Party tried their best to ensure their power and remove the Republican role in the political system Thousands of black people were threatened not to vote, some were killed and a large number had 19 to vote for Democrats reluctantly, especially in Mississippi and Georgia The number of black delegates in Parliament decreased rapidly The eligibility to prevent black people from voting : voters had to submit a poll tax and pass a literacy test with strict requirements After 1890, southern states completely deprived the black people’s right to vote 4.2.4 Falls of other social movements : The period of Reconstruction (1863-1877) also witnessed the strong development of social movements such as the movement to fight for women's equality (including the participation of both white and white women) women of color) and worker movement However, these movements have not achieved the expected results 4.3 Traits of the reconstruction process (1863-1877) 4.3.1 The Reconstruction process is considered a socio-political revolution in American history 4.3.2 The reconstruction process (1863-1877) was a gathering of different political experiments or even opposite 4.3.3 The Reconstruction process took place under the strong influence of the Republican Party, especially the Radical faction within the Party 4.3.4 The African American’s active and positive role in the reconstruction process 4.4 Impacts of the Rebuild process (1863 - 1877) 4.4.1 On politics Firstly, strengthened the central government Second, it changed the relationship between the Federal government and the state government Thirdly, changed the balance of power in national political life Fourthly, promote the strong development of American nationalism When the Rebuild process ended, the North withdrew from the South Rebuild work, which also caused great impacts on the political situation of the country : First of all, this process created a South under the solid leadership of the Democratic Party Second, changed the nature of the relationship between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party 20 Also, the end of the Reconstruction work also led to a change in the way Americans remembered the Civil War 4.4.2 On the economy he victory of the North in the Civil War (1861-1865) was an objective indispensable, affirming the correctness in the awareness of the relationship between production forces and production relations When an outdated agricultural economy based on the exploitation of slave labor in plantations was removed, the difference in the development path between the South and the North ended, paving the way for development fast and powerful capitalist economy in the United States * The development of industries * Development of agriculture sector: * Appearance of manipulative corporations Thus, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the United States was still an agricultural country like a colonial economy (selling cotton, tobacco to Europe and buying industrial goods), only in the last 30 years In the nineteenth century, the US became a public-agricultural developed country at a high level and quite balanced However, the existence of sharecropping is still a barrier in the economic development of the South 4.4.3 On the society - Impact on African-American life: They experience free reality in all three dimensions: self, family and community *On the personal side: Right after being freed, blacks sought to destroy the symbols of slavery In many ways they tried to oppose every rule once imposed by whites In addition, free blacks change their names By studying how liberals choose their first and last names, we can understand the values, traditions and aspirations of liberated people * On the family side: One of the things that black people are most interested in is the effort to find relatives who have been separated during the slave period In addition, blacks legalized marriages and family relationships that were illegal under slavery Freedom also changes the family organizational structure of black people, defining the position of men and women in the family Black men reaffirmed or first 21 affirmed patriarchal rights - something they were denied under slavery Another important change during this period was that black women refused to work in the fields However, this phenomenon only happened for a short time * On the community side: Blacks seek to break free from the social institutions that existed under slavery and to find their organizations In particular, "church" is the most important community institution In addition, they also strive to build charitable associations and humanitarian charities to support each other The end of slavery also opened new educational opportunities for blacks Not only children but the elderly, women, men of all ages are eager to participate in classes - Southern society had undergone a dramatic shift From the structure of slave owners, slaves and subsistence smallholders, after the Rebuild, it became the world of landowners, merchants and sharecroppers, including both the black and white For the first time, the white upper-division - former slaves, deprived of their familiar political power When slavery was abolished, they lost their slave properties and turned them into landowners or capitalist businessmen Not only did black people get caught up in the spiral of farming and debt, but the white peasantry fell into the same plight Many people leave their fields to become hired workers but they are exploited Brief conclusion of chapter The main results of the Rebuild process (1863-1877) are shown in the following aspects : restoring the legal status of 11 separated states, reintegrating these states to the "family" of the Union; pass the amendments of 13, 14, 15, Civil Rights Act and the Reconstruction laws, making an important contribution to the completion of the Constitution; economic recovery, a war wound recovery and the formation of a replacement farming system for slave labor The Reconstruction Period has created a space for the emergence of public organizations, serving the community, especially churches and schools However, this process still had many limitations : the South was still a poor region, the economy depended on agriculture, not catching up with the development of the country The corruption of the Rebuild governments was widespread The land issues for the free black people were not solved ; Political rights were not guaranteed 22 Therefore, the Rebuild period was unable to establish effective means to protect its beautiful principles The fact that the government’s act of “rescuing” in the southern states established the Jim Crow system in the South, showed that the desire for a fair racial society was yet to be realized The persistence of racism continued to be the subject of social struggle movements in later periods CONCLUSION The Civil War (1861-1865) was the biggest crisis in American history There were several reasons to explain the division of America: economic, sociocultural or political differences However, the main factor that made the crisis "irreconcilable" was the issue of slavery The Civil war held great historical significance for the development of America In addition to the most notable achievement being the preservation of the Union and the slaves’ liberation, after years of "frigid brothers" the country still faced countless challenges This is considered the bloodiest war in American history In addition to the heavy loss of life and property, both sides held a deep, burning resentment towards each other in their heart At the same time, there was an internal division within each region For the South, it was not only the division between the black and white but also in the white society For the North, the desire to remove slavery was parallel with racism The emergence of new social elements, such as the participation of African-Americans in the Federal army and the role of women, made it harder and more complicated for the demands placed on America in the Rebuild period The Rebuild period began in 1863 and ended in 1877, with two main objectives: bringing the 11 separated states back to the Union and building political, economic and racial relations in the South appropriate with the new situation when slavery was removed Facing these questions, different political groups would come up with different plans for Rebuild This made the process even more complicated and would directly affect the outcome of the Rebuild phase It took place through main stages: the period under the direction of President Lincoln (1863-1865), President Andrew Johnson (1865-1867), and achieved revolutionary achievements under the direction of the Progressive Congress (1867-1877) This is considered to be the highest development stage of the Reconstruction work The complexity of the Reconstruction process also clearly shows the principle of "restraint and 23 counterbalance" among the authorities The settlement by the political compromise of 1877 was appropriate for the situation of the United States at that time The Rebuild had achieved many achievements in politics, economy and society By the year of 1870, 11 separated states had completed the process of restoring political status, were allowed to have representatives in the Congress, and had full political powers The adoption of the 13, 14 and 15 Amendments, the Civil Rights Act, stated: defining citizenship and equal freedoms that Americans including African-Americans that would benefit from, which contributed to completing the Constitutional system The South also established a new form of labor - the sharecropping regime to replace the eliminated slave labor system The educational achievements and activities of social organizations during this period were a highlight for the Rebuild picture On the national - ethnic level: The Reconstruction process completed the tasks set by the Civil War: completely eliminating the trend of secession; identify the common economic development path; a unified government model and universal, liberal, democratic values for the entire United States Thanks to the above achievements, the United States was created as united in politics, powerful in economics, equal and democrat American nationalism was strengthened and developed This is an important foundation for the country to undertake an expansion of market search and create a colonial system, speeding up the transition from freecompetition capitalism to monopoly capitalism from the late 19th early 20th century Besides the positive points, there were also many flaws in the Rebuild process In general, America had not yet achieved the goals The Rebuild governments in the South were inefficient Corruption was widespread The black did not have economic independence Instead of creating a prosperous black peasantry, the South left most of the poverty classes impoverished and unable to escape the cycle of debt Instead of pushing the South's economy forward, the Rebuild process restricted the southern economy into a decaying and increasingly backward agriculture, compared to the rest of the country For the black of the South, in the words of W Du Bois : "The freed slaves stood under the sun for a moment, and then hid themselves in the dark shadow of the slave once again." when the civil and political equality was only temporary The racist stigma not only remained but became more and more brutal, in the form of terrorist acts of organizations such as 24 the Ku Klux Klan, which terrified the colored-skin people The existence of the Dred Scott Law, the Black Code, and the Jim Crow system had strengthened and reinforced the "color boundary" of the racist system However, the Reconstruction era shouldn’t be considered a complete disaster for both African Americans and American society In 1935, WEB Du Bois used an interesting phrase "splendid failure" to describe the results of Rebuild According to him, the Reconstruction failed but not in the way white people wanted the slaves' inability to seek freedom and equality Southern whites regained lost power but the political process changed forever Even during the "rescue" period, blacks did not return to their pre-war social status They were no longer slaves The southern blacks who worked hard on the railroads to support their families, send their children to school or participate in churches dedicated to blacks were the most important changes And even though they continue to be exploited in the form of farming, black workers are still free people In addition, the importance of phrases such as "equal protection" and "due process of law" in the 14 and 15 Amendments have been permanently marked in the Constitution of the United States The achievements of the Reconstruction process have laid the foundation for the future struggle against the new racist system During the Civil rights movement of the 1960s, the United States sought to revive "sleeping giants" (Amendment 13,14,15) as Charles Sumner called There was no change in the Constitution in the 1960s, except for a small amendment to the electoral tax This shows that the US does not need a new Constitution What they really need is the old Constitution implemented When the Federal government was forced to enforce the provisions of the Constitution, the barriers of the Jim Crow system collapsed and created a more democratic America It is still the goal of equality and democracy that the United States continues to this day In summary, the Reconstruction era that the United States carried out from 1863 to 1877 was characterized by a socio-political revolution, an attempt to create democracy and racial equality in the South as well as democratize the entire United States The results of this process have fundamentally altered America's infrastructure and superstructure And although it is an “unfinished revolution” when many tasks have not been completed, this is a period marking an important turning point in history, making this country a world power in the twentieth century Therefore, this is a remarkable stage and should be properly understood / ... the Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) Chapter 3: The process of Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) Chapter 4: Results, characteristics, and implications of the Reconstruction (1863 - 1877) CHAPTER OVERVIEW... the Senate Judiciary Committee, submitted the "Civil Rights" to Congress to abolish the Dred Scott regulations and the Black Codes The follow-up was the Joint Committee on Reconstruction proposing... reconstruction process (1863- 1877) 4.3.1 The Reconstruction process is considered a socio-political revolution in American history 4.3.2 The reconstruction process (1863- 1877) was a gathering