This page intentionally left blank D O S TO E V S K Y A N D T H E RU S S I A N P E O P L E Russian popular culture and folklore were a central theme in Dostoevsky’s work, and folklore imagery permeates his fiction Dostoevsky and the Russian People is the most comprehensive study of the people and folklore in his art to date Linda Ivanits investigates the integration of Dostoevsky’s religious ideas and his use of folklore in his major fiction She surveys the shifts in Dostoevsky’s thinking about the Russian people throughout his life and offers comprehensive studies of the people and folklore in Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Devils, and The Brothers Karamazov This important study will illuminate this unexplored aspect of his work, and will be of great interest to scholars and students of Russian and of comparative literature Li n da Ivan its is Associate Professor of Russian and Comparative Literature at The Pennsylvania State University D O S TO E V S K Y A N D T H E RU S S I A N P E O P L E LINDA IVANITS CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521889933 © Linda Ivanits 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-42344-4 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88993-3 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Anna, Ellen, and Jeffrey Contents Acknowledgments Note on transliteration page viii ix Introduction: the people in Dostoevsky’s art and thought The face of the people, 1821–1865 The world of the people in Crime and Punishment 45 The Idiot: where have all the people gone? 77 Fumbling toward Holy Russia in The Devils 106 Back in Russia: the face of the people, 1871–1877 133 The Brothers Karamazov: Christ walks the Russian land 159 Concluding remarks: Dostoevsky and the people Notes Bibliography Index 189 194 233 249 vii Acknowledgments Many colleagues and friends have assisted me over the long years of this book’s evolution and I am indebted to all Tom Beebee, Caryl Emerson, Joseph Hlubik, Michael Naydan, Sherry Roush, and Adrian Wanner looked at parts of the manuscript and offered helpful comments and encouragement For many fruitful discussions I thank Jim Bailey, Jim Delbel, P`ere Jacques, Galina Khmelkova, Aleksey Kholodov, and Slava Yastremski My appreciation also goes to the wonderful scholars and librarians from The Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkin House) and the Museum of Ethnography in St Petersburg for good talks and invaluable assistance, to the librarians at the University of Illinois Summer Research Laboratory, to the College of Liberal Arts at Penn State for granting me a sabbatical in 1990 and a leave of absence in 1992–93, and to Henry Pisciotta of the Arts and Architecture Library for help with the jacket image For technical assistance I wish to thank JoElle de Viney, Lynn Seltzer, Pat Lindsay, and Donna Gero I also wish to express my gratitude to Linda Bree and Maartje Scheltens, my editors at Cambridge University Press, and to their anonymous readers for many helpful suggestions Finally, I thank my husband Laszlo for agreeing to live with Dostoevsky and me these many years Research for this book was supported in part by a grant from the International Research and Exchanges Board (IREX) with funds provided by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the United States Information Agency and by a National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowship for University Teachers Portions of Chapter appeared as “The Other Lazarus in Crime and Punishment,” Russian Review, 61 (2002), 341–57 viii 244 Bibliography “Zemlia (Iz raboty Priroda v tvorchestve Dostoevskogo),” in A L Bem, ed., O Dostoevskom: Sbornik statei (Prague: Legiografie, 1929), vol I, pp 153–62 Pomerantseva, E V., Mifologicheskie personazhi v russkom fol’lore (Moscow: Nauka, 1975) Pomper, Philip, Sergei Nechaev (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1979) Prashcheruk, N V., “L Leont’ev i F Dostoevskii: Spor o khristianskom ideale,” F M Dostoevskii i national’naia kul’tura, (Cheliabinsk, 1996), pp 142–63 Propp, V Ia., Russkaia skazka (Leningradskii gosudarstvennyi universitet, 1984) Prutskov, N I., “Dostoevskii i khristianskii sotsializm,” Dostoevskii: Materialy i issledovaniia, (1974), 58–82 Pul’khritudova, E M., “Dostoevskii i Leskov (K istorii 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folklore 155–56, 227; as elder 155; as embodiment of popular Orthodoxy 134; as “Vlas” figure 154–56 the merchant Skotoboinikov 156 Notebooks to 156 Sofia Andreevna Dolgorukaia as embodiment of popular Orthodoxy 134, 147–48 adoptive brotherhood (sisterhood), see cross Afanasev, A N 40–41 and mythological school 41 “The Religious-Pagan Meaning of the Slav’s Dwelling” (“Religiozno–iazycheskoe znachenie izby slavianina”) 40–41 Russian Folk Legends 43, 54–57, 60, 88, 92, 160, 175, 231 Russian Folktales 42 Akelkina, E A 225–26 Aksakov, Konstantin 148, 149 “Akulka’s Husband” 28–29, 200 and Passion 29, 96 alcoholism, see narod Alena Frolovna 9, 10, 13, 31, 38, 148, 151, 190, 192, 195 Alexander II, Tsar 32 Alexis, Man of God, see folklore; saints Altman, Moisei 205, 207, 212, 213, 216, 218, 219 altruism 35–37, 43, 134, 157, 190, 201 ambiguity 55 in folklore imagery 6–7 in narrative technique 21–22 in religious imagery21, 24, 30–31, 47–48, 74, 81 Anderson, Hans Christian 143 Andreev, N P 206, 226 Animals 25 cruelty to 12, 49, 142, 150, 192 anti-Semitism 23, 199, 224 Apocalypse 4, 90 Antichrist 4, 90, 212; see also The Idiot Apocrypha 6, 43, 175 Arianism, see Incarnation Arina Rodionovna 35 Atheism 123 atheism 31, 32, 34, 37, 48, 137 Attila 119 Avseenko, V G 151, 192 Baal 34 Bakhtin, M M 4, 187, 194, 224 Bakunin, Mikhail 119, 120, 220 Beggars in Holy Russia (Nishchie na sviatoi Rusi Materialy dlia obshchestvennogo i narodnogo byta), see Pryzhov, I G Belinsky, V G 17, 107, 137 Belovodie 90; see also sectarians, Runners Berezhetsky, Ivan 12 Bernard, Claude 167, 186 Bessonov, P A 42, 63, 64 Bethea, David 86–87, 214 Bibina, Uliana 147 bible 20, 167, 168; see also Apocalypse; New Testament; Old Testament A Bitter Fate (Gor’kaia sud’bina), see Pisemsky, A F Børtnes, Jostein 89, 180, 215, 221 brotherhood 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 44 The Brothers Karamazov 1–2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 16, 17, 81, 88, 103, 112, 132, 134, 147, 152, 157, 158, 159–87, 190, 193 and adoptive brotherhood/sisterhood 182 Alesha: and active love 164, 183; and Alexis Man of God 180; and devils 166, 171–72; and earth 183; and spiritual growth 166, 229; as wanderer 180–81 charity/active love 162, 166, 167, 170, 176, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186 Chermashnia 16, 169 creation narratives in 168, 169, 170, 172, 229 249 250 Index The Brothers Karamazov (cont.) debate (Grand Inquisitor and Russian Monk) 159, 161, 163 Dmitry: desire for regeneration 184–86; dream of babe 12, 185–86; and epigraph (John 12: 24) 169; failure to love 184 Fedor Pavlovich: and travesty of holy 164, 168–69 Ferapont: asceticism of 164; and bogus holiness 165, 180 folklore of: Alexis Man of God 161; earth 161, 165, 183; the legend of Christ as beggar 162, 173, 175–83, 186; journey to heaven (“Christ’s brother”) 182; the harrowing of hell 175, 184, 186, 231, 232; lower mythology (devils) 161, 163, 166, 171–72, 229; laments 161; sorcery 165 The Grand Inquisitor 2; and freedom 2; and medieval cosmology 173, 185; and miracle 165, 173; preface to 173–75 Grushenka: and “The Onion” 160, 161, 162, 175, 181, 185, 231; and repentance 182 hagiography of: 165, 180; monastic saint 164; relics 160, 227 icons: 169, 177, 184 Iliusha: and justice 184 images of God/Christ in: 172–73, 174, 175, 176–78, 182–83, 187 immortality 162, 163, 167 Ivan: and desire for father’s death 16; and Euclidean geometry/cosmic questions 171, 172, 187; and inability to love neighbor 170, 172; and inner fragmentation 170, 173, 178–79; and justice 160, 161, 163, 171, 183; as literalist 172–73; and love of life 170; spiritual crisis of 1, 173, 174, 175 literalism 166, 180; and atheism 166, 167; and pseudo-scientific mindset 166–67, 229 medieval/folk cosmology 162, 163–66, 176, 185; and miracles 164, 165, 167, 168 narod of 162 Notebooks to 165, 167, 172, 177; about 172 offbeat spirituality in 164 Rakitin, as caricature of socialist 167, 184, 185 Resurrection, symbol of seed 169 Smerdiakov: as atheist 167; and Castrates 168; cruelty to animals 168; as literalist 167–69 suffering 170, 171, 172, 174, 182, 183–84, 186–87 Trifon Borisovich, as kulak 192 Zosima: as beggar 179; bow of 1, 183; decomposition of 4, 6, 160, 165; as ideal Christian 160; and eldership 164; on heaven and hell 165, 176, 179, 182; as representative Russian monk 161, 228, 230; repentance of 179 Bulgakov, S N 113, 216 Buslaev, F 42 Capernaum 51, 205 capitalism 34, 135 Carter, Stephen 223 Catholic Church (Catholicism) 3, 23, 34, 122, 133 and papal infallibility 124 and socialism 34 censorship 16, 36, 43, 81, 112, 135, 160, 161, 175, 218, 227, 230 ˇ y, V´aclav 123 Cern´ charity (love) 2–3, 24, 32, 34, 35, 37, 43, 47, 92, 224, 230, 231 and almsgiving 24–25, 41, 162, 190, 208, 209 and compassion 11, 12, 17, 31, 139 see also narod; The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; The Devils; folklore Cheremoshna 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16 peasants of 15, 16 see also The Brothers Karamazov, Chermashnia Chernyshevsky, N G 34, 201 Chistov, K V 219 Christ 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 34, 35–36, 37, 153, 168 “popular” Christ “Russian” Christ 80 see also, The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; The Diary of a Writer; The Devils; The Idiot; Notes from the House of the Dead Christian social order 34; see also brotherhood Christianity 2–3, 5, 19, 20, 21, 31, 35, 38, 77, 137, 152, 157, 160, 168, 189–90, 191 see also brotherhood; Catholicism; charity; narod, Orthodoxy of “Christianity and Socialism” 37 The Citizen (Grazhdanin) 133–34, 141, 189 Collection of Russian Spiritual Songs (Sbornik russkikh dukhovnikh stikhov), see Varentsov, V concealment (as technique for handling folklore) 2, 3, 4, 7, 38, 47, 49, 66–67, 76, 80, 161, 175 The Contemporary (Sovremennik) 33, 40, 41, 43 corporal punishment 9, 18, 34 flogging 12, 14, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27–28, 29, 30, 140, 200 see also “Akulka’s Husband”; narod, wife beating Coulson, Jessie 207 Crime and Punishment 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 31–32, 45–76, 77–78, 80, 81, 90, 95, 103, 112, 114, 160, 175, 193 Index Alena Ivanovna, as evil power 50, 56 almsgiving 47, 60; mock rite of 74 beggary 62–76 charity 62–76 crime, meaning of 45–46, 57–60 The Drunkards 46 epilogue 46, 50, 53, 56 eternity 75, 76 evolution of 45–46 folklore of: 59, 204, 205; bathhouse 75; the beggar Lazarus 48, 62–76; buried treasure 56; cosmological notions 49, 53, 59; the earth 49, 52, 56–57, 58, 60; evil spirits/devils 47, 49–52, 57, 59; ghosts 51; laments 60–61; legend of sin and repentance (two great sinners) 48, 53–61, 206 forgiveness 48, 75 Gospels, and beggary (Luke 16: 19–31) 62–76 idiom “to sing Lazarus” 62, 95, 207 Ilia Petrovich, and Elijah the Prophet 50 incest 55 justice 62, 69–70, 71, 74 Katerina Ivanovna, as “wicked stepmother” 71 Lebeziatnikov, as caricature of radical 67, 70 Marmeladov, in tavern conversation 66–67 nature symbolism 49 New Testament 46, 205 Notebooks to 47, 51, 54, 68, 70, 75, 209 Porfiry Petrovich, meaning of name 74, 209 poverty in 45, 46, 52, 59, 62, 63, 67–68, 70–72, 75, 76 radical ideas 47 Raskolnikov: 45–76; and alienation from/movement toward narod 21, 46–77, 61, 76; dream of cool water 50; and dream of mare 49, 52, 69; dream of trichinas 50, 56; and environmental theory 48, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 70, 76; and inner deliberations 47; and inner fragmentation 49, 59, 61, 63; and Napoleonic theory 4, 48, 50, 57, 58, 61, 62, 74, 76; and quest for faith 48, 53, 62, 72 Razumikhin: and lament 60; popular perspective of 59, 66, 206 Resurrection 46, 52, 63, 75; of Lazarus (John 11: 1–45) 46, 62, 63, 74–75 sin, notions about 57–60, 76 Sonia Marmeladova: and cross 52, 205; and Gospels 46, 52; as icon 52; illumination/ wisdom of 52, 85; popular perspective of 60–61, 76, 208, 209; as Raskolnikov’s “higher” double 51, 52–53; as reader of scripture 74–75, 209; as sinner 57–58, 68 street people 46–47, 67, 74 structure 48, 53 251 suicide 47, 51 Svidrigailov: as Raskolnikov’s lower double 51–52; as sinner 57; death (suicide) of 52, 68 cross 22, 25, 26–27, 29, 50, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 166, 170, 181, 182, 186, 205 adoptive brotherhood and sisterhood 55, 92, 182 crucifix 49, 51, 52–53, 100 Crucifixion 30, 186 Custine, Marquis de 18 Dahl (Dal’), V I 39 and folk beliefs (O pover’iakh, sueveriiakh i predrassudkakh russkogo naroda) 39 True and Tall Tales (of the Cossack Lugansky) 10 village stories 39 Danilov, Foma 148, 151–52, 168, 187, 190–91 Dante 173, 174 Darovoe 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 31, 148, 190 Agrafena 12 Brykovo (“Fedia’s Woods”) 11 children of 11, 12 drought 14 famine 14 fire 12, 151, 196 Mark (Marey), see The Diary of a Writer, “The Peasant Marey” peasants of 31, 38 Davison, R M 132, 219 Dead House, see Notes from the House of the Dead; Siberia, Omsk Stockade Deb`u, I M 18 Decembrists 40, 118, 137 determinism, see environmental theory The Devils 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 96, 103, 106–32, 133, 147, 160, 193 Bishop Tikhon 107, 110, 111, 114, 117, 125, 130, 132, 218 canonical text of 114–15, 218 demonology 107, 128 evolution of 106–07 Fedka the Convict: and Apocalypse 115; and determinism 115; offbeat spirituality of 115 folklore 107 icons in 116, 128, 129 Kirillov: and distorted religiosity 128; and suicide 128 knight-errantry in 128–32, 222 Maria Lebiadkina: and bylina of Mikhailo Potyk 113, 218; and earth 111, 112, 113; folklore in depiction 113; as holy fool 122, 125; and Mother of God 113; and occult 113; and sectarianism 122 252 Index The Devils (cont.) Mariology of 111, 128; and earth 128, 217; earth as Mother of God 111 narod of: and attraction to false leaders 119; and mild spirituality 111–12, 127; and offbeat spirituality 4, 111, 112–16; and potential for rebellion 116; and potential for violence 117 Notebooks to 5, 106, 110, 113, 117, 120, 125, 126, 128, 133, 191 radicalism (and nihilism) 106, 114, 115, 119, 126, 129, 130; and connection with deviltry 108, 217 Semen Yakovlevich, as false holy fool 114 Shatov, as champion of narod 126, 128; as knight 130 Stavrogin: 106–32, 219; and atheism 110; and Christ 124; and demonic 109, 114, 220 (Satan in Garden of Eden), 109(Beast of Apocalypse), 109, 118 (vampire); as travesty of knight 118, 129; and lack of compassion 127; and Mother of God 124, 221; and multiple identities 113, 118; nonbeing 118; and popular heroes and villains 5, 109–10, 119–27; Grishka Otrepev/impostor 109, 118, 120, 121, 122, 220; Ivan Tsarevich 109, 118, 119, 120, 121, 219; St Nicholas the Wonderworker 109, 123–26, 129; Stenka Razin 109, 118, 119–20; and Russian messianism 129; and Russian people 110; and sectarianism 118, 119, 120–2 (castrate); and severance from earth 110, 130; and suicide 107, 129, 132; “true God” 118 Verkhovensky, Peter Stepanovich and atheism 96, 115; and demonic 108; and Nechaev 106; and puppet theater 108 Verkhovensky, Stepan Trofimovich: as knight-errant 130–32; as liberal of 1840s 108, 112; and parable of Gadarene swine 131; and Renan 128; and Sistine Madonna 131 The Diary of a Writer 3, 5, 6, 12, 37, 54, 96, 133–47, 148–54, 157, 158, 159, 171, 190, 191, 223 “A Boy at Christ’s Christmas Party” (“Mal’chik u Khrista na elke”) 143, 225 “The Boy with his Hand Out” (‘Mal’chik s ruchkoi”) 143 “The Colony of Underage Offenders” (“Koloniia maloletnikh prestupnikov”) 145–46 “The Environment” (“Sreda”) 137–39 “The Hundred-year-old Woman” (“Stoletniaia”) 150–51 “Little Pictures” (“Malen’kie kartinki”) 140–41 “On Love for the Narod Necessary Contact with the Narod” (“O liubvi k narodu Neobkhodimyi kontakt c narodom”) 148 “The Peasant Marey” 12, 96, 148–50, 192, 225–26 “The Russian Resolution of the Question” (“Russkoe reshenie voprosa”) 157 “Vlas” 41, 152, 153–54, 206, 226 see also Kornilova, Ekaterina; Kroneberg, Stanislav; Spasovich, V D Dolgushin group 134 Don Quixote 128, 221 Dostoevskaia, Anna Grigor’evna (second wife of author) 13, 133, 150, 151, 157 Dostoevskaia, Liubov Fedorovna (Aim´ee) (daughter of author) 13, 196 Dostoevskaia, Maria Dmitrievna (Masha) (first wife of author) 36, 190, 191, 193 Dostoevskaia, Maria Fedorovna (mother of author) 9, 10, 12, 14, 31 Dostoevsky, Andrey Mikhailovich (brother of author) 11, 13, 14 Memoirs of 9, 11, 13, 14, 195 Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikhailovich aesthetics 34 attitude toward the Russian people 5, 7, 8, 18–19, 20, 21, 32, 33, 34–35, 135, 136–58, 162, 190, 199 as champion of the people 6, 37 at Chermak’s Boarding School 12 as Christian apologist courier on journey to St Petersburg 13, 196 deposition for Investigating Committee 17 early works: feuilletons 18, 38; The Landlady 38–39; Poor Folk 17, 39 epilepsy 98, 105, 133, 159, 197, 214 first trip West 32, 34 and folklore: 38–44, 195; acquaintance with 7, 8, 19, 38; as collector 40; collections and collectors 38; in 1840s 39, 202; interest in popular idiom 39; in Omsk Stockade 40 (see also Notes from the House of the Dead); puppet theater 10; in 1860s 42–43, 63; in Siberian exile 40–42; storytelling occasions 9, 10, 19, 38, 53, 54, 63, 92, 157 journalism 2–3, 6; “Mr —bov and the Question of Art” (“G-n—bov i vopros ob iskusstve”) 41; see also Time; Epoch; The Diary of a Writer library 42, 221 Military Engineering Academy 11, 12, 13, 39, 196; collection for poor peasants 12 Index in Peter-Paul Fortress 39 police surveillance 40, 203 reflections at bier of Maria Dmitrievna 36–37, 190, 191, 193 Russian messianism 92, 106–07, 110, 133, 157 self-exile in Europe 5, 42, 77, 105, 106, 120, 133, 134, 138 servants and peasants of childhood 9–11, 12, 16; Akulina 9, 195; Arisha 10, 12, 13; David 9, 15, 17; Katerina 10, 13, 16; rape of playmate 11; Vera 9, 12, 195; see also Alena Frolovna, Darovoe search for faith 6, 19, 20, 21, 30–31, 105, 149–50, 172, 191–92, 198–99 sympathy for poor people 10, 11, 12, 24, 140–41, 208 as Westernizer in 1840s 8, 17, 191, 198; attitude toward popular culture 18–19, 25, 38–40; Speshnev conspiracy 17, 197–98; struggle against serfdom 12–13, 16, 17–18, 19, 31 Dostoevsky, Mikhail Andreevich (father of author) 9, 12, 13, 14, 16 death of 8, 9, 13–16, 43, 194, 196, 197; oral history about death 15 Dostoevsky, Mikhail Mikhailovich (brother of author) 3, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 32, 39 Drinking Will Lead to No Good (Pit’ dna, ne vidat’ dobra), see Kishensky, D D The Drunkards (P’ianen’kie), see Crime and Punishment 253 earth 6, 47, 48, 51, 56–57, 120, 148, 150 bowing 60 and confession/forgiveness 52 see also The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; The Devils; The Diary of a Writer, “The Peasant Marey”; The Idiot Eastern Question 157 ego 35, 36, 201; see also altruism Elagin, N P 197 Emancipation, see Great Reforms Emerson, Caryl 187, 210, 232 environmental theory 4, 34, 136–46, 156, 158; see also Crime and Punishment Epoch (Epokha) 2, 32, 36, 42, 63 Esaulov, Ivan 231 “eternal” questions, see “accursed” questions divinations (wedding) 113, 118, 125 Elijah the Prophet 50 epics (byliny) 42, 113; adoptive brotherhood in 96–97; epic hero 152; Ilia Muromets 42–43; Mikhailo Potyk 221; (see also The Devils ethical ideals of 4, 6, 32, 38, 44, 47, 48, 64, 193 folktales 35, 38; Baba Yaga 50; enchanted maiden 38 laments 2, 204 legends 43; of Christ as beggar/pilgrim 5, 6–7, 43, 64, 145, 168, 231; counter-traditions of 92; compassionate Christ 92; of demonic possession 43; of harrowing of hell 184–85; of Nicholas and Arius 221; of Nicholas and Cassian 123; of Nicholas and Elijah 123; of the returning deliverer 119–21; of saints 38; of sin and repentance 38, 41, 43, 152, 153, 156, 192, 206 lower mythology 190; bathhouse spirit (bannik) 51; devils (evil spirits) 6, 38, 199; forest spirit (leshii) 49; house spirit (domovoi) 9, 190; unclean (unquiet) dead puppet theater 10 songs: “The Little Farm” 69, 71; in prison 22; Volga Bandit songs 38, 119 spiritual songs/narratives of saints 175; of Alexis Man of God 43, 156, 187; of the Ascension 64; of the beggar Lazarus 7, 43, 175; as compared to Luke 16: 19–31 64; and justice 65–66; of Mary of Egypt 43, 156 suicide (beliefs about) 6, 50 see also The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; The Diary of a Writer; Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikailovich; The Devils; The Idiot; Notes from the House of the Dead Fonvizina, N D 19, 20, 30, 31 Fourierism 17 France 35; and bourgeoisie 35; and Franco-Prussian War 123; and Paris Commune 124; and Revolution 35, 43 Frank, Joseph 16, 19, 31, 34, 36, 62, 154–55, 196, 197–98, 201, 202, 208, 209, 225, 227, 229, 230 French Revolution, see France, Revolution Freud, Sigmund 197 Fridlender, G M 5, 225 Fusso, Susanne 130 Fedorov, G.A 196 Filippovich, Danilo 121, 123; see also sectarians folklore bathhouse as unclean place 51 buried treasure 56 cosmological notions of folk 48, 156, 190 Gamma, see Gradovsky, G K Garnett, Constance 207 Gibian, George 47 Gnosticism 96; statement of Monoimus 90 Gogol, N V 168 Golden Age 16, 145 254 Index Goldstein, David 199 Golubov, K E 106, 107, 110, 216 Goncharov, I A 148 Gospels, see New Testament Gradovsky, G K 150 Granovsky, T N 222 Great Reforms 3, 5, 32, 77, 134, 136, 141 Emancipation of the Serfs 32, 43, 119 trial by jury 137, 154, 158, 162 Great Russian Folktales (Velikorusskie skazki), see Khudiakov, I A Greek mythology: Demeter 185; Graces 85; Hippolytus 87; Sibyl 113 Grigorev, Apollon 33 Grigorovich, D V 39 Gromyko, M M 40 Grossman, Leonid 12, 220 heaven 37; see also immortality hell 25, 51; see also The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; The Devils; The Idiot Herzen, Alexander 43 Historical Sketches of Russian Folk Literature and Art (Istoricheskie ocherki russkoi narodnoi slovesnosti i iskusstva), see Buslaev, F Hollander, Robert 78, 103, 211 Holquist, Michael 53, 78 holy fools 4, 6, 12, 23, 52, 88–89 Hudspith, Sarah 223 Hugo, Victor 174 Human being (concept of ) 29, 34, 37, 63, 171 as image of God 27, 28, 141–42, 146, 154, 155, 167, 168, 172, 173, 178, 183, 224 as irrational 34, 37, 70 as unfinished on earth 36, 190, 201 icons 22, 25, 50, 51, 186 The Idiot 2, 5, 6, 7, 77–105, 106, 109, 128, 133, 193 Antichrist 80, 103, 132 Apocalypse 78, 81, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 103; and Ippolit’s dream 87; and New Jerusalem 103 capitalism 77, 80, 87, 93 Catholicism 83, 86, 89 children, inevitable corruption of 83, 86, 104 deterministic world of 84, 103 evolution of novel 78–79 Fall myth 81 folklore 79–80; ambiguity in 79; evil spirits (lack of ) 80, 97, 210, 214; see also (below) Myshkin; nature imagery Gania, as beggar 94 Garden of Eden 82–83, 211; see also (below) Myshkin; Nastasia Filippovna horror/meaninglessness of life 84 icons 95–96 Incarnation 81, 96, 103; and separation of sacred and profane (spirit and matter/flesh) 78, 91, 100–03, 104 Ippolit and Apocalypse 87; execution 84, 90, 100–01; Holbein painting 90, 100–01; meaninglessness 84; “Necessary Explanation” 80; significance of name 87 Lebedev, and failure of Incarnation 103–04 Myshkin 77–104; ambiguity in comparison 93–94, 98, 103, 213; and Apocalypse 81; and Christ 5, 77, 79, 81, 91–92; and Christian love 79; and encounters with narod 95, 96; and epilepsy 80, 85, 97; and escapism/flight 81, 90, 91; and failure of (impotence) 78, 98; folklore in depiction of: adoptive brotherhood 93, 96–97, 100, 214; lack of fit 95; legends 81, 88–95, 213; (of angel) 88–90; of Christ as beggar 92–95; (sectarian) 90–91; and Garden of Eden 82, 88–89; and Gospels 81, 93; and Gnosticism 99–100, 104; as holy fool 88–89; innocence of 82; insufficient enfleshment of 78, 81, 89; name (meaning of ) 91; and nationalist messianism 80; and popular morality 92; as popular Christ 92, 103; as “positively beautiful” 78, 79, 81, 104; and prayer 98, 99; and sexuality 89; as wanderer 91 Nastasia Filippovna: and corruption (Fall) 82–83; and Garden of Eden 82–83, 103; and picture of Christ 83 nature imagery 81–88, 214; animal imagery, skewed meanings of 86–87; birds 86, 212; and Gospels 86; donkey 86; horse 86–87; defiled nature and apocalypse 84–85, 86–87; earth imagery (lack of ) 80, 81, 87–88; and Incarnation 88; light imagery, ambiguity of 79, 85–86; and Myshkin 85; and Rogozhin 85; sun 85; vegetation imagery 211; blighted nature 81–85, 98, 104; settings as spoiled Eden 84 narod in 79, 80–81; in Ippolit’s “Necessary Explanation,” 80; faith of 98–99 Notebooks to 5, 78, 79, 83, 88 portraits versus icons in 80, 81; and Christology 101–02; Holbein, Hans, the Younger, “Christ in the Tomb” 100–01, 102, 103, 215 poverty 77 radicals 80, 87 religious imagery, erratic nature/inconsistency of 81, 104 Rogozhin, and Antichrist 78, 91; as beggar 94; and flight 59; as Myshkin’s alter ego Index 91; and passion 77; and pre-Petrine culture 91; and holy fools, Castrates, and Old Believers 91, 100 Resurrection (lack of ) 103 Salvation history 81, 87–88, 103 Illiustratsiia 39 immortality 36–37, 143, 146, 190, 191; popular notions about Incarnation 81, 100, 127–28, 191, 214 and Arianism 96, 101 and Arius 124, 125, 126, 128 Council of Chalcedon 96 Council of Ephesus 221 Council of Nicaea 125, 126 and icons 100 Intelligentsia 3, 8, 19, 33; see also radicals; rationalism; Slavophiles; socialism; Westernizers Isaev, Pavel 42 Islam 23, 99, 152, 190, 199 Ivanov, A I 39 Ivanov, Vyacheslav 89, 123, 129, 221 Ivanova, Sonia (niece of author) 78, 79 Ivanova (n´ee Dostoevskaia), Vera Mikhailovna (sister of author) 14 Jackson, Robert Louis 41, 173, 178, 186, 198, 199, 224, 225 on primal image (obraz) and disfiguration (bezobrazie) 24, 29, 149, 192, 224 Jerusalem 18, 23 Jewish Question 34, 224, 226 Johnson, Lee D 229–30 Jones, Malcolm 192, 213, 227, 232 Jovanovi´c, Milivoje 219 Kachenovsky, V M 12 Kantor, Vladimir 169–70 Karamzin, N 91 Katkov, M N 45, 78, 106, 114 Katz, Michael R 229 Kelly, Aileen 214, 227 Khotiaintsev, V F 13 Khudiakov, I A 42 Kireevsky, P V 42, 64 Kishensky, D D 141 Kjetsaa, Geir 101, 196, 200 Klikusha Knapp, Liza 165, 174 Koltsov, A V 39 Komarovich, V L 17, 198 Koreisha, Ivan Yakovlevich 114, 218 Kornilova, Ekaterina 139–40, 152 Kostomarov, N 43 Kovacs, Arpad 211 255 Kovner, A 226 Kraevsky, A A 45, 107 Kramskoy, I N (“The Contemplator”) 167–68 Kremlin 18 Krieger, Murray 78 Kroneberg, Stanislav 140, 147, 224 Ksenia, Mother (N N Solomina-Minikhen) 214 Kumanins (Dostoevsky’s in-laws) 13, 14 Land and Schism: The Runners (Zemstvo i rasskol: Beguny), see Shchapov, A Leatherbarrow, W J 86, 108, 170, 210, 216, 219, 220, 229 “The Legend of Two Great Sinners,” see folklore, legends of sin and repentance Lermontov, M Yu 118 Leskov, N S 156, 227 Life of a Great Sinner (Zhitie velikogo greshnika) 54, 121, 123, 152 Life of Jesus, see Renan, Ernest light imagery 49, 50 Liubimov, N A 159, 160, 161, 165, 171, 172 “living life” (zhivaia zhizn’) 87, 130 Lord, Robert 105 Lotman, L M 209, 211, 214, 220 Magarshack, David 207 Maikov, A N 17, 31, 78, 79, 107, 110, 123–24, 133, 134, 191 Makarov, Danilo 15; see also Dostoevsky, Mikhail Andreevich, death of Maksimov, S V 209, 212 Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor 9, 10 Mary of Egypt, St 156; see also folklore; saints Mary the White Swan, see folklore, epics (byliny), Mikhailo Potyk materialism 3, 8, 37, 87, 114, 142–43, 192 Matlaw, Ralph 172 McDuff, David 207 Meerson, Olga 203 Mephistopheles 153 Meshchersky, V P 133, 135 Michael (Romanov), Tsar 122 Mikhniukevich, V A 155, 204, 211, 213, 218, 227, 229, 231, 232 Miliukov, A P 32 Miller Feuer, Robin 210 Misiurev, A 200 Mochulsky, Konstantin 55, 82, 88, 89, 211 monarchy 17, 135 Monuments of Ancient Russian Literature (Pamiatniki starinnoi russkoi literatury), see Kostomarov, N moral transformation 34 256 Index Morson, Gary Saul 22, 151, 219, 223, 224, 227, 231 Mother of God 147, 150, 174, 175; see also icons; saints Mount Athos 18, 114, 125, 160 Murav, Harriet 226 Muscovite Russia 18, 32, 33, 42, 63, 174 mystery plays 173 Napoleonic theory, see Crime and Punishment narod and brotherhood 34, 35, 36, 38, 44, 157; see also brotherhood; Christian social order brutality of 2, 6, 12, 19, 21, 28, 29, 31, 48, 135, 139, 140, 192 Christianity of 6, 8, 18, 19, 24–25, 31, 32, 38, 44, 48, 146–52, 158, 190, 191, 193, 229 crudeness of 18, 20, 35, 192 debauchery of 8, 19, 21, 22, 24, 28, 37, 135, 136 drunkenness of 6, 22, 25, 28, 135, 141, 142–43, 158, 192 as embodiment of holiness 9, 19 as embodiment of kindliness 12, 24 as “God-bearing” (narod bogonosets) 3, 110, 128, 133, 135, 190 harsh life of 14 hatred of nobility 17, 19, 20, 32, 43, 192 ignorance of 8, 18, 35, 154 murder of landlords 16, 192, 197; see also Dostoevsky, Mikhail Andreevich, death of offbeat spirituality of 4, 48, 52, 156 Orthodoxy of 31, 32, 33 potential for violence 14, 31, 32, 37, 43, 158, 192 poverty 11, 41, 136, 154 as preserver of image of Christ 8, 37, 136, 150, 153, 154, 157, 161 repentance of (recognition of sinfulness) 21, 37, 138, 140 separation from upper classes 3, 17, 19, 25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 43, 150, 157 spiritual ideals of 2, 3, 4, 42, 146–52, 191 thirst for suffering 153, 154 wife beating 2, 138–39, 192; see also “Akulka’s Husband” see also, The Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment; Darovoe; The Diary of a Writer; Dostoevsky, Fedor Mikailovich; The Devils; The Idiot; Notes from the House of the Dead native soil ideology, see pochvennichestvo Nazirov, R G 209 Nechaev, Mikhail (Dostoevsky’s maternal uncle) 9, 12 Nechaev, S G 106, 107, 119, 133, 218 Nechaeva, Olga Yakovlevna 13 Nechaeva, V S 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 196–97 Nekrasov, N A 41, 54, 134, 152–53, 155, 157, 226 A Nest of Gentlefolk (Dvorianskoe gnezdo), see Turgenev, I S New Jerusalem 74, 90 New Testament 64, 166 Gospel(s) 30, 34, 35, 52, 145, 182, 189; and narod 2–3; and socialism 17; John 7, 24, 35 (Jn 13: 34) 169(Jn 12: 24) 182 Luke 30, 62 (Lk 16: 19-31) 63, 75, 107–08, 110; (Gadarene swine); Mark 74, 177; Matthew 35 (Mt 6: 33) 65 (Mt 25) 92 (Mt 25: 40) 92 (Mt 24: 27) 169 (Mt 17: 20) 191 (Mt 25: 31-46) Nicholas I 20, 146 Nicholas the Wonderworker, see saints nihilism, see atheism; radicals; socialism; Westernizers Nikon, Patriarch 90 Notes from the House of the Dead 5, 8, 16, 19–31, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 135, 138 bathhouse 24, 199 flogging in, see corporal punishment, flogging folklore of 22; Christmas theatricals 25–26, 40; “Kedril the Glutton” 26 Gorianchikov 20–21, 22–30 Isay Fomich 199; and anti-Semitism 23; and travesty of holy and liturgical calendar 25, 26, 30, 200 Mikhailov and Passion 26–27; as icon 29 murder of barin (omitted story) 16, 197 narrator 21; see also Gorianchikov (above) Polish prisoners 23, 25 see also “Akulka’s Husband” Notes from the Underground 34, 36, 119 Notes of the Fatherland (Otechestvennye zapiski) 40, 45, 134 Notre Dame de Paris, see Hugo, Victor Oblomov, see Goncharov, I A obshchina 35 Offord, Derek 201, 222 Old Believers 42, 90; see also Orthodox Church Old Karamazov, see The Brothers Karamazov, Fedor Pavlovich Old Testament 30, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 183 Omsk Stockade, see Siberia Optina Pustyn 160, 161 Father Amvrosy 160–61 Father Leonid 161 Ornatskaia, T A 202 Orthodox Church 32, 100, 101, 102, 114, 122, 123, 132, 133, 160, 161, 165, 191 Popular Orthodoxy 6, 31, 43, 49, 52, 112, 181 Index Sacraments 191 schism and schismatics 23, 42, 90 Otrepev, Grigory (“The False Dmitry”) 122, 123; see also The Devils Parfeny, Hieromonk 112, 114, 160, 166, 217, 227 the Passion 26, 29, 30, 200; see also cross; Gospels Peace, Richard 122, 185, 209, 222 Peter the Great 32, 33, 90, 150 Petrashevsky Circle 17, 18, 32 Butashevich-Petrashevsky, M.V 17 piet`a 26, 29 Piksanov, N K 226 Pisemsky, A F 41 Plaskin, V T 39, 202 Pletnev, R 217, 218, 229 Pobedonostsev, K P 160, 172 pochvennichestvo 3, 32–33, 42 Pogodin, Mikhail 134 Pomper, Philip 218 populism (narodnichestvo) 134, 157 Prashcheruk, N V 228, 230 prayer 23, 29–30 and almsgiving 70, 72, 73 Jesus Prayer 23 Lord’s Prayer 27, 30 of Saint Basil 30 pre-Petrine Russia, see Muscovite Russia Pryzhov, I G 42, 66 Pugachev, Emelian 120 Pushkin, A S 35 “The Devils” (“Besy”) 107, 216 “The Poor Knight” 127, 128, 131, 222 Tales of Belkin 148 Pypin, A N 43, 54 Quenot, Michael 100 radicals 33, 37, 45, 47, 62, 66, 77–78, 106, 120, 121, 133, 134, 135, 153, 157, 189; see also The Brothers Karamazov;Crime and Punishment; The Devils; socialism; Westernizers rape 11, 12, 16 Raphael 101, 128, 130, 131 rationalism 4, 8, 20, 32, 34, 37, 48, 70, 98, 114 Razin, A E 33 Razin, Stenka 121, 123; see also The Devils redemption 36 Renan, Ernest 101, 214 repentance 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 41, 43, 138, 140, 146, 152, 156, 203; see also folklore; narod resurrection 22, 24, 30, 36, 54, 186 of Lazarus 7, 63, 74–75 Revelation, Book of, see Apocalypse 257 Revolutionary Catechism, see Bakunin, Mikhail; Nechaev, S G Rice, James l 225 Riesenkampf, A E 39 Rodevich, M 66 parodied in Crime and Punishment 67 Rosen, Nathan 161, 224 Rosenshield, Gary 29, 199, 224 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 211 Rozenblum, L M 224 Rurik 122 Russia, see Muscovite Russia; Great Reforms Russian Folk Legends, see Afanasev, A N Russian Folktales, see Afanasev, A N Russian Herald (Russkii vestnik) 45, 78, 79, 104, 107, 159 “The Russian Monk” 161; see also The Brothers Karamazov Russian national character 29; see also Russian spirit 34, 37, 123; (and Nicholas the Wonderworker); “Vlas paradigm” Russian people, see narod Russianness (narodnost’) 18 Rybnikov, P N 42, 113, 218, 220 St Petersburg News (Sanktpeterburgskie vedomosti), see Dostoevsky, F M., early works, feuilletons Saints: Alexis Man of God 156, 180, 187 John the Baptist 64 John Chrysostom 64 John the Evangelist 64 Lives of 3, 6, 53, 89, 148, 161, 164 Mary of Egypt 156 Nicholas the Wonderworker 92, 123–27; (in popular belief ) 124; (Life of ) 124 Peter 92 Sergius of Radonezh 148 Theodosius of the Caves Monastery 148 Tikhon of Zadonsk 54, 107, 148, 161, 216 see also folklore: Legends, Spiritual songs Sakharov, I P 39 Saraskina, L I 220 Savelev, A I 11, 18 Savvushkin, Andrey 15; see also Dostoevsky, Mikhail Andreevich, death of Scanlan, James 198–99, 201, 231 schism, see Orthodox Church; Old Believers sectarians (sectarianism) 42, 59, 90, 91, 121, 123, 207 Castrates 91, 122, 168 Flagellants 121 Runners 42, 90, 91, 207 Semipalatinsk, see Siberia, exile 258 Index serfdom 14, 17, 19, 27, 31, 35, 41, 171; see also Dostoevsky, F M as Westernizer in 1840s, struggle against Serno-Solovevich, A A and N A 107 Shakespeare 118 Shchapov, A 42, 90 Shein, P V 42 Siberia 11, 13, 17, 31, 32, 34, 38, 46, 61, 68, 152 exile 8, 17, 40 Omsk Stockade 5, 8, 16, 17, 19–31, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 54, 115, 137, 138, 148, 192, 198 “Siberian Notebook” (“Sibirskaia tetradka”) 39, 202 Sistine Madonna, see Raphael skaz 29, 152, 156; see also “Akulka’s Husband”; The Adolescent, the merchant Skotoboinikov Slattery, Dennis Patrick 226 Slavophiles 18, 32, 33, 34, 39, 137, 148 Smyth, Sarah 231 socialism 2, 17, 18, 34, 37, 38, 48, 59, 184 Utopian socialism 34, 36, 191 Solovev, Vsevolod 153, 154 Songs Collected by P N Rybnikov (Pesni sobrannye P N Rybnikovym), see Rybnikov, P N Songs Collected by P V Kireevsky (Pesni sobrannye P V Kireevskim), see Kireevsky, P V sorcery 2, 38, 50, 51 Spasovich, V D 140 Speshnev, Nikolay 17, 220 Strakhov, N N 33, 133, 134 suffering 3, 23, 26, 30, 32, 35, 41, 46, 47, 48, 54, 58, 70, 76, 153, 172 Suslov, Ivan Timofeevich 121; see also sectarians Switzerland 78, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 92–93 A Tale of Wandering and Journeying through Russia, Moldavia, Turkey and the Holy Land (Skazanie o puteshestvii po Rossii, Moldavii, Turtsii i Sviatoi Zemle), see Parfeny, Hieromonk Tales of the Russian People (Skazaniia russkogo naroda), see Sakharov, I P Terras, Victor 201, 227, 229 Thompson, Dianne Oenning 215, 222–23 Time (Vremia) 2, 8, 32, 33, 34, 42, 63, 66, 90 Time of Troubles (Smuta) 122 Timofeeva, Varvara 189–90, 191, 212 Titova, Agrafena 147 Tiutchev, Fedor 174–75, 177 Tokarzewski, Szymon 198 travesty of holy 1, 6, 23, 24, 124–28, 164, 168–69, 185 Troitsky, I I 39 Trutovsky, K A 196 Turgenev, I S 148 “unfortunates” (neschastnye) 24, 60–61, 138 Valikhanov, Chokan 40 vampires, see folklore, lower mythology: unclean dead Varentsov, V 42, 64 vegetation (symbolism of ) 49 Venturi, Franco 216 Vetlovskaia, V E 194, 230 “The Village,” see Grigorovich, D V The Village of Stepanchikovo (Selo Stepanchikovo) 41 Vinokur, Val 172 Viskovatov, P A 17 Vladimirtsev, V P 39, 60, 61, 202, 204 Vlas, see The Diary of a Writer; Nekrasov; “Vlas paradigm” “Vlas paradigm” 41, 136, 152–57, 168, 192–93 The Voice (Golos) 154 Volotskoy, M V 13, 14, 15 “The Wandering of the Mother of God through Hell” (“Khozhdenie Bogoroditsy po mukam”) 174, 185, 230 Wandering Pilgrims (Kaleki perekhozhie), see Bessonov, P A Ward, Bruce K 162, 229 Wasiolek, Edward 19, 70, 77–78 water imagery 6, 49, 50 West (western Europe) 3, 8, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 86, 87, 92, 110, 133, 147, 148, 150, 157 Westernizers 8, 18, 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 48, 92 What is to be Done?, see Chernyshevsky, N G Winter Notes on Summer Impressions 34–36, 37, 157 Yakushkin, E I 40 Yastremski, Slava 214 Zander, L A 217 ... Dostoevsky s thinking about the Russian people throughout his life and offers comprehensive studies of the people and folklore in Crime and Punishment, The Idiot, The Devils, and The Brothers Karamazov This... renders the novels truly Russian A multitude of street people inhabits the seedy section of Dostoevsky and the Russian people St Petersburg where Crime and Punishment takes place The Devils and The. .. Now and then, statements about the people similar to the above excerpt from the Diary surface in Dostoevsky s fiction In The Devils, Ivan Shatov cries out: The only God-bearing people is the Russian