The Problem of Punishment In this book, David Boonin examines the problem of punishment, particularly the problem of explaining why it is morally permissible for the state to treat those who break the law differently from those who not Boonin argues that there is no satisfactory solution to this problem and that the practice of legal punishment should therefore be abolished Providing a detailed account of the nature of punishment and the problems that it generates, he offers a comprehensive and critical survey of the various solutions that have been offered to the problem and concludes by considering victim restitution as an alternative to punishment Written in a clear and accessible style, The Problem of Punishment will be of interest both to anyone looking for a critical introduction to the subject and to anyone who is already familiar with it David Boonin is associate professor of philosophy at the University of Colorado, Boulder He is the author of A Defense of Abortion and Thomas Hobbes and the Science of Moral Virtue, as well as numerous articles on a variety of topics in ethics and applied ethics The Problem of Punishment DAVID BOONIN University of Colorado CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521883160 © David Boonin 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-38833-0 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-88316-0 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-70961-3 paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Leah, Eli, and Sadie – my greatest rewards Contents Preface page ix The Problem of Punishment 1.0 Overview 1.1 What Punishment Is 1.2 What the Problem of Punishment Is 1 28 The Consequentialist Solution Overview The Act-Utilitarian Version The Rule-Utilitarian Version Other Utilitarian Versions Nonutilitarian Versions 37 37 39 62 77 79 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The Retributivist Solution Overview Desert-Based Retributivism Forfeiture-Based Retributivism Fairness-Based Retributivism Other Versions of Retributivism 85 85 87 103 119 143 Other Solutions Overview The Consent Solution The Reprobative Solution The Moral Education Solution The Self-Defense Solution Hybrid Solutions 155 155 156 171 180 192 207 The Appeal to Necessity 213 213 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.0 Overview 5.1 The Theory of Pure Restitution as a Response to the Appeal to Necessity vii 218 Contents viii 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Clarifying the Theory of Pure Restitution The Harm to Society Objection The Irreparable Harms Objection The Victimless Wrongdoing Objection The Failed Attempts Objection The Nonharmful Endangerment Objection The Mitigating Excuses Objection The Rich Offender Objection The Poor Offender Objection The Insufficient Deterrence Objection The Insufficient Reprobation Objection The Punishment as Restitution Objection Bibliography Index 220 224 235 245 249 255 256 259 261 264 267 269 277 293 Preface Most of my beliefs about relatively uncontroversial moral matters are relatively uncontroversial We should generally be nice to each other, keep our promises, tell the truth, refrain from committing theft, arson, murder, and so on Most people believe these things, and I do, too Some of my beliefs about moral matters, of course, are more controversial But these tend to be beliefs about matters that are themselves more controversial, things like abortion, animal rights, cloning, and so forth If there were an uncontroversial position on these issues, chances are good that that position would be mine as well As far as I can tell, in fact, there is just one conspicuous exception to this general pattern Most people believe that if it is just and reasonable for the state to prohibit a given form of behavior, then it is morally permissible for the state to punish those who persist in engaging in it I don’t believe this I don’t believe that it is morally permissible for the state to punish people for breaking the law And I don’t believe this because belief in the moral permissibility of legal punishment strikes me as inconsistent with many other things that I believe I’ve felt this way about punishment for quite some time, and this fact has always struck me as puzzling If most of my moral beliefs are the same as the moral beliefs of most other people, and if my rejection of the moral permissibility of punishment seems to be the natural upshot of most of my moral beliefs, then shouldn’t most other people reject punishment too? Have most other people recognized something important about punishment that I’ve failed to see? Or have I been struck by something important about punishment that most people have overlooked? I have wondered about these questions for a long time The best way I know to learn about a philosophical problem is to teach a course on it And so, several years ago, knowing virtually nothing about the philosophical literature on the subject, I designed and started to teach a course on the problem of punishment The result of that undertaking is ix Bibliography 285 2003b ‘‘Victim–Centered Retributivism.’’ Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, Vol 84, pp 127–45 Locke, Don 1963 ‘‘The Many Faces of Punishment.’’ Mind, Vol 72, No 288 (October), pp 568–72 Loewy, Arnold H 2000 Criminal Law in a Nutshell, third edition St Paul, MN: West Group Long, Roderick T 1999 ‘‘The Irrelevance of Responsibility.’’ Social Philosophy and Policy, Vol 30, pp 118–45 Luke, Andrew 1996 ‘‘Tackling Crime by Other Means.’’ Journal of Applied Philosophy, Vol 13, No 2, pp 179–88 Lyons, William 1974 ‘‘Deterrent Theory and Punishment of the Innocent,’’ Ethics, Vol 84, No 4, pp 346–8 Mabbott J D 1939 ‘‘Punishment.’’ In 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and Punishment.’’ In Winch, Ethics and Actions London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp 210–28 Wolgast, Elizabeth H 1985 ‘‘Intolerable Wrong and Punishment.’’ Philosophy, Vol 60, pp 161–74 Wood, David 1997 ‘‘Reductivism, Retributivism, and the Civil Detention of Dangerous Offenders.’’ Utilitas, Vol 9, No (March), pp 131–46 Wright, Martin 1996 Justice for Victims and Offenders: A Restorative Response to Crime, second edition Winchester, UK: Waterside Press Zehr, Howard 2002 The Little Book of Restorative Justice Intercourse, PA: Good Books Zimmerman, Michael J 1995 ‘‘Review of Peter A French, Responsibility Matters, Jeffrie G Murphy, Retribution Reconsidered: More Essays in the Philosophy of Law, and George Sher, Desert.’’ Nous, Vol 29, No 2, pp 248–59 Index Abel, Charles F., 27n33, 215n4, 216n7, 217n9, 231n19, 241n28, 250, 259–60n39 act versus outcome objection, 101–3 Adler, Jacob, 6n4, 7, 11, 20n27, 119n32 Adler, Matthew D., 184n22 Alexander, Larry, 94n11, 168, 202 Anas, Brittany, 53 Anderson, Jami L., 135n51 Applebaum, Anne, 14n16 Aquinas, Thomas, 6n4 Aristotle, 6n4 Armstrong, K G., 41n4, 44n9, 54n20, 61n25, 188n28 authorization requirement, 23–4, 40 Avio, K L., 82 Bagaric, Mirko, 17n20 Baier, Kurt, 18n23 Baker, Brenda M., 172n10 Barnett, Randy, 2, 27, 28, 28n35, 31n42, 102n18, 216, 217n9, 220n10, 224–6, 228, 231, 246, 259n39, 262n43, 264 Barton, Charles K B., 33n46, 152 Baylis, Charles A., 27n33, 214n2 Bean, Philip, 14n14, 100n16, 214 Beccaria, Cesare, 38 Bedeau, Hugo Adam, 31n41 Bell v Wolfish, 15n18 Bello, Edward, 180–1 Benn, Stanley I., 6n4, 13, 23, 43, 50n17, 63n27, 233n24 Bennett, Lawrence A., 232n21 Bentham, Jeremy, 38, 43n7, 47n13, 59 Berenson, Alex, 162n5 Bickenbach, Jerome E., 172n10 Bird, Larry, 10n9 Blanshard, Brand, 93n10, 98n14 Blomberg, Thomas G., 232n20 Blume, Delorys, 214n2 Blume, Robert, 214n2 Blumoff, Theodore, 29n36, 208n40 Bok, Sissela, 144 Bottoms, Anthony, 217n8 Bradley, Gerard V., 119n32, 124n37 Brady, James B., 106n25 Braithwaite, John, 40n2, 41n4, 54n20, 83–4n36, 110n26, 123n35, 127n41, 140n57, 168n9, 184n23, 208n40 Brandt, R B., 44n9, 53, 59n24, 60, 63n27, 76n31 Brunk, Conrad G., 82n34 Burcroff, Lisa C., 232n20 Burgh, Richard W., 14n14, 110n26, 125n38, 168n9 Carcasole, Joseph, 198n36, 202n39 Cederblom, Jerry, 123n36, 196–7 Champlin, T S., 43n7 Charvet, John, 22n28 293 294 Index Clark, Michael, 14n14 Clear, Todd R., 232n21 consent solution, 105, 156–71, 211 consequentialism, see nonutilitarian consequentialism; utilitarianism Corlett, J Angelo, 6n4, 14n14, 104n21 Cottingham John, 86n3 Cragg, Wesley, 41n4, 54n20, 82n34 Curtis, Christine E., 232n20, 233, 234 Dagger, Richard, 27n33, 119, 120, 124–6, 217, 228, 235, 245n31, 249, 250, 255, 268n47 Davis, Michael, 23n29, 86n3, 129–34, 142n58 Day, J P., 120n32 Deigh, John, 181n18 del Vecchio, Giorgio, 216 Dennett, Daniel, 47n13 Denning, Lord, 171n10 desert, see retributivism, desert-based Dewey, John, 181n18 Dimock, Susan, 18n23, 51n18, 102n18, 123n35, 131n49, 144n60, 145–9 disproportionate punishment objection as objection to act-utilitarian solution, 54–8 as objection to consent solution, 162–4, 168–70 as objection to forfeiture-based retributivist solution, 112–14 as objection to motive-utilitarian solution, 78 as objection to nonutilitarian consequentialist solutions, 81–3 as objection to rule-utilitarian solution, 76–7 as objection to self-defense solution, 201–3 as problem for passing foundational test, 35 Dolinko, David, 100n16, 103n20, 126n39, 129n46, 131n49, 132n50, 188n28, 191n30 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 89 Doyle, James F., 119–20n32, 208n40 Ducasse, C J., 14n14, 19n24 Duff, R A., 11n11, 22, 33n45, 70n30, 123, 132n50, 172–4, 181n18, 183n21, 186 Ellin, Joseph, 216n7, 217n9, 231–2n19, 251n36, 264, 267n44, 270n49 Ellis, Anthony, 86n3, 102n18, 131n49, 139n55, 194n32 entailment test, 34, 35–6 Ewing, A C., 18n23, 181n18 Ezorsky, Gertrude, 123n35 fairness, see retributivism, fairness-based Farrell, Daniel M., 196, 197n34, 202 Fatic, Aleksandar, 14n14, 143n59, 215, 217n8, 259n38 Feinberg, Joel, 22n28, 172n10, 222n13 Ferraro, Geraldine, 9n8 Fingarette, Herbert, 30–1, 33n45, 135n51 Finnis, John, 119, 121, 122 Flew, Antony, 6n4, 18n21 Flynn, Suzanne, 232n21 forfeiture claim, 105–7 see also retributivism, forfeiture-based Fouche, Fidela, 135n51 foundational test, 34–5 free rider nonoffender as, 140–1 offender as, 120–2 offender as not, 122–35 rights of, 138–9 Gaffney, Paul, 31n37 Gahringer, Robert E., 181n18, 183, 190 Garcia, J L A., 89n6, 137n53 Garland, D., 22 Gavison, Ruth, 41n4, 53n19, 54n20, 143n59 Index 295 Gendin, Sidney, 18n23, 92n9, 152 Gerstein, Robert S., 119n32, 152 Gert, Bernard, 127n41 Gert, Heather J., 14n14 Gewirth, Alan, 119n32 Golash, Deirdre, 14n14, 40n2, 41n4, 86n2, 102n18, 184n22, 190n29, 194n32, 217n9, 231n19, 234n25, 268n46 Goldman, Alan H., 105–9, 111, 168n9 Holland, Gina, 15n18 Holmgren, Margaret R., 233, 270n48 Honderich, Ted, 6n4 Hooker, Brad, 63n27 Hume, David, 105 Hurka, Thomas, 194n32 Husak, Douglas N., 22n28, 184n22 hybrid solutions, 207–12 conjunctive versions, 208–11 disjunctive versions, 211–12 Hajdin, Mane, 216n7, 267n44 Haksar, Vinit, 105, 106n25 Hampton, Jean, 11n11, 54n20, 93n10, 123n35, 125n38, 172n10, 173n12, 177, 181–92 Hand, Michael, 14n14 Hare, R M., 18n23, 45n11, 63n27 harm requirement, 6–12 harm versus punishment objection as objection to consent solution, 170–1 as objection to debt-based retributivist solution, 151–2 as objection to fairness-based retributivist solution, 141–3 as objection to forfeiture-based retributivist solution, 117–19 as objection to self-defense solution, 205–7 as objection to trust-based retributivist solution, 147 Hart, H L A., 6n4, 20n27, 22n28, 43n7, 171, 208n40 Hawkins, D J B., 41n4, 54n20, 87n4 Hawkins, Gordon, 22n28 Hegel, Georg, 6n4, 119, 181n18 Hellerstein, Alvin K., 180–1 Hershenov, David B., 123n35, 184, 233n23, 261n42, 270n48 Hill, Thomas E Jr., 22n28, 85, 86n1, 93n10, 102n18, 214 Hobbes, Thomas, 6n4, 105 Hobson, Peter, 184n24 Hoekema, David, 27n33, 144–5, 148, 186n27, 225, 235n26, 259n38, 261n42 intending harm requirement, 12–17, 27n34, 35, 40, 118, 148, 151–2, 170–1, 179, 185n26, 206, 233–4 Johnson, Oliver A., 31n43 justice distributive, 120–2, 196–7, 200–1, 204–7 retributive, see retributivism Kant, Immanuel, 6n4, 86n1, 119, 120n32, 214 Kasachkoff, Tziporah, 8n7, 14n14, 18n23 Kemp, Kenneth W., 17n20 Kennedy, Anthony, 15n18 Kershnar, Stephen, 87–93, 96n12, 99, 101, 105, 135n51, 137n53, 161n4 Khatchadourian, Haig, 181n18 Kidder, Joel, 208n40 Kionka, Edward J., 220n10, 221n11, 223n14, 231n18 Kleinberg, Stanley S., 217, 225n15 Kleinig, John, 16n19, 44n9, 87n4, 88, 89n7 Klimchuk, Dennis, 273n51 Knowles, Dudley, 63n27, 168n9 Koehl, Richard A., 214n2, 259n38 Korman, Dan, 143n59, 145n61, 146n63, 147n65 Lacey, Nicola, 20n26, 100n16, 102n18 Latessa, Edward J., 232n21 296 Index Lemos, Ramon M., 181n18 Lewis, C S., 41n4, 61n25, 87n4 Lippke, Richard L., 83n36, 110n26, 112, 113n28, 115n30, 122n34 Locke, Don, 18n23 Locke, John, 6n4, 105 Loewy, Arnold H., 27n33 logical entailment argument, 30–3, 89n7, 177, 190, 214 Long, Roderick T., 216n7, 243n29 Luke, Andrew, 215n3 Lyons, William, 44–5 Mabbott, J D., 41n4, 188n28 Mackie, J L., 89n6 Manser, A R., 101n17 Marsh, Frank H., 27n33, 215n4, 216n7, 217n9, 231n19, 241n28, 250, 259–60n39 Marshall, James D., 184n24 Martin, Rex, 27n33, 29–30 Mason, Elinor, 79n33 Matravers, Matt, 84n36, 120n32, 208n40 McBain, Ed, 236n27 McCarthy, Belinda R., 233 McCloskey, H J., 6n4, 24n31, 41n4, 48n14, 50n17, 214n2 McDermott, Daniel., 102n18, 106n25, 119n32, 149–52 McKerlie, Dennis, 194n32 McTaggart, J Ellis, 181n18 Menninger, Karl, 214n2 Metz, Thaddeus, 172n10 Mill, John Stuart, 191 Miller, David, 22n28 Miller, Franklin G., 217, 225n15, 245n31, 248n34, 249, 255, 268n43 Miller, Vanessa, 13n13 Miller, W A., 172n10 Montague, Phillip, 4, 196, 197n34, 198, 206, 216n5, 222n13 Moore, David B., 217n8 Moore, Michael S., 85, 87–93, 99–101, 103 moral education solution, 173n12, 180–92 moral luck, 229–31, 254–5 Moriarty, Jeffrey, 103n20 Morris, Christopher W., 105n22, 107n25 Morris, Herbert, 30n37, 119, 141–2n58, 181n18, 192n31 Mundle, C W K., 87n4, 89n6, 92 Murphy, Jeffrie, 61n25, 88, 119, 120n32, 122, 127n41, 142n58, 153, 190n29 Narveson, Jan, 93n10, 123n35 Nathanson, Stephen, 31n37 New, Christopher, 41n3 Newman, Graeme, 6n4, 16n19, 31n37 Nickel, Jim, 19n25 Nino, C S., 14n14, 22n28, 55, 61n25, 105, 157–9, 161–2, 164–5, 168–9 no excuses objection as objection to act-utilitarian solution, 58–60 as objection to fairness-based retributivist solution, 137–8 as objection to motive-utilitarian solution, 78 as objection to rule-utilitarian solution, 76–7 as objection to self-defense solution, 203–5 as problem for passing foundational test, 59 nonutilitarian consequentialism, 79–84, 153–4, 182n19, 197–8n33 not punishing the guilty objection as objection to act-utilitarian solution, 52–4 as objection to conjunctive hybrid solutions, 209 as objection to consent solution, 160–5 as objection to debt-based retributivist solution, 151 as objection to desert-based retributivist solution, 93–8 as objection to disjunctive hybrid Index solutions, 211 as objection to fairness-based retributivist solution, 122–37 as objection to forfeiture-based retributivist solution, 115n31 as objection to moral education solution, 184–8 as objection to nonutilitarian consequentialist solutions, 81–3 as objection to reprobative solution, 176–80 as objection to rule-utilitarian solution, 75–6 as objection to trust-based retributivist solution, 147 as problem for passing entailment test, 53–4 Nozick, Robert, 92n9 Oldenquist, Andrew, 33n46, 173n11 Otsuka, Michael, 197–8n33 Parfit, Derek, 49n16 paternalism, 190–2, 245–7 Paton, Margaret, 24n31 Pearson, Frank S., 232n21 Perkins, Lisa, 82, 154 Peters, Richard S., 63n27 Petersilia, Joan, 232n21 Pettit, Philip, 40n2, 41n4, 54n20, 83– 4n36, 110n26, 123n35, 127n41, 140n57, 168n9, 184n23, Pettus, Katherine Irene, 15n17 Philips, Michael, 29n36, 49n15 Pilon, Roger, 105, 106n25, 217, 259n38 Plato, 6n4, 181n18 Pojman, Louis, 92n9 Pratt, J R., 18n23 Primoratz, Igor, 6n4, 14n14, 20n27, 23, 31n37, 42n6, 47n13, 53n19, 54n20, 58n22, 59n23, 70n30, 85, 87n4, 88, 172n10, 173n11, 177, 182–5, 188n28 principle of separability argument, 29–30 probation, 11n10 Prust, Richard C., 181n18 297 punishing the innocent objection as objection to act-utilitarian solution, 41–52 as objection to consent solution, 165–8 as objection to desert-based retributivist solution, 99–101 as objection to disjunctive hybrid solutions, 211 as objection to fairness-based retributivist solution, 140–1 as objection to forfeiture-based retributivist solution, 115–17 as objection to moral education solution, 188–90 as objection to motive-utilitarian solution, 78 as objection to nonutilitarian consequentialist solutions, 81–3 as objection to reprobative solution, 180 as objection to revenge-based retributivist solution, 273n51 as objection to rule-utilitarian solution, 64–75 as objection to self-defense solution, 198–201 as objection to trust-based retributivist solution, 144–6 as problem for passing entailment test, 50–2 as problem for passing foundational test, 48–50 possibility of, 18–19, 43 vicarious version of, 45–6, 67–8, 78, 81, 198–201 punishment community service as form of, 11–12 definition of, 3–26 of children by parents, 7–8, 14, 184, 190 problem of, 1, 28–33, 66, 75, 116, 118–19, 159, 213, 215 versus restitution, 26–8, 215, 220, 229, 233–4 versus reward, 9, 12, 18–19 versus self-defense, 193–4 versus telishment, 65 298 Index Quinn, Warren, 195–200, 202, 206 Quinton, Anthony M., 18n21, 19, 20n26 Radzik, Linda, 14n14 Rawls, John, 63–77 Regan, Peter F., 214n2 Reiff, Mark R., 24n31, 30n37, 162, 163 Reitan Eric, 208n40 reprobative requirement, 21–3, 40, 171 reprobative solution, 171 restitution pure versus punitive, 27–8 theory of pure, 215–75 see also restorative justice; punishment versus restitution restorative justice, 216–17n8 see also restitution retributive requirement, 17–21, 40, 51 retributivism debt-based, 149–52, 209 desert-based, 87–103, 152n67, 180, 185n25, 211 fairness-based, 119–43 forfeiture-based, 103–19, 160n2, 165n7, 211 revenge-based, 152–4, 269–74 trust-based, 143–9 Roberts, Julian V., 217n8 Rosen, F., 43n7, 63n27 Rothbard, Murray, 105 Royko, Mike, 88 Sadurski, Wojciech, 119n32, 121n33, 127n40, 127–8n42, 135–6n52, 138n54 Satre, Thomas W., 102n18 Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, 217n8 Schafer, Stephen, 215n4 Schedler, George, 18n21 Scheffler, Samuel, 177n15 Scheid, Don E., 14n14, 18n23, 131n49 Schmidt, Annesley K., 232n20, 233, 234 self-defense solution, 192–207 Sendor, Benjamin B., 96n12 Shafer-Landau, Russ, 93n10, 123n35, 182n20 Shapiro, Carol, 232n21 Sher, George, 119, 127–9, 130, 134, 135–7, 141–2n58 Sherwin, Emily, 94n11 Shook, John, 181n18 Simmons, A John, 105n22, 106n25, 115n30 Sink, Mindy, 233n22 Skinner, B F., 214n2 Smart, J C C., 38, 47 Smilansky, Saul, 41n3, 442n5, 55n21 Snook, I A., 8n7 Sorrell, Tom, 120n32 Statman, Daniel, 41n3 Stephen, James Fitzjames, 153–4 Stephenson, Wendell, 14n14, 31n43 Sterba, James P., 120n32 Stern, Laurence, 100n16 Stewart, Martha, 162n5 Strang, Heather, 215n4, 217n8, 268 Strickland, Ruth Ann, 215n4, 217n8 Strong, Edward W., 208n40 Sullivan, Dennis, 217n8 Sverdlik, Steven, 14n14, 17n20, 48n14 Teichman, Jenny, 213n1 telishment, 65–9 Ten, C L., 31n39, 43, 44n9, 58n22, 59, 70n30, 128n43, 129n46, 135n51, 184, 186n27 theory of pure restitution, 215–75 historical practices and, 31n42 pure versus punitive restitution, 27–8 Thomson, Judith Jarvis, 222n13 Tifft, Larry, 217n8 Torpy, Eric James, 10n9 treating people as a means and moral education solution, 187 as objection to act-utilitarian solution, 60–2 Index as objection to motive-utilitarian solution, 79 as objection to nonutilitarian consequentialist solutions, 81–3 as objection to rule-utilitarian solution, 77 Tudor, Steven, 172n10 Tunick, Mark, 9n8, 15n18, 173n11, 217, 225n15, 235n26, 245, 248n34, 259n38 utilitarianism, 39–79 act-version, 39–62, 209, 211 motive-version, 77–9 rule-version, 62–77, 208n41 Von Hirsch, Andrew, 22n28, 85, 86n3, 119n32, 123n35, 172n10, 173n11, 178, 186n27, 217n8 Vaughn, Joseph B., 232n20 299 Waldo, Gordon P., 232n20 Walker, Mark Thomas, 235 Walker, Nigel, 16n19, 61–2, 86n3, 92n9, 123n35 Weiser, Benjamin, 181 Wertheimer, Alan, 63n27 White, G Edward, 221n11, 231n18 Wilkins, Leslie T., 85 Wilkinson, Stephen, 216n7, 229, 255, 260n40 Wilson, John, 216n7 Winch, Peter, 24n31 Wolgast, Elizabeth H., 102n18 Wood, David, 233n24 Wright, Martin, 14n14, 31n42, 216n7, 268n47 Zehr, Howard, 217n8 Zimmerman, Michael J., 127n41, 128n44 .. .The Problem of Punishment In this book, David Boonin examines the problem of punishment, particularly the problem of explaining why it is morally permissible for the state to treat... detailed account of the nature of punishment and the problems that it generates, he offers a comprehensive and critical survey of the various solutions that have been offered to the problem and concludes... Preface page ix The Problem of Punishment 1.0 Overview 1.1 What Punishment Is 1.2 What the Problem of Punishment Is 1 28 The Consequentialist Solution Overview The Act-Utilitarian Version The Rule-Utilitarian