This page intentionally left blank L I T U RG Y A N D L I T E R AT U R E I N T H E M A K I N G O F P ROT E S TA N T E N G L A N D The Book of Common Prayer is one of the most important and influential books in English history, but it has received relatively little attention from literary scholars This study seeks to remedy this by attending to the Prayerbook’s importance in England’s political, intellectual, religious, and literary history The first half of the book presents extensive analyses of the Book of Common Prayer’s involvement in early modern discourses of nationalism and individualism, and argues that the liturgy sought to engage and textually reconcile these potentially competing cultural impulses In its second half, Liturgy and Literature traces these tensions in subsequent works by four major authors – Sidney, Shakespeare, Milton, and Hobbes – and contends that they operate within the dialectical parameters laid out in the Prayerbook decades earlier Central to all these cultural negotiations, both liturgical and literary, is an emphasis on symbolic representation, in which the conflict between collective and individual authority is worked out through complex acts of interpretation Rosendale’s analyses are supplemented by a brief history of the Book of Common Prayer, and by an appendix which discusses its contents t i m ot h y ro s en d a l e is Assistant Professor of English at Southern Methodist University, Dallas His work has appeared in various journals including Studies in English Literature, Renaissance Quarterly, and Early Modern Literary Studies This is his first book L I T U RG Y A N D L I T E R AT U R E IN THE MAKING OF P ROT E S TA N T E N G L A N D T I M OT H Y RO S E N D A L E CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521877749 © Timothy Rosendale 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-35493-9 ISBN-10 0-511-35493-2 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-87774-9 hardback 0-521-87774-1 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For my family nam liber loquitur obscure, et quamvis coneris candide interpretari, non poteris effugere magnam absurditatem (Dryander to Bullinger, June 1549) [The Book of Common Prayer] speaks very obscurely, and however you may try to explain it with candour, you cannot avoid great absurdity “O Sir, the prayers of my mother, the Church of England, no other prayers are equal to them!” (George Herbert) Contents Acknowledgments Note on texts page viii x Introduction prelude/m at t ins: through 1549 25 The Book of Common Prayer and national identity 34 The Book of Common Prayer and individual identity 70 i nterlude: 549– 1662 117 Representation and authority in Renaissance literature 133 Revolution and representation 178 p ostlude/evensong: 1662 –present 201 Appendix: “THE booke” Bibliography Index 205 222 233 vii Acknowledgments The course of a typically busy and self-absorbed life too infrequently forces us to stop, take stock, and reflect on those who have helped us along the way This is too bad, because even though it deprives us of our solipsistic fantasies, doing so is an occasion of genuine pleasure; it reminds us of all the people who have more or less willingly involved themselves in our lives I’ll begin with my institutional debts My graduate studies at Northwestern were assisted by any number of fellowships, and the John P Long Prize for graduate research, which enabled a summer of blissful immersion in the British Library, Lambeth Palace Library, the old PRO, and the Parker Library at Cambridge My department and college at SMU have been even more generous, and in particular the University Research Council has enabled productive leave and summer work on this project Also important to the progress of this book has been the publication of parts of it in progress Parts of Chapters and appeared in Renaissance Quarterly 54.4 (2001) as “ ‘Fiery toungues’: Language, Liturgy, and the Paradox of the English Reformation.” An earlier version of Chapter was published in Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900, 44:1 (Winter 2004) as “Milton, Hobbes, and the Liturgical Subject.” And part of Chapter was included in Taylor and Beauregard, eds Shakespeare and the Culture of Christianity in Early Modern England (Fordham University Press, 2004), under the title “Sacral and Sacramental Kingship in Shakespeare’s Lancastrian Tetralogy.” I am grateful both for the original publication of each, and for the subsequent permission to include them here, back in the project which originally generated them My personal debts are more extensive and varied Rudi Heinze gets the credit, or the blame, for first getting me interested in the English Reformation and the Prayerbook The original version of this project was ably guided by Wendy Wall, Lacey Baldwin Smith, and Mary Beth Rose; Regina Schwartz gave feedback in later stages More recently, I received encouragement and advice from Debora Shuger, William Kennedy, viii Bibliography 223 Bossy, John “Some Elementary Forms of Durkheim.” Past & Present 95 (May 1982): 3–18 “The Mass as a Social Institution 1200–1700.” Past & Present 100 (August 1983): 29–61 Bourdieu, Pierre Language and Symbolic Power, ed John B Thompson 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9, 19–23 logic of 14, 17, 19, 23, 54, 108–16, 181, 198–9, 221 Matrimony 38, 215–16 Mattins service 38, 50, 84, 123, 208, 209 medieval predeccesors of 205–7 occasional services 38 Ordination 219–20 political utility of 34, 37–40, 45–6, 221 Preface 4, 37, 47–8, 52, 82, 83, 131, 206, 220 proper readings fourth Sunday after Epiphany 50 second Sunday of Advent 86 Whitsunday (Pentecost) 62, 86–8 Act for the Advancement of True Religion (1543) 81 Act of Repeal (1553) 124 Act of Six Articles (1539) 28 Act of Succession (1534) 13 Act of Supremacy (1534) 26, 42, 44 1559 127 Act of Uniformity 6, 32, 37, 46, 72, 221 1552 34, 73, 122 1559 100, 128 1662 131 An Admonition to Parliament 128 Aers, David 10, 11 Alternative and Other Services Measure (1965) 203 Alternative Service Book (1980) 204 Althusser, Louis 76, 111 Anderson, Benedict 35–8, 39, 61 Anglicanism 6, 126, 178 Aragon, Catherine of 13, 74 Arnoult, Sharon 125 authority 21 Babel, Tower of 62 Baker, Herschel 149 Bale, John 74 Baxter, Richard 41 Becket, St Thomas a` 28 Beckwith, Sarah 10 Bell, Catherine 103, 111–13 Bible 3, 4, 14, 28, 60, 69, 72, 131, 192, 204, 206 tension with BCP 4, 5, 193 Bill of Rights (1689) 201 “Black Rubric” 100, 123, 127 Bonner, Edmund 117 Book of Common Prayer 1–132, 1, 147, 149, 161, 175, 176, 188, 192, 201–21 1552 revision of 121–4 1559 revision of 127–8 233 234 Index Book of Common Prayer (cont.) proscription of 130, 131 Purification of Women 38, 123, 218 regular services 38 and Scripture reading 82–6, 207–8 and sociopolitical structure 34–69, 38, 50–2, 54 structure and contents of 7, 38, 205–21 Visitation of the Sick 38, 123, 216–17 Book of Homilies 30 Bradford, John 61 Brightman, F E 220 Bucer 90, 110 Bucer, Martin 27, 32, 89, 98, 105, 117, 122 Bullinger, Heinrich 90, 145 Butler, Judith 112 Calvin, John 74, 90, 91, 103, 105, 125, 126 Calvinism 4, 91, 101 Catholicism and eucharistic theology 89–90, 92–3, 98–9, 134 historiography of 1–3 Protestant critiques of 16, 42, 53, 64, 71, 74, 75, 221 and reading 4, 18, 19, 22, 85, 103, 107, 133, 135, 145 and worship 77–9, 88, 99 Cave, Terence 22 Chamberlain, Neville Charles I 129 Charles II 6, 131, 201 Christ, Body of 114 Church Association 202 Church of England 38, 40, 44, 48, 56, 111, 115, 129 Church of England Worship and Doctrine Measure (1974) 203 Church Union 202 Civil War 5, 130–1, 178 Clement VII, Pope 26 Convocation 28, 41, 46, 128, 220 Council of Trent 27, 78, 107 Coverdale, Miles 28, 32, 110 Cox, Richard 125, 126 Cranmer, Thomas 4, 7, 14, 16, 27, 28, 29, 32, 42, 44, 47, 57, 64, 81, 89, 99, 106, 110, 117, 124, 133, 145, 177, 204, 209 Cromwell, Thomas 13, 27, 42, 44, 74, 75 Cuming, G J 15, 27, 28, 32, 92, 97 Cummings, Brian 12 de Man, Paul 107 Deleuze, Gilles 79, 185 Dickens, A G 2, Diehl, Huston 148 Directory for the Public Worship of God (1645) 130 Dix, Dom Gregory 92, 98, 99, 100 Donne, John 38, 139 Dryander, Francis 31, 110, 117 Duffy, Eamon 2, 35, 80, 92 Edward VI 6, 30, 46, 50, 76, 109, 121, 124, 126, 208 Elizabeth I 55, 100, 126, 127, 128, 154, 178, 180, 195 Elton, G R 13, 110 Elyot, Thomas 69 erastianism 5, 18, 41–2, 43, 49, 153, 195 Erastus, Thomas 41 Eucharist 18–19, 78, 88–102, 114–15, 143, 145, 173, 175, 189, 211 in the 1549 BCP 93–7 in the 1552 BCP 97–100, 122 in the 1559 BCP 100–1, 127, 180 in the 1662 BCP 131 administration of 102 and communal identity 114–15 historical models of 98–9 in the Order of the Communion 93 Roman Catholic 89–90 in Sarum Mass 92–3 figurality 106, 134, 141, 145, 148, 176 Fish, Simon 74 Fish, Stanley 183, 189 Fisher, John 13 Foucault, Michel 3, 76, 112 Foxe, Edward 74 Foxe, John 2, 4, 43, 65–8, 80, 125, 148 on liturgical uniformity 66–8 on vernacularism and reading 65–6 Frankfurt exiles 125–6 Frith, John 74, 104, 144 Gardiner, Stephen 42, 54, 56, 75, 89, 95, 106, 111, 118, 122, 195 Gellrich, Jesse 22 Gielgud, John 204 Grafton, Richard 40 Grand Remonstrance 130 Green, Ian Greenblatt, Stephen 10, 18, 148, 175 Greene, Thomas 158 Gregory, Brad 10 Grey, Jane 124 Haigh, Christopher Hamilton, Donna 11 Hampton Court Conference 129 Harris, Charles 216 Index Hegel, Georg 35, 36 Helgerson, Richard 34, 60, 66–9, 114 Heller, Joseph 153 Hemingway, Ernest Henry VIII 7, 13, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 40, 41, 44, 72, 73, 76, 109, 126, 180, 209 Herman, Peter 20, 105, 148 Hobbes, Thomas 8, 22, 23, 130, 178–9, 192–8 and the BCP 195, 196, 198–9 Behemoth 130, 192–5, 196 Leviathan 192, 195–8 private and public authority in 194–7 and reading 192, 193–4 Hooker, Richard 41, 56–60, 68, 120, 129, 195 on liturgy 58–60 on royal supremacy 56–7 on sociopolitical order 57–8 Hooper, John 32, 105, 110, 117, 123 Howard, Jean 148 Hughes, Philip idolatry 16, 134 individualism, Protestant 18, 70–7 in eucharistic revisions 99–100 interpretation 1, 84, 86, 101, 102–8, 134, 136, 174, 183, 188–9, 191–2 and theology 102–8, 133, 193–4, 198 James I 54, 129 James II 201 Jewel, John 105 Kastan, David Scott King, John N 94 King Henry’s Primer (1545) 30, 44 Knapp, Jeffrey 148 Knox, John 100, 123, 125, 126, 130 Lake, Peter 43, 58 Larkin, Philip 204 Lasco, John a` 32 Latimer, Hugh 61, 75 Latin 16, 37, 60–2, 63, 65, 78, 79, 119 Laud, William 6, 129, 130 Lewalski, Barbara 19, 105 Lewis, C S 7, 30 literacy 22, 111 literalism 5, 12, 20, 90, 103, 106, 107–8, 133, 145, 156, 157, 186, 189 Loades, David 44 Locke, John 197 Luther 90 Luther, Martin 5, 27, 42, 50, 71, 74, 90 MacCulloch, Diarmaid 30, 47 McEachern, Claire 37, 49, 52, 180 235 Mallette, Richard 11 Maltby, Judith 2, 5, Marshall, William 74 Marshall’s Primer (1534) 27 Marsilius of Padua 42, 49, 56, 74, 195 Marx, Karl 35 Mary I 52, 100, 118, 124, 125, 126 Melanchthon, Philipp 90 Millennary Petition 129 Milton, John 8, 22, 23, 178–9, 181–92, 194, 197, 198–9 antiliturgicalism of 181–2, 192 and the pure sign 185–8 and reading 182–3, 188–9, 190–1 works Areopagitica 143, 182, 187, 189, 191 De Doctrina Christiana 181 Eikonoklastes 181 Paradise Lost 182–92 Montrose, Louis 148 Moore, Henry 204 More, Thomas 13 Morison, Richard 74 mumbling 81–2, 88 Murdoch, Iris 204 national sovereignty 35, 49, 154 New Historicism 9, 20 newspapers 35, 36 Noble, Richmond 20 Oldcastle, John 52, 171 Olivier, Laurence 204 Order of the Communion, the (1548) 31, 82, 93, 211, 213 Orr, D Alan 41 Oxford Movement 202 Paget, William 45, 121 Parliament 3, 6, 30, 32, 41, 46, 56, 114, 122, 128, 130, 191, 199, 203 Parr, Katherine 28 Paul, St 16 Peasants’ Rebellion 71 Philip, King of Spain 126 Pickstock, Catherine 38 Pilgrimage of Grace 71 Pocock, John 67 Pole, Reginald 126 Poullain, Valerand 32, 110 praemunire 43, 153 Prayerbook Rebellion 71, 118–21 rebel demands in 79, 119–20 Cranmer’s response to 120 236 Index Protestantism and eucharistic theology 90–2, 115 historiography of 1–4, 35 and individualism 8, 13, 17, 23, 70–116, 70, 110, 176, 195, 198 and literary criticism 12, 20, 75, 107, 148 and politics 34–69, 39, 41, 49, 73, 74, 113, 171, 182, 192, 221 and reading 5, 16, 18, 21, 104, 107, 133, 145, 182, 188 and vernacularism 64, 65, 88 and worship 77–80, 99 Puritanism antiliturgical 5, 46, 56, 59, 78, 84, 126, 128–9, 178 antitheatrical 12, 135, 148, 179–80 Qui˜nones, Francesco de, Cardinal 26, 28, 47, 208 Rackin, Phyllis 151 Rappaport, Roy 11, 38, 40, 112, 196 Real Presence 90 Reformation, English double logic of 13–14, 17, 70–7, 108–16, 176, 198–9 historiography of 1–3, 4, 13–14, 74, 80 Reichert, John 184 Religion and literary criticism 9–13, 148–9 representation 1, 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 89, 91, 102–8, 114, 115–16, 134, 136, 141, 142, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 192, 198 literary 135, 147, 165, 170, 174 political 114, 147–8, 154, 156, 161, 165, 170, 176–7, 197 and Protestant theology 102–7, 108, 133, 134, 135, 146, 147, 189 Restoration 131 Ridley, Nicholas 105 Rubin, Miri 18, 20, 90 Russell, John 118, 120 Sarum, liturgical use of 28, 51, 220 Breviary 207, 220 Manual 213, 214 Missal 211, 212 Savoy Conference 131, 202 Scarisbrick, J J Schoenfeldt, Michael 12 Scoloker, Anthony 81–2 Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset 121 Shagan, Ethan Shakespeare, William 8, 20, 22, 23, 135, 136, 147–77, 181, 197, 198 ambiguity in the works of 160, 161, 162–3, 166–7 and the BCP 147, 149, 155, 161, 173, 175, 176 hermeneutics in the works of 151, 156–61, 163–4, 174–5 recent criticism of 147–9, 175 and the Reformation 147, 153–4, 176 works Henry IV, part 161–6, 172 Henry IV, part 154, 166–70, 171, 172 Henry V 154, 156, 170–6 Henry VI, parts 1–3 149–50, 154 King John 152–4, 171 Richard II 154–61, 163, 171 Richard III 150–2 Shortened Services Act (1873) 202 Shuger, Debora 11, 12, 20, 37, 56, 59 Sidney, Philip 8, 22, 23, 64, 135, 136–47, 176, 177, 181, 197, 198 Defence of Poetry 136–47 and the BCP 140–2, 144–5 Christ as poet in 139–40 importance of fictivity in 140, 142–4 national implications of 146–7 philosophy and history in 138–9 religiosity of 137 and sanctification 137, 140, 142, 146 secularity of 136–7 Sisson, C H 204 Spenser, Edmund 60, 64 Starkey, Thomas 74 Strier, Richard 10, 11, 191 Targoff, Ramie 7, 8, 34, 59, 69, 179–81 temporality 36, 39 Test Act (1673) 201 Toleration Act (1689) 201 transubstantiation 18, 90, 91, 97, 106, 133, 141, 212 Tunstall, Cuthbert 74 Tyndale, William 7, 10, 16, 19, 42, 64–5, 75, 104, 107 uniformity 30, 60, 66, 110, 126, 180, 196, 201, 203 “uses,” liturgical 32, 44, 52, 72, 220–1 Vermigli, Peter Martyr 31, 105, 110 vernacularism 60–6, 77–88 individualizing implications of 80–8 national implications of 60–6 and Scripture 80–8 and truth 79–81 and worship 77–80 Index Wall, John 45, 77 Webber, Andrew Lloyd 204 Weimann, Robert 21, 75, 106, 107, 110, 134, 149 Weiner, Andrew 145 Welsh, Robert 120 Wesley, John 202 Westminster Assembly 41 Whalen, Robert 19 Whitchurch, Edward 40, 205 Whitsunday (Pentecost) 6, 32, 62–4 Whittingham, William 125 Wycliffe, John Young, Neil Zwingli, Ulrich 27, 90, 103, 133 237 ... the conflict into a constructive and fundamentally representational synthesis And this synthesis in turn became profoundly influential, not only in defining the Church of England, but in defining... addresses, in turn, the principles of national order and Protestant individualism; the larger theme of this unit is the double logic of the English Reformation discussed above, and the nature of the. .. that the consent of individual subjects mattered Henry and Cromwell coercively achieved (at least in theory) the unprecedented unanimity of England in their cause at the 20 Elton, England Under the