This page intentionally left blank BEING BYZANTINE In , the Byzantine empire was conquered by troops from western Europe ostensibly taking part in the Fourth Crusade This was a hugely significant event for the subjects of the empire, radically altering the Byzantines’ self-image and weakening their state for the later conflict with the Ottoman Turks Using the theory of ethnicity – a comparatively recent tool with regard to the pre-modern era – Gill Page provides fresh insight into the late Byzantine period, providing a corrective to nationalistic interpretations of the period of Frankish rule and more broadly to generally held assumptions of ethnic hostility in the period A systematic analysis of texts in Greek from the period –, from both ends of the social spectrum, is backed up by an in-depth study of Frankish rule in the Peloponnese to reveal the trends in the development of Byzantine identity under the impact of the Franks gill page studied Classics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, before beginning a career in museum education After completing an MA in Medieval History at the University of Manchester, Dr Page went on to complete a doctorate at the University of Leeds BEING BYZANTINE Greek identity before the Ottomans GILL PAGE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521871815 © Gill Page 2008 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2008 ISBN-13 978-0-511-45760-9 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-87181-5 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate This book is dedicated to my parents, Mike and Pam, and also to Paul Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgements A note on the use and transliteration of Greek Abbreviations Reference works Introduction: The Frankish conquest of Greece Identity and the Frankish conquest: the story so far Ethnic identity? page ix x xi xii xiii Subjectivity, tradition and naming Ethnic criteria Boundaries: us and them Method: the historians Byzantine identities Byzantium before the Fourth Crusade The terminology Before : a crisis of identity Niketas Choniates Choniates: the collective political identity Choniates: the ethnic identity Other forms of self-identification The vocabulary of otherness The thirteenth century: ambition, euphoria and the loss of illusion George Akropolites and the rise of Nikaia Pachymeres and the Palaiologoi Political, territorial and ethnic identities: the story so far Akropolites and Pachymeres: other forms of self-identification Definitely not Romans vii viii Contents The nightmare of the fourteenth century Nikephoros Gregoras and John Kantakouzenos The political Roman identity in the fourteenth century The ethnic Roman identity in the fourteenth century Not only Roman but also ? Definitely not Roman – but why? Meanwhile, a long way from Constantinople The Peloponnese and the Chronicle of the Morea The Villehardouin principality The principality after the Villehardouins The Chronicle of the Morea: an analysis The Chronicle in context: Franks and Romans under the Angevins Being Roman in Frankish Morea The long defeat The sources Romans and others at the court of Mistra Peloponnesian identities in the later Greek Chronicle of the Morea Being Roman in the fifteenth-century Peloponnese Roman identity and the response to the Franks Questions And answers Glossary Map 1: The Aegean region Map 2: The Peloponnese Appendix 1: Key content items Appendix 2: The origins of the Chronicle of the Morea Bibliography Index Bibliography Leyser, K () ‘The tenth century in Byzantine–Western relationships’, in Baker : – Liebeschuetz, W () ‘Citizen status and law in the Roman empire and the Visigothic kingdom’, in Pohl and Reimitz : – Lilie, R.-J () Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096–1204, tr J C Morris and J E Ridings Oxford Ljubarskij, J N () ‘New trends in the study of Byzantine historiography’, DOP : – Lock, P () ‘The Frankish towers of Central Greece’, ABSA : – () ‘The Latin emperors as heirs to Byzantium’, in Magdalino : – () The Franks in the Aegean 1204–1500 London Lock, P and G D R Sanders (eds.) () The Archaeology of Medieval Greece Oxford Loenertz, R.-J () ‘Hospitaliers et navarrais en Gr´ece’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica : – Longnon, J () ‘Le prince de Mor´ee´ chansonnier’, Romania : – () L’Empire latin de Constantinople et la principaut´e de Mor´ee Paris Luttrell, A () The Hospitallers in Cyprus, Rhodes, Greece and the West London () Latin Greece, the Hospitallers and the Crusades, 1291–1440 London Lydon, J F () ‘Nation and Race in Medieval Ireland’, in Forde, Johnson and Murray : – MacDonald, W A and G R Rapp (eds.) () The Minnesota Messenia Expedition Minneapolis Mackridge, P () ‘Katharevousa (c.–): an obituary for a dead language’, in Sarafis and Eve : – Macrides, R () ‘The new Constantine and the new Constantinople – ?’, BMGS : – () ‘Dynastic marriages and political kinship’, in Shepard and Franklin : – () ‘The historian in the history’, in Constantinides and others : – (a) ‘George Akropolites’ rhetoric’, in Jeffreys : – (b) ‘The thirteenth century in Byzantine historical writing’, in Dendrinos and others : – Macrides, R and P Magdalino () ‘The fourth kingdom and the rhetoric of hellenism’, in Magdalino b: – Magdalino, P () ‘A neglected authority for the history of the Peloponnese in the early thirteenth century: Demetrios Chomatianos, archbishop of Bulgaria’, BZ : – () ‘Aspects of twelfth-century Kaiserkritik’, Speculum : – () ‘Byzantine snobbery’, in Angold b: – () Tradition and Transformation in Medieval Byzantium Aldershot (a) ‘Constantinople and the exochorai in the time of Balsamon’, in Oikonomides : – (b) The Perception of the Past in Twelfth-Century Europe London Bibliography (a) ‘Digenes Akrites and Byzantine literature: the twelfth-century background to the Grottaferrata version’, in Beaton and Ricks : – (b) The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos 1143–1180 Cambridge () New Constantines: The Rhythm of Imperial Renewal in Byzantium, 4th– 13th Centuries London () ‘Constantinople and the outside world’, in Smythe : – () ‘Prosopography and Byzantine identity’, in Cameron : – Mango, C () review of A Vacalopoulos, The Origins of the Greek Nation –, Journal of Hellenic Studies : – () Byzantine Literature as a Distorting Mirror Oxford () Byzantium and its Image: History and Culture of the Byzantine Empire and its Heritage London (ed.) () The Oxford History of Byzantium Oxford ˇ cenko Mango, C and O Pritsak (eds.) () Okeanos: Essays Presented to Ihor Sevˇ on his Sixtieth Birthday by his Colleagues and Students Cambridge, Mass Mansel, P () Constantinople: City of the World’s Desire London Manzano Moreno, E () ‘The creation of a medieval frontier: Islam and Christianity in the Iberian peninsula, eighth to eleventh centuries’, in Power and Standen : – Mayer, H () The Crusades Oxford McGeer, E () The Land Legislation of the Macedonian Emperors Toronto McKee, S (ed.) () Crossing Boundaries: Issues of Cultural and Individual Identity in the Middle Ages and Renaissance Turnhout () Uncommon Dominion: Venetian Crete and the Myth of Ethnic Purity Philadelphia Meyendorff, J () Introduction a` l’´etude de Gr´egoire Palamas Paris () Byzantine Hesychasm: Historical, Cultural and Religious Problems London () ‘Spiritual trends in Byzantium in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries’, in The Kariye Djami, ed P A Underwood iv Princeton: – () ‘Mount Athos in the fourteenth Century: spiritual and intellectual legacy’, DOP : – Miller, T S () ‘The plague in John VI Cantacuzenus and Thucydides’, GRBS : – Miller, W () The Latins in the Levant: A History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566) Cambridge () Essays on the Latin Orient Cambridge Mirambel, A () ‘Les e´tats de langue dans la Gr`ece actuelle’, Conf´erences de l’Institut de Linguistique de l’Universit´e de Paris : – Mitchell, S and G Greatrex (eds.) () Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity London Moles, I () ‘Nationalism and Byzantine Greece’, GRBS : – Molin, K () Unknown Crusader Castles Hambledon and London Morris, R () ‘The powerful and the poor in tenth-century Byzantium: law and reality’, Past and Present : – Bibliography Mouriki, D () ‘The mask motif in the wall paintings of Mistra’, DCAH : – Mullett, M () Theophylact of Ochrid: Reading the Letters of a Byzantine Archbishop Birmingham () ‘The “other” in Byzantium’, in Smythe : – Mullett, M and Roger Scott (eds.) () Byzantium and the Classical Tradition Birmingham Nash, M () The Cauldron of Ethnicity in the Modern World Chicago Neville, L () Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society 950–1100 Cambridge Nicol, D M () The Despotate of Epiros [1204–1267] Oxford () ‘Mixed marriages in Byzantium in the thirteenth century’, Studies in Church History i: – () ‘The Fourth Crusade and the Greek and Latin empires –’, in Hussey : – () ‘The Byzantine view of western Europe’, GRBS : – () The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos (Cantacuzenus), ca 1100–1460 Washington () ‘The Byzantine reaction to the Second Council of Lyons, ’, in Studies in Church History vii, ed G J Cuming and D Baker Cambridge: – (a) The Last Centuries of Byzantium (1262–1453).London (b) Byzantium: Its Ecclesiastical History and Relations with the Western World London () ‘Byzantium and England’, Balkan Studies : – () ‘Refugees, mixed population and local patriotism in Epiros and Western Macedonia after the Fourth Crusade’, in Actes du xve Congr`es international d’´etudes byzantines: Rapports i Histoire Athens: – (a) Church and Society in the Last Centuries of Byzantium Cambridge (b) ‘Symbiosis and integration: some Greco-Latin families in Byzantium in the eleventh to eighteenth centuries’, Byzantinische Forschungen : – () Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations Cambridge () The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages Cambridge () Studies in Late Byzantine History and Prosopography London () A Biographical Dictionary of the Byzantine Empire London () The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans Cambridge () The Reluctant Emperor Cambridge Obolensky, D () The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe 500–1453 London () ‘Nationalism in Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, th Series : – Oikonomides, N () Hommes d’affaires grecs et latins a` Constantinople (xiiie –xve si`ecles) Montreal Bibliography () ‘Byzantium between east and west (xiii–xv cent.), in Howard-Johnston : – () Byzantium in the 12th Century: Canon Law, State, and Society Athens Ostrogorsky, G ( []) History of the Byzantine State, tr J Hussey New Brunswick, NJ Page, G () ‘Language and identity: the Chronicle of the Morea’ (unpublished dissertation, University of Manchester) Papadakis, A () Crisis in Byzantium: The Filioque Controversy in the Patriarchate of Gregory II of Cyprus (–) New York () The Christian East and the Rise of the Papacy New York Parisot, V () Cantacuz`ene, homme d’etat et historien Paris Pohl, W (ed.) () Kingdoms of the Empire: The Integration of Barbarians in Late Antiquity Leiden Pohl, W and H Reimitz (eds.) () Strategies of Distinction: The Construction of Ethnic Communities, 300–800 Leiden Pohl-Reisl, B () ‘Legal practice and ethnic identity in Lombard Italy’, in Pohl and Reimitz : – Politis, A () ‘From Christian Roman emperors to the glorious Greek ancestors’, in Ricks and Magdalino : – Power, D and N Standen (eds.) () Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700–1700 Basingstoke and London Prawer, J () Crusader Institutions Oxford Queller, D E and T F Madden () The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople 1201–1204, nd edn Philadelphia Reynolds, S () ‘Medieval “Origines Gentium” and the community of the realm’, History : – () ‘Our forefathers? Tribes, peoples and nations in the historiography of the age of migrations’, in After Rome’s Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History Essays presented to Walter Goffart, ed A C Murray Toronto: – Richard, J () ‘The Latin church in Constantinople (–)’, in Arbel, Hamilton and Jacoby : – Richter, M () ‘National Identity in Medieval Wales’, in Smyth : – Ricks, D and P Magdalino (eds.) () Byzantium and the Modern Greek Identity Aldershot Riley-Smith, J () The Feudal Nobility and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174–1277 London (ed.) () The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades Oxford Rodd, R () The Princes of Achaia and the Chronicles of Morea London Rubio y Lluch, A () Los Navarros en Grecia Barcelona Runciman, Sir S () The Eastern Schism Oxford () The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century Cambridge () Mistra: Byzantine Capital of the Peloponnese London () The Great Church in Captivity Cambridge Bibliography Sakellariou, E () ‘Latin Morea in the late middle ages: observations on its demography and economy’, in Dendrinos and others : – Sanders, G () ‘Excavations at Sparta: the Roman stoa – Preliminary report, Part One (c) Medieval pottery’, ABSA : – Sarafis, M and M Eve (eds.) () Background to Contemporary Greece i London Sayers, J () Innocent III: Leader of Europe 1198–1216 London Schemerhorn, R () Comparative Ethnic Relations New York Setton, K () The Catalan Domination of Athens, 1311–1388 Cambridge, Mass (ed.) (–) A History of the Crusades ( vols.) Madison () The Papacy and the Levant i Philadelphia Sˇ evˇcenko, I () ‘The decline of Byzantium as seen by its intellectuals’, DOP : – () ‘Society and intellectual life in the fourteenth century’, in Actes du xive Congr`es international des etudes byzantines, Bucarest 1971 i Bucharest: ă () ‘Levels of style in Byzantine literature’, Jarbuch der Osterreichischen Byzantinistik : – () Ideology, Letters and Culture in the Byzantine World London Shatzmiller, M (ed.) Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria Leiden Shawcross, C T M () ‘The Chronicle of Morea: historiography in Crusader Greece’ (unpublished dissertation, University of Oxford) Shepard, J () ‘The English and Byzantium: a study of their role in the Byzantine army in the later xith century’, Traditio : – () ‘Aspects of Byzantine attitudes and policy towards the West in the tenth and eleventh centuries’, in Howard-Johnston : – () ‘The uses of the Franks in eleventh century Byzantium’, Anglo-Norman Studies : – Shepard, J and S Franklin (eds.) () Byzantine Diplomacy Aldershot Sigalos, L () ‘Middle and late Byzantine houses in Greece (th –th centuries)’, in Dark : – Smith, A D () The Ethnic Origins of Nations Oxford () ‘Chosen peoples: why ethnic groups survive’, ERS : – () National identities: medieval and modern’, in Forde, Johnson and Murray : – Smith, C P (ed.) () Motivation and Personality: Handbook of Thematic Content Analysis New York Smyth, A P () Medieval Europeans: Studies in Ethnic Identity and National Perspectives in Medieval Europe London Smythe, D C () ‘Why barbarians stand round the emperor at diplomatic receptions?’, in Shepard and Franklin : – () ‘Byzantine identity and labelling theory’, in Fledelius and Schreiner : – () Strangers to Themselves: The Byzantine Outsider Aldershot Soulis, G C () ‘The Gypsies in the Byzantine Empire and the Balkans in the late Middle Ages’, DOP : – Bibliography () The Serbs and Byzantium during the Reign of Tsar Stephen Duˇsan (1331– 1355) and his Successors Washington Spadaro, G.A () ‘Studi introduttivi alla Cronaca di Morea’, Siculorum Gymnasium : – () ‘Studi introduttivi alla Cronaca di Morea’, Siculorum Gymnasium : – () Contributo sulle fonti del romanzo greco-medievale ‘Florio e Plaziaflora’, (Keimena kai meletai Neoellenikes Filologias ) Athens Stephenson, P () ‘The Byzantine frontier at the lower Danube in the late tenth and eleventh centuries’, in Power and Standen : – () Byzantium’s Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans 900–1204 Cambridge () The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer Cambridge Stratos, N A (ed.) () Byzantion: Aphieroma ston Andrea N Strato i Istoria Techne kai Archaiologia Athens Sugar, P (ed.) () Ethnic Diversity and Conflict in Eastern Europe Santa Barbara Swain, S () Hellenism and Empire: Language, Classicism and Power in the Greek World ad 50–250 Oxford Tafrali, O () Thessalonique au quatorzi`eme si`ecle Paris Tibi, B () ‘The simultaneity of the unsimultaneous: old tribes and imposed nation states in the modern Middle East’, in Khoury and Koshner : – Tonkin, E., M McDonald and M Chapman (eds.) () History and Ethnicity London Topping, P () ‘The post-classical documents’, in MacDonald and Rapp : – (b) Studies on Latin Greece ad 1205–1715 London Traquair, R (–) ‘Medieval fortresses’, ABSA : – Vacalopoulos, A E () ‘Letter to the editor’, Balkan Studies : – () Origins of the Greek Nation 1204–1461 New Brunswick, NJ van der Vin, J P A () Travellers to Greece and Constantinople: Ancient Monuments and Traditions in Medieval Travellers’ Tales Istanbul van Dieten, J L () Niketas Choniates: Erlăauterungen zu den Reden und Briefen nebst einer Biographie Berlin and New York van Gemert, A () ‘Ellnwn pa©dev e©me{en, wv Ellhnev {anÛmen’, in Hokwerda : – Vroom, J () After Antiquity: Ceramics and Society in the Aegean from the 7th to the 20th Century ac Leiden Vryonis, S () The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century Berkeley (ed.) () The Past in Medieval and Modern Greek Culture Malibu ´ ci´c () ‘Byzantine cultural self-consciousness in the fifteenth century’, in Curˇ and Mouriki : – () ‘Greek identity in the Middle Ages’, EB : – Wace, A J B (–) ‘Frankish sculpture at Paroria and Geraki’, ABSA : – Bibliography Wagstaff, J M () ‘Further observations on the location of Grand Magne’, DOP : – Whitting, P (ed.) () Byzantium: An Introduction Oxford Williams, C K and O H Zervos () ‘Frankish Corinth: ’, Hesperia : – () ‘Frankish Corinth: ’, Hesperia : – () ‘Frankish Corinth: ’, Hesperia : – Wilson, N () ‘The church and classical studies in Byzantium’, Antike und Abendland : – () Scholars of Byzantium London Wolff, R L () ‘Romania: the Latin empire of Constantinople’, Speculum : – () ‘Politics in the Latin patriarchate of Constantinople’, DOP : – () Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople London Wood, I () The Merovingian Kingdoms 450–751 London Woodhouse, C M () George Gemistos Plethon: The Last of the Hellenes Oxford Xydis, S () ‘Medieval origins of modern Greek nationalism’, Balkan Studies : – Zakythinos, D A () Le despotat grec de Mor´ee ( vols.), ed and revised by C Malt´ezou London () ‘Rome dans la pens´ee politiques de Byzance du xiiie au xve si`ecle: la “th´eorie romaine” a l’´epreuve des faits’, in Stratos : – Index Acciajuoli, Florentine family family estates in the Peloponnese , , , – Nerio , , Nicholas , , , Achaia, principality of , Angevin rule, , –, –, –, , –, , , , , , art and architecture , – churches and religion –, , , conflict with Byzantine Romans , , , , initial conquest , , land tenure –, law and administration –, –, –, , – Romans in army –, settlement in – Villehardouin rule –, , –, – Akova, castle in the Peloponnese , , Akropolites, George, historian conflicting ethnic and political identities , , , , , , forms of self-identification , –, , , , , , , , identifications of the other –, – life –, , outlook –, , , , –, Alamanikon , Alans , , , Albanians , , , Alexios I Komnenos, emperor –, , , , , approach to crusades –, , , , Alexios II Komnenos, emperor –, , , Alexios III Angelos, emperor , , , , , Alexios IV Angelos, emperor –, Alexios V Mourtzouphlos, emperor , Amykli, see Nikli Anchialos Ancona, Anconans , Andravida, town in the Peloponnese , , , Andronikos I Komnenos, emperor –, , , , , , Andronikos II Palaiologos, emperor –, , , , foreign policy –, religious policy , truce with Achaia , , , Andronikos III Palaiologos, emperor –, , –, –, , , Andronikos IV Palaiologos, emperor , , Anjou, Angevins , , , , , , , and see Achaia, principality of and Charles I of Anjou Ankara, battle , Anne of Savoy, empress Anthony IV, patriarch of Constantinople – Antioch –, , , , , Apokaukos, Alexios, statesman Aquinas, Thomas Araklova, castle in the Peloponnese , Archipelago, duchy of the – Aristotle , , Armenia, Armenians , , , , , , , Arsenios, patriarch of Constantinople , , Asen I, king of Bulgaria Asia Minor border zone , , , , , , , , , conquered by Turks , , , , , , , , under the Komnenoi –, military aristocracy of , Index Asia Minor (cont.) in Pachymeres part of the empire , , , , , , , , , Assizes of Romania, the , –, , , , Athens ancient bishopric of Michael Choniates , , lordship, duchy , , , , , , , , , Aydin Turks , , , Baldwin I, Latin emperor , , –, , , Baldwin II, Latin emperor , , , , Balkans independent states in , , , , , part of the empire –, –, , , , Balsamon, Theodore, patriarch of Antioch barbaros, barbarism , , in Akropolites , –, , , in Choniates –, , , , in the Chronicle of the Morea –, contrasted with Hellen –, , , criteria of –, , –, , , in Gregoras –, in Kantakouzenos –, in Manuel Palaiologos , in Mazaris –, in Pachymeres –, , – Barlaam, monk Basil II, emperor , , basileus , , , , in Akropolites , , , in Choniates , , , , in the Chronicle of the Morea , , , , in Gregoras , , –, in Kantakouzenos , , , –, in Pachymeres , , , , Bayezid I, Ottoman sultan , , Bekkos, John, patriarch of Constantinople –, Benedict XII, pope Benjamin of Tudela, traveller bilingualism in the Peloponnese –, –, , , – Black Death , , , Black Sea , , , , , , , , Blemmydes, Nikephoros, writer , Bohemond of Taranto, Norman prince , Boiotia , , Boniface of Montferrat, ruler of Thessaloniki –, , , , , , Briel, Geoffrey de, lord of Karytaina –, , , , , Briel, Geoffrey de, claimant to Karytaina , , Brienne, Gauthier de, duke of Athens , , Bulgaria, Bulgarians attacks on the empire , –, attacks on Latin territories , , as contrasting ethnicity , , –, , , , , , , , , –, , , , fellow Christians , –, , independent state , , , , , –, , –, , Cairo, Mamluk , , , , , casaux de parc¸on , , , Castelneuf, castle in the Peloponnese Catalan, Catalans activities in southern Greece , , , as contrasting ethnicity , , , , , , , mercenaries to the empire – Catherine de Valois, Latin empress , – Centurione Zaccaria, prince of Achaia Chalkokondyles, Laonikos, historian Chamaretoi, Peloponnesian family , , , Charlemagne, western emperor , Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily , , Chios , , , –, Chlemoutsi, castle in the Peloponnese Chomatianos, Demetrios, archbishop of Ochrid , , Choniates, Michael, bishop of Athens , –, , Choniates, Niketas, historian , , conflicting ethnic and political identities –, –, forms of self-identification –, , , , , –, , , , , , identifications of the other , –, , , , , life – outlook and style , –, –, Christianity, Orthodox as alternative ethnicity –, , –, –, , , as Roman ethnic criterion , , , , –, , –, –, , , , criteria of – Index Chronicle of the Morea Aragonese , , , , – French , , , , , , , , , –, , Greek , –, – anti-Greek? , , –, – conflict between ethnic and political identities Hellen identification of others –, later versions , , , –, –, Roman identification –, , Italian civil war first , , , second –, , , Clari, Robert de, crusader and writer Clement VI, pope , Clermont, council at Conrad II de Hohenstaufen, western emperor Constantine the Great, emperor , , Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, emperor De administrando imperio , –, , , , , De ceremoniis Constantine VIII, emperor Constantine X Doukas, emperor , Constantine Tich, king of Bulgaria Constantinople capture in , , , , , , , Latin , , , –, , , recapture by the Romans , , , , , , relationship with provinces, see prejudice siege , taken by Ottomans , content analysis – Corfu , Corinth, city in the Peloponnese , , , , , , , Coron, town in the Peloponnese , Crete, Venetian , , crusades, crusaders First Crusade –, , Second Crusade –, Third Crusade , , , Fourth Crusade –, , , –, states , , , , , , , , Cumans , , , , –, , –, , , , Cyprus, Latin –, , , , Daimonoiannis, Peloponnesian , Dandolo, Enrico, doge , despotate of the Morea (despotate of Mistra) , , – culture , –, , ruled by the Kantakouzenos family , , , – ruled by the Palaiologos family , , –, –, , Digenes Akrites , , , , diglossia Byzantine Roman –, , , , , –, , modern Greek – Directorium ad faciendum passagium transmarinum Doukas, historian Doxopatres, Peloponnesian , dynatoi –, , dytikos , , Elis, region of the Peloponnese , , emperor, imperial rule, as Roman ethnic criterion , –, , , , –, English , –, Ephesos, council of , Epiros, Epirots conflict with Nikaia –, , –, , , , ‘despotate of’ , , –, , , , , , , , , , –, , , , , , , people of, as contrasting ethnicity , –, , province of the empire , , – region , , ‘ethnic’ – ethnicity definitions –, – ethnic criteria , –, – and nationalism – role of tradition –, as subjective belief – ‘us and them’ , –, ethnonym, ethnic names , , , , , , , ethnos , , –, , , , Eustathios, archbishop of Thessaloniki , , –, , , Evia , , , , Ferrando of Majorca feudalism – filioque –, , , Index Florent de Hainault, prince of Achaia , , , truce with the empire – Florios and Platzia-Flora Fragkos, Frank , , , , , , , , , , –, France, French , , , Frederick I of Hohenstaufen (Barbarossa), western emperor , –, , life – outlook – Gregory of Cyprus, patriarch of Constantinople , –, Gregory of Nazianzenos, patriarch of Constantinople Gregory IX, pope Guillaume I de Champlitte, prince of Achaia , –, , Gabras, family in Trebizond Galata – Gardiki, town in the Peloponnese , , gasmoulos –, , –, Gemistos Plethon, George –, Genoa, Genoese , , , , –, , –, genos , –, in Akropolites , –, , in Choniates , , , in the Chronicle of the Morea , , in Gregoras in Pachymeres – Geoffrey I de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia foundation of the principality , –, , policy of compromise –, , , Geoffrey II de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia , , – Geraki, town in the Peloponnese , , , German, Germans, Germany –, –, , , , , Germanos II, patriarch of Constantinople Glarentsa, town in the Peloponnese , , Glykas, Michael Graikos , , –, , , –, , , Grand Maine, castle in the Peloponnese , , , Greece, modern , , , and see Greek language and nationalism Greek language, see also diglossia as diglossic –, , – as Roman ethnic criterion , , , –, , , , , , – Gregoras, Nikephoros, historian , conflicting ethnic and political identities , –, –, forms of self-identification –, –, –, –, , identifications of others , –, –, Hellen , , , –, , , in Akropolites – in Choniates , – in the Chronicle of the Morea in Gregoras – in Kantakouzenos in Manuel Palaiologos in Mazaris in Pachymeres , – Hellenism, Byzantine –, –, –, , –, Henry of Flanders, Latin emperor , , , , , , Henry VI de Hohenstaufen, western emperor – Herodotos , hesychasm –, , Homer , Hospitallers (Knights Hospitaller of St John of Jerusalem) , –, , , , hot iron, trial by – Humbert, cardinal , Hungarians, Hungary , , , , , Innocent III, pope , , , Isaak I Komnenos, emperor , Isaak II Angelos, emperor –, –, , , Isabeau de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia –, , , , Isabelle de Lusignan, wife of Manuel Kantakouzenos Isova, Cistercian monastery , Italos, John –, , Jacques des Baux, prince of Achaia Jerusalem , , , , , Jews , , Joanna of Naples, prince of Achaia John II Komnenos, emperor , –, , , John III Vatatzes, emperor –, , , , , John IV Laskaris, emperor , , , , Index John V Palaiologos, emperor –, , , , , John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor and historian conflicting ethnic and political identities , , –, –, forms of self-identification , , , –, –, , , , identifications of the other , –, , life –, , – outlook – John VII Palaiologos, emperor John VIII Palaiologos, emperor John XXII, pope , John Alexander, king of Bulgaria John Asen II, king of Bulgaria , , , John Glykys, patriarch of Constantinople John Kamaretos, patriarch of Constantinople Kalamata , , –, , Kalekas, John, statesman Kantakouzenos, Manuel, despot of Mistra , , , , , Kantakouzenos, Matthew, despot of Mistra , Karytaina, castle in the Peloponnese , , Kekaumenos Kilij Arslan, Seljuk sultan , Kinnamos, John Klokotnica, battle , Komnene, Anna , –, , , , , , , , Komnenoi, aristocratic family and imperial dynasty creation of new aristocracy , , culture under , , in Cyprus period of rule , , , –, , , , , , in Trebizond –, – Krestena, settlement in the Peloponnese , Kritoboulos, historian Kydones, Demetrios, writer , Lachanas, ruler of Bulgaria – Lakonia, Lakonians, region of the Peloponnese , , , , , , , –, Laskaris Kalopheros, John Lateran council, fourth Latin empire , , acceptance as legitimate –, , , establishment – Roman subjects of , –, , Leftro, castle in the Peloponnese , Lentiana Leo VI, emperor , , Lesbos , –, Libistros and Rhodamne , literature, Byzantine –, – classicising , –, , –, , vernacular , , –, , – Liutprand, bishop of Cremona Louis of Burgundy Lyons, council of , –, , Macedonia , , , , , , , Macedonian dynasty –, , , , , , Mahaut de Hainault Makry Plagi, battle , , Mamluks , , , , , Manasses, Constantine, writer , Mangaphas, Theodore, aristocrat Manglavites, Nicholas, leader in Melnik – Mani , , – Manuel I Komnenos, emperor , –, , , , , , phillatinism , –, , , , Manuel II Palaiologos, emperor , , forms of self-identification –, – identifications of the other , , life , , –, , , outlook Manuscrit de Roi Manzikert, battle Maria of Antioch, empress –, Marie of Bourbon Maure, Peloponnesian family , , , – Mazaris, writer , – forms of self-identification , , – identifications of the other , – life outlook –, Mehmet I, Ottoman sultan Mehmet II, Ottoman sultan Melnik –, Mesembreia , Messenia, region of the Peloponnese , , , , , Metaphrastes, Simeon, hagiographer , Metochites, Theodore, civil servant, writer –, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epiros , , Michael II Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epiros , , , Michael VI Stratiotikos, emperor , Index Michael VII Doukas, emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, emperor in Akropolites , , , , – autobiography , in the Chronicle of the Morea , , expansionist policy , , , , in Pachymeres , –, , – policy towards Trebizond policy towards the west –, , religious policy , –, , , – retaking of Constantinople , , , , usurpation of John IV , , , Michael IX Palaiologos , Michael Kerularios, patriarch of Constantinople , , Mistra, town in the Peloponnese, see also despotate of the Morea under the Byzantine Romans (before the despotate) , , , , –, , , , –, –, , , , castle , , , palace , mixobarbaros , Modon, town in the Peloponnese , , Monemvasia, town in the Peloponnese ceded to the Byzantine Romans , –, , under the Latins , in the twelfth century Mongols (Tatars) as contrasting ethnicity , , , , , , , , war with the Ottomans , monophysitism , Moraătes , Morosini, Thomas, Latin patriarch of Constantinople , Moschos, John, monk Mourmoures, Peloponnesian family , Muntaner, Ramon, writer Murad I, Ottoman sultan Myriokephalon, battle Nafplio, town in the Peloponnese nationalism , – modern Greek –, –, , Navarrese , –, Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople Nikaia, empire of , , , , , , , , conflict with Epiros –, , , , , , , conflict with the Latin empire , , , establishment , , – Hellenism and , – internal administration , Nikephoros III Botaneiates, emperor Nikli (Amykli), town in the Peloponnese , – Norman, Normans of Sicily , attacks on Byzantine territory , , –, , , as contrasting ethnicity , , , Thessaloniki, sack of , , , , , , Orsini, John, ruler of Epiros Ottoman Turks , allies of the empire –, attacks on the empire , , , , , –, –, , , as contrasting ethnicity , , Pachymeres, George, historian , , conflicting ethnic and political identities –, , forms of self-identification –, , , – identifications of the other –, life , – outlook , , –, , , Palaiologos, Andronikos Asen, general Palamas, Gregory, monk Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos, historian , Patras, town in the Peloponnese , Pechenegs , , Pelagius, cardinal Pelagonia, battle , , , , , armies at , Peloponnese, the –, , –, –, –, , before the Latin conquest , , – Latin rule in , , –, –, , , , , re-establishment of Byzantine Romans in , , , –, , Slavs of , , , , , , , Peloponnesioi , –, , –, , , , Peter de St Superan, prince of Achaia – Philanthropenos, Alexios, general Philip of Savoy, prince of Achaia , Philippopolis , , Philokalos, Peloponnesian , , , Phokaia , , –, Phrantzes (Sphrantzes), George, historian Pisa, Pisans , Plato Poimanenon Index Polemitas, village in the Peloponnese polyethnicity within the empire , , , , –, , , , – Pousgousae, Lake (Lake Beys¸ehir) , , prejudice between elite and other groups Constantinople versus the provinces –, , –, –, , , –, , , , –, – Constantinople versus those outside the empire , , principality of the Morea, see Achaia, principality of Prinitsa, battle , , Prodromos, Theodore, writer pronoia –, , Psellos, Michael, writer – ptochoi –, , racism Rhodes , Rhomaăkos , , , in Akropolites , in Choniates , – in Gregoras in Kantakouzenos in Pachymeres , Rhomaios (Roman) , , –, in Akropolites , –, –, –, , , , in Choniates –, , , , – in the Chronicle of the Morea , –, –, , – as customary self-identification within the imperial region , –, , –, , , , , , , , –, , , , , ethnic criteria , , , , –, , , , –, , –, , , –, –, – formulas, ‘plain’ and ‘genitive’ in Gregoras –, , , –, – in Kantakouzenos –, , –, –, – in Manuel Palaiologos –, , in Mazaris , , , in Pachymeres –, –, , – political versus ethnic identities , –, , –, , , , , , –, , and see under individual authors Rhomaăs , , , in Akropolites , in Pachymeres , Rhomaăzontes , , , , Rhomania , , , in the Chronicle of the Morea – in Kantakouzenos in Pachymeres Robert de Courtenay, Latin emperor , Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia , , Robert of Taranto, prince of Achaia Roger II de Hauteville, king of Sicily – Roger de Flor, Catalan leader , , romances , –, , , Romanos IV Diogenes, emperor –, Russia, Russians , , , , St George, castle in the Peloponnese , , , St Omer, Nicholas de, Peloponnesian , Saladin , Santameri, settlement in the Peloponnese Sanudo Torsello, Marino, writer Saracens , , , , , schism, church , , –, , dual churches , – papal supremacy , , , – proposals for church union , , , –, –, –, Scotland, Scots, ethnic identity of , Seljuk Turks conquest of Asia Minor –, , , , , , , as contrasting ethnicity , , emirate of Danishmend sultanate of Rhum , , , , , , separatism, regional , , , , , , –, –, Serbia, Serbs allied to the empire , , , attacks on the empire , , , as contrasting ethnicity –, , , , , , , , , , , independent state –, Serres, council at , Sgouros, Leon, lord of Nafplio , –, , , , , Sicilian Vespers Simonis Palaiologina, daughter of Andronikos II , Skyth, see Cumans Stefan I Nemanja, ruler of Rascia (Serbia) , Stefan II Uroˇs Milutin, ruler of Serbia , –, Stefan III Uroˇs Deˇcanski, ruler of Serbia Stefan IV Uroˇs Duˇsan, ruler of Serbia , role in civil wars , Romanised policies , –, , , Stoudites, Theodore, saint Index Strategopoulos, Alexios, general , Syrian church Tacitus Tale of Achilles, The Tatars, see Mongols thelematarioi –, , , , Theodora, empress Theodore Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epiros , , –, , , Theodore I Komnenos Laskaris, emperor of Nikaia , , , , , – Theodore I Palaiologos, despot of Mistra , , –, , , Theodore II Laskaris, emperor of Nikaia –, , , Hellenism , , Theodore II Palaiologos, despot of Mistra Theodore Palaiologos, marquis of Montferrat , , Theophylact, archbishop of Ochrid , Thessaloniki , Byzantine Roman , , – captured by Normans , , , , , , Latin kingdom of , , Thucydides , Tornikes, George, bishop of Ephesos Trebizond , , –, –, , , Trissakia, church in the Peloponnese , Turkomans Turks, and see Ottoman Turks and Seljuk Turks attacks on the empire , as contrasting ethnicity , , , , –, , , , , , , mercenary troops , –, , , Tzetzes, John, writer Urban II, pope Varangian guard , , –, , Vasilikoi, brothers from Rhodes –, Venetian, Venetians, Venice as contrasting ethnicity , , , living in the empire , , , , mass arrest , , , relationship with the empire , , –, , , , role in the Fourth Crusade – territories in the Aegean region , , , , , , , , , , see also Crete and Cyprus Verrhoia, Verrhiotes –, –, Villehardouin, Geoffrey de, crusader and writer , Viterbo, treaty , – Vlachs , , Vlakhernae, monastery in the Peloponnese Voulkano, settlement in the Peloponnese , War of Troy, The William II de Villehardouin, prince of Achaia –, , , , , , , , – campaign and battle of Pelagonia , , marriage , negotiations with Nikaia –, , , , , , Yugoslavia, states of the former , Zaraka, Cistercian monastery , Zoe, empress ... at the University of Manchester, Dr Page went on to complete a doctorate at the University of Leeds BEING BYZANTINE Greek identity before the Ottomans GILL PAGE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, ... Romans’, and the people of the empire by and large thought of themselves as ‘Romans’ in a Being Byzantine: Greek identity before the Ottomans usage that survived beyond the term of the empire... –, Nicol : – Being Byzantine: Greek identity before the Ottomans should have been consolidating and defending the capital The result was that, in the end, the Latin empire of Constantinople