This page intentionally left blank International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights A range of emerging refugee claims is beginning to challenge the boundaries of the Refugee Convention regime and question traditional distinctions between ‘economic migrants’ and ‘political refugees’ This book identifies the conceptual and analytical challenges presented by claims based on socioeconomic deprivation, and assesses the extent to which these challenges may be overcome by a creative interpretation of the Refugee Convention, consistent with correct principles of international treaty interpretation The central argument is that, notwithstanding the dichotomy between ‘economic migrants’ and ‘political refugees’, the Refugee Convention is capable of accommodating a more complex analysis which recognizes that many claims based on socio-economic deprivation are indeed properly considered within its purview This, the first book to consider these issues, will be of great interest to refugee law scholars, advocates, decision-makers and non-governmental organizations Michelle Foster is a Senior Lecturer and Director of the Research Programme in International Refugee Law at the Institute for International Law and the Humanities, University of Melbourne Law School Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields of public and private international law and comparative law Although these are distinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels Private international law is now often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international and national systems interact National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus of attention The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and those focusing on the new approaches to international or comparative law or conflicts of law Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages General Editors James Crawford SC FBA Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law, University of Cambridge John S Bell FBA Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth Australian National University Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law School Professor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law School Professor Christopher Greenwood London School of Economics Professor David Johnston University of Edinburgh Professor Hein Ko ătz Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg Professor Donald McRae University of Ottawa Professor Onuma Yasuaki University of Tokyo Professor Reinhard Zimmermann Universitaăt Regensburg Advisory Committee Professor D W Bowett QC Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC Professor J A Jolowicz QC Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC Professor Kurt Lipstein Judge Stephen Schwebel A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights Refuge from Deprivation Michelle Foster CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521870177 © Michelle Foster 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-29495-2 ISBN-10 0-511-29495-6 eBook (EBL) hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-87017-7 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-87017-8 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Acknowledgements Table of cases Table of treaties and other international instruments List of abbreviations page ix xiii xliii xlv Introduction Background The key conceptual challenge: economic migrants versus refugees Challenging the simplistic dichotomy Organization and methodology of analysis A human rights framework for interpreting the refugee convention Part one: the developing human rights framework Part two: justification of the human rights framework The need for a universal and objective standard Human rights as the standard: object and purpose The human rights approach confirmed by context Other rules of international law: promoting coherence Part three: possible objections to the human rights approach Concerns about the legitimacy of the human rights approach Concerns about the workability of the human rights approach Conclusion v 11 21 27 27 36 36 40 49 51 75 75 85 86 vi CONTENTS Persecution and socio-economic deprivation in refugee law Introduction Socio-economic rights and persecution: an overview Conceptual approaches to socio-economic rights and persecution Problems and difficulties in the current approach Conclusion Rethinking the conceptual approach to socio-economic claims Introduction Part one: the current approach to persecution in light of international human rights law The legitimacy of a normative hierarchy in human rights The merits of a categorical approach based on state obligation The interdependence of human rights Conclusion on hierarchies and models in refugee law Part two: revisiting violations of socio-economic rights and persecution The core obligations approach: general considerations Right to education and persecution Right to health and persecution Conclusion Economic deprivation as the reason for being persecuted Introduction When is persecution for a Convention reason? The particular challenge of socio-economic claims The desire for a ‘better life’: economic migrants versus political refugees The causal connection to a refugee convention ground The meaning of the nexus clause: is intention required? Evidentiary issues: singling out versus group-based harm Conclusion Economic disadvantage and the Refugee Convention grounds Introduction 87 87 90 111 123 154 156 156 156 157 168 181 190 201 201 214 226 235 236 236 237 238 247 263 286 289 291 291 CONTENTS Interpreting the social group ground: conceptual approaches Particular social groups Economic class Occupation Disabled and ill persons Women Children vii 292 304 304 313 318 324 329 Conclusion 339 Conclusions 341 Bibliography Index 356 379 382 INDEX ‘generalized economic disadvantage’ 287, 289 gender, see women general comments, of treaty bodies 81–4, 153, 181; see also Economic Committee, general comments, Human Rights Committee, general comments generations of human rights, see categories of human rights Germany 11, 129, 279 girls see also children; women girls, discrimination and other harms faced by 217, 244, 284–5, 309, 328 Gleeson CJ 202, 269, 294, 303 Goodwill-Gill, Guy 192 government employees 97–101 government policies 203–4, 343–4, 346–8 Grahl-Madsen, Atle 87, 90 group-based harm/persecution 286–9 Guatemala 28–36, 312–13 Gummow J 294 Haiti 2, 252, 310 Hale LJ 78 handbook, UNHCR see United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Harding, Jeremy 9, 10 hardship, see socio-economic rights Hathaway, James C 27, 56, 58–9, 64, 70, 91, 99, 113–25, 127, 136, 137, 145, 148, 168–9, 178, 191, 199, 248, 259, 354 health content of right to 226–7 deprivation of as persecution 104, 226–35 environment and the right to health 233–4 equal access to health services 226–7 resource allocation of services 230–2 right to 104–5, 116, 133, 141–2, 145–6, 154, 177, 184, 185, 197, 206, 226–35 Special Rapporteur on 18 Heerey J 273 hierarchy of human rights 112–23, 123–54, 147–8, 150–1, 155–68, 178–82, 186–9, 192, 194, 213, 235, 342 normative 157–68, 235 problems with 123–32, 136, 138 hierarchy of obligation 168, 181, 235 Higgins, Rosalyn 70 HIV status 104, 210, 217, 227–32, 307, 312, 319, 321–3, 350 Hobhouse LJ 314 Hoffmann, Lord 57 ‘holistic’ approach to refugee claims 25 homelessness 185, 203 homosexuality 48, 233, 246–7, 299, 312 Honduras 250, 283, 313 Hong Kong housing, right to and property rights 147–50 deprivation as persecution 139–40 Special Rapporteur on 18 see also evictions human dignity 102–3, 127, 130, 166, 193, 215, 300, 308, 311, 313 human rights 13, 15–7, 23–4 interdependence of 181–9, 235 international principles of 27, 36–44, 50–1, 58, 79–81, 84, 89, 301, 303, 312; see also international law of human rights universality and indivisibility of 166, 181, 192 human rights approach to refugee determination 27–36, 87, 190–201, 299, 342 confirmation by context 49–51 legitimacy of 75–84 workability of 85–6 Human Rights Committee (HRC) 68, 70, 150, 152, 160–1, 173, 178, 179, 184–5, 197 General comments 160–1, 184–5 human rights violations 46, 80–1, 157, 174, 190–3, 282, 341–5 seriousness of 193–5, 198 Human Rights Watch (HRW) 19, 150, 217, 232 human rights workers 315 Hungary 219 illegitimate children see children; ‘one child policy’ immediate obligation, duties of 172–4, 177; see also obligations (of states) immigration control 347 inability to protect see agents of persecution India 252, 304 infant mortality 161, 185 inhuman or degrading treatment 187–8, 232; see also cruel; inhuman or degrading treatment innate or immutable characteristics see membership of a particular social group intention 237, 263–70, 272, 274–86, 290 and the nexus criterion 263–70 of the persecutor or home state 264–70 Inter-American Court of Human Rights 69 INDEX interdependence and indivisibility (of human rights) 17, 150–1, 164–6, 181–9 internal protection alternative 28 International Association of Refugee Law Judges (IARLJ) 33, 35, 37, 113, 120–1, 193–4 International Bill of Rights (IBR) 27, 56, 66, 113, 120, 168 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 61 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 17, 27–8, 64, 83–4, 95, 98, 103, 107, 111, 113, 115–17, 122, 137, 138, 141–8, 150, 153, 158–61, 170–3, 176–7, 182–3, 196, 199–200, 203, 214, 215, 220, 222, 226, 309, 313, 317, 320 Preamble to 165–6 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 27, 64, 68, 98, 99, 113–17, 122, 143, 150, 160–1, 169, 173, 176–9, 182–5, 191, 221, 232, 309, 318–9, 350, 352 Preamble to 165–6 international law 15, 17, 18, 22, 25, 33–5, 40, 50–3, 60, 75–6, 79, 86, 204 criminal law 57–8 fragmentation of 157, 167–8 of human rights 50–2, 75, 81, 85, 90, 155–7, 167, 169–70, 183, 193, 195, 202–3, 235, 271, 276, 317–19, 342–3 possible conflict with domestic jurisdiction 347 relevance of 57–8, 61, 67 see also customary international law International Law Commission (ILC) 35, 52, 55, 56, 60, 157, 167 Iran 149, 212, 218, 222, 226, 269, 334 Ireland 14, 186 Israel 96, 327 Jacobs, Francis G 68 Jamaica 322 Jewish communities 11 judicial conversations 22, 69 judicial review 86 jus cogens norms 53–4, 180 justiciability of rights 162–3, 168, 184 Kenya 139, 150, 217, 328 kidnapping 267 King J 310 Kirby J 45, 273 Klabbers, Jan 42 Kosovo 189 383 Kuwait 107 Kyrgyzistan 206, 210 Laws LJ 277–8 Lebanon 133 legal aid 186–9 legislation, domestic 346 liberal approach to rights 159, 259, 262, 275, 345–9 liberty and security of the person, right to 92, 114–15, 132 life right to 114, 160, 181, 197, 198 social dimensions of 185, 234 life expectancy 185 Limburg principles 163, 171 limitations/restrictions (on rights) 176, 177, 195–7 livelihood, right to earn see work Lloyd, Lord 41–2 Maastricht Guidelines on Violations of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 163 Macoutes 95, 252 Madgwick J 274–6 Malaysia 316 Mali 229 malnutrition 161, 185 Mansfield J 98, 102 margin of appreciation 68–9 McHugh J 293–4, 298 medical treatment 104, 107, 115, 133, 141, 188, 226–33, 352 forced/coerced 232–3 membership of a particular social group (MPSG) 236, 267, 272, 281–5, 288, 292, 296, 323, 339, 343 as a Refugee Convention ground 292–303 Mexico 209, 337 Michigan Guidelines 259 Midgan caste 304–5 midwives 314 migrant workers 183, 187 minimum state obligations, see core obligations minorities, see ethnic minorities mixed motives 247–51, 268, 290 Montreal Principles on Women’s Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 163 motivation of applicants for refugee status 238, 243, 276 of persecutors 267, 272, 280–1 see also mixed motives 384 INDEX Muldoon J 275 Mummery LJ 314 Nathwani, Niraj 79 nationality 291 natural disasters 9, 348 natural law arguments 158 Nepal 311 Netherlands New Zealand 22, 116, 120, 122, 144, 190, 258, 260–1, 295 Refugee Status Appeals Authority (RSAA) 48, 71, 80, 94, 99, 102, 108–9, 117–18, 124, 136, 137, 146, 195, 234, 242, 274, 289, 304, 308, 310–11 nexus criterion 24, 236–8, 247–51, 261, 262, 270, 272–4, 281–3, 286–7, 289, 293, 324, 329, 343, 348–9, 354 methods of satisfying and the requirement for intention 263–70 Nicaragua 129, 148, 239 Nigeria 233, 271, 285, 307 non-derogable rights see derogation from rights non-discrimination, see discrimination non-government organizations 4, 19–20, 153, 231 non-state actors, see agents of persecution non-refoulement 21, 25, 45, 92, 349, 350 North Korea 2, 235 obligations (of states) positive/negative 159–61 progressive/immediate 169–72 requiring expenditure 161–2 to fulfil 174–5 to protect 174–5 to respect 174–5 vague/precise 162–3 object and purpose of treaty 40–9 obligation to fulfil 174–5 obligation to respect 174 obligations of result and of conduct 171 occupation defining a social group 313–18 Ogoni people 233–4 omissions of state see persecution, failure to act one child policy 4, 106, 204, 297, 334 ‘one factor’ test 256–9, 261 orphans 209–10, 212, 284, 286, 333 Orucu, Esin 195 Optional Protocol to the ICESCR 163 Pakistan 269, 346 Parker LJ 278 particular social groups (PSGs) 294–5, 297–304, 306–8, 310, 312–15, 317–19, 321–39; see also membership of a particular social group permeability of rights 185, 189 persecution agents of, see agents of persecution and socio-economic rights 90–123 as distinct from discrimination 213, 229 by non-state agents 107–9, 201–2, 265 current approach to 156–7, 342 definition of 27–34, 37, 39, 48, 53, 56–8, 62, 64, 73, 76–81, 86, 97, 114, 124–5, 127, 138, 149, 151, 154, 169, 175, 178, 180–1, 190–2, 204–5, 212–18, 234, 236, 310, 316, 344–5 economic 88, 90–123 of women and children 65–6, 206–12, 335 ordinary meaning of 272–3 passive-voice terminology for (‘being persecuted’) 273–4 risk of 219, 226–7, 230, 284, 286, 311–12, 324, 330, 332, 339 through failure to act 161, 202–5 well-founded fear of 87, 108, 238, 248, 249, 259, 271, 291, 326, 336; see also fear of persecution Peru 218 Philippines, the 239 Pill LJ 314 Poland 319 Pol Pot 315 police corruption 269 political opinion, persecution on basis of 249–53 political rights see civil and political rights political will 354 poor, see poverty positivism, legal 70 poverty 19, 66, 185–6, 206, 216, 222, 229, 237, 265, 267, 284, 306, 311, 317–19, 333 defining a social group 305–12 definition of 311 ‘predicament’ approach 270–86 privacy, right to 160, 187, 191, 198 professional workers 317 professions, see work programmatic rights 138 progressive realization of rights 170–6 property rights 109, 116, 147–51 and the right to housing 110, 147–50, 183, 232 of women 147–51 proportionality 176 INDEX prostitution 161, 206, 243, 266–7, 281, 283, 312, 316, 327–8, 339 protected characteristics 295, 299–303, 306–8, 313, 314, 317–19, 322, 331–2 protection see also internal protection alternative; agents of persecution protection, duty of 108, 161, 174, 202–5 public/private distinction 65–6 ‘pull’ and ‘push’ factors in migration quality of life 105, 214 racial discrimination see discrimination rape 265, 284 ‘reactive migration’ (Richmond) Refugee Convention 1–6, 15–17, 20–2, 236, 237, 245, 341, 348, 353–4 common understanding of 78 context for 49, 274 evolutionary approach to 63, 354 grounds under 24, 28, 237, 246–63, 268–70, 276, 277, 282–3, 285, 289–92, 324, 339, 343, 348, 353 implementation of 50–1, 207 inclusivity of 78, 81 interpretation of 22–4, 27–32, 36–44, 49, 51, 54–5, 62, 71, 75–7, 86, 91, 190, 200, 275, 277, 299 object and purpose of 42–9, 58, 79, 86, 256, 274–5, 299, 345 Preamble to 16, 42–4, 49, 314 Protocol to (1967) 62, 78, 348 refugee status assessments of 79–80, 167 definition of 15, 21, 23, 25–6, 28, 32–3, 35, 46, 49, 52, 79–80, 206, 236, 273 rights attaching to 22 regional human rights bodies and standards 51, 67–70, 186 Reinhardt J 252 religious discrimination and religious freedom 93, 98, 100, 129, 176, 198, 226, 233, 271, 291 religious education 221 religious orders 314 reservations, treaties 78 resource constraints 138–41, 140–2, 176, 205, 228 retrogressive measures 138, 172, 221 return to country of origin 112 Richmond, Anthony H 8–9 Rodger of Earlsferry, Lord 257 Roma communities 4, 108–9, 126, 134, 219–20, 242, 289, 291 Romania 224, 323 Russia 48, 141, 204, 206, 233, 322 385 Sachs J 182 St Kitts 187–8 schizophrenia 352 Scott, Craig 173 second-level rights 176, 178, 188 Sedley LJ 25 sex, persecution on account of see women sex trade 268, 285, 306 sexual harassment 312 sexual orientation see homosexuality sexual violence 208, 211, 212, 265, 282, 327–8; see also rape shelter see housing Simma, Bruno 62, 71 Simon-Brown LJ 92 Singapore 232 singling out of individuals for refugee status 10–11, 287–8, 290 slavery 114 Slovakia 134 social class 298, 304–7, 306–7 social group see membership of a particular social group social perception approach to MPSG 297, 299–300, 313, 315, 321 social rights see socio-economic rights socio-economic rights 15–26, 28, 46, 52, 84, 86, 90–123, 132–6, 142–7, 157–9, 169–70, 182–90, 199–206, 213–14, 235–42, 247–8, 287, 289–91, 318–19, 324, 335, 339–46, 350, 353–5 group-based nature of 287 hierarchical approaches to 113–23, 136, 138 inherent difficulties over claims to 151–4, 237–8 progressive implementation of 137–41 soft law 70–5, 135 sole motives 247 Somalia 206, 262, 284, 304–5, 326 South Africa 102 South Korea 328 Spijkerboer, Thomas 135 Steinbock, Daniel 78–9, 343 Steyn, Lord 328 stigmatization 228–9, 322 Storey, Hugo 302 street children 301, 306, 312, 335–7 subjective approach to human rights 38–9 Sudan 234 sufficiency of protection 270, 325; see also protection surrogate protection 77, 284 386 INDEX Tanzania 326 targeting requirement see singling out; see also intention taxi drivers 315, 317 terrorism 252 Thailand 267–8, 327 third-level rights 116–17, 122, 124–7, 132–3, 148, 151–2, 169, 175, 187–8, 337 tort 256 torture 114, 160, 168, 197, 349, 350, 353 trade unions 171, 177, 312–13 trafficking 4, 8, 74, 161, 206, 243–4, 246, 254, 265–72, 280–1, 284–6, 306, 311, 330, 337, 339 treaties common intentions of parties to 56–7 evolutionary aspect of 59–63 interpretation of 40–1, 53, 55, 59–63, 71, 72, 75–6, 86, 196, 298, 342, 348 inter-temporality issue for 60–1 object and purpose 40–9 on human rights 55–6, 64 preambles of 42–3, 45 treaty bodies 75, 81–5, 152–3, 159, 170, 195 Tuitt, Patricia typology of state obligation 173–5 unable to protect 108; see also agents of persecution unemployment see work union membership, right to 312–13 United Kingdom 23, 29, 116, 120, 187, 258, 264, 281, 296, 307, 346, 350 Court of Appeal 116, 121, 139, 195, 276–8, 314 House of Lords 277–8 Immigration Appeal Tribunal (IAT) 92, 105, 116, 121, 124, 145, 151, 188, 206, 214, 224, 236, 240–3, 262, 269, 305, 314, 328, 329, 335, 350–1 Queen’s Bench Division 242 Special Adjudicator 241, 242, 284 United Nations 164–5 Charter 43 Commission on Human Rights 17, 311 Declaration on the Rights of the Disabled 320 General Assembly 72, 73 High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) 9–10, 22, 32, 37, 44, 49, 51, 58, 71, 72, 75, 121, 223, 259, 267, 279, 285, 293, 300, 322, 325, 348 Handbook (1979) 11–13, 32, 71–2, 95 see also Human Rights Committee; Economic Committee United States 2, 23, 37, 85, 99–101, 109, 119, 127–8, 130, 134, 141, 208–10, 213, 227, 233, 256–8, 264, 287, 307, 322, 349 Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) 249–52, 255, 283–4, 296, 315, 316, 323, 339 Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) 287, 323 Supreme Court 264 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 16, 27–8, 43, 49, 64, 95, 113–17, 138, 143, 148, 164, 309, 313 university education 224–5; see also education unwilling to protect 108; see also agents of persecution Uzbekistan 246, 339 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) 35, 40–1, 49, 51, 55, 60–1, 72, 75, 190, 272, 274, 299 Art 31 41–2 Art 31 (2) 49 Art 31 (3)(c) 51–62, 79 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action (1993) 166, 181 Vietnam 2, 191, 316, 335 violence domestic 79, 209, 211, 265, 269, 282, 303, 335–6 fear of 167 voluntary migration 6–9, 25, 238, 243–7, 246, 341, 343 voting rights 160 vulnerable groups 205–6, 226, 265, 268, 272, 281, 283–6, 310 warlords 10 water, right to 107, 161, 172–3, 197 wealth of applicants for refugee status 239 well founded fear see persecution White, R.C.A 68 Wiener J 251 women as a particular social group 285–6, 303, 324–8 discrimination against 38, 72 empowerment of 222 equality for 66, 171 harms faced by 185, 207, 243–5, 265–70, 281–2, 309 persecution of 65–6 rights of 15, 16, 135, 147–50 violence against 72 INDEX work dangerous 101 denial of as persecution 94–103 freedom of choice of occupation 313–18 just and favourable working conditions 99–101 personal and social dimension of 101–2 right not to be arbitrarily deprived of 315–18 right to 90–1, 94–103, 105–7, 115–16, 124, 126, 130–3, 138, 154, 183, 197–8, 313, 314, 323 suitable/commensurate with qualifications 99–101 387 World Bank 309 World Conference on Human Rights (1993) 166 World Trade Organization (WTO) 76 Young, Wendy 151, 211 Yugoslavia 92 Zaire 203 Zimbabwe 102, 234 Zolberg, Aristide R 7–9, 13 Cambridge Studies in International and Comparative Law Books in the series National Law in WTO Law Effectiveness and Good Governance in the World Trading System Sharif Bhuiyan The Threat of Force in International Law ă rchler Nikolas Stu Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards Alexandra Xanthaki International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights Michelle Foster The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict Roger O’Keefe Interpretation and Revision of International Boundary Decisions Kaiyan Kaikobad Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility Limitations and Opportunities in International Law Jennifer A Zerk Judiciaries within Europe A Comparative Review John Bell Law in Times of Crisis Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice Oren Gross and Fionnuala Nı´ Aola´in Vessel-Source Marine Pollution The Law and Politics of International Regulation Alan Tan Enforcing Obligations Erga Omnes in International Law Christian J Tams Non-Governmental Organisations in International Law Anna-Karin Lindblom Democracy, Minorities and International Law Steven Wheatley Prosecuting International Crimes Selectivity and the International Law Regime Robert Cryer Compensation for Personal Injury in English, German and Italian Law A Comparative Outline Basil Markesinis, Michael Coester, Guido Alpa, Augustus Ullstein Dispute Settlement in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Natalie Klein The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons Catherine Phuong Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law Antony Anghie Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States Judith Gardam International Legal Argument in the Permanent Court of International Justice The Rise of the International Judiciary Ole Spiermann Great Powers and Outlaw States Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order Gerry Simpson Local Remedies in International Law C F Amerasinghe Reading Humanitarian Intervention Human Rights and the Use of Force in International Law Anne Orford Conflict of Norms in Public International Law How WTO Law Relates to Other Rules of Law Joost Pauwelyn Transboundary Damage in International Law Hanqin Xue European Criminal Procedures Edited by Mireille Delmas-Marty and John Spencer The Accountability of Armed Opposition Groups in International Law Liesbeth Zegveld Sharing Transboundary Resources International Law and Optimal Resource Use Eyal Benvenisti International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Rene´ Provost Remedies Against International Organisations Karel Wellens Diversity and Self-Determination in International Law Karen Knop The Law of Internal Armed Conflict Lindsay Moir International Commercial Arbitration and African States Practice, Participation and Institutional Development Amazu A Asouzu The Enforceability of Promises in European Contract Law James Gordley International Law in Antiquity David J Bederman Money Laundering A New International Law Enforcement Model Guy Stessens Good Faith in European Contract Law Reinhard Zimmermann and Simon Whittaker On Civil Procedure J A Jolowicz Trusts A Comparative Study Maurizio Lupoi The Right to Property in Commonwealth Constitutions Tom Allen International Organizations Before National Courts August Reinisch The Changing International Law of High Seas Fisheries ˜a Francisco Orrego Vicun Trade and the Environment A Comparative Study of EC and US Law Damien Geradin Unjust Enrichment A Study of Private Law and Public Values Hanoch Dagan Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe Malcolm D Evans Ethics and Authority in International Law Alfred P Rubin Sovereignty Over Natural Resources Balancing Rights and Duties Nico Schrijver The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law Donald R Rothwell Fragmentation and the International Relations of Micro-States Self-determination and Statehood Jorri Duursma Principles of the Institutional Law of International Organizations C F Amerasinghe ... Persecution and socio- economic deprivation in refugee law Introduction Socio- economic rights and persecution: an overview Conceptual approaches to socio- economic rights and persecution Problems and difficulties... be found at the end of this volume International Refugee Law and Socio- Economic Rights Refuge from Deprivation Michelle Foster CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid,... intentionally left blank International Refugee Law and Socio- Economic Rights A range of emerging refugee claims is beginning to challenge the boundaries of the Refugee Convention regime and question traditional