0521867363 cambridge university press to have and to hold marrying and itsumentation in western christendom 400 1600 feb 2007

P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 This page intentionally left blank ii December 13, 2006 15:48 P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 13, 2006 15:48 To Have and to Hold This volume analyzes how, why, and when pre-modern Europeans documented their marriages – through property deeds, marital settlements, dotal charters, church court depositions, and other indicia of marital consent The authors consider both the function of documentation in the process of marrying and what the surviving documents say about pre-modern marriage and how people in the day understood it Drawing on archival evidence from classical Rome; medieval France, England, Iceland, and Ireland; and Renaissance Florence, Douai, and Geneva, the volume provides a rich interdisciplinary analysis of the range of material customs, laws, and practices in Western Christendom The chapters include freshly translated specimen documents that bring the reader closer to the actual practice of marrying than the normative literature of pre-modern theology and canon law Philip L Reynolds is Aquinas Professor of Historical Theology in the Candler School of Theology at Emory University and a Senior Fellow in the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University His publications include Marriage in the Western Church: The Christianization of Marriage during the Patristic and Early Medieval Periods (1994) and Food and the Body: Some Peculiar Questions in High Medieval Theology (1999) John Witte, Jr is the Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law and Director of the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University A world-class scholar of legal history, marriage, and religious liberty, he has published 120 articles, journal symposia, and 19 books, including From Sacrament to Contract: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition and God’s Joust, God’s Justice: Law and Religion in the Western Tradition His writings have appeared in German, French, Italian, Hebrew, Spanish, Russian, Ukrainian, and Romanian translations i P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 ii December 13, 2006 15:48 P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 13, 2006 To Have and to Hold Marrying and Its Documentation in Western Christendom, 400–1600 Edited by Philip L Reynolds Emory University John Witte, Jr Emory University iii 15:48 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521867368 © Cambridge University Press 2007 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2007 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-29487-7 ISBN-10 0-511-29487-5 eBook (EBL) hardback ISBN-13 978-0-521-86736-8 hardback ISBN-10 0-521-86736-3 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 13, 2006 15:48 Contents List of Contributors page vii Preface and Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xv Marrying and Its Documentation in Pre-Modern Europe: Consent, Celebration, and Property Philip L Reynolds Marrying and Its Documentation in Later Roman Law Judith Evans-Grubbs Marrying and the Tabulae Nuptiales in Roman North Africa from Tertullian to Augustine David G Hunter Dotal Charters in the Frankish Tradition Philip L Reynolds Marriage and Diplomatics: Five Dower Charters from the Regions of Laon and Soissons, 1163–1181 Laurent Morelle 43 95 114 165 Marriage Agreements from Twelfth-Century Southern France Cynthia Johnson 215 Marriage Contracts in Medieval England R H Helmholz 260 Marriage Contracts and the Church Courts of Fourteenth-Century England Frederik Pedersen [v] 287 P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds vi 521 86736 December 13, 2006 15:48 Contents Marrying and Marriage Litigation in Medieval Ireland Art Cosgrove 332 10 Marriage Contracts in Medieval Iceland Agnes S Arn´orsd´ottir 360 11 Contracting Marriage in Renaissance Florence Thomas Kuehn 390 12 Marital Property Law as Socio-Cultural Text: The Case of Late-Medieval Douai Martha C Howell 421 Marriage Contracts, Liturgies, and Properties in Reformation Geneva John Witte, Jr 453 13 Index 489 P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 13, 2006 15:48 List of Contributors ´ ottir ´ Agnes S Arn osd is Associate Professor in the Institute of History and Area Studies at the University of Aarhus, Denmark Art Cosgrove is Professor Emeritus of History and former President of University College Dublin Judith Evans-Grubbs is Professor of Classics at Washington University in St Louis R H Helmholz is Ruth Wyatt Rosenson Distinguished Service Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Martha C Howell is Miriam Champion Professor of History at Columbia University David G Hunter is Monsignor James A Supple Professor of Catholic Studies at Iowa State University Cynthia Johnson is currently at the University of Toulouse-Mirail, France, completing her second doctorate in history, and she is an associated member of the research group FRAMESPA in the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Thomas Kuehn is Professor and Department Chair of History at Clemson University ´ ´ Laurent Morelle is Director of Studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (division of historical and philological sciences), Paris Frederik Pedersen is Lecturer in History at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland [ vii ] P1: JZZ 0521867363pre CUFX069/Reynolds viii 521 86736 December 13, 2006 15:48 List of Contributors Philip L Reynolds is Aquinas Professor of Historical Theology at Candler School of Theology, Emory University and a Senior Fellow of Emory’s Center for the Study of Law and Religion John Witte, Jr is Jonas Robitscher Professor of Law and Director of the Center for the Study of Law and Religion at Emory University in Atlanta P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 Index Labande, Edmond-Ren´e, 180 labor division by sex, 432–434 Lachner, Bede, 217 Lafon, Jacques, 424 Laine, Francis A., 125, 148 Laiou, Angeliki E., laity and church’s model of marriage, 272–273 and competent performance of, 344 and consistory courts, 288 and marriage as public, 227 marriage without clergy, 27–29 as oral and written contracts, 314 and publication of banns, 375 and regulation of marriage, 294 and spiritual contracts, 271 land and Icelandic documents, 360 Land´ecy, Jean de, 486–487 Lanfranc of Canterbury, 335 Lange, Hilde, 361 Laon charter of 1163, charter of 1176, 208–211 charter of 1177, 209–211 charter of 1181 –1182, 211 –213 documentary upsurge in, 168, 181 dower charters, 165–195, 209–214 ´ M´ar, 364, 367, 369, 370, 371 L´arusson, Magnus Lateran Council IV, 25, 334 law See also canon law; civil law; common law; marital property law; Roman law; secular law and change in marriage, 384, 455 and cultural and social practices, 422 in Iceland, 364–367 and meaning of marriage, 421 in Occitania, 218 Le Bras, Gabriel, 235 Le Bras, Georges, 3, 6, 9, 13, 16, 17 Le Jan, R´egine,29, 35, 38, 39, 115, 119, 120, 123, 125, 128, 148, 213, 222, 229, 426, 427 Le Saint, William P., 98, 99, 100 leading of bride, 227, 241 , 248 Leclercq, Henri, 17, 73, 117 Lefebvre-Teillard, Anne, 12, 40 legacies, forfeiture of, 48 legal action, 69, 77 See also enforcement legal context, of marriage gifts in Occitania, 221 –226 legal experts, use in marriage contracts and litigation, 297–301 legal marriage church’s definition, 384 December 12, 2006 20:5 505 distinction from concubinage, 92–94 and social status, 49–50 legal rights, of wife and dower, 184 legal status, 49–50, 86 legislation on Anglo-Irish–Gaelic–Irish marriage, 341 of Augustus, 50 and contract law, 15 on direct dowry, 32 on festivities, 400 in Iceland, 362–367 of Justinian, 92 on marriage and concubinage, 92 on property of widows, 63 on Roman marriage, 44–47 of Valentinian, 88 legitimacy, and marriage with slaves, 90 legitimate children and concubines, 89 and marriage documentation, 49, 92 as natural heirs, 50 as purpose of marriage, 2, 145 right to inherit, 56 legitimate marriage documentation and dowry requirements, 93 and dowries, 126 in elaborate sacred preambles, 139 and formal dotation, 37 and lust, 92 usage in twelfth century, 232–233 Leineweber, Anke, 404 Lemaire, 175, 182, 183 Lemaire, Andr´e, 38, 71 , 89, 118, 125, 235 Leo I (pope), 89–90 Lepointe, Gabriel, 423 Leschi, L., 84 letter of attestation to Neuchˆatel (1547), 482–483 Levin, Eve, 16, 125 Lewis, Charlton T., 300 Lewis, Naphtali, 81 Lievens, R., L´ındal, Sigurur, 362, 363, 365 Lindkvist, Thomas, 361 Litchfield, R Burr, 410 litigation in consistory courts, 287–289 and English marriage contracts, 273 in Ireland, 332 and matrimonial litigation, 268 and medieval criteria for archiving, 287 liturgical celebration, 16–17 liturgical rituals in North African Christianity, 103 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 506 521 86736 20:5 Index liturgical texts: earliest blessings, 19 liturgy(-ies) See also ceremony; nuptial liturgies; ritual(s) ancillary rites attached to nuptial, 18–19 Anglo-Norman nuptial, 23–25 Augustine’s silence on, 96–97 benediction in nuptial, 19–20 and blessing of couple, 370 of Calvin, 459–463 England and Anglo-Norman nuptial, 23 in northern France, 173 rites customary to nuptial, 17–29 of Sarum and vows, 26 Llewelyn, S R., 83 local customs, 425 Loengard, Janet S., 35 Lombard, Peter, 10 Lombardi, Daniela, 393, 394, 397, 405, 409, 410 Lond, P., 83 Longley, K M., 295 Lorenzo di Giovanni, 417–418 love, 178, 446 Low Countries, 428 low social status and individual freedom, 243 Lowe, E A., 21 Lowe, Kate J P., 26, 401 , 407, 408, 410 lust, 139, 145–146 Lydon, James, 332, 344 Lydon, J F., 351 Lyndwood, William, 343 Macfarlane, Alan, 5, 27, 261 Machiavelli, Bernardo, 398, 399 Mackin, Theodore, 96, 100 Magdalen Pontifical, 24 ´ ottir, ´ Magnusd Audur G., 361 ´ ´ Lyngdal, 363, 374 Magnusson, Magnus Maitland, Frederick W., 291 Majorian, 63, 70–71 male-dominated gender systems, 423 males, 376, 422 Malet, Baldwin, 283–284 Manicheans, 106 Mannelli, Francesco, 411 –413 Maraval, Pierre, 56 Marchant, Ronald, 271 Marchetto, Giuliano, 406 Marculfi formulae, 150 Mariage de Barth´elemy de Sissonne, 197 Marichal, R., 80 marital affection See also affection; intent and betrothal gifts, 67 and concubinage in Florence, 404 December 12, 2006 as constitutive of marriage, 86 as intent, 70, 71 and raising of children, 86 and ravestissement, 446 ring as symbol of, and valid marriage, 3, 93 and wife-concubine distinction, 51 marital assigns See also dotal charters; dowry; gifts as pre-mortem devolution, 225 and value theories, 33 marital property contracts, 464 exchanges in Geneva, 464–467 in Geneva, 464–469 and purpose of marriage, 448 and wives in male-dominant gender system, 423 marital property law Douai and northern European, 425–429 marriage in premodern Europe, 422–425 in premodern Europe, 422–425 as sociocultural text, 421 –448 marital strife and secular courts, 341 –343 Marrays, John, 304–309 marriage See also Christian marriage; purpose of marriage; sacrament of marriage among Jews, as analogic and symbolic, 147 in Calvin, 456, 460 between Christ and church, 110–111 before the church (see marriage in facie ecclesiae (before the church)) clandestine marriage (see clandestine marriage) as consent to agreements, 265 as contract, 473 in Gaelic Ireland, 335–340 as gifta, 379 Icelandic terms on, 369 lay and ecclesiastical understanding of, 294 legitimate marriage (see legitimate marriage) as limited partnership, 443 and lust, 92, 145–146 meaning of, 364, 441 –448 non-sinful character, 178 oral and written and making of, 367–375 perfection of, 6–8 as personal and spiritual, 384 in premodern Europe, 422–425 as process, 5–6 and property, 423–425, 442–443 and Protestant Reformation,453–455, 474–475 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 Index public marriage (see public marriage) relatives, 333 as restoration of love, 178 Roman, 43, 47–54 as Roman requirement, 48 sanctity of, 143–144 and secular and ecclesiastical distinction, 315 and sin, 179, 454, 462 understanding implications of, 305–308 valid marriage (see valid marriage(s)) validation by wedding, 473 without parents’ knowledge, 343–344 marriage agreements, 215–249 conditions in English, 266 documents in Occitania, 219, 229–247 as sources, 220 marriage and concubinage distinction between,51 , 88–93, 94, 113, 405–406 in Florence, 404–406 marriage behavior in Gaelic Ireland, 335–340 marriage brokers, 396 marriage contracts See also betrothal contracts; tabulae matrimoniales; tabulae nuptiales annulment grounds for, 346–350 in Calvin, 456 cohabitation condition, 295 and community accounts, 448 as conditioned upon conception, 309–312 conditions in Geneva, 469–473 in consistory court litigation, 289–291 definition, 262–264, 289–290 dispute settlement, 268 and dotal charters, 39 and Douai, 437–441 from early fifteenth-century Douai, 450–451 from early fourteenth-century Douai, 449– 450 and economic status, 441 from Egypt, 78–80 enforced in ecclesiastical forum, 264 enforcement, 261 in England, 260–274 and experts, 290, 301 and femininity, 443 and fertility guarantees, 309–312 formalities in, 367 in Geneva, 456–459 and girl’s virginity, 303–309 in Iceland, 360–389 and local custom, 425 and parenting, 445–446 as prenuptial property regime, 438–441 property agreements, 112 ravestissement in Douai, 446 December 12, 2006 20:5 507 as restricting acts of intercourse to procreation, 107–109 as secular and sacred, 261 as secular and spiritual, 42 signing by bishop, 105, 109 spiritual-secular distinction, 290 and subordination of wives, 109–110 surviving in England, 263–264 and tabulae dotis, 74 and tabulae in Augustine, 110 validity in Iceland, 373 and widows in Douai, 440–441 witnesses to, 298 as written indenture, 296 marriage gifts See also dotation; gifts delayed payment, 246 dower of Guillaume de Tortosa, 252–253 exchange, 247–248 in Frankish charters, 129 and future descendants, 236 goods constituting, 224 as guarantees, 234–235 and inheritance, 231 –232, 240–241 , 244– 245 literature of, 249 in Occitania, 221 –226 and Occitanian aristocracy, 235–237 by parents to daughter, 250, 253–255 by spouses, 241 –243, 255–257 terminology in Occitania, 221 –222 as variety of goods, 234 marriage in facie ecclesiae (before the church), 17, 98–99 and clandestine marriage prevention, 24–25 and laity, 271 in Tertullian, 98–99 and vows, 26 marriage market and dowries, 33 marriage portion, 36, 465–466 See also direct dowry marriage practices See also celebration; custom(s) identification and gifts, 222 and monetization, 224–225 reform and English law in Ireland, 340 marriage process See also nuptial process and contract types, 264–265 Florence and procession, 400 Florentine matrimony, 396–398 as including separate occasions, 228–229 Nicholas (pope) on, 4–5 in Occitania, 226–229 stages in Iceland, 361 in western and Frankish practice, 124–126 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 508 marriage settlement(s) between aristocratic families, 233–235 and definition of marriage contract, 262 and Frankish dowry, 118 Iceland, evolution of, 382–385 and property settlements, 268 marrying and dissolubility and indissolubility of compact, 10 documentation and dotation, 37–40 in Ireland, 332 as process, 5–6 process in Frankish tradition, 121 –124 ritual process in southern and northern France, 248 in Roman North Africa, 95–113 as three state process, 459 women’s role in, 245 Mart`ene, Edmond, 181 Mart´ınez, Tom´as M., 72 Mary, 6, Mason, Emma, 275 Maspero, J., 83 Matecki, Bernard, Mateline, 202 Matfred, Pierre, 231 –233 Matfred, Pontia, 231 –233 Mathghamhna, Maghnus Mac, 339 Mathilde d’Epagny, 188–189 Mathisen, Ralph W., 47, 53 matrimonial contracts See marriage contracts matrimonial rituals See ritual(s) matrimonial settlement See marriage settlement(s) matrimonial strategies, 181 –186 matrimonium as contract, 397 as distinct event, 411 and engagement, 398 and legitimate children, 50 as record of present tense vows, 392 matrimony See also marriage documentation in Florence, 396–398 as a private affair, 345–346 symbols of, 377 as union in dower charters, 174–181 Matringe, Guillaume, 54, 55, 58, 61 Matthews, John, 45, 59, 86 mattinata and second marriages, 407–408 Mayali, Laurent, 406, 424 Maynaghe, Juliana, 347 McCafferty, John, 351 McCann, John, 344, 351 –353 McCarthy, Conor, 261 521 86736 December 12, 2006 20:5 Index McFarlane, K B., 265 McGinn, Thomas A J., 50, 51 , 52 McKendrick, Neil, 260 McSheffrey, Shannon, 14, 40, 266, 273, 409 Meek, Christine, 351 Meens, Rob, 21 Meigne, Maurice, 72 Melby, Kari, 361 men authority over women, 443–444 English marriage contracts and conduct of, 269 Gaelic Irish and ecclesiastical courts, 339 of high-rank and low ranking women, 93 and marriage contracts in Douai, 443 Menchi, Silvana Seidel, 264, 392, 400, 401 , 406, 408, 409, 410 Merdinger, Jane E., 102 Merea, Paulo, 55 Messalina, 75 Mestayer, Monique, 263, 421 , 438 Metz, Ren´e, 18 Metzger, Marcel, 99 Meyer, Elizabeth, 63, 66, 74, 76, 84, 86 Meyer, Paul, 45, 46 Michaud, Francine, 241 Midelton, Robert, 309–312, 323–331 Migliorino, Francesco, 407 Millar, Fergus, 90 Mills, James, 340 Mingroot, E Van, ministers in Calvin’s wedding liturgy, 461 misalliance See also unequal unions and clandestine marriages in Florence, 391 –392, 406 and concubinage, 13 and valid marriage in Rome, ´ Mithilde d’Epagny, 197 models of marriage as alliances in secular, 363 as aristocratic and ecclesiastical, 15–16 of clergy, 15 of Duby, 314 and family structure, 229 in Iceland, 362–363 as individual and social, 272–273 individualistic, 272 laity and church’s, 272–273 Mohlberg, Leo C., 19, 22 Molho, Anthony, 391 , 400, 403 Molin, Jean-Baptiste,17, 18, 20, 21 , 24, 25, 26, 125, 131 , 137, 172, 173, 226, 238, 460, 462 Mommsen, Theodor, 44, 45, 46, 63 monetization and marital practices, 224–225 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 Index money economy and dowry, 240 Moore, R I., 217 moral behavior and legitimate marriage, 113 morality and matrimonial documents, 94 Morelle, Laurent, 115, 131 , 132, 138, 143, 144, 165, 178, 237, 238 Morin, G., 111 morning gift, 119, 120 mothers and arrangement of marriages, 61 of bride in Roman marriage documents, 81 consent of, 381 –382 Petronilla gift of daughter’s dowry, 230–231 , 249–250 and protection of girls, 303 Muldoon, James, 351 Mullenders, Joannes, 12 Munch, P A., 360 Mundy, John H., 233, 236 Munier, C., 102 Murray, Jacqueline, 4, 14, 26 Musset, Jacqueline, 29 Mutembe, Protais, 18, 20, 21 , 24, 25, 26, 125, 131 , 138, 172, 173, 226, 238, 460, 462 mutual consent See also consent; consent in present tense and agreement to marry, and betrothal, in Calvin, 456 and concubinage in Florence, 405 and definition of marriage contract, 262 and dissolution of betrothal, 458 and dissolution of marriage, 16, 125 and familial coercion, 410 as new in Icelandic law, 375 and parental control, 384 mutual donation as ravestissement, 429–431 mystical marriage: theology of, 147 naming in dower charters, 170 negotiation in contracting dower charters, 185–186 and contracting of marriage, 301 and definition of marriage contract, 262 of English marriage contracts, 287 for marriages, 220 in Occitania, 220 and secular and spiritual aspects, 265 New Christian Law (Iceland), 363–367 Newman, William M., 167, 200, 204, 208 Niccoli, Ottavia, 394 Nicholas I (pope), 4–6, 20, 33, 124–126, 377 Nicholls, Kenneth W., 336, 338 Niermeyer, Jan F., 117, 149 December 12, 2006 20:5 509 Niziolek, Marian, 87 Nogent, Guibert de, 180 Nogent-sous-Coucy, 166 nonage and contract enforcement, 304 Noonan, John T Jr., 10, 51 , 93 Norman charters, 176 Norman dukes, 175, 176 Norreis Family, 284–285 Nors, Thyra, 361 North Africa and Christian marriage rituals, 102–103 practices prior to Augustine, 97–103 North African Christian marriage rituals, 112 northern Europe, and sources on marital property, 423–425 northern France See also France and Anglo-Norman nuptial liturgy, 23 betrothal rites, 13 dotal charter juridical character, 132 property regimes, 36 ring and bedchamber ancillary rites, 22– 23 Norway, 363–364 notarial documents, and secular contracts, 270 notarial offices, at castles, 246–247 notaries, 221 , 263 notarized documents, 394 notarized text, 397 Noy, David, 59 numerology, 141 nuptial blessings, and sacred preambles, 136 nuptial charters ecclesiastical intervention, 176 types, 172 nuptial documents, and slave as legal wife, 93 nuptial gifts, as dos, 117–118 nuptial liturgies and conferring of gifts, 131 –132 features of Spanish, 23 innovations in English and northern France, 23 and valid marriage, 16 nuptial mass, 21 –22 nuptial prayers, use in mass, 22 nuptial process See also marriage process and consent, 3–15 and Frankish dotation, 121 –127 and handing over, 123 nuptial rites, history, 18–29 nuptial tablets, 74 Nussdorfer, Laurie, 393 Nuzzo, Luigi, 408 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 510 objections to betrothal and marriage, 457–458 Occitania See also France biblical references, 237–239 communitarian regime, 222–223 economy of, 245 geography, 216–217 law and customs, 218 as leading of bride, 227 marriage agreement documents, 229–247 marriage agreements, 247–249 marriage document clarification, 219 and marriage gifts, 224 and revival of Roman law, 239 and ritual process of marriage, 248 sexuality in, 217 valid marriage gift agreements, 236–237 vocabulary in marriage documents, 232 women, 217 written property transfers in, 218 ´ Conchobair, Aed, ´ O 335 ´ Corr´ain, Donnchadh, 336 O O Daly, M´airin, 377 Odobuy, Katherine, 341 O’Dwyer, B W., 336 O’Hara, Diana, 260, 273 O’Kele, John, 353–354 Old Christian Law of Gr´ag´as (Iceland), 363 Olivier-Martin, Franc¸ois, 423 Olschki, Cesare, 398 O’Lyne, John, 345, 354–355 ´ N´eill, Muircheartach Ruadh, 339 O oral contracts and canon law, 312 and evidence of validity of marriage, 373 in Iceland, 361 marriage as, 41 , 270, 289, 464 and sacrament of marriage, 42 and spiritual contracts, 42, 270 oral culture and writing, 218, 367–375 oral exchange of words and binding marriage, 289 of vows, 40, 313, 397 oral testimony in English courts, 42, 287, 290, 297, 314 in Roman law, 86 oral tradition, and written tradition, 367–375 ordinance of matrimonial property, Calvin’s draft, 478 O’Regan, Stephen, 342 origin of marriage, in sacred preamble, 134– 135 original sin, 107, 146 Ormoy, Ragnhild, 37 Orsheim, Duane, J., 393 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index Orti, Milagros Carcel, 127 Osborough, W N., 351 Ourliac, Paul, 423 Outhwaite, R B., 260, 271 , 406 ownership rights, 367 Ozment, Steven, 269, 463 Page, William, 295 pallium: ceremony of, 18 Palmer, Henry, 346, 355–357 Palmer, Robert C., 265 Palmieri, Matteo, 400 Panizza, Letizia, 410 papal dispensations, 337 Papinian, 51 parental authority, 382 parental consent and betrothal, 457 and conditional betrothal contracts, 471 by fathers, 99, 265, 393–457 in late middle ages, 380–382 by mothers, 381 –382 parental control, 382, 384 parental dowry and Frankish marriage, 119 and Germanic dos, 118 parenting, 445–446 parents acting as bishop, 454 and Anglo-Irish marriage arrangements, 348–349 and clandestine marriages, 343–344 consent in Icelandic marriage, 364 given of gifts to couple, 231 –233 giving gift to daughter and husband, 250 and joint property ownership, 365 role in Icelandic marriage, 379–380 Paris, law of, 11 parish churches, 394 Parisse, Michel, 128, 134, 213, 222 Parliament and Camoys case, 291 –294 partability of inheritance, 434–435 partners choice and social goals, 273–274 consent to marriage, 10–11 and contracts in Iceland, 379 equality in Iceland, 381 as mutually interchangeable, 433 partnership and marriage, 444 as social change, pastoral teaching, in dower charter preambles, 174–181 Pater mundi conditor, 137, 138 20:5 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 Index paterfamilias See also fathers and adultery by women, 48 betrothal plans and death, 61 –62 consent and validity of marriage, 55–57 and consent requirement, 54 death and women in Roman law, 60–61 and emancipation of children, 58 paternal consent, 393 patrimony, 181 –182, 244 Paul, St., 108 Paulinus, 91 Paulinus of Nola, 53, 96 Paulinus of Pella, 56 Paulus, 5, 51 , 64 Payling, Simon, 260 peasants, community property regimes and, 431 –432 Pedersen, Frederik, 37, 40, 260, 269, 313, 366 penalty, for breaking betrothal, 69 penalty clauses, in Frankish dotal charters, 128 Percy, Alexander, 295–297 Peristiany, J G., 403 permission to marry See also parental consent from ecclesiastical officials, 97–99 as public announcement, 99 from relatives, 380–381 Perrat, C., 84 personal commitment, Icelandic marriage contracts, 383 personal relationships in Iceland, 376–378 Peter Lombard, 911 , 2627 Petersohn, Jăurgen, 128 Petit, Francáois, 180 Petrucci, Armando, 394 Pharr, Clyde, 45, 46 Philippe, Jean, 485 Piaget, Louis, 485–486 Pierce, Joanne, 26 Pirenne, Henri, 433 Pithoei fragmentum formularum, 157 Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 403 Planitz, Hans, 423, 428 Plato, 132 Plummer, Charles, 377 politics in Occitania, 234 in Reformation, 454 of upper aristocracy, 234 Pollard, A J., 260 Pollock, Frederick, 291 Poly, Jean-Pierre, 180 poor girls in Florence, 403 population and marriage market, 33 December 12, 2006 20:5 511 portement and marriage contracts, 439 possession, 130, 184 Possidius, bishop of Calama, 95, 105 Poudret, Jean-Franc¸ois, 263, 424, 481 pre-wedding relations, in Geneva, 459 preambles of dotal charters biblical quotations, 175–178 and codified matrimonial rituals, 175 in Frankish dotal charters, 128 to Laon and Soissons dower charters, 169– 170 as pastoral teaching, 174–181 in rhetorical tradition, 213 and sacrament of marriage, 173 type in Laon charters, 177–179 preambles of dower charters: biblical references, 237–239 precontract allegations, 346–347 preliminary rites at church door, 24–25 in Magdalen Pontifical, 24 and Sarum liturgy, 26 use dotal charters, 40 premarital cohabitation, 91 premarital sex and betrothal, 72 of elite young men, 91 of sons in Rome, 55 prenuptial agreements, 438 prenuptial gifts assimilation by Franks, 120 and equality of standing, 89 legal categories of, 65 registration and amount, 86 preparation of marriage documents, 246–247 for weddings in Calvin, 473 present intent in spiritual contracts, 264 present promises as espousal, 456 present tense consent See consent; consent in present tense Prevenier, Walter, 428 priests fees and clandestine marriage, 344 in Icelandic marriage, 370–371 witnessing marriages, 368–369 princely acta, 175 private agreement in ravestissement, 431 private law, 425 private marriage, 333 Probus, 85 procession in Florentine marriages, 401 processual marriage, 11 processual view of marriage, 5–6 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 512 procreation, 84, 106–109, 140 See also sexual intercourse proctors, 288 Prodi, Paolo, 408 proof of marriage in consistory courts and Parliament, 294 in Florence, 393 in Rome, 52 property of bride, 79 and bridewealth, 31 conditions for betrothal and marriage, 470–471 contributions as portement, 439–441 dowers and family rights, 193–194 and evidence of longevity of marriage, 373 holdings of women, 225 as honor in Occitania, 230 of husband as dower, 182 and Icelandic marriage, 365–366, 382 managed by women, 245 in secular and spiritual contracts, 267–268 settlements and marriage settlements, 268 of spouses in Florence, 409 types in Mathilde’s dower, 189 of unmarried women and kinsmen, 59 of wife pre-community share, 183 property agreements, 112 property conditions on betrothal contracts, 472–473 property law, 221 , 441 –448 property records, 423 property regimes, 36–37, 422 property rights See also usufruct conjugal, 422, 430 and remarriage and community, 437 of widows, 427 of wives, 435–437, 466–467 of women, 36–37, 423, 442–443 property transfers, 2, 218, 360 Protestant Reformation, 453–455 Protestant reforms and marriage, 474–475 Pryor, John H., 218 Pseudo-Dionysius, 140 public announcement See banns public marriage ceremonies and clandestine marriages, 333 as before the church (see marriage in facie ecclesiae (before the church)) in Florence, 398–401 in Frankish dotal charters, 121 in Occitania, 227 and permission to marry, 99 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index purpose of marriage See also goodness of marriage in English marriage contracts, 270 and Manichees, 106 as procreation, 106–109 and tabulae matrimoniales, 106107 Pylkkăanen, Anu, 361 Pyto, Jehanne, 487488 Quaglioni, Diego, 392, 406, 408 Quigley, W G H., 334, 353 Rafnsson, Sveinbjăorn, 361 , 367 Ragut, 114 Ralph of Thosney, 279 Ramackers, Johannes, 186 Randall, Dale B J., 32 Rankin, David, 98 rational choice and marital assigns, 33 ravestissement contract-like clauses, 451 –452 and infertile and fertile couples, 437 love and, 446 and marital communal property, 429–431 and marriage contracts, 441 , 446 from mid-fifteenth-century Douai, 448–449 and social change, 444 Rawson, Beryl, 50 reclamation of betrothal gifts, 67 record of marriage by priests, 17 records as differentiating marriage, 405–406 Reeves, William, 339 regional history, 213 registration of betrothal, 457 of betrothal gifts, 67, 74 as consent of magistrates, 473 of marriage contracts, 444 Reid, Charles Jr., 273 Reims dower charters, 166 Reinhard, Wolfgang, 408 Reinhardt, Heinrich J F., 7, relatives and consent to marry, 380–381 and giving of self, 243 marriage prohibition, 333 and permission to marry, 380–381 remarriage See also second marriage(s) by bishops, 91 and community property rights in Douai, 437 and inheritance partability in Douai, 435 and premarital gifts, 69 and separation, 350 20:5 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index Renaud, Anne, 485 Renier de Rary, 210 reputation and betrothal, 64, 68 and clandestine marriages, 392 residence and consent conditions, 472 inclusion dower charters, 183 use in Florentine marriages, 396 resistance to arranged marriages, 274 restoration to free birth, 90 Reusens, Birgit, 428 Reynolds, Philip L.,3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 21 , 29, 43, 47, 53, 58, 68, 71 , 72, 73, 91 , 96, 113, 114, 118, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126, 133, 137, 141 , 145, 146, 227, 237, 264, 377 rhetoric See also diplomatic(s) and devices in anti-heretical charters, 179 and nuptial preambles, 214 of sacred preambles, 135–138 Ribordy, Genevi`eve, 13, 14, 39, 40 Riccobono, S., 43 Richard le Spencer, 281 –283 Richardson, Brian, 410 right to property See property rights rights See inheritance rights; property rights ring as betrothal gift, 101 , 122 blessing of, 131 as gesture, 397 as given, 396 as sign of contract, 345 symbolism of, 376–377, 395, 397–398 in vows, 370, 396 rites and nuptial liturgies, 17–29 ritual(s) See also ceremony; liturgy(-ies) charter preambles and matrimonial, 175 before the doors of the church, 24–25, 173 in Florence and procession, 400–401 of marrying in southern and northern France, 248 in southern France, 238 Tuscan marriages and religious, 394–395 Ritzer, Korbinian, 10, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 24, 96, 98, 100, 110, 112, 123, 125, 137, 138, 146, 226 Rivoire, Emile, 455 Roberts, E E F., 334, 353 Roberts, James B., 25 ´ ´ Robertsd ottir, Hrefna, 361 , 384 Robertson, Agnes J., 274 Roetzer, Wunibald, 104 Roger, Earl of Warwick, 275–276 Roger of Dikeleigh, 281 –283 Roman customs, 99–101 Roman law, 46, 49 and betrothal bond, 72–74 and changing marriage contracts, 447 and consent, 54–63 on dowry (dos) and husband’s gifts, 32 and Frankish dowries, 132 and leading of bride in Occitania, and local practices, 81 marriage and betrothal in, and non-dotal marital assigns, 66 in northern French sources, 118 and Occitania, 223–224, 239 and oral and documentary materials, 86 Roman North Africa, 95–113 Roman rite, 19, 21 –22 Roman wedding ceremony, 103 Rome, 43, 52 Rosenbeck, Bente, 361 Rosenthal, Joel T., 14, 27 Rotelle, John E., 95 Roth, Catharine, 53 Rothwell, H., 292 Roucliff, Alice, 304–309 Round, J Horace, 269 Rouquette, J., 221 , 253, 257 Rousseau, Constance M., 14, 27 Rowlandson, Jane, 78, 82, 83 Rubin, Patricia Lee, 391 rubrics on gifts, 131 Ruggiero, Guido, 215 Rushton, Peter, 262, 273 sacrament of marriage in agreement preambles, 144, 146 in charter preambles, 173 of marriage and consummation, 9–10 and oral contracts of marriage, 42 in preambles, 177–181 and secular in Douai, 444 sacramental value, 174, 177–181 sacramentum, sacred charters, 128, 144–148 sacred contracts, 458 sacred formulae, 116 sacred preambles clerical and didactic purpose, 144 elaborate, 138–142 evolution of, 142–144 liturgical use, 132 rudimentary forms, 134 types of, 133–142 Safley, Thomas M., 273 20:5 513 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 514 521 86736 December 12, 2006 20:5 Index Saint-Cr´epin-le-Grande de Soissons, 166 Saint-Martin de Laon, 166 Saint-Prix de Saint-Quentin, 166 Salicae Bignonianae formulae, 154 Salicae Lindenbrogianae formulae, 155 Salicae Merkelianae formulae, 154–155 Saller, Richard P., 54, 55, 399 Salonen, Kirsi, 361 Samuel, A E., 80 ´ S´anchez, Tomas, 266, 470 Sanders, H A., 80, 104 Sangallense miscellaneae formulae, 156–157 Sangallense salomonis collectio III, 157 Sangmeister, Joseph V., 348 Santeur, Aim´e, 481 Sarum liturgy and vows, 26 Saumagne, C., 84 Sautier, Pierre, 483–484 Sawyer, Birgit, 362 Saxer, Victor, 102 Scafati, Silio P P., 392 Scandinavian canon law, 364 Scævola, 77 Schmitt, Emile, 96 Schmitt, F S., 140 Schutte, Anne Jacobson, 401 , 409, 410 Schweizer, Thomas, 34 Scottus, John, 140 Searle, Mark, 18, 23, 26, 137, 146, 462, 463 second marriage(s) See also remarriage annulment for precontract, 346–347 contrasted with first in Florence, 407–408 groups forbidden from, 99 and property, and women, 59 Second Statute of Westminster (1285), 292, 293 secrecy and clandestine marriages, 391 –392 secret betrothals, 456 secular charters, 128 secular contracts definition, 264 enforcement by ecclesiastical courts, 295 in England, 271 and property, 267 as safeguarding interests, 313 and spiritual contracts, 265–270 secular courts and marital strife, 341 –343 Parliament acting as, 291 secular formulae, in Frankish dotal charters, 116 secular law, in Iceland, 365 secular marriage, as Celtic norm, 336–337 secular model of marriage, 362 secular preambles, legal need for written, 132–133 secular view of marriage, and cannon law, 10–12 Selderhuis, Herman J., 463 self-regulation, of marriage in Camoys case, 294 Selig, Karl-Ludwig, 53 Sellar, W David H., 351 senatorial status, and marriage restrictions, 50 separation judicial, 350 in Occitania, 237 separatist property regimes, 447 sex, 107–109 See also premarital sex and division of labor in Douai, 432–434 sex and sin, 107, 454, 462 sexual consummation, 7, 12–13, 124 sexual desire in sacred preambles, 139–140 sexual excesses in Gaelic Ireland, 335–336 sexual intercourse, see coitus 106–109 and protection of underage brides, 303–309 sexual relations See also premarital sex and future consent, 344 sexuality, 72 in Occitania, 217 Shanzer, Danuta, 91 Shaw, Brent, 54, 91 Sheehan, Michael, 272 Sheehan, Michael M.,4, 13, 20, 24, 25, 40, 123, 124, 131 , 227, 260, 272, 313, 333, 377, 397 Sheehy, Maurice P., 335 Short, Charles, 300 Sicard, P., Sidonius, 91 Siffrin, P., 19, 22 signing of banns, 132 of dotal charters, 122, 131 , 132 of marriage contracts, 105, 109, 373 of tabulae matrimoniales, 104 of tabulae nuptiales, 77 ´ 360 Sigur›sson, Jon, Simms, Katharine, 335, 336, 351 Simon of Leuekener, 280–281 Simpson, A W B., 266 sin in marriage, 179 and sex, 108–109, 454, 462 and sexual urge, 107 Siow, Aloysius, 33 Sirat, C., 83 Siricius (pope), 73, 96, 102 sister inheritance gift, 243–247 Sivan, Hagith S., 53 slaves, 49–50, 90, 93 Smail, Daniel Lord, 405, 407 Small, David B., 84 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 Index Smith, D M., 263, 295 Soares-Christen, Eliana Magnani, 229, 231 social bonds in Iceland, 375–378 social change, and proof of legal marriage, social equality and consanguinity in Ireland, 337 and proof of intent, 89 social estate of marriage, 454–455 social history, and dower charters, 213 social importance, of marital procession in Florence, 400–401 social liaisons, Florentine marriage as, 410 social meaning, and marital property law, 421 social networks, of Occitania couples, 242–243 social relationships, and marriage documents, 219 social repercussions, for breaking betrothal pacts, 64 social situation, and dower, 181 –186 social standing, and economic equality, 113 social status See also aristocracy; elites and community property rights in Douai, 437 and dowry, 32, 34, 70 and individual freedom, 243 and uncanonical marriages in Ireland, 340 and wife-concubine distinction, 51 society and consensualism, 13–15 and dowry in Florence, 402–403 socioeconomic change, and marriage customs in Douai, 442–448 socioeconomic reality, community property and, 431 –434 Soissons charter of 1170, dower charters, 165–195, 209–214 solemnization, in secular contracts, 268 Somerville, Robert, 53 sons, inheritance equality, 433 sources of Occitanian marriage agreements, 220 on Roman marriage and law, 43 of sociocultural history of marriage, 423–425 south, and changing marriage contracts, 447–448 southern Europe, and sources on marital property, 423–425 southern France See Occitania Spain, 19–20, 23 Spinelli, Giovanni, 415–417 Spinks, Bryan D., 462, 463 spiritual affinity December 12, 2006 20:5 515 and annulment, 350 as impediment to marriage, 334 spiritual contracts and consistory courts, 290 definition, 264 as different from secular contracts, 269– 270 and laity, 271 similarity to secular contract, 265–269 sponsa, meaning of, 121 sponsalitium as betrothal contract, 392, 393, 394 and delay of matrimonium, 398 as marriage gift, 249 as recording future agreement, 39 sponsus as giver of dowry, 120 meaning of, 121 spouse(s) cohabitation before solemnization, 27–28 conduct and marriage contracts, 83 covenant recognition in marriage contract, 112 as given in marriage, 227 legal separateness in Florence, 402 marital property rights in Douai, 422 meaning of, 121 position in Icelandic marriage, 379–380 relationship in Iceland, 377 succession of, 336–338 taking of each other, 242–243 Spring, Eileen, 260 Spring, Ulrike, 361 standards of proof, of consistory courts and Parliament, 294 state, consent to betrothals, 457 status of parties, and giving of assigns, 226 ´ 362 Stef´ansson, Magnus, Stein, Walther, 428 Stevenson, Kenneth W.,18, 23, 26, 97, 99, 101 , 105, 137, 146, 261 , 460, 462, 463 Stone, Laurence, 264 Storm, Gustav, 360 Strand, Birgit, 365 strategies, in contracting dower charters, 185– 186 Strauss, Gerald, 454 Strohm, Christoph, 463 Sturluson, Ormur, 388–389 style of writing, in Soissons dower charters, 169 Suetonius, 75 Sumarl›ason, Sveinn, 387–388 surety and groom’s gift, 68–69 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 516 521 86736 Index surviving documents Douai marital property agreements, 421 English written marriage contracts, 263–264 Frankish dotal charters, 114–115 Icelandic marriage contracts, 368 Occitanian marriage agreements, 221 on papyri and wood, 77–85 from York and Canterbury consistory courts, 288 Swinburne, Henry, 266, 470 symbolism of human marriage, 147 of ring, 376–377, 395, 397–398 of veiling, 18 symbols of joining hands and ring, 377 in nuptial liturgy, 17–29 Symmachus, 73 Synod of Rouen, 23 syntactic elements, corroborative clause, 170 tabulae matrimoniales (tabulae nuptiales) and allegory of Christ and church, 110–111 and Augustine, 103–111 breaking of, 75 as covenant between spouses, 112 in Frankish tradition, 114 as moral and legal documents, 113 and procreation as purpose of marriage, 106–109 as public statement on purpose of marriage, 108 and purpose of sex and marriage, 112 as restricting acts of intercourse to procreation, 107–109 signing, 75 and subordination of wives, 109–110 Tacitus, 43, 75 Taglia, Kathryn A., 27 taking and exchange of present consent, 228 by spouses of each other, 242–243 Talbot, C H., 274 Talmudic nuptial benedictions, 136 Tambiah, S J., 29, 118 Tanner, Norman P., 17, 25, 27 Tertullian, 97–101 , 117 Teske, Roland, 107 testaments, in Occitania, 219 testimony, as challenged by defense, 345 Thedosian Code, 46 Theodosius I, 69 Theodosius II, 87–89 theology December 12, 2006 Christ in Frankish, 145–147 of mystical marriage, 147 of Protestant reformers, 453–454 of sacred charters, 144–148 Thirsk, Joan, 225 Thompson, A Hamilton, 299 Thompson, E P., 225 Thompson, John L., 463 Tibbetts, Stephanie A J., 406 timing, and marriage process in Occitania, 241 Timlin, Bartholomew Thomas, 266, 469 Tobias, 20–21 , 125, 136, 138 Topham, J., 291 toponymic designations, 174 Toubert, Pierre, 182 transfer of woman to new home, 400–401 Treggiari, Susan, 43, 48, 50, 51 , 54, 59, 64, 65, 68, 75, 86, 100, 101 , 104 Trexler, Richard C., 407 trousseau in Florentine procession, 399 Turonenses formulae, 151 –152 Tuscan cities, 393 Ug´e Karine, 274 Ulpian, 51 unequal unions, see misalliance 85–94 union(s) and evidence of marriage, 86, 90 and handing over, 123 legitimacy and Norman charters, 176–181 in matrimony, and dotal charters, 174–181 in nuptial process, 123 ring as symbol of, 377 in sacred preambles, 135 of socially unequal, in Rome, 49–50, 93 spiritual meaning as marriage, 90, 110 unequal and documents, 85–94 validity and consent of father, 55–57 unity and ravestissement, 431 unwritten marriage in Greco-Roman Egypt, 79 usufruct, 441 , 466 in dotal charters, 127 and dowers, 30 in indirect dowries, 35, 36 Vaissette, Joseph, 215 Valentinian, 58–59 Valentinian III, 70, 87–89 valid marriage(s) and clergy, 16–17 and coitus, and consent, as consent and consummation, 12 and court judgments, 343–346 20:5 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index and dowry, 126 as earliest contract, 347 and gifts in Occitania, 236–237 in Iceland, 368 impediments to, 333 and impotence, 347–348 as including clandestine marriage, 13 and leading in Occitania, 241 in Roman law, validity of betrothal, 457, 473 validity of marriage and banns and church wedding, 455 and conditional consent, 309–312 and consent, 85 and courts, 291 and dowry, 38, 70, 126 and evidence in Roman law, 85 and oral contracts, 373 and parental consent, 471 and pre-contract allegations, 346 and signature of bishop, 112 and weddings, 473 van Berchem, Victor, 455 van de Kieft, C., 117 van de Wiel, C., 92, 94 van Hoecke, Willy, 13 Vandenbossche, Andr´e, 165, 183 veil, 19, 101 veiling by bishops, 96 and blessing, 18 nuptial liturgy and, 19, 20–21 in Roman rite nuptial mass, 21 symbolism of, 18 Verbeke, W., Verdon, Christopher, 349, 357–359 Verdon, Jean, 165 virginal consecration rite, 103 virginity as alternative for women, 52 and arranged marriage, 56 in Greco-Roman view, 68 and grooms gift, 83 impediment of lacking presumed, 458 protection of girls, 303–309 remarriage and second, 407 virgins, 59, 62–63 virilocal and marital assigns, 34 marriage formation, Roman marriage as, 47 Viscuso, Patrick D., 16 Vives, Jos´e, 72 Vogel, Cyrille, 16, 126 vows See also consent in present tense in Calvin’s wedding liturgy, 461 and dotal contracts, 41 exchanged with ring, 396 exchanged without priest, 27–29 and experts in contracting marriage, 302 and Florentine procession delay, 401 as interrogatory and dialogic forms of consent, 25–27 in present tense, 11 , 13, 17 Vuilleumier, Henri, 463 Waghen, Agnes, 297–301 Wahl, Francis X., 334 Wall, Alison, 273 Wall, John, 274 Walter of Mortagne, 180 Ward, Jennifer, 292 Ware, Kallistos, 16, 17 Warner, Lyndan, 401 Watson, Alan, 44 Watt, J A., 332, 336 wedding(s) church role in Frankish, 123 as congregational event, 462–463 days permitted, 459, 460 delay and preparation in Geneva, 474 dowry charters at, 131 –132 in Florence, 398 in Geneva, 459 and priest fees, Wedding at Cana, 134, 139, 177, 178, 179, 180 wedding ceremony of Romans, 103 and Christians in Augustine, 103–104 wedding contracts: dotation charters as, 132 wedding day, 123, 129–130 wedding liturgy of Calvin, 460–463, 473 Weigand, Rudolf, 266, 469 Welkenhuysen, Andries, 13 Welwyk, Alice, 309–312, 323–331 Wemple, Suzanne F., 35, 402 White, Douglas R., 34 White, Rose, 339 White, Stephen D., 25 Whitehorne, J E G., 78 widow(s) and arrangement of marriage, 58–59 and Frankish husband estate, 119 and indirect dowries, 35 and marital property in Geneva, 468–469 and marriage contracts in Douai, 440–441 property rights in Douai, 436 return to natal home, 401 20:5 517 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 518 right to property, 427 socioeconomic status protection, 443 and usufruct of dowers, 466 vulnerability of, 61 wife behavior and bride age and consent, 305– 308 and communal property, 427–428 distinction from concubine, 51 dower charters retained by, 168 dower negotiations and family of, 185 dowry as usufruct, 129 dowry forfeiture on leaving of husband, 292 given dowry, 225 giving of marriage gifts, 241 –243 in household economy, 433–434 joint ownership and husband control, 365 power over dowry, 127–128 property rights, 466–467 rights of possession, 184 subordination and marriage contracts, 109– 110 Wight, Steven M., 115, 144 Wilkins, David, 314 William of Martineio, 276–277 Willingby, John, 285–286 wills, 428, 438 Wilson, Henry A., 23, 25 Winroth, Anders, 6, 263 Winterer, Hermann, 404 witnessed marriages, 368–369 witnesses and betrothal, 395 and contracting of marriage, 301 and evidence in marriage litigation, 297 expertise of, 301 –302 as family and clergy, 267 festarv´attar and written contract, 373 and lay exchange of vows, 28 to marriage contracts, 298 presentation of, 171 and priests in Florentine weddings, 407 roles in Icelandic marriage formulae, 371 signing of marriage contracts, 373 Witte, John Jr., 260, 274, 397, 453, 458 Wolff, Hans J., 78, 79, 87, 89, 94, 120 woman See also bride(s) audible consent of, 371 and honor in Florence, 403–404 legal status of, 365–366 superior by men, 443–444 transfer to husband’s house, 400–401 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index women See also girls; widow(s); wife agency in Occitania, 242–243 in business in Douai, 433–434 and Christian virginity, 52 conduct and English marriage contracts, 269 and death of father, 61 –62 and death of paterfamilias, 60–61 and dotal regime, 223 and dowry recovery, 468 dowry rights, 236, 247 and free will consent, 333 Gaelic Irish and ecclesiastical courts, 338–339 as holding property, 225 and labor in household economies, 432–434 lowborn: and marriage of social equals, 90– 91 and marital status, 51 as objects of exchange, 245 in Occitania, 217 as personal agents in Occitania, 248 in place of wife, 92 and property brought to marriage, 465–466 property rights, 36–37, 423, 435–437 reputation of daughters and betrothal, 64 and Roman marriage arrangements, 54–55 words in present tense See consent in present tense written contracts Douai shift to, 422 in England, 263–264, 270 in Florence, 397 Icelandic types of, 374–375 and Icelandic view of marriage, 383 and legitimacy of marriage, 113 and longevity of marriage, 373 purpose, 302–312 as real aloud in Iceland, 375 as tabulae matrimoniales in Rome, 104 types in Florentine marriages, 392 words of betrothal in, 369 written customals, 425 written deeds, 114, 117 written documentation, and marriage gifts, 74 written documents, as tabulae nuptiales, 101 written dowry, 126–127 written property transfers, in Occitania, 218 written records, 41 –42, 48 written tradition, and oral tradition, 367–375 Yiftach-Firanko, Uri, 78, 79 York consistory court records, 288 Yver, Jean, 231 , 423 20:5 P1: JZZ 0521867363ind CUFX069/Reynolds 521 86736 December 12, 2006 Index Zarri, Gabriella, 408 Zeimentz, Hans, 9, 10, 145 Zeno, 89 Zereteli, G F., 82 Zeumer, Karolus, 115, 117, 156, 172, 175, 465 firhallson, fiorl´akur, 361 ´ ´ 374 fiorkelsdottir, Gu›run, ´ 360, 372 fiorkelsson, Jon, ´ fiorlaksson, Arni, 363 fiorleifsdottir, Helga, 385386 fiorleifsdottir, fiorbjăorg, 388–389 20:5 519 ... little to gain by jumping precipitously to the final stage, while couples wishing to marry despite the wishes of their families had nothing to gain by agreeing to marry de futuro By requiring an... maintained, on the one hand, that Mary and Joseph were truly married, and on the other hand, that Mary was a virgin not only in body but also in mind, which is to say that Icelandic laws originating... text became ascribed to Augustine and appear in this guise in Gratian and elsewhere (including the MGH edition of Hincmar) On Leo and Hincmar, see Reynolds, Marriage in the Western Church, 328–61,