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THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
Cấu trúc
Cover
Half-title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Tables
Figures
Contributors
Foreword
References
Preface
Memoirs
To the present
Thoughts for the future
References
Part I: Introduction
1 Concepts and theories of memory
Memory systems
Encoding and retrieval processes
Memory systems and components of processing
Converging sources of evidence
Conclusion
References
Part II: The neurobiology of memory in autism
2 Temporal lobe structures and memory in nonhuman primates: implications for autism
Introduction
Maturation of medial temporal lobe structures in primates
Neonatal damage to the medial temporal lobe
Neonatal damage to the amygdala
Effects on memory
Effects on socioemotional behaviour
Summary
Neonatal damage to the hippocampal formation
Effects on memory
Effects on socioemotional behaviours
Summary
Neonatal damage to the temporal cortical areas
Implications for autism
The effects of neonatal damage to specific structures
The effects of more extensive MTL neonatal lesions
The effects of more extensive lesions on other neural systems
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
3 Acquired memory disorders in adults: implications for autism
Introduction
Adult-acquired organic memory disorders
The amnesic syndrome: empirical findings
Anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Dissociation from procedural memory impairments
Possible subtypes based on processes
Possible subtypes based on material specificity
The amnesic syndrome: explanatory theories
Theories implicating impaired encoding
Theories implicating impaired storage
Theories implicating impaired retrieval
Conclusion
Implications for autism: introduction
Adult-acquired memory disorders and known anomalies of memory in autism
Face recognition impairment
Selectively impaired recall of episodic information
Impaired memory for complex or semantically rich material
Adult-acquired memory disorders as a source of hypotheses concerning other possible memory impairments in autism
Impaired emotion conditioning across the spectrum
Specific visual encoding impairments
Combined impairments of recollection and familiarity as a cause of learning and language impairment in low-functioning autism
Summary
References
4 A comparison of memory profiles in relation to neuropathology in autism, developmental amnesia and children born prematurely
Introduction
The anatomy of declarative memory
Memory in individuals with autism
Recognition
Semantic memory
Cued recall
Delayed free recall of stimuli following repeated presentation
Delayed free recall of stimuli following single presentation
Summary of behavioural findings
Neuropathology relating to memory in autism
Developmental amnesia
Recognition
Semantic memory
Cued recall and recall of stimuli following repeated presentation
Recall of stimuli following single presentation
Summary of behavioural findings
Neuropathology associated with developmental amnesia
Memory in children born prematurely
A direct comparison of the episodic memory impairment in autism, developmental amnesia and in children born preterm
Cognitive differences between individuals with autism, those with developmental amnesia and children born preterm
Discussion
Neuropathology
Cognitive profiles: memory
Cognitive profiles: social skills
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
5 Possible parallels between memory and emotion processing in autism: a neuropsychological perspective
Introduction
Intact and impaired memory systems in autism
Behavioural findings
A neuropsychological perspective
Intact and impaired emotion-processing systems in autism
Terminology
Hypotheses
Current evidence relating to the two hypotheses
Physiological emotions
Complex feelings
Basic feelings
A neuropsychological perspective
Summary
Conclusion
References
6 Dysfunction and hyperfunction of the hippocampus in autism?
Introduction
The hippocampus and memory
The organization of information in memory
Eichenbaum’s model of hippocampal function
Memory and language deficits in autism
The memory deficit
Language limitations
Relations between memory and language
Neurochemical abnormalities in autism: similarities to schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder
Abnormal lateralization of cognitive functions and of serotonin synthesis in autism
Responsivity to SSRIs in children with autism
Outcomes for the whole group of children treated
Outcomes for the subgroup of children treated for at least 36 months
Effects of discontinuation trials
Follow-up of the 30 children
Correlations within the proband group and between probands and other family members
Abnormalities of glutamate and reelin in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism
Abnormalities of GABA in autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Genetics, hippocampus, memory and autism
Summary
References
Part III: The psychology of memory in autism
7 Memory within a complex information processing model of autism
Introduction
Autism as an amnesic disorder
Pattern of intact and impaired memory skills in autism
Clinical memory batteries
Adults
Children
Conclusions based on memory profile studies
Working memory
Relation of pattern of impaired and intact memory to other cognitive domains
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
8 Episodic memory, semantic memory and self-awareness in high-functioning autism
Introduction
Study 1
Methods
Participants
Materials
Procedure
Analysis
Results
Discussion
Study 2
Methods
Materials
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Study 3
Methods
Materials
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Study 4
Methods
Materials
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
9 Episodic memory and autonoetic consciousness in autistic spectrum disorders: the roles of self-awareness, representational abilities and temporal cognition
Introduction
Prerequisites of episodic memory in typical development
Development of the self
Implicit self-awareness: the ecological and interpersonal selves
Explicit self-awareness: the conceptual, private and temporally extended selves
Conceptual self-awareness
The private self
The temporally extended self
The role of self-awareness in episodic memory development
The development of representational abilities
The development of temporal cognition
How might diminished episodic memory in autism be explained?
Impaired self-awareness in people with autism?
The ecological and interpersonal self
The conceptual self
The private self
The temporally extended self
Impaired representational abilities?
An impairment of temporal cognition?
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
10 Impairments in social memory in autism? Evidence from behaviour and neuroimaging
Introduction
Social memory and behaviour
Face processing and memory
Face memory vs other stimulus memory
Memory for features of faces
Memory for voices
Emotion memory
Summary: social memory and behaviour
Social memory and neuroimaging
Face and object memory
Accounting for performance on tests of social memory in autism
Memory and the medial temporal lobe
Perception and encoding
Attention
Social motivation
Expertise
Summary
Acknowledgement
References
11 Memory characteristics in individuals with savant skills
Introduction
Savant talent
Modularity and domain-specificity
Practice and implicit memory
Savant abilities in different domains
Number and calendar calculators
Musical savants
Savant artists
A theoretical model of savant abilities
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
12 Working memory and immediate memory in autism spectrum disorders
Introduction
Autism and memory
Autism and short-term memory: the hypotheses
Autism and short-term memory: the data
Working memory
Studies of working memory in autism
Processing load effects
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13 Rehearsal and directed forgetting in adults with Asperger syndrome
Introduction
Rehearsal strategies in free recall and recognition
The development of elaborative rehearsal
Overt rehearsal and free recall
Directed forgetting and recognition
Concluding remarks
Summary
Acknowledgements
References
14 Memory, language and intellectual ability in low-functioning autism
Introduction
What has to be explained
The typical language profile in people with low-functioning autism
The intellectual ability profile in people with low-functioning autism
Profile based on the verbal–nonverbal distinction
Profile based on the fluid–crystallized intelligence distinction
Pervasive declarative memory impairment as an explanation of language impairment and intellectual disability in low-functioning autism
The hypothesis
The distinction between declarative and nondeclarative memory
Explaining the language profile
Explaining the intellectual ability profile
Verbal versus nonverbal abilities
The fluid versus crystallized intelligence distinction
Evidence relating to the hypothesis
Summary
Other suggested explanations of language (and intellectual) impairments in low-functioning autism
Mindblindness
Impaired symbol formation and use; impaired ability to form semantic categories
Specific language impairments
Impairments of sequencing and segmenting
Other explanatory theories
Summary
Acknowledgement
References
Part IV: Overview
15 Practical implications of memory characteristics in autistic spectrum disorders
Introduction
Everyday memory functioning in autism
Different kinds of memory
Schacter’s (2003) ‘seven sins’ of memory
(i) Transience
(ii) Absent-mindedness
(iii) Blocking
(iv) Misattribution
(v) Suggestibility
(vi) Bias
(vii) Persistence
Summary
References
16 A different memory: are distinctions drawn from the study of nonautistic memory appropriate to describe memory in autism?
Normocentrism and deficit-oriented explanations: ubiquitous problems in neurocognitive research in autism
Ethics: how should life forms be described?
Ethics: the presumed dangers of analogies involving different life forms
Normocentrism: the unparsimonious three-step ‘natural history’
Normocentrism: normocentric and deficit-oriented approaches in models of autistic memory
Three examples of the normocentric interpretation of memory performance
Savant memory
Are autistics ‘surface memorizers’?
Categorization, from ‘memory of exemplars’ to optionality
Conclusion: promoting a ‘form of life’ attitude
Summary
References
17 Memory in ASD: enduring themes and future prospects
Introduction
Memory in ASDs: the early work
Rote memory, span and free recall
Free recall and serial position effects
Cued recall, recognition and implicit memory
Emerging and enduring themes
The Task Support Hypothesis (TSH): a heuristic analogy with ageing?
The role of structure: semantics and syntax
Relational encoding: the key to understanding the role of meaning in memory?
Episodic remembering: time travel and self-involvement