This page intentionally left blank ANGER, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM The Romantic age was one of anger and its consequences: revolution and reaction, terror and war Andrew M Stauffer explores the changing place of anger in the literature and culture of the period, as Englishmen and women rethought their relationship to the aggressive passions in the wake of the French Revolution Drawing on diverse fields and discourses such as aesthetics, politics, medicine, and the law, and tracing the classical legacy the Romantics inherited, Stauffer charts the period’s struggle to define the relationship of anger to justice and the creative self In their poetry and prose, Romantic authors including Blake, Coleridge, Godwin, Shelley, and Byron negotiate the meanings of indignation and rage amidst a clamorous debate over the place of anger in art and in civil society This innovative book has much to contribute to the understanding of Romantic literature and the cultural history of the emotions a n d r e w m s t a u f f e r is an Assistant Professor of English at Boston University He has published on nineteenth-century British literature in Studies in Romanticism, Keats–Shelley Journal, Victorian Literature and Culture and Victorian Poetry He was awarded a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities to complete Anger, Revolution, and Romanticism CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General editors Professor Marilyn Butler, University of Oxford Professor James Chandler, University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, University of Cambridge Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early 1780s to the early 1830s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanization, industrialization, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion, and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria: gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan: journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt: poetic form, content, and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book ANGER, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM ANDREW M STAUFFER Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521846752 © Andrew M Stauffer 2005 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2005 - - ---- eBook (NetLibrary) --- eBook (NetLibrary) - - ---- hardback --- hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate For Mom and Dad, and for Zahr and Layth Contents Acknowledgments List of abbreviations page viii x Introduction: fits of rage 1 Towards Romantic anger 16 Burke, Coleridge, and the rage for indignation 38 Inflammatory reactions 64 Provocation and the plot of anger 87 Shelley and the masks of anger 110 Byron’s curse 133 Epilogue Notes Bibliography Index 164 175 200 215 vii Acknowledgments Many hands have helped guide mine as this book grew Thanks first to Chip Tucker, Jerry McGann, and Paul Cantor, whose very different kinds of inspiration and advice made it possible, and then helped me make it better They are my teachers, and along with Mark Edmundson, Robert Langbaum, Michael Levenson, Vicki Mahaffey, David McWhirter, and Jim Nohrnberg, they opened my eyes Thanks also to fellow Romanticists at Boston University, Chuck Rzepka and David Wagenknecht, who were very generous with their help, as indeed were a number of Boston University faculty members, particularly Christopher Decker, Christopher Ricks, John Paul Riquelme, and James Winn My colleagues at California State University, Los Angeles deserve gratitude, with special recognition to Alfred Bendixen, Peter Brier, Michael Calabrese, John Cleman, Michelle Hawley, and Steve Jones In addition, I would like to thank my students at Boston University and California State University, Los Angeles, who have energized my thinking about the matters set forth herein, and so much else Other sources of happy influence include Peter Accardo, Neil Arditi, Bernard Beatty, Alison Booth, Charles Choi, Anne Coldiron, Clark Davis, Jim Epstein, Alina Gharabegian, Kevin Gilmartin, Marilyn Gaull, Andy Franta, Anup Ghosh, Dennis Kezar, Paul Kirkitelos, Michael O’Neill, Cara Norris, Martha White Paas, Paul Perrone, Seamus Perry, Don Reiman, Russ Schweller, Jim Soderholm, David Vander Meulen, Swen Voekel, and Jim Wamsley It troubles me to imagine what the book would look like without the contributions of these friends and colleagues, all giants in the earth This project was supported by a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities, and my thanks go to that organization and the reviewers of my application At an earlier stage, a generous grant from the Bradley Foundation allowed me to pursue research in England In addition, welcome support came from DuPont fellowships administered by the English Department at the University of Virginia, and from the viii Bibliography 207 Revenge Tragedy: Aeschylus to Armageddon Oxford: Clarendon, 1996 Kilgour, Maggie The Rise of the Gothic Novel London: Routledge, 1995 Klancher, Jon The Making of English Reading Audiences, 1790–1832 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987 Knapp, Steven Personification and the Sublime Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985 Knight, G Wilson Poets of Action London: Metheun, 1967 Knoepflmacher, U C “Thoughts on the Aggression of Daughters.” The Endurance of Frankenstein, ed Levine and Knoepflmacher 88–119 Kramnick, Isaac The Rage of Edmund Burke: Portrait of an Ambivalent Conservative New York: Basic Books, 1977 Kupersmith, William “Juvenal as Sublime Satirist.” PMLA 87 (1972), 508–11 Lane, Christopher Hatred and Civility: The Antisocial Life in Victorian England New York: Columbia 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101–02, 143, 188–90 American Revolution 64–65, 68–69 Anderson, Amanda 199 Anderson, William S 41 Anonymous, Desultory Thoughts on the Atrocious Cruelties of the French Nation 49, 50, 52 Anonymous, Intercepted Correspondence from Satan to Citizen Paine 184 Anonymous, Moderate Politics, Devoted to Britons 183 Anonymous, Strictures on the Letter of the Rt Hon Mr Burke 46 Anti-Jacobin 49 Apollo 82–83, 112, 113 Arendt, Hannah 79 Aristotle 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26 Nicomachean Ethics 17 Poetics 17 Armstrong, James 34–35, 37, 181 The Art of Preserving Health 34–35 Arnold, Matthew 194 Arrian 189 Auden, W H 25 Bible 30, 82, 84–85, 128, 158, 161 Blake, William 1, 3, 5, 6, 8, 14, 16, 35, 39, 50–51, 58, 64, 68–69, 75–86, 87, 105, 110, 112–13, 116, 128, 134, 148, 150, 153, 159–60, 162 America 14, 68–69 “And then she bore pale Desire” 187 “Auguries of Innocence” 79 “Day” 188 The Four Zoas 83–84 The French Revolution The Ghost of Abel 159–60, 162 “The Grey Monk” 187 Jerusalem 14, 76, 80–84 The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 1, 14, 81, 84–86 “The Mental Traveller” 128 Milton 82, 84 “A Poison Tree” 51, 58, 75, 76, 77–78, 82, 87, 105, 148 A Song of Liberty 85–86 “Was I Angry” 76–77 Blank, G Kim 192 Blast! 174 bleeding, as cure 4, 64–67 Blessington, Marguerite, Lady 150, 155 Journal of Conversations with Lord Byron 150, 155 Bloom, Harold 29, 116 Blumberg, Jane 103 Boileau, Nicolas Despreaux 28 Bonaparte, Napoleon 55, 61, 79, 102, 165 Bousfield, Benjamin 48 Bowles, John 52 Bowyer, James 90 Braden, Gordon 18 Braund, S H 179 Brown, Thomas 105, 138 Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind 105, 138 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett 174 “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point” 174 Baillie, Joanna 102, 138–39 De Montfort 102 Plays on the Passions 102, 138–39 Bainbridge, Simon Baker, Keith Michael 3, 176 Baldick, Chris 191 Barish, Jonas Barrell, John 182 Bateman, Thomas 67 Batten, Guinn 176 Baudelaire, Charles 146 Beaty, Frederick L 133, 134, 150, 151, 177, 195 Behrendt, Steven 194 Bennett, Betty T 177, 192 215 216 Browning, Robert 148, 174 “Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister” 148, 174 Brunot, Ferdinand 187 Burke, Edmund 4, 12, 13, 28, 29–30, 31, 38, 40–49, 52–54, 62, 65, 67, 73, 100, 102–03, 168 “Address to the King” 65 Letters on the Proposals for Peace with the Regicide Directory of France 38–39 Letter to a Noble Lord 53 Letter to William Elliot 67 Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful 28, 29–30, 31 Reflections on the Revolution in France 4, 40–46, 48, 168 Burney, Ian A 186 Burns, Robert 120, 139 Burwick, Roswitha 191 Butler, Marilyn 2, 176, 188, 191 Bynum, W F 186 Byron, Anne Isabella Milbanke, Lady 146, 147, 149, 152 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Lord 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 42, 105, 109, 119, 133–63, 169–70, 173 “Again deceived! Again betrayed!” 152 Cain 133, 148, 158–59, 162, 163 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage 140, 142–44, 156, 157, 163 The Curse of Minerva 133, 147 The Deformed Transformed 162 Don Juan 133, 135–36, 149–50, 169–70 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 133, 136, 149, 151 “Epistle to Augusta” 148 The Giaour 157 Hints from Horace 133, 154 Hours of Idleness 150, 154 “Il Diavolo Inamorato” 156–57 “Inscription on the Monument of a Newfoundland Dog” 146–47 Manfred 146, 147–48, 163 Marino Faliero 75, 133, 148 “Ode from the French” 161–62 “Remember thee” 152–53, 162–63 “A Sketch from Private Life” 140–41, 145, 151, 152 “To Caroline” 150–51 To a Knot of Ungenerous Critics 135 “To Romance” 152 The Two Foscari 162 A Vision of Judgement 136 Byron, William, 5th Lord 94 Cameron, Kenneth Neil 194 Carlyle, Thomas 11, 139–40 Index The French Revolution 11 Carnochan, W B 27 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Lord 121, 128–29 Chandler, James 2, 176 Chateaubriand, Rene´ 84–85 Ge´nie du Christianisme 84–85 Christie, Thomas 46, 48 Letters on the Revolution in France 46 Christensen, Jerome 134, 136, 140 Cicero 20 Claeys, Gregory 39 Clairmont, Claire 119 Clark, A F B 179 Clermont, Jane 141, 145–46, 147, 163 Cleveland, John 7–8 “On the Pouder Plot” 7–8 “The Rebell Scot” Coburn, Kathleen 55 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 5, 13, 15, 31, 40, 42, 54, 57, 70, 73–75, 89, 96, 98–99, 100, 170, 172, 185, 187 Biographia Literaria 61, 89 “Dejection: An Ode” 13, 55–56, 59, 61 Conciones ad Populum 73–75 “The Eolian Harp” 60 “Fears in Solitude” 13, 56 The Friend 187 “Kubla Khan” 62, 172 “Monody on the Death of Chatterton” 58–59 A Moral and Political Lecture 73 “On the Passions” 60 “The Pains of Sleep” 57, 62 The Plot Discovered 98–99, 100 “The Taste of the Times” 185 Coleridge, Sara Fricker 56 Collins, William 12, 31–35, 37, 53, 168 “Ode to Fear” 31–32, 168 “The Passions: An Ode for Music” 31, 33–34, 53 Congreve, William 152 Cowper, William 12, 36–37 The Task 36–37 Craciun, Adriana 199 Cronin, Richard 194 Cullen, William 66 Curran, Stuart 128 curse 15, 114–19, 126, 136–37, 141–63 Davie, Donald 28 De Grey, William 94 DeLuca, Vincent 85 De Quincey, Thomas 190 Derrida, Jacques 141 Dennis, John 12, 28–31 Dodds, E R 24 Index Donaldson, Ian 151 Dryden, John 26–28 Duff, David 193 Dyer, Gary 41–42, 182 Eaton, Daniel Isaac 71 Ebenezer Elliott 139–40 Edinburgh Review 154 Edwards, Gavin 188 Eley, Geoff 177 Elliott, Robert C 194 enthusiasm, 2, 176 Epstein, James 3, 176 Erdman, David 80, 82, 85, 176, 187 Euripides 92, 117 Andromache 92 Everest, Kelvin 188 Examiner 130 Fawcett, John 138 Essay on Anger 138 fear 16, 30–32, 61, 93, 132 Feldman, Paula 199 Ferguson, Adam 11 Fielding, Henry 89 Fisher, Philip 2, 9, 87, 148, 157 Fox, Charles James 43–44, 64–65, 67 French Revolution 1, 3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 36–38, 63, 65, 73–75, 79, 87–89, 94, 98–103, 105, 111, 114, 131, 133, 138, 147, 159, 160, 164 the Terror 1, 9–12, 47, 100, 105, 111, 134, 174 Freud, Sigmund 116 Frye, Northrop 80 Fuess, Claude M 195 Furet, Franc¸ois 3, 46–47, 176 Furniss, Tom 45 Fyfe, Hamilton W 17 Gay, Peter 175 George III 64, 65, 99, 120, 122, 131, 164 Germain, George Sackville, Lord 64, 65 Gifford, William 123 Gillray, James 190 Gilmartin, Kevin 3, 177 Gisborne, John 119 Gleckner, Robert 133 Godwin, William 1, 5, 14, 15, 40, 48, 70, 88–103, 105, 106, 108 Caleb Williams 14, 75, 88–98, 100, 101–03, 105, 106 Enquiry Concerning Political Justice 90, 91, 97–98 History of Greece: From the Earliest Records of that Country to the Time in which it was reduced into a Roman Province 90–91 217 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 14, 106–08 The Sorrows of Young Werther 14, 106–08 Gordon Riots 65 gothic 14, 101–02, 103, 108 Graham, Kenneth 188 Gray, Thomas 12, 35–37, 59, 154 “The Bard” 35–36 “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” 154 Greimas, Algirdas J 100 grief 2, 35–36 Guerlac, Suzanne 25, 29, 138 Guiccioli, Theresa 150 Guilhaumou, Jacques 183 Habermas, Juărgen 177 Hanley, Evelyn A 182 Harris, William 16–17 Harvey, A D 191 Hawes, Clement 176 Hebert, Jacques Rene´ 47 Heller, Lee E 191 Hemans, Felicia 171–73 “The Indian City” 171–73 Tales, and Historic Scenes 171 Records of Woman 171–72 “The Wife of Asdrubal” 172–73 Hervey, John, Lord 136 Highet, Gilbert 41 Hogle, Jerrold E 192, 194 Holmes, Richard 185–86 Homer 15, 16–18, 23–24, 37, 82–84, 116, 155, 172 The Iliad 15, 17, 18, 23, 82–84, 172 The Odyssey 39 Horace 20, 25, 27–28, 113 Ars Poetica 20, 25 Satire I 113 Hertz, Neil 23 Herzog, Don 186 Hone, William 72 Reformist Register 72 Horder, Jeremy 88, 94 Hume, David 11 Hunt, Henry 165 Hunt, Leigh 113, 122, 130 The Descent of Liberty: A Mask (1815) 122 Hunt, Lynn 3, 47 Hunter, John 66 Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation, and Gun-Shot Wounds 66 Hutcheson, Francis 11 Hutchinson, Sara 62 indignation 4, 39–53, 59 inflammation 4, 13–14, 59, 64–75, 82–86 Irlam, Shaun 176 218 irony 6, 15, 135–36 Isnard, Maximin 79 Jeffrey, Francis 154–55 Jesus 110 Johnson, R Brimley 195 Johnson, Samuel 96, 141–42 “The Folly of Anger” 141–42 The Rambler 96, 141 Jones, Chris 178, 181 Jones, Steven 6, 110–11, 121, 128, 133, 193 Jonson, Ben 15, 113, 123–24, 151 Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue 123, 124, 127 Poetaster 151 Juvenal 6–8, 12, 27–28, 30, 36–38, 40–43, 136 Satire I 6, 40 Satire I I I 36 Kames, Henry Home, Lord 11, 32, 138 Elements of Criticism 32 Kant, Immanuel 12, 29 Karlin, Daniel 175 Keach, William 192 Keane, Angela 177 Keats, John 118–19, 121, 126, 152, 165–74 “La Belle Dame sans Merci” 152 Endymion 114 “The Fall of Hyperion” 165–66 “Hyperion” 165–66 “Ode on Melancholy” 166–69, 172 “Ode to a Nightingale” 166 “On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer” 173 Keen, Paul 177 Kelly, Gary 100, 171 Kennedy, Gwynne 175 Kennedy, X J 28 Kenney, E J Kernan, Alvin Kerrigan, John 137, 175, 196 Kilgour, Maggie 101 Klancher, Jon 14 Knapp, Steven 31 Knight, G Wilson 149 Knoepflmacher, U C 191 Kramnick, Issac 43 Kupersmith, William 7, 27 Lamb, Caroline 145, 152–53, 162–63 Lamb, Charles 137 “On the Tragedies of Shakespeare” 137 Landon, Letitia 171 Lane, Christopher 175 Langbaum, Robert 137–38 Index law 4, 51, 88, 94–95, 107 Lefebvre, George 79 Leigh, Augusta 144, 147 Levinson, Marjorie Lewalski, Barbara K 195 Liu, Alan 2, 10, 47, 69 Locke, John 83, 104 Lockwood, Thomas 5, 65, 133–34, 177, 195 London Corresponding Society 52, 99, 100 Longinus 12, 22–30, 84, 85, 122 Louis XVI 51 Lovell, Earnest J 144 Lucas, Colin 176, 184 Macaulay, Catherine 40, 48 Mace, Nancy 91 Mack, Maynard 120 Macpherson, James 181 Comala 181 Makdisi, Saree 177 Maniquis, Robert 175 Manning, Peter 142 Marat, Jean-Paul 41, 47 Marchand, Leslie 144, 146 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 44, 122 Marshall, David 191 Marshall, Peter 188, 191 Marston, John 7–8 The Scourge of Villanie 7–8 Marvell, Andrew 74 Mason, Laura 176 masque 14–15, 112, 122–32 Matthews, William 70 McCalman, Iain 176 McGann, Jerome J 2, 134–38, 141, 142, 144, 152, 156 McNeice, Gerald 110 McVeigh Daniel 146 McWhir, Anne 191 medicine 13–14, 64–69 Medwin, Thomas 153, 154 Mee, John 2, 176 melancholy Melbourne, Elizabeth Milbanke Lamb, Lady 145 Mellor, Anne 103 Milton 15, 34, 39, 60–62, 76–77, 82–85, 108, 114, 122, 123, 128, 157–58 Comus 122, 123 Paradise Lost 39, 60, 82–84, 106, 108, 114, 157–58 Monk, Samuel Holt 26–27 Moore, T 52 Address to the Inhabitants of Great Britain 52 Index Moore, Thomas 170, 173 Lalla Rookh 170 Morgan, Lady 153 Morkan, Joel 187 Morris, David 30 Moskal, Jeanne 79 Murray, John 149 Napier, Macvey 140 Newey, Vincent 198 Newton, Sir Isaac 80, 81 Principia 80 Niebyl, Peter 66–67 Nietzsche, Friedrich 157 Nohrnberg, James 53 North, Frederick, Lord 65 Nussbaum, Martha Ollier, Charles 119 Orgel, Stephen 124, 127 O’Neill, Michael 165, 198 O’Rourke, James 103 Ousby, Ian 188 Ozouf, Mona 3, 47, 176 Paine, Thomas 39, 40, 41, 42, 45–46, 49, 71 The Rights of Man 42–43, 45 Paley, Morton 85, 128, 130 Pater, Walter 132 Paulson, Ronald 50, 100, 103 periodical press 1, 6, 49 Perry, Sampson 49, 71 The Argus 49, 71 Peterloo Massacre 128–31, 160–62, 164, 167 Philp, Mark 39, 47 Piggot, Charles 40, 48–49 Pig’s Meat 73 Pitt, William 100, 130, 131 Plato 17, 23 The Republic 17 Plutarch 91–92, 96, 101 “Concerning the Cure of Anger” 95–96 Pope, Alexander 12, 23, 26, 27–28, 30, 111, 113, 136, 147, 151 “Epilogue to the Satires Dialogue 2” 192 “Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot” 136, 147 Pound, Ezra 140 Preston, Thomas R 180 Price, Richard 43, 68 Discourse on the Love of Our Country 43, 68 Prideaux, Humphrey 89, 97, 189 Priestly, Joseph 48, 70 219 Propertius 169, 199 Punter, David 2, 175–76 Queen Caroline affair 164 Quintus Curtius Rufus 91–92, 101 rage 4–5, 13, 39–41, 57–62, 66–67, 72, 96, 136 Rajan, Tilottama 197 Rather, L J 186 reaction, anger as 79–86 Reddy, William 2, 11–12 Reform Bill 10–11 Reiman, Donald 110 revenge 15, 82–84, 87, 95, 125, 133–34, 141–63 Ricks, Christopher 175 Roberts, W Rhys 179 Robespierre 10, 11, 47, 52, 79, 97 Romilly, Sir Samuel 50, 149–50 Roscoe, W 185 Rosenswein, Barbara H 175 Rousseau, Jean Jacques 5, 11, 41, 66, 131 Emile 11 Rowlandson, Thomas 44 Rudd, Niall 78, 180 Russell, Gillian Sanders, Charles Richard 196 satire 5–8, 18, 38, 53, 76–77, 110–14, 120, 123, 133–35, 146–49 Augustan 5, 8, 37, 53, 133–36, 146 Schama, Simon 47, 176 Schor, Esther H 175 Scofield, John 75–76 Scott, Inez G 27 Scott, Sir Walter 51, 79 Old Mortality 79 Scrivener, Michael 53, 177, 185, 194 Seneca 12, 18–26, 28, 31–33, 37, 40–41, 53, 70–71, 78–79, 96, 101–02, 117, 136, 138 De Ira 12, 18–24, 28, 70–71, 78–79, 96 Medea 21–22 Oedipus 102 sensibility 3, 11–12, 16, 29, 33, 45, 181 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord 11 Shakespeare 10, 34, 44, 49, 116, 137, 184 Hamlet 10 Henry IV, Part I 184 The Taming of the Shrew 49 Shaw, Philip Shelley, Mary Godwin 5, 14, 15, 89, 102–03, 106 Frankenstein 14, 89, 103–09, 162 Shelley, Percy Bysshe 5, 6, 8, 14–15, 56, 103, 110–32, 134–35, 153, 159–62, 165, 167 Adonais 118, 122 220 Shelley, Percy Bysshe (cont.) The Cenci 125 Charles the First 123–24, 126 “A Defence of Poetry” 167, 199 “England in 1819” 120, 122 Epipsychidion 121, 123, 132 “A Hate-Song” 125 The Mask of Anarchy 14, 114, 122, 128–31, 160–62 “Mont Blanc” 115 “Ode to the West Wind” 56, 132 “Orpheus” 126–27 Prometheus Unbound 14, 75, 114–18, 122, 126–28, 132, 159, 162, 165 Queen Mab 123 “Satire on Satire” 113, 117, 118, 119 “Similes for Two Political Characters of 1819” 121 Swellfoot the Tyrant 114 The Triumph of Life 122, 123, 131 “To a Skylark” 120–21 “To Death” 194 “To the Lord Chancellor” 121–22 Sheridan, Richard Brinsley 44 Sherwin, W T 71, 72 Political Register 72 sincerity 5–8, 15, 19–21, 127, 134–40 Sidmouth, Henry Addington, Lord 121 Six Acts 164–65 Smith, Adam 11, 32, 36, 138 Theory of Moral Sentiments 32, 36 Smith, Olivia Society for Constitutional Information 52 Socrates 110 Solomon, Robert C 175, 179 Sophocles 102, 117 Oedipus Rex 102 Southey, Edith Fricker 56 Southey, Robert 56, 62, 72, 73–74, 98, 113, 117, 119, 135, 149 Spacks, Patricia Meyer 181 Spence, Thomas 71 Spenser, Edmund 31, 33–34, 53, 114 The Faerie Queene 33–34, 114 Stabler, Jane 196 Stahl, George 66 Stauffer, Andrew 197 Stedman, Gesa 175 Steele, Richard 133–34 Sterrenburg, Lee 103 Stoicism 9, 13, 18–24, 31, 71, 78–79, 89, 94, 96, 101, 103, 106, 108, 138 Storch, Rudolf 189 Strachan, John 177 Index sublime 3, 9, 12, 16, 21–32, 45–46, 84–85, 169–70, 173 Swedenborg, Emmanuel 80–81 The Wisdom of Angels concerning Divine Love and Divine Wisdom 80–81 Swift, Jonathan 120–21, 136, 146 Gulliver’s Travels 120 sympathy 5, 14–15, 20–23, 32–34, 103–08, 136–47, 159 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 174 Maud 174 theatricality 6–8, 15, 19–21, 133, 137, 139, 147–48, 165 Thelwall, John 13, 52–54, 68, 71, 99, 100 Thompson, E P 176 Thompson, J M 187 Todd, Janet 181 Tomahawk! or Censor General 51 Treason Bill 99 The True Briton 52 Two Acts 49 Vargo, Lisa 128 Varma, Devendra P 191 Vathek 152 Vaughan, Susan 152 Vivian, Charles 193–94 Walker, Jeffrey 182 Warton, Thomas 12, 30 Wasserman, Earl R 193 Waterloo, battle of 14, 66, 103, 161–62, 164 Webb, Timothy 192 Weber, Harold 28 Weinbrot, Howard 42 Weiskel, Thomas 23, 24, 32 Weisman, Karen 94 Wheatley, Kim 177 Whitford, Robert 41 Wiesen, David S Wilkes, John 50 Williams, David 183 Wollstonecraft, Mary 40, 42, 45, 50 A Vindication of the Rights of Men 42, 45 Wood, Marcus 3, 177 Woodring, Carl 129 Wooler, Thomas 71 Wordsworth, William 5, 9–11, 41, 42, 50–51, 58, 61, 62, 68–70, 74–75, 90, 137, 139, 141, 150, 153–57, 162 Convention of Cintra 74–75 Descriptive Sketches 68, 69–70 Essay, Supplementary to the Preface 58 Index “Lines written a few miles above Tintern Abbey” 154, 155, 156 “Ode: Intimations of Immortality” 153–54 The Philanthropist 70 The Prelude 3, 9–10, 50–51, 69–70 “The Warning” 10–11 Worrall, David Yeats, William Butler 110, 112, 132, 155, 174 “The Philosophy of Shelley’s Poetry” 132 “The Tower” 155 A Vision 110 Young, Art 192 Young, Edward 51, 96 A Vindication of Providence 51, 96 221 ... blank ANGER, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM The Romantic age was one of anger and its consequences: revolution and reaction, terror and war Andrew M Stauffer explores the changing place of anger. .. Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www .cambridge. org Information... Shelley, and others provide important evidence of the various political and aesthetic pressures on anger for the post-Revolutionary author in England However, it is Blake, Shelley, and Byron who stand