This page intentionally left blank THE IDEA OF THE SELF What is the self? This question has preoccupied people in many times and places, but nowhere more than in the modern West, where it has spawned debates that still resound today Jerrold Seigel here provides an original and penetrating narrative of how major Western European thinkers and writers have confronted the self since the time of Descartes, Leibniz, and Locke From an approach that is at once theoretical and contextual, he examines the way figures in Britain, France, and Germany have understood whether and how far individuals can achieve coherence and consistency in the face of the inner tensions and external pressures that threaten to divide or overwhelm them He makes clear that recent “post-modernist” accounts of the self belong firmly to the tradition of Western thinking they have sought to supersede, and provides an open-ended and persuasive alternative to claims that the modern self is typically egocentric or disengaged j e r rold seigel is William R Kenan, Jr., Professor of History at New York University His previous books include Bohemian Paris: Culture, Politics and the Boundaries of Bourgeois Life, 1830–1930 (1986) and The Private Worlds of Marcel Duchamp: Desire, Liberation and the Self in Modern Culture (1995) THE IDEA OF THE SELF Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century JERROLD SEIGEL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521844178 © Jerrold Seigel 2005 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2005 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 978-0-511-33729-1 ISBN-10 0-511-33729-9 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 hardback 978-0-521-84417-8 hardback 0-521-84417-7 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 paperback 978-0-521-60554-0 paperback 0-521-60554-7 Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents Acknowledgments page vii part i introductory Dimensions and contexts of selfhood Between ancients and moderns 45 part ii british modernit y Personal identity and modern selfhood: Locke 87 Self-centeredness and sociability: Mandeville and Hume 111 Adam Smith and modern self-fashioning 139 part iii societ y and self-knowled ge: france from old reg im e to restoration Sensationalism, reflection, and inner freedom: Condillac and Diderot 171 Wholeness, withdrawal, and self-revelation: Rousseau 210 Reflectivity, sense-experience, and the perils of social life: Maine de Biran and Constant 248 part iv the world and the self in german idealism Autonomy, limitation, and the purposiveness of nature: Kant v 295 vi Contents 10 Homology and Bildung: Herder, Humboldt, and Goethe 332 11 The ego and the world: Fichte, Novalis, and Schelling 361 12 Universal selfhood: Hegel 391 part v m odern visions and illusi ons 13 Dejection, insight, and self-making: Coleridge and Mill 427 14 From cultivated subjectivity to the culte du moi: polarities of self-formation in nineteenth-century France 469 15 Society and selfhood reconciled: Janet, Fouill´e, and Bergson 508 16 Will, reflection, and self-overcoming: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche 537 17 Being and transcendence: Heidegger 568 18 Deaths and transfigurations of the self: Foucault and Derrida 603 19 Epilogue 651 Notes Index 660 714 Acknowledgments I am happy to thank a number of friends and colleagues who have offered criticism and advice, skepticism and support, over the long period in which I have worked on this book Some years ago, when my ideas were still incompletely formed, Lynn Hunt invited me to give a paper on this topic to a conference in Berkeley, where I profited from her comments and those of others present, notably Martin Jay Mark Lilla’s independent reading of an earlier draft of that paper pushed me to a better understanding of what my real subject was In 2001 members of the New York Area Seminar in Intellectual and Cultural History read a version of Chapter I learned much from the discussion there, and particularly from comments by Richard Wolin (who also read and commented on some of the later chapters), Martin Jay (again), Edward Berenson, Rochelle Gurstein, Martin Woesner, and Thomas Ort (to the last two I owe a particular debt for making me think about the question of temporality and the self ) Peter Gordon and Samuel Moyn sent searching and illuminating observations and suggestions on that occasion Out of it too came an extended and very helpful correspondence with Gerald N Izenberg Colleagues and students at New York University heard and read portions of the project in various courses and seminars, among whom I especially need to thank Tony Judt, Jennifer Homans, Michael Behrent, and Samara Heifetz for their reactions and suggestions I profited from discussing Rousseau and Benjamin Constant with Helena Rosenblatt Sophia Rosenfeld’s sympathetic and critical response to the eighteenth-century French chapters pointed the way to important revisions Jeffrey Freedman helpfully answered my queries about books and readers in eighteenth-century Germany I thank Allan Megill, Thomas Laqueur, and Brigitte Bedos-Rezak for their readings of Chapter 1, and Steven Lukes for a prolonged and illuminating discussion of both that chapter’s vocabulary and its content To Louis Sass I am grateful for his probing and thoughtful engagement with a number of chapters, and for a series of enlightening and much appreciated conversations Only Anthony La Vopa read and vii viii Acknowledgments commented on the whole manuscript; to him my debt is very deep, since practically every chapter is better for his questions and suggestions I also thank Lester K Little, director of the American Academy in Rome, for appointing me as a Resident at the Academy in February and March of 2000, and Tony Judt for making me a faculty fellow of the Remarque Institute in the spring of 2001 At the Cambridge University Press I have benefited multiply from Michael Watson’s interest and involvement, and his efforts to expedite the publication process, and I thank Linda Randall for her careful and attentive copy-editing My family, and especially my wife Jayn Rosenfeld (who also helped clarify the prose of several chapters), have lovingly borne with the ups and downs of my long involvement with this project I could hardly have survived it without them 710 Notes to pages 621–27 44 Foucault, The Order of Things, 387; Foucault, La volont´e de savoir, 211 45 Nancy Fraser, “Foucault’s Body-Language: A Post-Humanist Political Rhetoric?” Salmagundi 61 (Fall 1983), 66 For similar criticisms, see Charles Taylor, “Foucault on Freedom and Truth,” in Foucault, A Critical Reader, ed David Couzzens Hoy (Oxford and New York, 1986), especially 91, and Michael Walzer, “The Politics of Michel Foucault,” in ibid., esp 65–66 46 For these developments see Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme, vol ii, esp ch 33 As I think the following discussion of Foucault makes clear, however, his way of positing freedom for the subject remained very far from the liberalism of the sociologist Raymond Boudon, or the philosopher and historian Tzvetan Todorov 47 See, in general, Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, 314ff, 327 The 1980 interview, which took place in Vermont, is printed in Michel Foucault, Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, ed Luther H Martin et al (Amherst, MA, 1980), 10 On Foucault’s sense of belonging and freedom in California, see for instance the touching memoir by H´el`ene Cixous, “Cela n’a pas de nom, ce qui se passait,” Le d´ebat 41 (Sept./Nov 1986), 155, and for a general account of Foucault’s experiences there, Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, ch 48 Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, 312–13, 278–79 I think Miller here may give too much emphasis to Foucault’s attempt to distance himself from violence in the passage he quotes; in general there seems to me to be a tension in Miller’s account between an attempt to mark a genuine turning point in Foucault’s career at the end of the 1970s, and the recognition that, after, all, the main goals and aspirations remained See for instance his invocation of Heidegger on 348 49 Foucault, Technologies of the Self, ed Martin et al., 18 Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?,” in The Foucault Reader, ed Rabinow, 49 50 Michel Foucault, The Care of the Self, volume iii of The History of Sexuality, trans Robert Hurley (New York, 1986), 44; Foucault, Technologies of the Self, ed Martin et al., 23–25 51 Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 84, 86–88 52 Ibid., 89, 90, 91 53 Foucault Technologies of the Self, ed Martin et al., 25, 27, 35; Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 62 54 Foucault, Technologies of the Self, ed Martin et al., 34–35; see also Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 142–43, and The Uses of Pleasure, volume ii of The History of Sexuality, trans Robert Hurley (New York, 1986), 89 55 Foucault, Technologies of the Self, ed Martin et al., 40; Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 239–40 56 Foucault The Uses of Pleasure, trans Hurley, 89, 91–92; Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 66; Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, 322–23 57 Foucault, Care of the Self, trans Hurley, 53, 65 Notes to pages 627–38 711 58 David Cohen and Richard Saller, “Foucault on Sexuality in Greco-Roman Antiquity,” in Foucault and the Writing of History, ed Jan Goldstein (Oxford and Cambridge, MA, 1994), 35–59; for the quotes, 37, 58 59 Arnold I Davidson, “Ethics as Ascetics: Foucault, the History of Ethics, and Ancient Thought,” in Foucault and the Writing of History, ed Goldstein, 62–80, esp 68–69 and 75–76 60 Michel Foucault, “Polemics, Politics, and Problemization: An Interview,” in The Foucault Reader, ed Rabinow, 388 61 Foucault, “What is Enlightenment?,” ed Rabinow, 43–44, 47–48 62 Ibid., 44, 42 63 Ibid., 46–47, 45 64 Miller, The Passion of Michel Foucault, 345, 353 65 Useful discussions of Derrida include Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction: Theory and Critique after Structuralism (Ithaca, 1982); Vincent Descombes, Modern French Philosophy, trans L Scott-Fox and J M Harding (Cambridge and New York, 1980); Dosse, Histoire du structuralisme; Manfred Frank, What is Neostructuralism?, trans Sabine Wilke and Richard Gray (Minneapolis, 1989); Rudolph Gasch´e, The Tain of the Mirror: Derrida and the Philosophy of Reflection (Cambridge, MA, and London, 1986); Derrida: A Critical Reader, ed David Wood (Oxford and Cambridge, MA, 1992) 66 Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore and London, 1974), 10–14 67 For the general features of “writing,” see Jacques Derrida, “Signature, Event, Context,” in Jacques Derrida, Limited Inc (Evanston, IL, 1988), esp 9–12; Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans Spivak, 6–10; for “il n’y a pas de hors-texte,” 162–63 “Signature, Event, Context,” was first published in English in Margins of Philosophy, trans Alan Bass (Chicago, 1982), 307–30 68 Of Grammatology, trans Spivak, 68 69 The best discussion of these infrastructures is by Gasch´e, The Tain of the Mirror Gasch´e is one of Derrida’s closest students and most sympathetic supporters 70 See Jacques Derrida, “Diff´erance,” in Margins of Philosophy, trans Bass, 1–27, and Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans Spivak, passim 71 See the discussion in Gasch´e, The Tain of the Mirror, 186–90 72 Jacques Derrida, Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl’s Theory of Signs, trans David B Allison (Evanston, IL, 1973), 50–52 I have slightly modified the translation Derrida works with the category of iterability in other places too, especially in his polemic against John Searle; see Derrida, Limited Inc, 10–12 73 “Diff´erance,” 15 74 Derrida, Speech and Phenomena, trans Allison, 96; see also 54, 102 75 Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans Spivak, 158–59, 141, 153 For the sake of economy I am forgoing any discussion of what Derrida calls here “the supplement,” another of the linguistic “infrastructures,” which he employs to link together the absent presence of imaginary women in Rousseau’s mind when 712 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Notes to pages 639–53 he masturbates with the more general conditions of sign-using and reference Derrida theorizes here and elsewhere Ibid., 68; Derrida, Speech and Phenomena, trans Allison, 101–02 Jacques Derrida, Specters of Marx, trans Peggy Kamuf (New York and London, 1994), 91–92, 28, 172–73 Jacques Derrida, “La parole soufl´ee,” in Margins of Philosophy, trans Bass, 192; see 181 for Artaud and the lament for purity See also Jacques Derrida, “The Theater of Cruelty,” in ibid., 232–50 Jacques Derrida, “From Restricted Economy to General Economy: A Heglianism without Reserve,” in Margins of Philosophy, trans Bass, 251–77; see esp 266ff, 272ff See Ren´e Amacker, Linguistique saussurienne (Geneva, 1975), esp 49ff Michel Br´eal, Semantics: Studies in the Science of Meaning, trans Mrs Henry Cust (New York, 1900; repr 1964), 242 I believe that these comments are in line with the critique John Searle has made of Derrida, although they go in a somewhat different direction See “Reiterating the Differences,” Glyph (1977), 198–208, and Derrida’s reply, Limited Inc For a critique of Derrida that I think is similar in spirit to this one, although conducted from a different point of view, see Manfred Frank, “Is SelfConsciousness a Case of pr´esence a` soi? Towards a Meta-Critique of the Recent French Critique of Metaphysics,” trans Andrew Bowie, in Derrida: A Critical Reader, ed Wood, 218–34 According to Emmanuel Leroy-Ladurie, who frequented some of the same Communist milieux as Foucault in the early 1950s, signs of homosexual tendencies were sometimes taken as indications of resistance to the Party’s strongly hierarchical structure within student cells at this time, and Jacques Duclos, the Party’s principal figure after Maurice Thorez, could give voice to the antihomosexual prejudices common among certain segments of the petite bourgeosie See Emmanuel Leroy-Ladurie, Paris-Montpellier: P.C.–P.S.U 1945–63 (Paris, 1982), 46 and 113 ep ilo gu e Oliver Sacks, “In the River of Consciousness,” New York Review of Books, January 15, 2004, 41–44 Although I not wish to quarrel with Dr Sacks, it should be pointed out that for Bergson the “cinematographic” image of the mind represented not the “true” form of consciousness, but the way we imagine it as a result of our dependence on a “spatial” universe See L’´evolution cr´eatrice (Paris, 1939), 337–39 See the literature cited above in Chapter This conclusion should probably be recognized as a variation on Thomas Nagel’s point, noted above in Chapter 1, that the inner perspective of the “I” should not stand alone, but needs to be completed with the external one that views us each as instances of “someone.” Notes to pages 654–58 713 See Frank J Sulloway, Freud, Biologist of the Mind: Beyond the Psychoanalytic Legend (New York, 1979; rev edn., 1983) For another fine discussion of Freud’s way of conceiving the mind in bodily terms see Gerald N Izenberg, The Existentialist Critique of Freud: The Crisis of Autonomy (Princeton, 1976) For the “rat man,” see “Notes on a Case of Obsessional Neurosis,” in Sigmund Freud, Three Case Histories, ed Philip Rieff (New York, 1963) The “Dora” case was published as “Fragment of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria,” and reprinted in English as Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, ed Philip Rieff (New York, 1963) For commentary see In Dora’s Case: Freud– Hysteria–Feminism, ed Charles Bernheimer and Claire Kahane (New York, 1985) Sigmund Freud, The Ego and the Id, trans Joan Riviere, ed James Strachey (New York, 1960), 20 and 38 for the quotes Ibid., 26, 46 I refer of course to Civilization and its Discontents and to “Analysis Terminable and Interminable,” published in 1930 and 1937 10 See for instance Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen, The Freudian Subject, trans Catherine Porter, foreword by Franc¸ois Roustang (Stanford, 1988) On Lacan in general see David Macey, Lacan in Contexts (London and New York, 1988) Index Adam and Eve (Genesis), viewed by Leibniz 79 Abrams, M H 428 Addison, Joseph 114 The Spectator 159 Ainsworth, Michael 90 Akenside, Mark 447, 448 Alexander the Great 129 Alighieri, Dante 433 Allisan de la Tour, Marie-Ann 235 Allison, Henry 313–14, 321 Angebert, Caroline 477–78 anthropology 6, 21, 25–26 Aquinas, Thomas 50–51, 53 Aristotle 14, 33, 41, 46–51, 73, 75, 76, 78, 82, 114, 153, 250, 335, 588, 598 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 49–50 Arnauld, Antoine 77, 79, 610, 640 Ashley Cooper, Anthony (Earl of Shaftesbury) 90–91 see also Shaftesbury Atiya, P S., The Rise and Fall of Freedom of Contract 156, 158 Augustine (of Hippo), St 57, 70, 72, 119 Austin, John 46667 Averroăes 50 Azouvi, Francáois 252 Bacon, Francis 87, 174 Bali 25 Bambach, Charles 583, 585, 597 Barker-Benfield, G J 673–74 Barr`es, Maurice 484, 485, 500–03, 508, 522, 536, 611, 648 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 501, 502–03 Le culte du moi (The Cult of the Self ) 500 Les d´eracin´es (The Uprooted) 500 Un homme libre (A Free Man) 502–03 Sous l’œil des barbares (Under the Eye of the Barbarians) 500–02 Barthes, Roland 4, 290, 472, 498, 613, 649 Basel (University) 538 Bataille, Georges 605, 611–13, 629, 630, 640 and Sade 612 The History of an Eye 611–12 Baudelaire, Charles 89, 111, 494, 503, 629–30 reflectivity 494 My Heart Laid Bare (Mon cœur mis a` nu) 494, 496 Bayle, Pierre 75 Beddow, Michael 30, 335, 354 Bentham, Jeremy 427, 455–56, 466 Bergerac (Perigord) 251 Bergson, Henri 33, 484, 516–36, 571, 648, 652, 712 and Adam Smith 527 and Durkheim 527, 530 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 526, 529–36 and religion 516, 517; see also The Two Sources of Morality and Religion and vitalism 531–33 Creative Evolution 524–25, 533 Essai sur les donn´ees imm´ediates de la conscience (Time and Free Will) 517–22, 532–34 Good Sense and Classical Studies (Le Bon sens et les ´etudes classiques) 522–23 Matter and Memory 522 The Two Sources of Morality and Religion 525–29, 534 Berkeley, California (University) 605, 623, 630 Berlin 345, 352, 413 Bernardoni, Marie-Madeleine 235 Bevir, Mark 34–35 Bildung 302–04, 333, 351–60, 380 see also Goethe; Herder Binswanger, Ludwig 605, 629–30, 658 Dream and Existence 605 Bismarck, Otto von 538, 539 Blum, Carol 193, 209 Bonald, Louis de 265 Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon III) 471 714 Index Bonaparte, Napoleon 248, 251, 260, 269, 272, 274, 280, 471, 539, 562 bookkeeping 157 Bordeaux 484 Bordeu, Th´eophile 190 see also Diderot, D’Alembert’s Dream Bourget, Paul 503–04, 508 Boutroux, Emile 479–80 Br´eal, Michel 24, 645, 647 Breton, Andr´e 649 Brewer, John 158 Britain 36–37, 87 Civil War 87, 91 “Glorious Revolution” 37, 87, 105–06, 172 Royal Society 88 see also England Bruner, Jerome 660 Bruno, Giordano 449 Brunswick, Duke of 75 Bultmann, Rudolf 580, 594 Burckhardt, Jacob 52 Burke, Edmund 362 Butler, Joseph, Bishop of Durham 89–90, 92–93, 95, 98, 111, 115, 126 on reflection 92–93 Byron, George Gordon, Lord 461 Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges 250, 252, 501 Calvin, John 212 Carlyle, Thomas 449, 460, 461 Carnot, Sadi 486, 489 Cassirer, Ernst 220 Castiglione, Baldassare, The Courtier 88 Catholic Church 88, 172, 173, 213 see also Descartes; Galileo; Inquisition Cato 230 Cellini, Benvenuto 547 Chamfort, Nicholas de 289 Channing, William Ellery 514 Charon, Pierre 289 Charri`ere, Isabelle de (Belle de Zuylen) 287, 289 Three Women 287 childhood 121, 145–46, 208, 478 in Colderidge 438–39 in Hegel 417 Mill’s 455–57 in Rousseau 216, 225–27; see also Confessions Christianity 157, 428 in Hegel 400–03 in Mill’s development 458 in Schelling 388–89 715 see also Catholic Church; Church of England; Heidegger, and Christianity; Protestantism; trinity Chrysippus 150 Church of England (Anglican Church) 88, 89 Cicero 230 Coburn, Kathleen 452 Coleridge, Berkeley 430, 431 Coleridge, Hartley 436, 438 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 36, 89, 427–55, 461, 528 on imagination and fancy 441–45, 451–52 his plagiarism 450–51 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 428, 432–33, 434, 435–38, 440–41, 443, 444, 445, 454 and Schelling 434–35, 438, 443–44, 450–51 Biographia Litteraria 433, 434, 441, 442–45, 448 On the Constitution of the Church and the State (Appendix) 446–47 “Dejection: An Ode” 431–32, 441, 447–48, 453–54, 455 The Friend 438 “Kubla Khan” 447, 448 “The Nightingale” 431 “Reason” 695 “Religious Musings” 428–29, 432, 449, 454 Coleridge, Sara (Fricker) 430–31, 435 Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 163–64, 171–87, 188, 189, 191, 199, 200, 216, 228, 252–53, 309, 336, 455, 500, 510 on language and reflection 175–79 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 174, 176–77, 178–81, 183, 184–86 Art of Thinking 180 Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge 171–72, 173–74, 175–77, 178–80 Grammar 177 Treatise on Animals 186–87 Treatise on Sensations 171–72, 173, 174, 182–86 Condorcet, Marie-Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de 278 Constant, Benjamin 37, 250–51, 268–91, 454, 465, 471, 648 and Adam Smith 287 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 266–71, 277–78, 286–87, 288, 291 and religion 288–89 “An Abbreviated History of Equality” 276 Adolphe 260–61, 269, 280–81, 284–88 Journaux intimes (Diaries) 268–70, 276, 279–84 716 Index Constant, Benjamin (cont.) “De la libert´e des anciens, compar´ee a` celle des modernes” 269 “The Perfectibility of the Human Species” 270–71, 275, 276, 277, 278, 286 On the Spirit of Conquest and Usurpation 278 Constant, Juste 280–81 Copernicus, Nicolaus 54 Courbet, Gustave The Studio of the Painter 494 Cousin, Victor 471, 472–79, 491, 508, 536 on reflection 475–77, 479 The True, the Beautiful, and the Good 473 Crabb Robinson, Henry 451 Cramm, Wilhelmina von 280 Damasio, Antonio R 661 Darwin, Charles 509, 524, 532 Davis, Natalie Z 26 Davy, Georges 485 de Quincey, Thomas 450 death (and the self ) 46, 414, 496 in Derrida 605, 611–12, 638, 639 in Heidegger 576–77, 597 decadence 503–04, 508 Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe 230–31 Deleuze, Jacques 649 Derrida, Jacques 4, 5, 22, 127, 290, 295, 472, 508, 568, 583, 631–50 and Artaud 640 and Bataille 640 and Foucault 638 and German Idealism 632, 647–48 and Hegel 635–36 and Heidegger 639 and Husserl 636–37, 638–39 and Marx 639 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 632, 640, 645–48 and Saussure 633–34, 645–46 Of Grammatology 639 Speech and Phenomena 639 Specters of Marx 639, 645, 647 Descartes, Ren´e 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 26, 41, 42, 43, 47–48, 55–74, 76, 78, 79, 81, 87, 90, 94, 109, 126, 127, 268, 305–06, 366, 568–69, 589, 660 and Condillac 181 and Locke 98 on reflection 55, 56–60, 62, 73–74 and religion 66, 69, 71, 72, 73 Discourse on Method 56, 59, 60–62, 63–64, 65, 66, 68, 70–73 On Man 69 Metaphysical Meditations 59, 69 The Passions of the Soul 69, 72, 73 Principles of Philosophy 69 Rules for the Direction of the Mind 64–65, 68, 69–70 The World (Trait´e du monde) 64, 66–67, 68, 69, 71, 74 Destutt de Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude 207, 250, 252 Diderot, Denis 8, 37, 187–209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 224, 228–29, 242, 254, 290, 325, 334, 336, 337, 472, 504, 509 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 189, 200, 207–08, 229 D’Alembert’s Dream 8, 188, 189, 190–93, 199, 216, 475 “Elements of Physiology,” 199 “Eloge de Richardson” 160–61, 162, 164, 198, 230, 234, 352 Essay on Dramatic Poetry 199 Est-il bon? Est-il m´echant? 188 Le fils naturel (The Natural Son) 200 Jacques the Fatalist and his Master 197, 199, 200, 201–03 Letter on the Blind 188 Paradoxe sur le com´edien 193–94, 198, 200, 357–58 Pens´ees philosophiques 187, 188 Rameau’s Nephew 194–97, 200–01, 203, 245, 271, 290, 454; in Hegel’s Phenomenology 399, 408 Supplement to Bougainville’s Voyage 197–98 Dilthey, Wilhelm 353 dimensions of the self 5–32 passim see also reflectivity division of labor 112, 140, 344 see also Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society Domitian 129 Douglas, Mary 107–08 Dreyfus, Alfred 478, 484 Dreyfus, Hubert 706 Dreyfus Affair 490, 500, 503, 523 Duchamp, Marcel 4, 5, 614 Dunn, John 91, 108 Duns Scotus 45 Durkheim, Emile 6, 21, 259, 472, 480–93, 503, 517, 536, 611 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 481–82, 483, 489 and working-class internationalism 492–93 L’ann´ee sociologique 484 The Division of Labor in Society 480, 486–88, 490 “The Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Conditions” 480–82 Index The Elementary Forms of Religious Life 480, 482–83, 491–92 Moral Education 489–90 Rules of Sociological Method 486, 488 Suicide 484–85, 489, 490 Edelman, Gerald 20–21, 31 Edinburgh 90 Eilan, Naomi 20 Elias, Norbert 156, 270–71, 275, 302 Elliot, Sir Gilbert 149 Encylopedia of the Arts and Sciences (Diderot and d’Alembert) 187 England 158, 461–62 see also Britain Enlightenment 131, 171, 172, 210, 226 in Britain 125 in France 172–73, 187 in Germany 295–96 Epictetus 46, 150, 261 Epicurus 114 Epinay, Mme de 231 Erikson, Erik 16, 419 expressivism 298–300 F´en´eon, F´elix 489 Feuerbach, Ludwig 300, 412, 423 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb 9, 26, 27, 39, 41, 252, 360, 361, 362–77, 378–81, 382–83, 432–33, 434, 440, 441, 445, 457, 475, 479, 533, 538–43, 544, 549, 583, 585, 594, 613, 647–48 critiqued by Schelling 387 and the French Revolution 362, 373–74 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 363–65, 366–67, 368, 370–71, 372, 373, 375–76 Addresses to the German Nation 374–75 The Closed Commercial State 374 Wissenschaftslehre 362–77 passim Fontana, Biancamaria 270 Foucault, Michel 4, 5, 21, 226, 274, 290, 295, 472, 508, 603–31 and Bataille 611–13, 629, 630 and Baudelaire 629–30 and Bergson 526 at the Coll`ege de France 604 and Victor Cousin 478–79, 515, 568, 575, 583, 584, 603–31, 649–50 and Jean-Marie Guyau 505 and Heidegger 427, 605, 608 and Kant 606 and Marx 617, 618 and Nietzsche 605, 610–11 717 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 605, 606, 611, 613, 620, 624–25, 626–28, 631 and Stoicism 606, 623–28, 629, 630, 631 The Archaeology of Knowledge 603–04, 631 The Care of the Self (The History of Sexuality, vol iii) 621 Discipline and Punish (Surveiller et punir) 616, 618–19, 620 Madness and Civilization 609–11, 618 “Nietzsche, Genealogy, History” 616 The Order of Things (Les mots et les choses) 606, 616–18 “A Preface to Transgression” 613 The Uses of Pleasure (The History of Sexuality, vol ii) 621 La volont´e de savoir (The History of Sexuality, vol i) 616, 619–20, 621 “What is Enlightenment?” 628–30 Fouill´e, Alfred 506, 512–14 and reflectivity 513 “The Major Conclusions of Contemporary Psychology” 512–14 France 4, 37–38, 158, 161, 229, 248–50 anarchism 486, 489, 504 bohemianism 494 Bourbon Restoration 248, 251, 257 and Britain compared 204–07, 275, 290 Commune of 1871 495, 496 Communist Party 605, 649 dandyism 494 Ecole Normale Sup´erieure 484, 516, 517 Estates General 172 and Germany 302, 480 July Monarchy 473 1968 and after 621 Revolution of 1789 15, 211, 248–50, 251, 254, 261, 269, 270, 272, 273, 462, 471; and Coleridge 429; as viewed in Germany 304, 361–62, 434; by Hegel 408–09; by Herder; by Tocqueville 471 Revolution of 1830 493 romanticism and classicism 493 Third Republic 472, 479–80, 485, 503, 512, 523, 535; see also Durkheim as viewed by Diderot 200–04, 215; by Hume 204 Franco-Prussian War 539 Frank, Manfred 26, 33, 365, 366–67, 373, 377–78, 532 Frankfurt, Harry G 660 Freiburg (University) 583, 584, 599 718 Index Freud, Sigmund 6, 8, 20, 48, 112, 117, 120, 428, 452, 460, 511, 514, 606, 654–59 and “Dora” 656, 658 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 654–56, 657, 658 and Schelling 389–90 Civilization and its Discontents 654, 658 The Ego and the Id 657 The Interpretation of Dreams 655 Project for a Scientific Psychology 654 Galiani, Ferdinando 194, 197, 289 Galilei, Galileo 67, 68, 69 Gardner, Howard 24 Garve, Christian 303, 334 Gasch´e, Rudolph 635 Gauchet, Marcel 25 Geertz, Clifford 23, 24, 25, 177 gender relations 121, 129, 151, 159, 192, 468, 477–78, 671 Geneva 212–14, 215, 227, 229, 239–40, 301 German Empire (Holy Roman Empire) 82 Germany 38–39, 295 academic anti-modernism 581 Enlightenment in 295–96 and France 302 as seen by Hegel 409 Weimar constitution 582 Weimar republic 583 Youth Movement 582 Gilman, James 447, 448 Glasgow 140 Goldstein, Jan 477, 478 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 39, 333, 347, 372 on reflectivity 352–53, 355, 356, 358–59 Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship 351, 352–60 Gordon, Daniel 676 Gouhier, Henri 67, 263 Gourmont, R´emy de 504 Greenblatt, Stephen 88, 165, 667 Grimm, Melchior 187, 210 Guattari, F´elix 649 Guignon, Charles 582 Guyau, Jean-Marie 504–07 Hacking, Ian 107 Hardenberg, Charlotte von 280, 283 Hardenberg, Friedrich von see Novalis Hartley, David 429, 430, 509 Haskell, Thomas 156–57, 158 Hazlitt, William 450 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 6, 14, 16, 33, 39, 55, 71, 75, 131, 196–97, 289, 298, 333, 343, 361, 365, 377, 383, 391–423, 437, 473–74, 566, 640, 647 on Christianity 394–95, 400–03 on Fichte and Schelling 392–93 on the French Revolution 408–09 on Germany 409 on the human life-cycle 416–21 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 392–93, 394, 395–96, 400–01, 411–12, 413–14, 418–19, 422 “Eleusis” 419 Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences 393–95, 413, 416–18 “The First System-Program of German Idealism,” 402–03 The Phenomenology of Spirit 391, 395, 413, 414 The Philosophy of Right 404, 409–10, 415; Preface 415, 419, 420 Heidegger, Martin 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 14, 25, 33, 39, 40–42, 55, 71, 72, 73, 295, 300, 367, 373, 384, 390, 412, 423, 435, 568–602, 632, 647 and Christianity 580, 582, 584–85 on Dasein see Being and Time on early Greeks 598 and German Idealism 594–96, 599 and Nietzsche 568–69, 570, 593 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 573, 582, 585–87, 588, 590, 593, 594–96, 599, 600, 602 Being and Time 568, 569, 570–79, 582–83, 586–97, 601 “A Dialogue on Language” 601–02 The Essence of Reasons (Wesen des Grundes) 573 lectures on Hăolderlin 598 lectures on St Paul 580 “Letter on Humanism” 568–69, 581–82, 600 “On the Origin of the Work of Art” 601 “Overcoming Metaphysics” 602 “The Self-Assertion of the German University” (Rectoral Address, University of Freiburg) 582, 584–85, 597–98 What is Metaphysics? 600, 601 Heine, Heinrich, on Hegel 421 Helv´etius, Claude-Adrien 190, 197, 206–07, 211, 222, 249–50, 254, 337, 457, 458, 472 Hemsterhuis, Franc¸ois 379 Henrich, Dieter 26–27, 60, 111, 311–13, 315, 323, 366–67 Herder, Johann Gottfried 39, 299, 332–43, 347, 350, 361, 372–73, 404, 531, 676 on reflectivity 333, 335, 340–41, 343 Essay on the Origin of Language 338, 342 The Limits of State Action 347 Travel Diary (1769) 336, 338, 342 Yet Another Philosophy of History 342–43 Herz, Henriette 345 Hitler, Adolf 579 Index Hobbes, Thomas 48, 88, 114, 172, 224, 22627 Hăolderlin, Friedrich 37778, 419, 533 on reflectivity 377–78 Hollis, Martin 22–23 Holmes, Richard 448 Holmes, Stephen 289 Homer (Greek poet) 45, 329 Hommay, Victor 484 homosexuality, in Greece 344–45 Hooke, Robert 88 Horace (Roman poet) 295 Houdetot, Sophie de 241 Hugo, Victor 493, 615 Humboldt, Wilhelm von 323, 343–51, 375, 463, 486, 489 on language 348–49 on reflectivity 350 Hume, David 8, 15, 28, 37, 75, 110, 111, 122, 125–38, 140, 141, 142, 144, 153, 158–59, 161, 172, 181, 186, 198, 204, 207, 210, 211, 228–29, 242, 275, 295, 305, 325, 336, 427 on reflection (and the self ) 125–27, 134 An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 127–28, 129 A Treatise on Human Nature 125–27, 132–33, 137 Husserl, Edmund 19, 28, 587 Hutcheson, Francis 90, 134, 159, 161, 187, 188, 295, 311, 670 Hutchinson, Sara 431, 432, 454 Huysmans, Joris-Karl on reflectivity 499–500 A Rebours 498–500 Idealism (German) 278–79, 295 passim and Coleridge 427, 430, 431, 432–35, 443–45, 453 Leibniz as source 81, 297 and Mill 463, 464–65 see also under individual thinkers identity 15–16, 107–08, 353 in Condillac 181, 182 in Leibniz 80 in Locke 93, 106, 182 in Heidegger 572–73 see also Hegel, on the human life-cycle Id´eologues 207, 250, 278, 457 individuals, individuality in Aristotle 50–51, 94 in Coleridge 436–38 in Constant 270–72 in Descartes 62 in Diderot 189–90 719 in early modern Europe 48 in Fichte 369–70 in Herder 338–40 in Humboldt 350–51, and 343–51 passim in Leibniz 75, 78–83 and mass society 469 in the Middle Ages 52–53 in Mill 462–68 in modern Western culture 3–5, 83, 107–08, 109, 137–38, 236, 334 in Nietzsche and Schopenhauer Chapter 16, passim in Schelling 384–85 Tocqueville on modern individualism 469 see also Bildung, Durkheim Inquisition (Roman) 68 Iranian revolution (1979) 622 Italy 158 Izenberg, Gerald 381 Jacobi, F H 371–72 Jacobins see France, Revolution of 1789 James, Susan 133 James, William 514 Janet, Pierre 508–16 and Adam Smith 515 and American psychology 514–15 on reflection 511, 515–16 L’automatisme psychologique 510–12 Jansenism 119 Jaume, Lucien 250, 278–79 Jaur`es, Jean 484 Jena (University) 362 Jews 157, 345, 485, 517, 706, 707 Judas (in Leibniz) 8182 Jăunger, Ernst 597 Kant, Immanuel 15, 16, 18, 19, 23, 32, 41, 51, 115, 116, 127, 132–33, 149, 182, 252, 256, 295–331, 332, 334, 343, 355, 361–63, 365, 366, 367, 368, 453, 490, 510, 538, 573, 589, 647 on character 317–22 on common sense 323 on Descartes’s cogito 60, 62, 305–06 on the French Revolution 304 on genius 328–31 on introspection 327 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 305–06, 309, 311–12, 314, 316–17, 326–27, 331 see also Schopenhauer Anthropogy from a Pragmatic Point of View 308–11, 312, 317–23, 324, 327–28, 335 720 Kant, Immanuel (cont.) “Conjectural Beginning of Human History” 325 “The Contest of Faculties” 324–25 Critique of Judgment 296, 299, 313, 315, 323, 325, 328–31 Critique of Pure Practical Reason 306 Critique of Pure Reason 305–06, 314–15 Foundation of the Metaphysics of Morals 306, 326 “Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Intent” 324, 326–27, 330 Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics 312 Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone 319–20, 322 Kaufmann, Walter 421 Keller, Gottfried 291, 428 Kelly, George Armstrong 250–51, 278, 373 Klages, Ludwig 581, 582 Klopstock 433 Kăonigsberg (University) 304, 308, 334 Korsgaard, Christine 18, 295331 Krieger, Leonard 300 Kăuhn, Sophie von 379, 381 La Bruy`ere, Jean de 160, 162 La Fl`eche (coll`ege) 67 La Rochefoucauld 289 La Vopa, Anthony 371 Lacan, Jacques Lachelier, Jules 531–32 Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 509, 531 Lambercier, Mlle de 240, 242, 245 Lambercier, Pastor 213 Langres (France) 193 language (and selfhood) 24, 249, 338, 523, 524–25, 613–16 in Condillac 341 in Durkheim 482–83 in Heidegger 601–02 in Herder 342 in Humboldt 348–49 in Kant 309 in Mallarm´e 497–98 in Nietzsche 538, 551, 561–62, 563–64 and reflectivity 14 see also Condillac; Derrida; Mallarm´e; Saussure Law, Edmund, “A Defense of Mr Locke’s Opinion Concerning Personal Identity” 103–04 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm 33, 41, 51, 55–56, 74–83, 87, 90, 108, 109, 190, 296, 298–99, 315, 332, 334–35, 336, 347, 357, 361, 531 Index Monadology 79 on “monads” 74, 76–80 on reflection 78, 80–81 Leiris, Michel 613 Leonardo da Vinci 531 Leroy-Ladurie, Emmanuel 712 l’Espinasse, Julie de 191–93 Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim 430 letters to authors 164–65, 233–36 letter-writing, and model letters 163–64, 232 in France 163–64 in Germany 302 Levasseur, Th´er`ese 231, 232 L´evi-Strauss, Claude 4, 613 Liard, Louis 484 literacy 159 literature, and self-formation 159–66, 351–52 in Mill 460–62 in Rousseau 229–36, 238–40, 243–44 see also letters to authors; letter-writing Lockridge, Laurence 433 Locke, John 5, 16, 27, 41, 42–43, 56, 75, 77, 88–110, 114, 122, 123, 125, 126, 127, 141, 174, 181–82, 191, 215, 216, 217, 242, 248, 279, 305, 427, 455, 500, 509, 653 in France 171–73, 228 and Mandeville 111 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 92–93, 94–95, 96–99, 100, 101, 103, 104–07 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 89, 91–92, 93–103, 172 Second Treatise on Government 105–06 Thoughts Concerning Education 100 London 152 Louis XIV (of France) 75, 83, 212 Loyola, Ignatius 501 Luk´acs, Georg 413 Lukes, Steven 250 Luther, Martin 301, 580 Lyotard, Jean-Franc¸ois 649 Mably, Gabriel Bonnot de 272 Mach, Ernst 89 MacIntyre, Alasdair 653 Maine de Biran, Pierre 250–68, 270, 278, 279, 288, 454, 457, 508, 510, 532 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 252–53, 255–56, 262, 263–64, 266, 268 and religion 261–68, 472, 474, 493 and Rousseau 255–56, 263 and Stoicism 261–62 Essay on the Foundations of Psychology 253 Index On Immediate Apperception 253 Journal intime (Diary) 250–68 passim Mainz, Elector of 75 Maistre, Joseph de 258 Makkreel, Rudolph 312, 316, 317–22 Mallarm´e, St´ephane 497–98, 522, 614, 631, 634 Mandeville, Bernard 36, 110, 111–24, 134–38, 140, 141, 161, 166, 186, 198, 207, 223–24, 238, 240, 245, 310, 325–27 and reflection 470, 475–77 The Fable of the Bees 111–24 “The Grumbling Hive” 111 Marcuse, Herbert 413 Marcus Aurelius 262, 624 Marivaux, Pierre de 150, 160, 234 Marianne 205 Marmontel, Jean-Franc¸ois 459 Martin, John 667 Marx, Karl 6, 8, 9, 11, 21, 40–42, 48, 175, 295, 300, 412, 423 The German Ideology materialism 172–75, 189–90, 199, 211, 251 Mauss, Marcel 23, 485, 493 Meinecke, Friedrich 581 Meiners, Christophe 439 memory 95, 99, 109, 181–83, 191–92, 305, 511 Mendelssohn, Moses 303, 311, 345 mercantilism 82 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice 4, 19–20, 23–24, 511, 516, 606 Mersenne, Marin 66, 67 M´etraux, Alfred 613 Middle Ages 52–54 Mill, John Stuart 8, 36, 274, 323, 343, 427, 454–68, 479, 486, 488, 506, 509 on French life 466 on reflection 457, 460, 463, 466, 468 Autobiography 455–62, 466–68 On Liberty 455, 462–68 Mill, Harriet Burrow (John’s mother) 459 Mill, Harriet Taylor see Taylor, Harriet Mill, James 427, 455–60, 463, 479 Millar, John 141 Miller, James 608 Milton, John 427, 438, 449 Mitterand, Franc¸ois 622 Molyneux, William 93 Momigliano, Arnoldo 663 money 106, 123 Montaigne, Michel de 61, 118, 289 Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de 271, 334 721 Montpellier 190 Moran, Richard 101 More, Thomas 166 Moultou, Paul-Claude 235 multiple personality 509, 510–11, 512, 513 Munzel, G Felicitas 685 Murger, Henry 494 Musil, Robert Nagel, Thomas 28–29, 60, 148, 712 Newcastle, Marquis of 46–51 Newton, Isaac 51, 54, 64, 75, 76, 87, 88, 91, 117, 127, 140, 150, 315, 329 and Kant 296–97 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 87 Nietzsche, Friedrich 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 14, 19, 22, 39, 111, 113, 156, 295, 333, 390, 412, 423, 537–67, 572, 575, 581, 586, 597–98, 610, 647 and German Idealism 537–38, 566 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 538, 549, 558–60, 565–66 and Schopenhauer 538 “will to power” 552–56 Beyond Good and Evil 551, 561, 562 The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music 538–40, 545–46, 560 The Gay Science 550 The Genealogy of Morals 551 “Schopenhauer as Educator” 547–50, 560, 561, 562 Thus Spake Zarathustra 550, 556, 559, 560, 561 “On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense,” 562 The Twilight of the Idols 555, 562 The Use and Abuse of History 561 The Will to Power 550, 555, 557–58, 559–60, 561, 562 Novalis (Friedrich von Hardenberg) 373, 377, 378–81, 440, 475, 533, 571, 594 on reflection 378–79, 380–81 Belief and Love 380–81 occasionalism 173 Ott, Hugo 599 Otway, Thomas 442, 451 Ozouf, Mona 249, 471 Paracelsus 449 Paris 152, 257, 262, 484, 517 Pascal, Blaise 183, 261 patronage 75, 88, 108, 304 and commerce (in Hume and Smith) 152–53 722 Index personal dependency 130, 137, 152–53, 159, 202–03, 215–16, 220, 221, 226, 227, 228–29, 236, 237 in Constant 279–84; see also Journaux intimes see also patronage Petty, William 112 physiocrats 206, 677 Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni 439 Piedmont 215 Pietism 301, 304, 355 Pinel, Philippe 609–10 Plato 46, 133 and Novalis 379, 623 Plotinus 50 Plutarch 133 The Parallel Lives 239–40 Pocock, J G A 158 Poland 158 Popham, Alexander 108, 109 Port-Royal, Grammar of 177 Prometheus 347 property 105–06, 274 Protestantism 38, 95, 212–13, 353 in Germany 301–02 see also Christianity; Geneva; Heidegger, and Christianity Proust, Marcel 8, 531 Prussia 300, 347, 381, 413, 416 Ptolemaic cosmology 52–54 public opinion 273–74, 465 purposiveness see teleology Quakers 157 Quillard, Pierre 504 Rabelais, Franc¸ois 197 Rabinbach, Anson 706, 707 Racine, Jean 150 Ravaisson, F´elix 531–32 Raymond, Marcel 219, 222 Reddy, William M 676 reflectivity (reflection), in relation to other dimensions of the self 10–14 passim, 17–32, 651–53 in ancient writers 45–46 distinguished from reflexivity 12–13 in German Idealism 298, 299–300, 646–48 see also bookkeeping; subject, subjectivity; temporality; and under individual figures Renaut, Alain 41–42 republic of letters 51, 75, 108–09, 137 Rescher, Nicholas 77 revolutions of 1848 546 La revue blanche 504 Reynolds, Edward 133 rhetoric 162 Ribot, Th´eodule 508–09 La psychologie anglaise 509 Ricardo, David 456 Riccoboni, Marie 150, 160 Richardson, Samuel 150, 160–61, 193, 234 Familiar Letters on Important Occasions 163–64 Clarissa 160, 161 Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded 160, 161, 164, 205 Rimbaud, Arthur 495–97, 504, 536, 611, 648 on reflection 496–97 “Les illuminations” 497 “Lettres du voyant” 495–96 Ringer, Fritz 480, 581 Rosenblatt, Helena 213 Ross, W D 49 Rothschild, Emma 672 Rousseau, Isaac 212, 213, 214, 215, 238–40 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 37, 41, 48, 111, 112, 136, 210–47, 249–50, 256, 267, 272, 281, 290, 295, 299, 301, 321–22, 325, 336, 357, 376, 490, 495, 496, 528, 638, 648 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 211, 215–16, 217, 218, 222–23, 224, 227, 229, 233, 237–39, 242, 246 Confessions 208, 210, 213, 219, 222, 229, 231, 232, 233, 236–47, 291, 454 La d´ecouverte du nouveau monde 214 Discourse on the Arts and Sciences 210, 213, 214 Discourse on the Origins of Inequality 115, 116, 210, 217, 218, 220, 224, 245, 324 Emile 210, 211, 216, 217–18, 220, 221, 224–27, 229–31, 238, 245; Savoyard Vicar 211, 216, 218; cited by Maine de Biran 255; by Kant 312 Julie, ou la nouvelle Heloise 163, 164, 210, 211, 231–36 La morale sensitive (projected work) 222–23, 229, 231, 233, 457, 499–500; viewed by Maine de Biran 255–56 Le persifleur (The Banterer) 219 Reveries of a Solitary Walker 219, 231–32, 246 The Social Contract 210, 220–21 Roussel, Raymond 605, 614–16 How I Wrote Some of My Books 614 Impressions of Africa 615 “Parmi les noirs” (“Among the Blacks”) 614–15 Index Royce, Josiah 514 Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul 472 Ruppert, Wolfgang 302 Sacks, Oliver 21, 712 Sade, Marquis de Justine 610 San Francisco 605 Sartre, Jean-Paul 6, 26, 568, 583, 584, 600, 606 Sass, Louis A 29, 30 Saunderson, Nicholas 188 Saussure, Ferdinand de 614, 633–34, 637, 640–45, 658 on reflection 644 Course in General Linguistics 641, 643 Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph 33, 39, 298, 361, 372, 377, 382–90, 394, 402, 420, 531, 544, 600, 647 on reflectivity, in relation to other dimensions of the self 384, 385–86, 390 Naturphilosophie 384 see also Coleridge; Schelling Schiller, Friedrich 430 Letters on the Aesthetic Education of Humanity 347, 350, 434 On Naive and Sentimental Poetry 433–34 “Ode to Joy” 539 The Robbers 433 Schlageter, Albert 597, 598 Schlegel, Friedrich 377, 416 on reflection 381–82 Lucinde 381–82, 447, 448 Schleiermacher, Friedrich 580 Schopenhauer, Arthur 39, 295, 384, 502, 538, 540–45, 566, 613, 647 and the French Revolution 540 and Hegel 538–43 and Kant 540–41, 543–45 on reflection 540–41, 544–45 and Schelling 543 The World as Will and Representation 540–45 sensationalism 171–87 passim, 252–54, 280–81 sensibility see literature, and self-formation; Marivaux; Riccoboni; Richardson; Rousseau, Julie, ou la nouvelle Heloise Sergeant, John 99 Shaftesbury, Third Earl of 119, 126, 134, 187–88, 198, 208, 670 see also Ashley Cooper Shakespeare, William 427 Hamlet 647 King Lear 442 723 Sheehan, James 303 Shoemaker, Sydney 27–28, 60, 127 Siegfried, Andr´e and Jules 470 Simmel, Georg 156, 581 Smith, Adam 36, 37, 41, 56, 75, 90, 110, 111, 112, 123, 125, 139–67, 172, 186–87, 198, 203, 206, 211, 228–29, 242, 246, 275, 287, 290, 325–26, 346, 357 on reflection 143–45, 146–47, 148 An Enquiry Concerning the Wealth of Nations 141–42, 151–54, 162 Lectures on Jurisprudence 141, 152, 156–57 The Theory of Moral Sentiments 141–55, 352; and Mill 464 Socrates 45, 230, 623 solidarism 512–14 Sophocles, Antigone, as read by Hegel 405–06 Sorbonne 173, 484 Sorel, Georges 524, 535, 648, 703 soul 46–51 in Aristotle 46–51, 73 in Descartes 73 in Durkheim 481 in Locke 93–94 Soupault, Philippe 613 Southey, Robert 429, 451 Spencer, Herbert 486, 489, 509, 516 Spenser, Edmund, The Fairie Queene 53–54, 166 Spinoza, Benedict 76, 38384 Staăel, Germaine de 269, 27880, 28182, 283, 284 On Germany 277–80, 350 Starobinski, Jean 160–61, 223, 225, 237, 242–43, 352 Stoicism, Stoics 32, 46, 73, 139–40, 150, 152, 211, 261–62, 277, 289, 346, 606, 623–28 structuralism 610, 613–14 Sturm und Drang 330 subject, subjectivity 14–15, 22, 30, 41, 298, 383, 436, 537, 540, 551–52, 609–10, 617–20 in Adam Smith 147–48 in Descartes 72 in Foucault 604–05 in Heidegger 568–602 passim see also Maine de Biran; Derrida; reflectivity (reflection) in relation to other dimensions of the self Sulla 319 Sulloway, Frank 654 surrealists 614, 649 symbolism (literary movement) 504, 522 724 Index sympathy in Adam Smith 140, 142, 147, 150 in Hume 132–33 see also Constant, Adolphe; Diderot, Paradoxe sur le com´edien Taine, Hippolyte 508 Taylor, Charles 41–43, 92–93, 98, 299, 333–34, 350, 660, 683 Taylor, Harriet (Mill) 459, 467–68 Taylor, John 467 teleology 48–49, 51–54, 296–98, 314–17, 326–27, 342–43, 348–49, 416, 453, 524, 537, 590–94 temporality (of the self ) 33–34, 306, 309, 373, 380, 518, 530, 571–72, 583, 584 in Coleridge 439–40 and reflection in Heidegger 594–96 see also Bergson; vitalism Tocqueville, Alexis de 206, 248, 249, 274, 275, 465 on individualism 469–70 Trajan 230 trinity (Christian) 16 Tugendhat, Ernst 662 Tuke, William 609 Turin 214, 236 Tuveson, Ernest Lee 89 Val´ery, Paul 6, 26 van Gogh, Vincent 610 Veit, Dorothea 345 Venice 76 vitalism 33–34, 76, 334–35, 340, 347, 348–49, 368, 372–73, 382, 384, 387, 531–33, 544, 560, 566, 650 Volland, Sophie 193, 208, 209, 229 Voltaire, Franc¸ois Marie Arouet de 74, 150, 172, 190, 205, 236 The Orphan of China 150, 162 Walker, Mack 82, 301, 302 Walzer, Michael 30 Warens, Mme de 214, 215, 241 Weber, Max 16, 107, 155, 581, 652 Wedgwood family 430 West, Ellen 608, 610 Whig Party 108 Wieland, Christoph Martin 329 William Rufus 129 Williams, Bernard 35 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim 336–37, 340 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 449 Wollstonecraft, Mary 673 Wordsworth, Dorothy 430, 435 Wordsworth, William 429, 430, 440, 451, 454, 461 “The Prelude” 461 Yack, Bernard 413 Yolton, John 89, 99 Zahavi, Dan 28 Zammito, John 316 Zeno (the Eleatic) 150, 519 Zimmerman, Michael 596 Zola, Emile 490, 500 ... Liberation and the Self in Modern Culture (1995) THE IDEA OF THE SELF Thought and Experience in Western Europe since the Seventeenth Century JERROLD SEIGEL CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, ... Europe and America have been the scene of the emancipation of the individual,” of the politics of rights and “careers open to talent,” the celebration of self The Idea of the Self and even of. .. director of the American Academy in Rome, for appointing me as a Resident at the Academy in February and March of 2000, and Tony Judt for making me a faculty fellow of the Remarque Institute in the