0521829046 cambridge university press the law and ethics of restitution sep 2004

This page intentionally left blank THE LAW AND ETHICS OF RESTITUTION Dagan’s book provides a dynamic and much needed account of the American law of restitution The book reviews the existing doctrine, including the forthcoming (third) Restatement, using an ethical perspective to expose and examine critically the normative underpinnings of the core categories of restitution Dagan also discusses some of the most controversial issues in the area, such as cohabitation, improper tax payments, and the role of constructive trusts as trumps in bankruptcy He further tackles the recent restitution claims of slave laborers (or their descendants) against corporations that benefited from their enslavements, and of governmental bodies against injurious industries Dagan argues that the concept of unjust enrichment is not an independent reason for restitution but, rather, serves as a loose framework, structuring the contextual application of commitments to autonomy, utility, and community in situations where either the cause of action or the measure of recovery is benefit-based By integrating doctrinal and ethical analyses of restitution, the author offers significant and provocative insights into existing law as well as possible reforms hanoch dagan is Professor of Law and Jurisprudence at Tel-Aviv University, and Affiliated Overseas Professor at the University of Michigan Law School He wrote Unjust Enrichment: A Study of Private Law and Public Values (1997) His recent articles have been published in the California Law Review, Columbia Law Review, Michigan Law Review, New York University Law Review, Texas Law Review, Virginia Law Review, and Yale Law Journal THE LAW AND ETHICS OF RESTITUTION HANO CH DAGAN cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521829045 © Hanoch Dagan 2004 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-511-21111-9 eBook (EBL) 0-511-21288-7 eBook (EBL) isbn-13 isbn-10 978-0-521-82904-5 hardback 0-521-82904-6 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To my mother, Ruth Dagan CONTENTS Acknowledgments page ix Table of cases x Table of statutes and treaties xix Introduction Preventing unjust enrichment 11 A Between moral principles and open-ended discretion 12 B The positivist trap of unjustified enrichment C Unjust enrichment as a framework and an invitation 25 18 Mistakes 37 A Correcting involuntariness 40 B Minimizing social costs 52 C Mistaken payments 64 D Improper tax payments 74 E Noncash benefits 80 F Improvements of property 82 Other-regarding conferrals of benefits 86 A Good samaritans, involuntary bailees, and maritime salvors 89 B Autonomy and beneficial interventions 95 C Altruism and restitution 101 D The significance of the intervention’s success 108 E The benefactor’s claim for remuneration 112 F The benefactor’s claim to compensation for losses 117 Self-interested conferrals of benefits A Tormented boundaries 125 vii 123 viii contents B Restitution from free-riders 130 C On subjective devaluation 139 D On conflicts of interests and contractual background 148 E Third-party effects 152 F The governments’ subrogation claims 155 Restitution in contexts of informal intimacy 164 A Unjust enrichment between cohabitants 165 B Restitution for the supply of necessaries 183 C Rescission of gifts due to undue influence 190 D The scope of the law of informal liberal community 202 Wrongful enrichments 210 A The distributive foundation of restitutionary claims 213 B Restitutionary damages as rectification 217 C The benefits and costs of corrective justice 221 D Joint infringements 231 E Breach of fiduciary duties 234 F Misappropriation of body parts 240 G Gains from slave labor 246 Restitution in a contractual context 260 A Restitutionary recovery for breach of contract B Losing contracts 282 C Leapfrogging contracts 289 10 Restitution in bankruptcy 297 A The constructive trust as a trump B Critiques 302 C Apologies 311 D The lesson of constructive trusts Reasons for restitution Bibliography Index 366 332 328 299 322 261 360 bibliography Chen-Wishart, Mindy, In Defense of Unjust Factors: A Study of Rescission for Duress, Fraud and Exploitation, in Unjustified Enrichment: Key Issues in Comparative Perspective 160 (David Johnston & Reinhard 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free 206, 208 accidents 39, 52 administrative costs 53, 54, 59, 60–61, 85, 115 Adras Building Material v Harlow & Jones GmbH 263 African-American reparations claims 246, 248, 249, 254 agency costs 148–49, 157 altruism 87, 88, 101–07, 108, 109, 121 and autonomy 111, 114, 115 and good samaritan interventions 116–17, 121 institutionalized 101–03, 215 American Law Institute 2, 181–82 appropriation 213, 216–17 Aro Manufacturing v Convertible Top Replacement Co 231–33 asymmetry 180, 183 of contribution 175–76, 177, 180, 183 and improper tax payments 79 of information 238, 289 of mistake-avoidance capacity 64, 69, 85, 116–17 of power 170 autonomy 4, 42, 251, 257, 321, 323, 329–30, 331 and altruism 106–07, 111, 114, 115 and bankruptcy 324, 326 and collective action 135 commitment to 321, 323, 329–30, 331 and comparative fault 84 and detrimental reliance 74 and free-riding 134 and hypothetical contract 99–101 and improper tax payments 77 and informal intimacy 200 and mistakes 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 52, 64 and other-regarding conferral of benefits 95–101, 107, 116 and promise-keeping 268 and rescission of gifts 200 and restitution 85, 135, 137 and self-interested conferral of benefits 139, 140–41, 142, 144, 145 transactional 130 and undue influence 192 and unjust enrichment 36 Bachrach, Rabbi Yair Hayyim 133 bankruptcy 5, 291, 292, 297–327, 330 Bankruptcy Code 297, 300, 305 Beatson, Jack 56, 63 Bebchuk, Lucian 326–27 behavior, antisocial 212, 225, 228 benefits, conferral of 86, 123, 329 “best finder” 274, 275 Betterment Acts 83–85 Bigwood, Rick 191–92, 200 Birks, Peter 314 and mistakes 40, 41 and self-interested conferral of benefits 140, 143, 144, 148 and undue influence 191, 192, 200 366 index unjust enrichment 22–23, 26–28, 33 unjust factors 31–32 The Blackwall case 93 Blumberg, Grace Ganz 181 Board of Directors v Western National Bank 141, 143 body parts, misappropriation of 213, 240–45 bona fide creditor, defense of 70–74 Brandeis, Justice 137 Bratton, William 258 breach of contract 261–82 Brennan, Justice 231 Broussard, Justice 241, 244 Burrows, Andrew 29, 109, 206–07, 208 California, Supreme Court 231, 245 capped individual liability 60, 61, 63, 79 causation 49, 69, 247, 303, 320 change of position 33, 40, 48–49, 55, 56, 57, 68, 77 Chin Nyuk Yin 191, 192, 200 choice, free 42–43, 106, 194, 196, 200, 259, 329 City of New York v Lead Industries Ass’n 158–59 civil law systems 108, 111, 112, 113, 118, 203–04, 205 class action 123 co-ownership 202–05 coercion 105, 133, 286, 315 cohabitants 164, 165–67, 183, 202, 206, 331 cohabitation 174, 180–83, 196, 205, 209 as community 173 and contract 170–71, 181 law of 166, 167, 172 and marriage 178–80 Cohen, Felix 4, collective action 131, 134–36, 137, 152, 163, 184, 328 Colorado, Supreme Court 264 commodification 249, 255 of the human body 244 of labor 250–53, 254 common law 5, 10, 31, 36, 113, 211, 327 and contract 261, 262, 281 367 and good samaritan interventions 117 mistaken payments 38 and property 84, 186 and self-interested conferral of benefits 160 commoners 204, 205 community 4, 16, 36, 132, 174, 329, 330 and altruism 102 and cohabitation 182 commitment to 331 and contribution-based recovery 178 of discourse 271 and expectations 204–09 facilitation of 165, 202, 209 and free agency 197 liberal vision of 164–65, 173, 200, 202–09 and marriage 179 and resources 216 of risk 50 comparative fault 57, 58, 59, 60, 84 compensation 117–21, 231 compromise 37–38, 70 condemnation 225 conferral of benefits 86, 123, 329 confidential relations 190–91, 193 conflicts of interest 148–50, 152, 238 consent 191–93, 194, 199, 286 constructive trust 297, 304, 308–11, 322–25, 327 and cohabitation 166 Omegas case 306, 307 Newpower case 307 and property 313–17 role in bankruptcy 298, 299–306, 311, 330 contract 37, 260–95 abuse of 262–63, 277 breach of 5, 26, 261–82 and cohabitation 181 commercial 272 concept of 272, 278, 281, 286, 330, 331 economic analysis of 273, 274, 275, 277 hypothetical 96–97, 98–101, 116 implied 165, 166, 169, 202, 206 368 index contract (cont.) interpretation of 270 leapfrogging 289–96 losing 282–89 and unjust enrichment 283–87 contribution 145, 146, 172, 178–80 theory 172, 179, 320 contribution-based recovery 167–72, 178, 183 contributory fault 57, 58–59 control and entitlements 216, 226, 234 of labor 252, 253 and ownership 227–28, 229 and patients’ rights 242–43, 245 and profits 237 conversion 241 cooperation 268, 278–80, 281, 331 Cooter, Robert 58, 60, 237 Corbin, Arthur 251 corporate defendants 258, 300 corrective justice 221–30, 234, 259, 318 correlativity distributive foundation 224–28 and measures of recovery 220, 230, 237 and private law 217–19, 221, 228, 234, 253 costs accounting 113 administrative 53, 54, 59, 60–61, 85, 115 agency 148–49, 157 litigation 54, 274, 275 minimizing 64 mistake-avoidance 52–53, 79, 82, 84, 85 opportunity 113, 115, 117 social 39, 52–63, 67 Cotnam v Wisdom 113 Cox v Wooten Brothers Farms, Inc 142 Craswell, Richard 269–70 curriculum, law school 328, 329 damages 217–21, 225 Dawson, John 17–18 debt-collection 312, 313, 327 default rules 278–80, 287–89, 330 defenses 32–33, 57, 70–74, 146–47; see also bona fide creditor; change of position; good faith purchase for value, defense of; illegality; limitations; passing on, defense of desert 196, 319 deterrence 54, 230 and breach of contract 268, 277, 286 and fiduciary relations 236, 237, 239 and good samaritan interventions 99 diligence 120, 121 disclosure, full 241 discretion 12–18, 23, 36 distribution, ratable 297, 301, 302, 305–08, 309, 312 Dobbs, Dan 295 dominance 193; see also asymmetry of power duties legal 101 positive 87, 105 Dworkin, Ronald 9, 15–16 EarthInfo v Hydrosphere 264, 266, 275 Easterbrook, Judge 316 efficiency 330 and bankruptcy 326 and contract 97, 265, 272, 278 and improper tax payments 79 and mistakes 81, 84 and wrongful enrichment 257 Ellickson, Robert 204 Ellman, Ira 170, 181 embezzlement 307 empathy 102 enrichment 28–29, 111, 163; see also unjust enrichment; wrongful enrichment entitlements 24, 217–19, 228, 255 allocation of 254, 259, 280, 293, 295 Epstein, Richard 135 equality 178–80 equitable ownership 304, 308, 309, 310, 315 equity 13, 249, 317–22 error, narration of 44–45 Estin, Ann Laquer 172, 182–83 expectations 47–48, 52, 63, 71, 271 index exploitation 192, 199 extraordinary benefit 172–73, 177, 196 fair market value remedy 215, 226, 252 and breach of contract 287, 288, 289 and losing contracts 285, 286 and profits 226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 234 fairness 50, 320 family dissolution 181–82 Farnsworth, Allan 262–63, 277 fault comparative 57, 58, 59, 60, 84 contributory 57, 58–59 relative 57, 59 fiduciary duties, breach of 213, 234, 300 Finch, Vanessa 318 finders law 89 Finnis, John 14 Frambach v Dunihue 165–66, 178 Frankel, Tamar 288–89 Frantz, Carolyn 178 fraud 315 free choice 42–43, 106, 194, 196, 200, 259, 329; see also liberty free-riding 142, 163, 203, 205, 330 distributive effects 131, 132, 136 legislative solutions to 137 and the Restatement 136, 137 and restitution 124, 130–39 Freedman, Bradley 237 freedom of action 43–44, 46, 51, 85 Fried, Charles 268–69 Fried, Jesse 326–27 Friedmann, Daniel 21 gain-based recovery 218–19, 230, 247 Gegan, Bernard 286 Gergen, Mark 17–18 gifts, rescission of 164, 190–91, 202, 331 Glenn v Savage 86, 91, 103, 121 ‘gratuity’ rule 94 rejection of argument 88, 107 and restitution 87, 89–90, 101, 106 Goff, Lord, of Chieveley free acceptance 206, 207, 208 liquidity 143, 144, 145, 147 and tortfeasance 218 369 good faith 40, 70–74, 254–59, 265, 278–82 good faith purchase for value, defense of 254-55, 257–58 good samaritan interventions 5, 27, 28, 86, 184, 328, 329, 331 common law approach to 86, 98, 112, 113–15, 117, 121, 122 and normative considerations 119 protection of life or health 90–91, 108 success of the intervention 108–12, 121 symbolic effect of law 89 Goodbody & Co v Sultan 68–69, 70, 71 goods commercial 267 unique 267, 272 Gordley, James 21 Gordon, Wendy 132, 138, 288–89 government–industry litigation 124, 128, 155–62 governments’ subrogation claims 155–62, 163 ‘gratuity’ rule 94 Greenawalt, Kent 15 gun industry litigation 124, 155, 156, 159 Hampton, Jean 103 Hand, Learned 26 harm 47, 65, 214–15 allocation of 78 and mistakes 47–49, 50, 51 and noncash benefits 80 Hart, H L A Hedley, Steve 25, 89 Heller, Michael 202, 203, 205 Herzog, Don Holmes, Justice 7, 24 Holocaust restitution cases 246, 248–49, 254 Huber, Peter 56, 81 human rights 248, 249, 250–54, 256, 257 hypothetical contract theory 96–97, 98–101, 116 370 index illegality 32 improper tax payments 40, 74–76, 80 In re Air Crash Disaster 153–54, 156 inalienability 244 indemnity 145, 146, 158–59 indigenous populations 255–56 informal intimacy 5, 29, 164, 328, 329, 331 information, ownership of 138 INS v AP 137 insolvency 5, 291, 292, 297–327, 330 institutions 60–63, 330 International Salvage Convention 92 involuntariness and bankruptcy 319, 322, 326, 327, 330 and constructive trust 323–25 and mistakes 40–52, 324 involuntary bailees 87, 89–92, 95, 99 Israel, law in 119, 263 Jackson, Thomas 311–13, 314 joint infringements 213, 231–34 joint obligation 125, 126, 131, 138 Jones, Gareth 108 free acceptance 206, 207, 208 liquidity 143, 144, 145, 147 and tortfeasance 218 justice 17, 36, 249 corrective 221–30, 253, 259, 318 distributive 254–59 Karst, Kenneth 196 Keating, Gregory 50 Keener, William 11–12, 25 Kenaan, Hagi 44 Krebs, Thomas 41 Kull, Andrew and bankruptcy 302, 313–14, 322 bona fide creditor 71, 72–73 and contract 264, 287, 288 and indemnity 158–59 property 315–16 and unjust enrichment 12, 29, 284–85 lack of adequate legal basis 12, 18–19, 22–24, 31, 313 land 83, 229, 267 Landes, William 118–19 Langbein, John law admiralty 93 and altruism 103–06 bankruptcy 298, 311–13, 321, 324–25, 330 coercive 105 of cohabitation 167 community property 186 constructive trust 308, 323–25, 327 contract 34, 273, 278, 296 conversion 241 and culture 89, 104 finders 89 of human rights 252 Israeli 119, 263 of marital property 178–80, 185–86 maritime 92–94, 109, 125 nondistributive 221–24 normative foundations of 104, 107, 119 predictive theory of 104 private: see private law product liability 34 property 34 of restitution 328 Roman 55 state 311–13 takings 162 torts 34, 218–19 tracing 303 of undue influence 191 and values 107 Laycock, Douglas 301 Leebov case 149, 150 Leebron, David 325–26 legal categories 8, 25, 27–28, 31, 35 legal intervention 42, 104, 133–36, 173 Leslie, Melanie 193–94, 195–96, 197, 198 Levmore, Saul 83, 109, 112, 143, 145, 147–48 liability for necessaries 167 strict 55, 64, 73, 81–82 index liberty 45, 50, 67, 87, 88, 97; see also free choice negative 97, 98, 100, 135, 216 Lightly v Clouston 250, 251 limitations defense of 29–30, 32, 254, 255–57 statute of 248, 254–59 Linzer, Peter 13, 206, 207 liquidity 80–81, 143 litigation, government–industry 124, 128, 155–62 litigation costs 54, 274, 275 Llewellyn, Karl 4, 5, 8, 9, 329 Long, Robert 116 loss avoidance 49–52, 73 loyalty, duty of 235–37, 238, 239 Madoff, Ray 193, 195, 197, 198 Mahoney, Margaret 187 Mansfield, Lord 14, 15, 17, 249, 250, 251 maritime law 92–94, 109, 125 maritime salvors 87, 89–94, 95, 110 marriage 178–80, 181–82, 187, 190 Mather, Henry 286 Mautner, Menachem 257 McCafferty case 306, 307, 308–09 McNeilab, Inc v North River Ins Co 149, 150 measure of recovery 212, 215, 217, 220–21, 225, 228, 229, 330 and breach of contract 280, 288 compensation for harm 214–15 correlativity 228 fair market value and profit 230, 330 and good samaritan interventions 115–17 and informal intimacy 167, 175 and self-interested conferral of benefits 145 mechanics’ liens 294–95 Milnikel, Elizabeth 147 mistaken payments 19, 22, 26, 27, 64–65, 66–67, 74 mistakes 5, 33, 37, 315, 324, 328, 329, 330 and absence of knowledge 41 371 autonomy-based analysis of 40 costs of 52–55, 85 costs of avoiding 52–53, 79, 82, 84 economic analysis of 54 fault-based liability 55, 56–60 institutional contexts 54, 60–63, 67, 72, 79 multiparty 45–52 noncash benefits 28 and predictions 41 private contexts 54, 55–60, 67 rules 55–56 unilateral 38, 41–45 Monroe Fin Corp v DiSilvestro 74 Moore v Regents of the University of California 240–45, 252 moral principles 12–18, 103 Mosk, Justice 241, 242–43 necessaries, supply of 164, 183–90, 202, 209, 331 doctrine of 183–85, 187, 189–90 and reciprocity 185–87 scope and nature of liability in 188–89 negligence 51, 64, 65, 69, 85, 118 negotiorum gestio 88 Newpower case 307, 308–10 no-restitution rule 72, 81–82 noncash benefits 28, 80–82 normative analysis 15, 39, 311, 329 norms, legal 104, 105 Oesterle, Dale 303, 308 officiousness 129–30 Okoboji Camp Owners Cooperative v Carlson 143–44 Oliphant, Herman Olwell v Nye & Nissen 210–11, 217, 220–21, 229, 230 Omegas case 302, 309, 311, 314, 323 critique of constructive trust 305, 306, 308, 310 and McCafferty 307, 308–09 and Newpower 307, 308–09 ratable distribution 309 opportunity 273 costs 113, 115, 117 372 index ownership 221, 304, 308, 309, 310, 317–22 of information 138 Palmer, George 36 passing on, defense of 75, 79–80 patents 231, 232, 233, 252 paternalism 106, 108 Pettit, Philip 204 Pomponius 14, 17 Ponzi scheme 302, 324 Posner, Richard 118–19, 264 power, abuse of 170, 191–93, 194 precautions 52, 85 incentives to take 52–53, 54, 56, 58, 62, 85 overinvestment in 58, 65, 287 private law 33, 212, 217, 221–24, 228, 259 corrective justice approach to 211 correlativity 217–19, 221 harm in 47 and social values 219, 240 privity, previous 91–92, 290 professionals, and good samaritan intervention 114–15 profit 223, 238, 242 profits remedy 214, 227, 252, 330 and deterrence 237, 239 and fiduciary duties 238 and human rights 250–54 and misappropriation of body parts 242, 243, 244, 245 and patents 231, 232, 233, 234 unauthorized alienation 228 versus fair market value 226, 230 promise-keeping 265, 268–70, 272 property and breach of contract 266–68 community 186, 187, 188 concept of 20, 217, 219–20, 221, 222, 223, 248, 253, 315–16 and constructive trust 313–17 Hegelian theory of 222 improvements of 82–85 indeterminacy 229 judicial redistribution of 304 marital 178–80, 181, 185–86, 188, 189 personhood theory of 216, 222, 244–45, 316–17 protection of 108, 125, 131, 138 rights 265 protectionism, family 195 protest, requirement of 75, 76 quantum meruit 166, 283, 289–96 ratable distribution 297, 301, 302, 305–08, 309, 312 realism, legal 3, 210, 212, 219, 329, 331 and normative analysis 34, 36 and values 6–8 reciprocity 194 long-term 172–77, 196, 202, 209 and relationships 194, 206 and supply of necessaries 185–87, 188 and undue influence 197 reform, legal 9, 67 and bankruptcy 324–25, 327, 330 and improper tax payments 77–80 and other-regarding conferral of benefits 88 reimbursement 120, 147 relations, confidential 190, 193 relative fault 57, 59 reliance 48–49, 69, 202 detrimental 52, 55, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 68, 73 and expectations 52 and fault 72 irrevocable 48–49, 65, 69–70 remuneration, benefactor’s claim for 112–17, 120, 122 Rendleman, Doug 291–92 research, medical 245 responsibility 42, 216, 286 Restatement of Contract 282–83 Restatement of the Law of Restitution (first) 290, 291 Restatement of the Law of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment (third) 3, 11, 283 and autonomy 95 index and breach of contract 264, 292, 293 and equitable subrogation 127–28 and fault-based liability 84 and free-riding 136, 137 and good samaritan interventions 94–95, 97–98, 101, 107, 112 and improper tax payments 75–76, 77 and improvements of property 83 and mistakes 37, 43, 65–70 and noncash benefits 81, 82 and rescission of gifts 190, 193 and self-interested conferral of benefits 125, 130, 136–39 and supply of necessaries 183 and undue influence 199 and unjust enrichment 18, 23 restitution 1, 5, 123, 260–95 in the academic environment 1–3, 328–29 and altruism 101–08 American law of analysis of 35 and bankruptcy 297–327 distributionary foundation of 213–17 law of 1, 14, 30, 129, 171, 248 liberal presumption of 41, 44, 65, 66, 78, 82, 85 unlimited 55, 56, 64, 76, 78, 80, 85 rewards, positive 115, 116–17 rights 328 contractual 266, 267, 273, 275 patients’ 241, 242, 243 property 256, 265, 266, 267, 304, 317–22 restitutionary 29 risk 72 allocation of 50, 81, 260–61, 287, 294, 328 aversion 52, 120 Robinowitz v Pozzi 151–52 Rotherham, Craig 304, 310, 317–18, 319, 321, 324 Rubin, Edward 60 salvage, doctrine of 92 Schwartz, Alan 270, 273 373 Scott, Austin 12–13 Scott, Robert 270, 273 Seavey, Warren 12–13 Sebok, Anthony 248–49, 253, 254 security 45, 50, 51, 67, 71, 85, 293, 329 seduction of employees 250, 252 self, integrity of 44–45, 85 self-interested conferral of benefits 5, 28, 123 sharing 169–70, 178–80, 186, 216, 279, 280 Sherwin, Emily constructive trust 316, 318, 322, 323 contribution theory 320 unjust enrichment 13, 14 slave labor, gains from 213, 246–59, 330 legal strategy 248–49 and unjust enrichment 248, 253 Smith, Stephen 42–43 Snepp v United States 234–35 social vision 173, 174 solidarity 279, 280 stability 82, 85 and expectations 71 financial 66, 76, 77 and liberty 50, 329 Stevens, Justice 235 strict liability 55, 64, 73, 81–82 subcontractors 289–96 subjective devaluation 139–41, 148, 156–57, 163, 176–77, 285 and autonomy 292, 330 implications of 145–47 and market encouragement 147–48 scope of 142–45 subrogation, equitable boundaries of 155 and government claims 155–62, 163 and legislative interventions 159–60 and the Restatement 127–28 risks of 161–62 scope of 129, 160 and subjective devaluation 145, 146 third-party effects 152–55 and tobacco litigation 128–29, 159 and unjust enrichment 129 Supreme Court, Israel 263 374 index Supreme Court, United States 231, 232, 233, 234, 235 sureties 294, 295 swollen asset thesis 319, 320 third-party effects 152–55, 158 tobacco litigation 124, 128–29, 155, 156, 159, 161 tort victims, and restitution claimants 318, 319, 320, 321, 325 tracing, transactional 301, 302, 303–05, 308–11, 317, 321 trust and cohabitation 166, 175, 177 and contract 279, 280 and fiduciary duties 240 and promise-keeping 268 and property 203, 204 and reciprocity 194, 198, 200, 202, 207 and restitution 208 and undue influence 192, 194, 199 trust, constructive 297, 304, 308–11, 322–25, 327 and cohabitation 166 Omegas case 306, 307 Newpower case 307 and property 313–17 role in bankruptcy 298, 299–306, 311, 330 Ulen, Thomas 58 Ulmer v Farnsworth 136, 139, 147, 148 unauthorized alienation and unauthorized use 220–21, 228, 229 uncertainty, evidentiary 58 undue influence 164, 190–94, 200, 201, 202, 209 unilateral conferral of benefits 38, 41–45 unjust enrichment 4, 8, 11, 248, 260 between cohabitants 164, 165–83 and breach of contract 266–68 defenses 32–33 and equitable ownership 317–22 as foundation of the law of restitution 11, 12, 13, 26, 35 as a framework 25–36 and informal intimacy 165, 169, 171 and the law of mistakes 38 prevention of 129, 265, 266 property-based approach to 20–22 and recovery 168 and self-interested conferral of benefits 129–30 unjust factors 31–32 unjustified enrichment 18–25 utility 4, 16, 36, 85, 97, 329, 330 commitment to 331 and mistakes 39 and self-interested conferral of benefits 139, 140, 144, 145 values 144 and contract 260 human 6, 24, 107 and law 107 shared 164 social 219, 223, 228, 240 Virgo, Graham 144, 145 voluntariness 129, 130, 153, 154, 321 Waldron, Jeremy 255–56 Walt, Steven 320 Watts v Watts 168–70 Weinrib, Ernest 211, 217–26, 228–30, 234, 242, 259 breach of fiduciary duties 235–37, 239 common law 217 corrective justice 211–13, 234 correlativity 217–19, 234, 252 isolation thesis 217 property thesis 253 well-being 216, 226, 230, 234 West, Mark 89 White, James 128, 225 will, free: see free choice; liberty Woodward, Frederic 250 Worthington, Sarah 319 wrongful enrichment 5, 29, 30, 210, 330 ... in the California Law Review, Columbia Law Review, Michigan Law Review, New York University Law Review, Texas Law Review, Virginia Law Review, and Yale Law Journal THE LAW AND ETHICS OF RESTITUTION. .. some of the prevailing language of the field “Unjust enrichment at the expense of another” has long been the accepted currency of the law of restitution Chapter examines the use and abuse of this... The Principles of the Law of Restitution (1999); Essays on the Law of Restitution (Andrew Burrows ed., 1991); The Law of Restitution (Steve Hedley & Margaret Halliwell eds., 2002); Restitution –