This page intentionally left blank Regions of War and Peace In this contribution to the literature on the causes of war, Douglas Lemke asks whether the same factors affect minor powers as affect major ones He investigates whether power parity and dissatisfaction with the status quo have an impact within Africa, the Far East, the Middle East, and South America Lemke argues that there are similarities across these regions and levels of power, and that parity and dissatisfaction are correlates of war around the world The extent to which they increase the risk of war varies across regions, however, and the book looks at the possible sources of this cross-regional variation, concluding that differential progress toward development is the likely cause This book will interest students and scholars of international relations and peace studies, as well as comparative politics and area studies Douglas Lemke is Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan He is the author of several articles on international conflict in leading journals, and is co-author of Power Transitions (2000), and co-editor of Parity and War (1996) CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 80 Regions of War and Peace Editorial Board Steve Smith (Managing Editor) Thomas Biersteker Joseph Grieco Chris Brown Alex Danchev A J R Groom G John Ikenberry Michael Nicholson Phil Cerny Richard Higgott Caroline Kennedy-Pipe Steve Lamy Ngaire Woods Cambridge Studies in International Relations is a joint initiative of Cambridge University Press and the British International Studies Association (BISA) The series will include a wide range of material, from undergraduate textbooks and surveys to research-based monographs and collaborative volumes The aim of the series is to publish the best new scholarship in International Studies from Europe, North America, and the rest of the world CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 80 Douglas Lemke Regions of war and peace 79 Richard Shapcott Justice, community and dialogue in international relations 78 Philip E Steinberg The social construction of the ocean 77 Christine Sylvester Feminist international relations An unfinished journey 76 Kenneth A Schultz Democracy and coercive diplomacy 75 David Houghton US foreign policy and the Iran hostage crisis 74 Cecilia Albin Justice and fairness in international negotiation 73 Martin Shaw Theory of the global state Globality as an unfinished revolution 72 Frank C Zagare and D Marc Kilgour Perfect deterrence 71 Robert O’Brien, Anne Marie Goetz, Jan Aart Scholte and Marc Williams Contesting global governance Multilateral economic institutions and global social movements 70 Roland Bleiker Popular dissent, human agency and global politics 69 Bill McSweeney Security, identity and interests A sociology of international relations Series list continues at the end of the book Regions of War and Peace Douglas Lemke The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Douglas Lemke 2004 First published in printed format 2002 ISBN 0-511-02959-4 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-80985-1 hardback ISBN 0-521-00772-0 paperback To Jacek Kugler in grateful recognition of the enormous intellectual debts I owe him References Oneal, John, Indra de Soysa, and Yong-Hee Park 1998 “But Power and Wealth Are Satisfying.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 42(4): 517–520 Oneal, John, and Bruce Russett 1997 “The Classical Liberals Were Right.” International Studies Quarterly 41(2): 267–294 Organski, A F K 1958 World Politics New York: Alfred A Knopf 1965 The Stages of Political Development New York: Alfred A Knopf 1968 World Politics, 2nd edn New York: Alfred A Knopf Organski, A F K., 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Conflict Resolution 24(2): 285–287 1996 Economic Development, Social Order and World Politics Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Weiner, Myron 1971 “The Macedonian Syndrome.” World Politics 23(4): 665–683 Werner, Suzanne 2000 “The Effects of Political Similarity on the Onset of Militarized Disputes, 1816–1985.” Political Research Quarterly 53(2): 343–374 Werner, Suzanne, and Jacek Kugler 1996 “Power Transitions and Military Buildups.” In J Kugler and D Lemke, eds Parity and War Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press Werner, Suzanne, and Douglas Lemke 1997 “Opposites Do Not Attract.” International Studies Quarterly 41(3): 529–546 Widner, Jennifer 1995 “States and Statelessness in Late Twentieth-Century Africa.” Dædalus 124(3): 129–153 Wight, Martin 1946 Power Politics Looking Forward Pamphlets, no London: Royal Institute of International Affairs Wilson, Dick 1971 The Long March 1935: The Epic of Chinese Communism’s Survival New York: Viking Press Winter, Harold 1998 Battling the Elements Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press Wohlstetter, Albert 1968 “Theory and Opposed-System Design.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 12(3): 302–331 Woods, Randall Bennett 1990 A Changing of the Guard Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press Woodward, Bob 1991 The Commanders New York: Simon and Schuster Wright, Quincy 1942 A Study of War Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zagare, Frank, and D Marc Kilgour 2000 Perfect Deterrence Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Zimmerman, William 1972 “Hierarchical Regional Systems and the Politics of System Boundaries.” International Organization 26(1): 18–36 1981 “Soviet–East European Relations in the 1980s and the Changing International System.” In M Burnstein, Z Gitelman, and W Zimmerman, eds East–West Relations and the Future of Eastern Europe London: George Allen & Unwin 230 Index Abdolali, Nasrin, 178 Africa, local hierarchies in, 87–89 African peace, 17, 145, 163, 192, 212 empirically demonstrated, 167–171 past international relations research and, 163–168 Agyeman-Duah, Baffour, 167–168 alliances as correlate of war, 129–130 Alsharabati, Carole, 40 Alt, James, 40 Altfeld, Michael, 106 Anderson, John, 55–56 Arbetman, Marina, 43, 98, 138 area specialists, versus generalists, 8–13, 115–117, 121, 197, 200 arms races, 106–108 Aron, Raymond, 65 Ayoob, Mohammed, 11, 121, 124, 174, 189 Banks, Arthur, 138–139 Banks, Michael, 59 Barro, Robert, 128, 173–174, 201 Bates, Robert, H., 8, 10 Beasley, W G., 142 Beck, Nathaniel, 118, 207 Bennett, D Scott, n.3, 36 n.8, 72, 75 n.7 Benson, Michelle, 191 n.28, 205 Bernstein, Steven, 16 n.6 Berton, Peter, 59 Bethell, Leslie, 96 Bickers, Kenneth, 165 n.4 Binder, Leonard, 59 Block, Fred, 23 Boulding, Kenneth, 70, 72, 75 Bowman, Larry, 59 Brace, Paul, 127 Brecher, Michael, 59, 141–142, 167–168 Bremer, Stuart, 4, 36, 62, 96, 124 n.9, 129 n.16, 130, 132, 166, 170, 177 n.15, 187 Britain as dominant power, 28, 32, 34, 92 Brito, Dagobert, 108 n.23, 166 Brooks, Lester, 96 Brown, Brian, 190 n.27 Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, 4, 10, 18–19, 20, 38, 42 n.10, 71–72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 93–94, 100, 129, 150 Bull, Hedley, 58 Burden, Barry, 127 n.11 Burr, Robert, 96 Buzan, Barry, 16 n.6, 56 n.6, 59 n.7, 60, 70 n.1, 97, 201 n.2 Calvert, Randall, 40 Cantori, Louis, 59 Carment, David, 164 Centeno, Miguel Angel, 162 n.1, 190 n.26, 193, 200 Chan, Steve, 130–131, 166 China as potential rising challenger, 34 Clapham, Christopher, 96, 165, 187 n.24, 189 Clark, David, 134 Clarke, Harold, 127 n.11 Cohen, Raymond, Cohen, Youssef, 190 n.27 contiguity as a correlate of war, 130, 163–164 Cook, Chris, 185 Cooper, James Fenimore, 74 n.5 Coordinating Committee for Export Controls (CoCom), 24–25 n.2, 32 Correlates of War (COW) project, 30 alliance membership data and, 101, 129 231 Index Correlates of War (COW) (cont.) civil war data and, 171 n.8 composite capabilities index and, 72, 77, 98–99, 105, 132, 140, 207–215 interstate war data and, 114–115, 167, 168–169, 202–203 major power designation and, 92, 149 militarized interstate dispute (MID) data and, 61–64, 170, 185–187 system membership data and, 81 n.13, 164 Coser, Lewis, 79 n.10 Crescenzi, Mark, 105 n.21 cross-regional variation, 121–126, 197 coincidence as a source of, 171–173 developmental differences as a source of, 173–183 region-specific measurement error as a source of, 121, 183–191 David, Steven, 13, 14 Davis, David, 36 n.8, 164, 165 Davis, H E., 96 Davison, R., 60 de Soysa, Indra, 31, 32, 33, 113 Desch, Michael, 13 development as primary source of power, 26 DiCicco, Jonathan, 20 n.8 Diehl, Paul, 73, 74, 105 n.21, 106, 107, 108, 163 domestic unrest as a correlate of war, 164–165 Domke, William, 138 du Chaillu, Paul, 88 dummy variables, 126–128 Dupuy, R E., 84 Dupuy, R N., 84 duration dependence, 117–118 dyad-decades, as unit of analysis, 112–114 Erikson, Robert, 127 Escud´e, Carlos, 203–204 ethnic differences as a correlate of war, 164 expected utility theory, 4, 18–19, 38 Far East, local hierarchies in, 84–86 French, Howard, 73 n.4 Friedman, Milton, 42 n.10 Gardiner, Robert, 85, 149 Gartner, Scott, 39 n.9 Gartzke, Erik, 102 Garver, J B., 83, 86 Geller, Daniel, 36, 45–46 232 Gelpi, Christopher, 36 n.8, 37, 65 generalists, versus area specialists, 8–13 Germany as dissatisfied state, 28, 34 Gleditsch, Kristian, 81 n.13, 131 n.19 Gochman, Charles, 36, 59, 124 n.9, 187 Goldsmith, Arthur, 19 n.7 Gowa, Joanne, 178 great powers bias introduced by, 3–8, 107 n.22 difficulty in defining, 5–6 interference with minor powers, 17, 50–53, 56, 142 n.25, 151–160, 198 n.1, 202 overarching hierarchy among, 89–93 problems of combining in analyses with minor powers, 8–13, 115–117 Green, Donald, 122–123, 127 gross domestic product (GDP) as measure of power, 77, 98–99, 137–138 Grosvenor, M B., 83, 86 Gujarati, Damodar, 116 Gulick, Edward Vose, 4, 58 Gurr, Ted Robert, 131 n.19, 166, 177 n.14 Haas, Michael, 59, 164, 165, 180 Hardy, Melissa, 121 n.7 Hart, Robert, 134 Hellman, Donald, 59 Henderson, Errol, 171 n.8 Hensel, Paul, 51, 101–102, 130 Herbst, Jeffrey, 5, 79 n.10, 88 n.16, 190 n.26, 193, 200 Heston, Alan, 99 Hibbert, Christopher, 88 Hinckley, Barbara, 127 Hoffman, Tod, 167–168 Holsti, Kalevi, 5, 7, 9–10, 11, 14, 121, 124, 162 n.2, 174, 176 n.12, 205 Houweling, Henk, 36, 113 Hudson, Valerie, 13, 14 Humes, Brian, 40 Huth, Paul, 5, 36 n.8, 72, 101–102, 130 Iida, Keisuke, 103 inter-capital distances, 77, 78–80 International Crisis Behavior project, 168 international subsystems past conceptualizations of, 57–60, 69, 94–95 lack of empirical criteria for identification of, 59–60 Intriligator, Michael, 108 n.23, 166 Jackson, Robert, 176 n.13, 187–188 Jacobson, Harold, 103–104 Index Jaggers, Keith, 131 n.19, 166, 177 n.14 James, Patrick, 164, 167–168 Jansen, Marius, 137–138, 140–141 Johnson, Chalmers, 9, 18 joint democracy as a correlate of war, 130–131, 165–166 Jones, Daniel, 62, 124 n.9, 170, 187 Kacowicz, Arie, 60, 101, 167 n.6 Kaiser, Karl, 59 Kaplan, Robert, 161 Karnow, Stanley, 75, 85 Katz, Jonathan, 118, 207 Kaufman, Robert, 127 n.11 Kende, Istvan, 168 Kennedy, Paul, 106 Key, V O., 127 Kilgour, Marc, 44, 46 Killingray, David, 185 Kim, Soo Yeon, 122–123 Kim, Woosang, 36, 37, 40, 44, 46, 100–101, 113, 130 n.17 Kimball, David, 127 n.11 Kingston, Jean, 107, 108 Kinsella, David, 198 n.1 Kirby, Andrew, 190 n.27 Krasner, Stephen, 59 Kugler, Jacek, 4, 20, 22, 26, 29, 36, 37, 43, 45, 70, 89, 92, 98, 99, 104–105, 113, 127 n.11, 138, 191 n.28, 193 n.30, 195, 205 Kydd, Andrew, 106 Lake, David, 60, 187 n.24 Lalman, David, 4, 38 Lamborn, Alan, 26 Langer, William, 137 Lawrence, T E., 75, 83 Lebovic, James, 59, 105 n.21 Leeds, Brett Ashley, 165 n.4 Lemke, Douglas, 22, 25, 31, 32–33, 36, 37, 38, 45, 70, 71, 77, 81, 82, 92, 94, 99, 101, 104–105, 134, 178 Levy, Jack, 4, 10, 20 n.8, 34, 50 n.2, 164 Lieske, Joel, 127 n.11 Lijphart, Arend, 102 local hierarchies, see multiple hierarchy model loss-of-strength gradient, 70–72, 75, 93–94 Bueno de Mesquita’s formula for, 71–74, 77, 93–94 Lustick, Ian, Luttwak, Edward, 177 n.14 McFaul, Michael, 191 n.28 MacKuen, Michael, 127 Maddison, Angus, 99, 137, 139 Maier, Mark, 184, 187 Mansfield, Edward, 60 Maoz, Zeev, 36 n.8, 71, 124 n.9, 130–131, 165, 166, 178, 187, 199 Marin-Bosch, Miguel, 103 Mastanduno, Michael, 24–25 n.2 Maugham, William Somerset, 40 Mearsheimer, John, 166 Merritt, Richard, 98 Middle East, local hierarchies in, 82–84 Midlarsky, Manus, 10 miles per day, see transit ranges militarization as a correlate of war, 132, 166 military buildups, as status quo evaluations, 104–109 Miller, Benjamin, Miller, Ross, 114 Milner, Helen, 60 Modelski, George, Moon, Bruce, 60 Moore, Will, 36 n.8, 164, 177 n.14 Morgan, Patrick, 60 Morgan, T Clifton, 61, 62, 165 n.4, 196 Morgenthau, Hans, 34, 57–58 Morley, James William, 142 Morris, Donald, 75, 88, 96 Morrow, James, 4, 38, 40, 41, 44, 46, 100, 113 n.1, 129 Most, Benjamin, 163–164, 167–168 Moul, William, 73, 74 Mueller, John, 9, 10, 14 multiple hierarchy model, 15, 48, 68 empirical evidence about, 119–121, 123–126, 132–136, 151–155, 157 n.4, 183 n.19, 197, 211, 215 local hierarchies defined conceptually, 49–57 local hierarchies defined operationally, 69–81 local hierarchies re-defined allowing great power interference, 148–151 Myers, David, 96 Neuman, Stephanie, 5, 7, 11, 12, 121, 124 n.9, 174 Nish, Ian, 142 Nomohan War, 136 nuclear capabilities as a deterrent to war, 166 233 Index Olatunde, B J Ojo, 167–168 Olson, Mancur, 43 Oneal, John, 31, 32, 33, 36 n.8, 71, 113, 131 n.19, 171 n.9, 178 Organski, A F K., 4, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 29, 30, 36, 43, 49, 65, 70, 89, 92, 98, 99, 113, 138, 190 n.27, 193–194, 195, 206 Organski, Katherine, 26 Ortega, Luis, 96 Pakenham, Thomas, 88 Palmer, Glenn, 61, 62, 196 Palmquist, Bradley, 127 Papadakis, Maria, 19 n.7, 50 n.1 Park, Yon-Hee, 31, 32, 33, 113 Paul, T V., 60 n.8, 204 Phoenix Factor, 43 Polity II dataset, 177 Polity III dataset, 131 n.19, 166 pooling, statistical issues associated with, 115–117 Powell, Robert, 31, 34–35 n.7, 40, 166 and criticism of power transition theory, 42–46 power parity as cause of war, 25, 29–30, 36 power shifts as cause of war, 31 n.5 power transition theory, 1, 12 defined, 21–27 empirical support for in past work, 35–37 exact timing of war as a problem with, 29–31 excess empirical content and, 37–38 formal models consistent with, 44 powerful-therefore-satisfied problem with, 31–33 preventive war as problem with, 33–34 problem of historical accuracy with, 28 preventive war, 33–34, 203 n.4 proper-noun variables, see dummy variables Przeworski, Adam, 10, 128 n.13, 183 n.18 Rasler, Karen, 19 n.7, 190 n.27 Ray, James Lee, 36, 65, 164, 167 n.5 Reed, William, 22, 32–33, 37, 38, 71, 101, 107, 108 n.24, 134, 171 n.9, 201 Reiter, Dan, 34, 75 n.7 relative political capacity, 98 n.19, 137–139 relevant dyads, 71, 171 n.9 Richardson, James, 86 n.15 234 Richardson, Lewis Fry, 107–108, 163 Ritter, Jeffrey, 101, 102 Rosberg, Carl, 176 n.13, 187–188 Rothstein, Robert, 50 n.1 Rousseau, David, 37, 65, 72 Russett, Bruce, 36 n.8, 59, 60, 71, 81 n.13, 94, 131, 171 n.9, 178 Russo-Japanese War, 113, 135 Sabrosky, Alan Ned, 39 n.9 Salisbury, Harrison, 85 Sample, Susan, 106, 108 Schickler, Eric, 127 Schweller, Randall, 34 Seven Weeks War, 136 Shepsle, Kenneth, 40 Siccama, Jan, 36, 113 Sigler, John, 59 Signorino, Curtis, 101, 102 Singer, J David, 4, 30, 36, 45–46, 62, 81 n.13, 98, 101, 115, 124 n.9, 129, 167, 170, 171 n.8, 171 n.9, 187, 202 Singer, Max, n.4, 14, 60 Sino-Japanese relations, 136–143 Siverson, Randolph, 39 n.9, 106, 114 Six Day War, 115 Small, Melvin, 81 n.13, 101, 115, 129, 171 n.9, 187, 202 Smith, Alastair, 39 n.9, 165 n.4 Solingen, Etel, 60 South America, local hierarchies in, 81–82 Soviet Union, as dissatisfied state, 24, 27, 32, 34 Spiegel, Steven, 59 Stam, Allan, n.3, 72, 75 n.7 Stanley, Henry, 88 Starr, Harvey, 19 n.7, 25, 50 n.1, 163–164, 167–168 status quo alliance portfolios as measurement of, 100–101, 130 n.17 defined conceptually, 22–23, 53–56 dissatisfaction with as cause of war, 25, 36–37 general measurement issues with, 16, 43, 99–109 military buildups as measurement of, 104–109 territorial disagreements as measurement of, 101–102 United Nations General Assembly voting similarity as measurement of, 102–104 Stewart, Marianne, 127 n.11 Stimson, James, 116, 126–127 Index Stoll, Richard, 98 strategic theories of international politics, 38–46 Stuckey, John, 4, 98 Summers, Robert, 99 Tammen, Ronald, 38, 51, 196 Taylor, A J P., 24 territorial disagreements as source of local disputes, 54–55, 101–102, 130–131, 204 Teune, Henry, 10, 128 n.13, 183 n.18 Third World, importance of, 13–15 Thompson, William, 4, 10, 19 n.7, 29, 31, 59, 69, 93, 96, 177 n.14, 190 n.27 Tilly, Charles, 189–190, 193 Timpone, Richard, 127 n.11 Tomlin, Brian, 104 transit ranges, 72, 73–74, 75, 94 Africa and, 88 explorer accounts as source of, 76, 87–88 Far East and, 84–85 great powers and, 149–151 Middle East and, 83 South America and, 81–82, 94 Tucker, Richard, 118, 131, 207 Tullock, Gordon, 40 two-good theory explained, 61 multiple hierarchy model application to, 62–64, 196 United States as dominant power, 23, 32, 34, 92 Vagts, Alfred, 34 van Chi-Bonnardel, Regine, 87 Van Evera, Stephen, 13, 14 Vasquez, John, 20, 28, 92 n.18, 101, 114, 130, 151 Voeten, Erik, 102, 104 Wallace, Michael, 59, 60, 106, 107, 108 Waltz, Kenneth, 4, 42 n.10, 58, 166 War of Attrition, 115 War of the Pacific, 54 Ward, Michael, 81 n.13, 98, 131 n.19, 190 n.27 Waugh, Evelyn, 174 n.11, 185 n.22 Wayman, Frank, 31 n.5, 114 n.3 Weede, Erich, 36, 71, 106, 189 Weiner, Myron, 190 n.26 Weingast, Barry, 40 Werner, Suzanne, 25, 31, 36, 37, 70, 77, 92, 104–105, 178 Whiteley, Robert, 127 n.11 Widner, Jennifer, 190 n.26, 193, 200 Wight, Martin, 49–50, 58 Wildavsky, Aaron, n.4, 14, 60 Wilkenfeld, Jonathan, 141–142 Wilson, Dick, 75, 85 Wilson, L C., 96 Winters, Harold, 76 n.8 Wohlstetter, Albert, 72 Woods, Randall, 23 Woodward, Bob, 73 Wright, Quincy, 95 Yoon, David, 122–123 Zagare, Frank, 37, 44, 46 Zimmerman, William, 53 n.5, 56 n.6, 59 Zinnes, Dina, 98 Zorick, Ethan, Zuckermann, Leo, 127 n.11 235 CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 68 Molly Cochran Normative theory in international relations A pragmatic approach 67 Alexander Wendt Social theory of international politics 66 Thomas Risse, Stephen C Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.) The power of human rights International norms and domestic change 65 Daniel W Drezner The sanctions paradox Economic statecraft and international relations 64 Viva Ona Bartkus The dynamic of secession 63 John A Vasquez The power of power politics From classical realism to neotraditionalism 62 Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (eds.) Security communities 61 Charles Jones E H Carr and international relations A duty to lie 60 Jeffrey W Knopf Domestic society and international cooperation The impact of protest on US arms control policy 59 Nicholas Greenwood Onuf The republican legacy in international thought 58 Daniel S Geller and J David Singer Nations at war A scientific study of international conflict 57 Randall D Germain The international organization of credit States and global finance in the world economy 56 N Piers Ludlow Dealing with Britain The Six and the first UK application to the EEC 55 Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer and Volker Rittberger Theories of international regimes 54 Miranda A Schreurs and Elizabeth C Economy (eds.) The internationalization of environmental protection 53 James N Rosenau Along the domestic–foreign frontier Exploring governance in a turbulent world 52 John M Hobson The wealth of states A comparative sociology of international economic and political change 51 Kalevi J Holsti The state, war, and the state of war 50 Christopher Clapham Africa and the international system The politics of state survival 49 Susan Strange The retreat of the state The diffusion of power in the world economy 48 William I Robinson Promoting polyarchy Globalization, US intervention, and hegemony 47 Roger Spegele Political realism in international theory 46 Thomas J Biersteker and Cynthia Weber (eds.) State sovereignty as social construct 45 Mervyn Frost Ethics in international relations A constitutive theory 44 Mark W Zacher with Brent A Sutton Governing global networks International regimes for transportation and communications 43 Mark Neufeld The restructuring of international relations theory 42 Thomas Risse-Kappen (ed.) Bringing transnational relations back in Non-state actors, domestic structures and international institutions 41 Hayward R Alker Rediscoveries and reformulations Humanistic methodologies for international studies 40 Robert W Cox with Timothy J Sinclair Approaches to world order 39 Jens Bartelson A genealogy of sovereignty 38 Mark Rupert Producing hegemony The politics of mass production and American global power 37 Cynthia Weber Simulating sovereignty Intervention, the state and symbolic exchange 36 Gary Goertz Contexts of international politics 35 James L Richardson Crisis diplomacy The Great Powers since the mid-nineteenth century 34 Bradley S Klein Strategic studies and world order The global politics of deterrence 33 T V Paul Asymmetric conflicts: war initiation by weaker powers 32 Christine Sylvester Feminist theory and international relations in a postmodern era 31 Peter J Schraeder US foreign policy toward Africa Incrementalism, crisis and change 30 Graham Spinardi From Polaris to Trident: the development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile technology 29 David A Welch Justice and the genesis of war 28 Russell J Leng Interstate crisis behavior, 1816–1980: realism versus reciprocity 27 John A Vasquez The war puzzle 26 Stephen Gill (ed.) Gramsci, historical materialism and international relations 25 Mike Bowker and Robin Brown (eds.) From Cold War to collapse: theory and world politics in the 1980s 24 R B J Walker Inside/outside: international relations as political theory 23 Edward Reiss The Strategic Defense Initiative 22 Keith Krause Arms and the state: patterns of military production and trade 21 Roger Buckley US–Japan alliance diplomacy 1945–1990 20 James N Rosenau and Ernst-Otto Czempiel (eds.) Governance without government: order and change in world politics 19 Michael Nicholson Rationality and the analysis of international conflict 18 John Stopford and Susan Strange Rival states, rival firms Competition for world market shares 17 Terry Nardin and David R Mapel (eds.) Traditions of international ethics 16 Charles F Doran Systems in crisis New imperatives of high politics at century’s end 15 Deon Geldenhuys Isolated states: a comparative analysis 14 Kalevi J Holsti Peace and war: armed conflicts and international order 1648–1989 13 Saki Dockrill Britain’s policy for West German rearmament 1950–1955 12 Robert H Jackson Quasi-states: sovereignty, international relations and the Third World 11 James Barber and John Barratt South Africa’s foreign policy The search for status and security 1945–1988 10 James Mayall Nationalism and international society William Bloom Personal identity, national identity and international relations Zeev Maoz National choices and international processes Ian Clark The hierarchy of states Reform and resistance in the international order Hidemi Suganami The domestic analogy and world order proposals Stephen Gill American hegemony and the Trilateral Commission Michael C Pugh The ANZUS crisis, nuclear visiting and deterrence Michael Nicholson Formal theories in international relations Friedrich V Kratochwil Rules, norms, and decisions On the conditions of practical and legal reasoning in international relations and domestic affairs Myles L C Robertson Soviet policy towards Japan An analysis of trends in the 1970s and 1980s ... leading journals, and is co-author of Power Transitions (2000), and co-editor of Parity and War (1996) CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: 80 Regions of War and Peace Editorial Board... of style, because there are no widely accepted replacements Regions of war and peace the application of power transition theory to analysis of minor power interactions and find that in spite of. .. Europe, North America, and the rest of the world CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 80 Douglas Lemke Regions of war and peace 79 Richard Shapcott Justice, community and dialogue in international