0521773423 cambridge university press women writers and the english nation in the 1790s romantic belongings jan 2001

This page intentionally left blank Angela Keane addresses the work of five women writers of the s and its problematic relationship with the canon of Romantic literature Refining arguments that women’s writing has been overlooked, Keane examines the more complex underpinnings and exclusionary effects of the English national literary tradition The book explores the negotiations of literate, middle-class women such as Hannah More, Mary Wollstonecraft, Charlotte Smith, Helen Maria Williams and Ann Radcliffe with emergent ideas of national literary representation As women were cast into the feminine, maternal role in Romantic national discourse, women like these who defined themselves in other terms found themselves exiled – sometimes literally – from the nation These wandering women did not rest easily in the family-romance of Romantic nationalism nor could they be reconciled with the models of literary authorship that emerged in the s         is Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Sheffield She is co-editor, with Avril Horner of Body Matters: Feminism, Textuality, Corporeality () and the author of many articles on women and Romanticism MMMM                               WOMEN WRITERS AND THE ENGLISH NATION IN THE s      Professor Marilyn Butler University of Oxford General editors Professor James Chandler University of Chicago Editorial board John Barrell, University of York Paul Hamilton, University of London Mary Jacobus, Cornell University Kenneth Johnston, Indiana University Alan Liu, University of California, Santa Barbara Jerome McGann, University of Virginia David Simpson, University of California, Davis This series aims to foster the best new work in one of the most challenging fields within English literary studies From the early s to the early s a formidable array of talented men and women took to literary composition, not just in poetry, which some of them famously transformed, but in many modes of writing The expansion of publishing created new opportunities for writers, and the political stakes of what they wrote were raised again by what Wordsworth called those ‘great national events’ that were ‘almost daily taking place’: the French Revolution, the Napoleonic and American wars, urbanisation, industrialisation, religious revival, an expanded empire abroad and the reform movement at home This was an enormous ambition, even when it pretended otherwise The relations between science, philosophy, religion and literature were reworked in texts such as Frankenstein and Biographia Literaria; gender relations in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and Don Juan; journalism by Cobbett and Hazlitt; poetic form, content and style by the Lake School and the Cockney School Outside Shakespeare studies, probably no body of writing has produced such a wealth of response or done so much to shape the responses of modern criticism This indeed is the period that saw the emergence of those notions of ‘literature’ and of literary history, especially national literary history, on which modern scholarship in English has been founded The categories produced by Romanticism have also been challenged by recent historicist arguments The task of the series is to engage both with a challenging corpus of Romantic writings and with the changing field of criticism they have helped to shape As with other literary series published by Cambridge, this one will represent the work of both younger and more established scholars, on either side of the Atlantic and elsewhere For a complete list of titles published see end of book WOMEN WRITERS AND THE E N G L I S H N A T I O N I N T H E    s Romantic Belongings ANGELA KEANE           The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom    The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Angela Keane 2004 First published in printed format 2001 ISBN 0-511-03467-9 eBook (Adobe Reader) ISBN 0-521-77342-3 hardback Contents Acknowledgements page ix  Introduction: Romantic belongings   Domesticating the sublime: Ann Radcliffe and Gothic dissent   Forgotten sentiments: Helen Maria Williams’s ‘Letters from France’   Exiles and e´migre´s: the wanderings of Charlotte Smith   Mary Wollstonecraft and the national body   Patrician, populist and patriot: Hannah More’s counter-revolutionary nationalism   Afterword    Notes Bibliography Index vii In memory of Katie Keane  Bibliography The New Eighteenth Century: Theory, Politics, English Literature, ed by Felicity Nussbaum and Laura Brown (New York: Methuen, ), pp – Cole, Lucinda, ‘(Anti) Feminist Sympathies: The Politics of Relationship in Smith, Wollstonecraft and More’, ELH  (), – Colley, Linda, Britons: Forging the Nation – (New Haven: Yale University Press, ) Conway, Alison, ‘Nationalism, Revolution, and the Female Body: Charlotte Smith’s Desmond’, Women’s Studies  (), – Copley, Stephen and Kathryn Sutherland (eds.), Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations: New Interdisciplinary Essays (Manchester University Press, ) Copley, Stephen and John Whale (eds.), Beyond Romanticism: New Approaches to Texts and Contexts, – (London: Routledge, ) Cox, Philip, Gender, Genre and the Romantic Poets (Manchester University Press, ) Cunningham, Hugh, ‘The Language of Patriotism’, in Patriotism: The Making and Unmaking of British National Identity, ed by Raphael Samuel,  vols (London: Routledge, ), vol , pp.– Davis, Lennard J., Factual Fictions: the Origins of the English Novel (New York: Columbia University Press, ) Deane, Seamus, The French Revolution and Enlightenment in England – (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, ) Duncan, Ian, Modern Romance and Transformations of the Novel: the Gothic, Scott, Dickens (Cambridge University Press, ) During, Simon, ‘Literature: Nationalism’s Other? 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Working Class (; Harmondsworth: Penguin, ) Todorov, Tzvetan The Fantastic: a Structural Approach to a Literary Genre, trans by Richard Howard (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, ) Tomalin, Claire, The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft (; Harmondsworth: Penguin, ) Trumpener, Katie, Bardic Nationalism: the Romantic Novel and the British Empire (Princeton University Press, ) Whale, John, ‘Preparations for Happiness: Mary Wollstonecraft and Imagination’, in Reviewing Romanticism, ed by Philip Martin and Robin Jarvis (London: Macmillan, ), pp – ‘Death in the Face of Nature: Self and Society in Wollstonecraft’s Letters from Sweden, Norway and Denmark’, Romanticism : (), – Williams, Ioan (ed.), Novel and Romance –: a Documentary Record (London: Routledge, ) Wilson, Kathleen, ‘Citizenship, Empire, and Modernity in the English Provinces, c –’, Eighteenth-Century Studies,‘The Public and the Nation’ :  (Fall ), – Wolff, Cynthia Griffin, ‘The Radcliffean Gothic Novel: a Form for Feminine Sexuality’, Modern Language Studies  (), – Woodward, Lionel D Une anglaise amie de la Re´volution franc¸aise: He´le`ne-Maria Williams et ses amis (Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honore Champion, ) Yuval-Davis, Nira, Gender and Nation (London: Sage, ) Index Adams, M Ray ,  n American War of Independence – Analytical Review, The ,  n,  n Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine, The , ,  n,  n,  n,  n anti-slavery campaigns  Arie´s, Phillipe – n Ariosto  Armstrong, Nancy ,  n,  n Ashfield, Andrew –,  n Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers  Association for University Teachers  n associationist psychology ,  n Bainbridge, Simon  n ballads  Barbauld, Anna Laetitia , ,  The British Novelists ,  n An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts  n Civic Sermons to the People, Numbers I and II,  n Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield’s Enquiry  n Sins of Government  n beautiful, the and landscape  iconography  Beattie, James  ‘On Fable and Romance’  n Behn, Aphra  Beloe, William  belongings  Benjamin, Walter  Illuminations  n Bentley, Thomas  n Birmingham riots  Blagdon controversy , ,  n Blake, William  blue-stocking society –,  booksellers  Bowles, William Lisle  British Critic, The  n Burke, Edmund , –, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  n,  n and nation-state , ,  Reflections on the Revolution in France , , , , , , ,  A Philosophical Enquiry into the Sublime and Beautiful  Burney, Charles ,  n Burney, Frances ,  n as Frances D’Arblay  Butler, Judith  n Bodies that Matter  n Byron ,  n Canning, George  canon debate  national , ,  organicist  Romantic , –,  Castle, Terry ,  n Catholicism , –,  anti-Catholicism –,  confession ,  e´migre´ priests –,  Chartism  Chatterton, Thomas  Christie, Thomas , ,  civil society  Clapham Sect, the , – Clarke, James  The Survey of the Lakes  n Cobbett, William ,  coffee houses , , ,  Coleridge, Samuel Taylor ,  n Biographia Literaria –   Index Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (cont.) as representative Romantic writer  and poetics  colonial discourse –, –,  Condorcet, Marquis de Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind ,  n consumption , , –, ,  Conway, Alison ,  n Corday, Charlotte  correspondence –, , , , , , ,  corresponding societies ,  cosmopolitanism , , , –, , –, ,  Counter-Reformation –,  counter-revolution , , , , ,  Cox, Philip  n Critical Review, The ,  n,  n, n and n,  n cultural feminisation  cultural studies  Day, Thomas  Daniel’s Defence of Rime  Deane, Seamus  n deconstruction  Della Cruscans , ,  De Quincey, Thomas  dissent , , , , , , , ,  n dissenting academy  domestic economy  domestic realism  domestic woman  Duncan, Ian  Dupont, Jacob , , ,  Dyce, Alexander Specimens of English Sonnets and Specimens of British Poetesses  n Edgeworth, Maria  education ,  female  national  educational philosophy  Elizabethan poetics – e´migre´s , , , –,  English Chronicle, The  enlightenment philosophy , –, ,  n epistolary fiction , ,  epistolary form , , , ,  European Magazine, The , , , –,  n,  n,  n evangelicalism , – exile , ,  feminism , , , ,  corporeal  revolutionary  feminist literary criticism , ,  n Ferguson, Adam  Ferguson, Frances ,  n Feˆte de la Fe´de´ration , , ,  formalism  Foucault, Michel , , , ,  n,  n Fraser, Nancy  n,  n French Revolution , , , –, –, , , , , –, , , , ,  revolutionary terror  revolutionary wars , , – French Republic , ,  Freud, Sigmund ,  n Fuesli, Henry ,  Gentleman’s Magazine, The  Gilpin, William ,  Three Essays –,  n Observations of the Western Parts of England  n Gironde, the , ,  Godwin, William , , , ,  n Enquiry Concerning Political Justice , ,  n Goethe The Sorrows of Young Werther  Goodman, Dena , ,  n,  n Gordon Riots ,  Gothic , , ,  fiction , –,  male  and national culture revival Habermas, Juărgen , , , , ,  n and n and feminist criticism  Hall, Robert ,  n Hanoverian state  Hawkins, Laetitia Matilda Letters on the Female Mind, its Powers and Pursuits ,  n Helgerson, Richard – historicism  Hobbes  Homer  Hopkins, Mary Alden  Horace  Index humanism civic humanism  classical humanism  commercial humanism –,  Hume, David , ,  n Hurd, Richard ,  Hutchinson, William Excursion to the Lakes Westmoreland and Cumberland ,  n imagination , , ,  imagined community , ,  and Radcliffe’s fiction  Imlay, Gilbert , , ,  n,  n Inchbald, Elizabeth ,  Irish uprising  infanticide , ,  Jacobinism , , , , –, –, , ,  Janowitz, Anne ,  n Jerningham, Edward  Johnson, Joseph  Jones, Vivien , ,  n and  n Kaplan, Cora ,  n Kelly, Gary – n,  n Kiernan, V ,  n Kippis, Andrew  Knight, Richard Payne  Lake District, the – Landor, Walter Savage  landscape , , ,  letters , , – familiar  fictional, see epistolary Letters from France, see Williams Scandinavian Letters, see Wollstonecraft Letters to Imlay, see Wollstonecraft Walpole’s Correspondence, see Walpole libertinism , , , ,  liberty , ,  British ,  English ,  French ,  ‘Little Englandism’  Liu, Alan –, ,  n, n and n Locke, John ,  contract theory , , ,  London Corresponding Society  Lorrain, Claude  Louis XIV ,  Louis XV  Louis XVI   Lowes, Thomas ,  luxury , , ,  Malthus, Thomas, , – Essay on the Principle of Population , , , – n Manley, Delariver  Marat ,  Marcet, Jane ,  marketplace literary – Marie Antoinette , ,  Martineau, Harriet ,  maternity , , , , , , ,  maternal body , , –, –,  n matricide  Mayo, Robert ,  n Mendips schools  Merry, Robert ,  n Methodism ,  Miles, Robert  n and n,  n Milton, John , , , , ,  Paradise Lost , ,  n Moniteur, Le  Montagu, Elizabeth ,  n An Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespear  n Monthly Review, The ,  n Moore, John ,  A Journal During a Residence in France  n ‘Poetical Epistle, Written in Wales, to Helen Maria Williams’  A View of the Causes and Progress of the French Revolution  n More, Hannah , , , , –, , , , , , , – ‘The Ballad of Bleeding Rock’  Cheap Repository Tracts , –, ,  An Estimate of the Manners of the Great  The Mendips Annals – Remarks on the Speech of M Dupont , , ,  ‘The Riot: or Half a Loaf is Better than No Bread’  ‘On Sensibility’  ‘On Slavery’ –; ‘The Black Slave Trade’  n ‘Sir Eldred and the Bower’  Strictures on Female Education , , , , –,  Thoughts on the Manners of the Great  ‘Village Politics’ ,  Morning Chronicle, The   Index motherhood , , , , , , ,  Mountain of Paris, the ,  Napoleonic imperialism  Nash, Michael Gideon’s Cake of Barley Meal  National Assembly, the , , , , ,  national body  nationalism  economic  literary , ,  reactionary  Renaissance  revolutionary  Romantic , , , , , , , ,  patrician  and the picturesque  newspapers , , – noble savage  North America , – Orle´ans, Phillipe, duc d’  Orle´ans, duc d’ (‘Egalite´’) ,  organicism and letters  and Romantic nationalism , , –,  and Romantic poetics – Paine, Thomas , , , , ,  The Rights of Man  Painite pamphlets  pamphlet debate  panopticon  Paris Commune  Pateman, Carole ,  n,  n paternity  patricide  patriotism , –,  cosmopolitan –,  evangelical  female – French , ,  loyalist ,  radical  republican  revolutionary  patronage , , ,  Percy  perfectibility ,  Petrarch  picturesque, the and art  and aesthetics  and landscape , – and Protestant culture – tours – pilgrimage  Piozzi, Hester  Pocock, J G A  n Polewhele, Richard ‘The Unsex’d Females’ –,  n political economy , , , ,  Pont, Jean-Francois du  Poor Laws  Pope, Alexander  population , , ,  n Porteus, Belby, Bishop of London  postcolonial criticism  post-structuralism  Price, Richard ,  An Essay on the Picturesque as Compared with the Sublime and the Beautiful;  n Priestley riots  print culture , , ,  private sphere  commercial , , – domestic , ,  familial  production , , ,  Protestantism – Protestant Association  Protestant conscience  prostitution  psychoanalytic criticism ,  public opinion , ,  n public sphere –, , , –, –, , , , , , , ,  and gender , –,  legislative  literary , , , – political ,  Radcliffe, Ann , , , , , , –, , , , , – Gaston de Blondeville  The Italian , , , –,  n The Mysteries of Udolpho , , , , , , – The Romance of the Forest , , , , , –, – n St Alban’s Abbey  Journey through Holland, Germany and the English Lakes , , , – Radcliffe, Mary Ann  Ramsay, History of the American Revolution  readers  realist novels  Reformation ,  Renauld, Ame´e Cecile  Index reproduction maternal , , , ,  symbolic  Repton, Humphrey ‘Letter to Mr Price’  n republic of letters , , , , , , ,  republicanism , , , –,  Richardson, Samuel ,  Clarissa  Pamela  Roberts, Arthur  Robespierre , , , , , , –, , ,  n Robinson, Henry Crabb  Robinson, Mary  Rolande, Madame ,  romance , , , , – English , Italian  Republican  revival ,  n ancient and modern – romance-novel debate ,  Romantic creativity  imagination ,  individualism ,  nationalism , , , , , , , ,  poetics , – Rosa, Salvator  Rousseau , , , ,  Emile ,  Julie ou La Nouvelle Eloise , ,  natural philosophy  Ross, Marlon B , ,  n royalism  Sade, Marquis de  salon culture  London – Paris –, –, , , , ,  San Culottes ,  Say, J B  schools of industry  Scott, Walter ,  Waverley  Scottish Enlightenment  sentimentalism , –, , –, , ,  Seven Years War ,  sexual contract ,  Shakespeare ,  Shakespearean sonnet ,  Shelley, Percy ,  n Sheridan, Frances The Memoirs of Sydney Bidulph   Simpson, David ,  n,  n slavery  abolition of  Smith, Adam , , , , , , , , ,  An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations , ,  n Smith, Augusta  Smith, Charlotte , , , , , , , –, , , , , ,  The Banished Man –, ,  Celestina  n Desmond –, , , , ,  n Elegiac Sonnets  n Ethelinde ,  n The Emigrants ,  The Old Manor House – The Wanderings of Warwick  n The Young Philosopher – self-referentiality , –,  Smith, Olivia  Society for the Reformation of Manners  sonnet Italian  Miltonic ,  revival  Shakespearean ,  Southey, Robert ,  n Spencer, Edward, Truths, Respecting Mrs Hannah More’s Meeting Houses, and the Conduct of her Followers; Addressed to the Curate of Blagdon ,  n Spenser, Edmund  Faerie Queene, The  Sterne, Lawrence  Steuart, James  Stone, John Hurford , ,  sublime, the,  as revolutionary aesthetic ,  and landscape ,  and subjection , – Sudan, Rajani , n Sunday schools ,  Sutherland, Kathryn , ,  n,  n Swift  Tennenhouse, Lennard ,  n Thirty-nine Articles  Thompson, E P – Thompson, H  Thornton, Henry ,  Tooke, John Horne  tourism   travel and male Romantic writers  journals , see Clarke, Gilpin, Hutchinson, Radcliffe, West and Wordsworth Trimmer, Sarah  Trumpener, Katie – n Tucker, Josiah  universities – utilitarianism , , ,  Voltaire, ,  Wakefield, Priscilla ,  Walpole, Horace, –, ,  Castle of Otranto ,  n Wedgewood, Josiah  n Wesley  West, Thomas  Guide to the Lakes  n Whale, John  n Whig values , ,  and the picturesque – and coffee-house culture  Wilberforce, William , – Wilkes, John  Williams, Helen Maria , , , , , , –, , , , , –, ,  anti-war poetry – canonical fortunes –, , ,  as coquette – Edwin and Eltruda: A Legendary Tale  Julia  n Letters from France , –, ,  Odes  ‘An Ode on the Peace’  n Peru; in Six Cantos  ‘A Poem on the Bill Lately Passed for Regulating the Slave Trade’  n Poems on Various Subjects  n sentimental poetry – Sketches of the State of Manners and Opinions in Index the French Republic  sonnets ,  Souvenirs de la Re´volution Franc¸aise ,  n A Tour in Switzerland ,  n Wilson, Kathleen ,  n,  n Wollstonecraft, Mary , , , , , , , , , , , , , –, , ,  An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution; and the Effect it has Produced in Europe , –, –,  A Letter on the Present Character of the French Nation ,  Letters to Gilbert Imlay – Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway and Denmark , , , , – Maria; or, The Wrongs of Woman –, , ,  Mary, A Fiction ,  A Vindication of the Rights of Men , ,  A Vindication of the Rights of Woman , , , , , ,  women’s studies  Wordsworth, William , , , ,  Pseudonym ‘Axiologus’ , ,  n ‘On Seeing Miss Helen Maria Williams Weep at a Tale of Distress’ , ,  n as representative Romantic writer ,  Preface to the Lyrical Ballads –, , ,  ‘Lines Written a few Miles above Tintern Abbey’  Topographical Description of the Country of the Lakes in North of England or A Guide Through the District of the Lakes ,  n Yearsley, Ann  Young, Arthur  Yuval-Davis, Nira  n CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN ROMANTICISM General editors     University of Oxford          University of Chicago  Romantic Correspondence: Women, Politics and the Fiction of Letters           British Romantic Writers and the East: Anxieties of Empire           Edmund Burke’s Aesthetic Ideology Language, Gender and Political Economy in Revolution           Poetry as an Occupation and an Art in Britain, –           In the Theatre of Romanticism: Coleridge, Nationalism, Women              Keats, Narrative and Audience    Romance and Revolution: Shelley and the Politics of a Genre          Literature, Education, and Romanticism Reading as Social Practice, –            Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, –             Shelley and the Revolution in Taste: The Body and the Natural World           William Cobbett: The Politics of Style              The Rise of Supernatural Fiction, –        Women Travel Writers and the Language of Aesthetics, –              Napoleon and English Romanticism             Romantic Vagrancy: Wordsworth and the Simulation of Freedom      Wordsworth and the Geologists          Wordsworth’s Pope: A Study in Literary Historiography            The Politics of Sensibility Race, Gender and Commerce in the Sentimental Novel    Reading Daughters’ Fictions – Novels and Society from Manley to Edgeworth             Romantic Identities: Varieties of Subjectivity, –              Print Politics The Press and Radical Opposition in Early Nineteenth-Century England               Reinventing Allegory              British Satire and the Politics of Style, –       The Romantic Reformation Religious Politics in English Literature, –          De Quincey’s Romanticism Canonical Minority and the Forms of Transmission             Coleridge on Dreaming Romanticism, Dreams and the Medical Imagination            Romantic Imperialism Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity            Ideology and Utopia in the Poetry of William Blake                Sexual Politics and the Romantic Author          Lyric and Labour in the Romantic Tradition            Poetry and Politics in the Cockney School Keats, Shelley, Hunt and their Circle            Rousseau, Robespierre and English Romanticism           Contesting the Gothic Fiction, Genre and Cultural Conflict, –          Romanticism, Aesthetics, and Nationalism              Romantic Poets and the Culture of Posterity    The Crisis of Literature in the s Print Culture and the Public Sphere        Romantic Atheism: Poetry and Freethought, –           Romanticism and Slave Narratives Transatlantic Testimonies         Imagination Under Pressure, – Aesthetics, Politics and Utility         Romanticism and the Gothic Genre, Reception, and Canon Formation         Romanticism and the Human Sciences Poetry, Population, and the Discourse of the Species              The Poetics of Spice Romantic Consumerism and the Exotic           British Fiction and the Production of Social Order, –             Women Writers and the English Nation in the s     ... used the term belongings to signal, in three principal ways, the economic and affective underpinnings of the imagined community of the English nation, and women s relation to it in the s In the. .. of femininity and erases herself from the familial, heterosexual structure of the nation Her belonging depends on  Women writers and the English nation in the s her belonging to another,... texts in the canon of Romantic nationalism, Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, brings together these images of the land and the constitution in the familial unity of the nation- state.¹¹