Determining the dimensions affecting resilience status of livestock farmer against extreme weather events by developing one resilience scale

Understanding the „Resilience status‟ of farmer especially livestock farmers is very important as it can indicate the individual farmer‟s coping ability against extreme weather events. One resilience scale was developed to measure the resilience of farmers. A total of 29 statements/ items were sent to different judges and their opinion and rating was recorded by using „Google form‟.

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume Number 01 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.388 Determining the Dimensions Affecting Resilience Status of Livestock Farmer against Extreme Weather Events by Developing One Resilience Scale Asif Mohammad*, Anupam Chatterjee, Champak Bhakat and Somenath Dutta ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani, West Bengal741235, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT Keywords Livestock farmer, Resilience status, Rotated component matrix Article Info Accepted: 26 December 2017 Available Online: 10 January 2018 Understanding the „Resilience status‟ of farmer especially livestock farmers is very important as it can indicate the individual farmer‟s coping ability against extreme weather events One resilience scale was developed to measure the resilience of farmers A total of 29 statements/ items were sent to different judges and their opinion and rating was recorded by using „Google form‟ On the basis of calculation of „t-values‟ 14 items were retained for final „Resilience Scale‟ construction Then from 102 respondents, responses were recorded to identify the dimensions of „resilience‟ against extreme weather event „Factor Analysis‟ was used for identifying the dimensions A total of five components were explaining 72.814 percent of total variability The five component were named as „Extreme weather preparedness dimension‟, „Peer Support and recognition dimension‟, „Pessimistic attitudinal dimension‟, „Optimistic attitudinal dimension‟ and „Priority setting dimension‟ The developed „Resilience scale‟ can be handy tool to measure resilience status of farmers and support policy makers in decision making and field extension worker for prioritizing activities Introduction The contribution of agricultural GDP to total GDP has decreased enormously in the last two decades Many farmers who were actively engaged in agriculture have left the occupation and became marginal laborer due to uncertainties involved in agriculture Though, still Agriculture is the principal source of livelihood for more than 58% of the population of this country (Anand, 2017) The one of the major sources of uncertainty in Indian agriculture is due to uncertain weather conditions It has been seen form practical experiences that the farmers who are raising livestock along with their regular crop farming have been succeeded in evading the economic losses arising due to weather vagaries Thus, study of resilience status of livestock farmers against extreme weather events is becoming more and more important, especially in changing global climatic condition 3247 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 Timmerman (1981) has defined resilience as a system's capacity to absorb and recover from the occurrence of a hazardous event; reflective of a society's ability to cope and to continue to cope in the future Livestock farmer‟s capacity and their agility to adjust with changing weather conditions can effectively indicate their surviving potentiality in the changing climatic conditions The impacts of extreme weather events will depend on interactions between the physical impacts and socioeconomic factors (Linnenluecke et al., 2008) Thus, identifying the underlying factors which signifies the resilience status of farmers is very much critical A sustainable network of physical systems and human communities, capable of managing extreme events; during disaster, both must be able to survive and function under extreme stress (Godschalk, 2003) In the rapidly developing area of research on ecosystem services and the people who depend on them, the term “resilience” is often used to describe the characteristic features of a system that are related to sustainability (Carpenter et al., 2001) A sustainable farming system which is resilient to extreme weather events must be flexible to absorb the stress generated by extreme weather events By taking account of all these aspects, one study has been conducted to identify and analyze the determining factors which describe the resilience status of livestock farmers by developing one „Resilience Scale‟ Material and Methods Construction of ‘Resilience Scale’ For construction of „resilience scale‟ 89 items were constructed after consultation with experts and from available literatures After through consideration and fixing the criteria given by Edwards (1969) 29 items were retained and responses from judges were collected by using „Google Form‟ The responses were collected from different judges who were professionals belonged to ICAR Deemed Universities, Central Agricultural University, State Agricultural Universities, State Veterinary and Animal Husbandry University, Krishi Vigyan Kendras, Rama Krishna Mission Vivekananda University etc Response from 36 judges was retained for final item analysis and 14 statements have been retained The statements were retained on the basis of t-value (more than 1.75) After that the items were coded with code names The selected items and their respective code names along with their t-values are given in the Table Reliability of the „Resilience scale‟ was checked by Cronbach‟s alpha The value of Cronbach‟s alpha was 851 with 14 items which was suggesting that items were having relatively high internal consistency For validity of the scale „Face Validity‟ was used Data collection Responses from 102 respondents from different parts of West Bengal were collected to run Factor Analysis by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to group different items in different underlying dimensions First of all, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy was checked and the value was found to be 713 In case of Bartlett's Test of Sphericity, Approx ChiSquare value was 611.729 which was significant at percent level of significance This suggested that, the PCA can be run on the data SPSS 20 was used for analysis Results and Discussion Total variation explained by different components Factor Analysis by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was done to identify different 3248 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 underlying factors of resilience towards extreme weather events As in total 14 items were there in „Resilience Scale‟ 14 components were generated From Table it can be seen that, 72.814 percent of total variance was explained by these components The first component has explained the highest amount of variability and contributed 25.364 percent of total variability, on the other hand second, third, fourth and fifth components contributed 13.057, 12.006, 11.334 and 11.054 percent of total variability respectively Rest component have contributed less than 28 percent of the total variability From the scree plot (Fig 1) we can see components were having Eigen value more than By default, in most statistical software packages is to retain all factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 (Costello and Osborne,2005) Rest nine component were having eigenvalues less than and thus was not considered for further analysis More over it can also be seen from the graph that the eigenvalues were consistently lower from 6th component to 14th component Rotated component matrix to identify different dimensions Varimax rotation was used with Kaiser Normalization and we got the Table and the items were grouped according to the rotated component matrix The items with loadings equal to or greater than 0.3 were considered meaningful and extracted for factor analysis, as typically, researchers take a loading of an absolute value of more than 0.3 to be important (Field, 2009).According to the results of rotated component matrix we got five components and different items under each dimension were identified Under the first component items fell (item no 3, 7, 8, 10, 2,14) In the second component items fell (item no 11,9,12) Similarly, under component no 3, and a total of 2, and items fell respectively The details of the same are given in the Table Identification and naming different dimensions associated with resilience From the Table different items of the developed resilience scale were grouped in to different dimensions according to the analysis of PCA For the first component which is explaining 25.364 percent of total variability is consisting of statement namely: „When I face extreme weather events I can easily find out the way out of it‟, „Outcome of extreme weather events make me nervous‟, „I am always prepared to face extreme weather events‟, „I have less self confidence to face the challenge of extreme weather events alone‟, „I always save money to adjust losses due to natural disaster‟ and „I always take interest on weather forecast‟ Out of these six statements four statements were positive and two statements were negative The component was named as „Extreme weather preparedness dimension‟ All the statements under these dimension was indicating the psychological preparedness of one individual to face the challenges of extreme weather events The second component was explaining 13.057 percent of total variability and named as „Peer Support and recognition dimension‟ The items falling under the dimension were „In extreme weather events other farmer takes my assistance‟, „My friends will stand by my side in difficult times‟, „During hard times my family is my biggest strength‟ All the items under this dimension is indicating support from friend and family which can give psychological advantage in facing extreme weather events situations This is one of the important dimensions as social support can enhance individual‟s mental strength to face challenges due to extreme weather events 3249 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 Table.1 Selected „Resilience Scale‟ Items along with their t-values and code name of the items Item no Item 10 11 12 13 14 t-value When I face natural disaster I cannot take prompt action I always save money to adjust losses due to natural disaster When I face extreme weather events I can easily find out the way out of it I am a very disciplined person Keeping busy myself in farming is the most important thing for me I feel frustrated when I face losses in farm business Outcome of extreme weather events make me nervous I am always prepared to face extreme weather events My friends will stand by my side in difficult times I have less self confidence to face the challenge of extreme weather events alone In extreme weather events other farmer takes my assistance During hard times my family is my biggest strength I always find-out brighter side of any incidence I always take interest on weather forecast Fig.1 Scree plot 3250 4.35 4.98 Code Name of the items FNDPA SMLND 4.86 EWEFW 4.00 4.22 VDP KBFMI 6.15 3.43 4.57 4.69 3.62 FFLFB OEWMN PFEWE FSDT LSCCE 4.10 OFTMA 3.53 5.06 5.08 HTFBS FBSAI TIWF Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 Table.2 Total variance explained Com pone nt no Total Variance Explained Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Initial Eigenvalues 5.130 36.643 36.643 5.130 % of Varianc e 36.643 1.560 11.142 47.784 1.560 11.142 47.784 1.296 9.256 57.040 1.296 9.256 57.040 1.122 8.013 65.053 1.122 8.013 65.053 1.087 7.761 72.814 1.087 7.761 72.814 716 5.111 77.925 627 4.481 82.407 562 4.012 86.419 551 3.935 90.353 423 3.025 93.378 356 2.544 95.923 249 1.775 97.698 191 1.361 99.059 132 941 100.000 10 11 12 13 14 Total % of Variance Cumulati ve % Total Cumulativ e% 36.643 Rotation Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Cumulativ Varianc e% e 3.55 25.364 25.364 1.82 13.057 38.421 1.68 12.006 50.427 1.58 11.334 61.760 1.54 11.054 72.814 Table.3 Rotated component matrix EWEFW ((Item 3) OEWMN (Item 7) PFEWE (Item 8) LSCCE (Item 10) SMLND (Item 2) TIWF (Item 14) OFTMA (Item 11) FSDT (Item 9) HTFBS (Item 12) FNDPA (Item 1) FFLFB (Item6) VDP (Item4) FBSAI (Item 13) KBFMI (Item5) Component 827 780 722 716 618 577 772 689 561 763 745 854 766 864 3251 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 Table.4 Dimensions along with underlying items Dimension 1: Extreme weather preparedness dimension( Percentage of Explained Variability = 25.364) When I face extreme weather events I can easily find out the way out of it (+) Outcome of extreme weather events make me nervous (-) I am always prepared to face extreme weather events (+) I have less self confidence to face the challenge of extreme weather events alone (-) I always save money to adjust losses due to natural disaster (+) I always take interest on weather forecast (+) Dimension 2: Peer Support and recognition dimension (Percentage of Explained = Variability 13.057) In extreme weather events other farmer takes my assistance (+) My friends will stand by my side in difficult times (+) During hard times my family is my biggest strength (+) Dimension 3: Pessimistic attitudinal dimension (Percentage of Explained Variability = 12.006) When I face natural disaster I cannot take prompt action (-) I feel frustrated when I face losses in farm business (-) Dimension 4: Optimistic attitudinal dimension (Percentage of Explained Variability = 11.334) I am a very disciplined person (+) I always find-out brighter side of any incidence (+) Dimension 5: Priority setting dimension (Percentage of Explained Variability= 11.054 ) Keeping busy myself in farming is the most important thing for me (+) („+‟ or „-‟ signs in the parenthesis indicates whether the statement is positive or negative, respectively) McLaren and Challis (2009) also reported that, increasing social support and sense of belonging may benefit the mental health of farmers Southwick et al., (2016), also found that social support appears to be associated with resilience via a number of psychological and behavioral mechanisms The third component which has contributed 12.006 percent in total variability was named as „Pessimistic attitudinal dimension‟ „When I face natural disaster I cannot take prompt action‟ and „When I face natural disaster I cannot take prompt action‟ were the items which fell under the dimension Both of them were negative items and thus accordingly the dimension name was given as pessimistic dimension The fourth dimension was „Optimistic attitudinal dimension‟ and under this dimension also two items fell; namely, „I am a very disciplined person‟ and „I always find-out brighter side of any incidence‟ Both the items were positive and thus the dimension name was assigned as optimistic dimension The last dimension was named as „Priority setting dimension‟ which was explaining 11.054 percent of total variability Under the dimension one item was there namely „Keeping busy myself in farming is the most important thing for me‟ This item was also a positive item and indicating the prioritisation of activities thus the dimension name was given as priority setting dimension Now these statements can be used measure „Resilience status‟ of any respondents/ farmers by using a point continuum scale as proposed by Likert (1932) These dimensions 3252 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(1): 3247-3253 actually explaining more than 70 per cent (Table 2) of variability which explain the resilience status of livestock farmers against extreme weather events It is concluded by understanding the resilience status of livestock farmer against extreme weather events is important as this status can categorise different groups of farming community according to their resilience capacity and in turn can help the policy maker and field extension worker to prioritise their intervention Farmer varies in resilience status and accordingly the farmers with least resilience status can be attended by extension workers to make them fit to face the challenges of nature by developing their capacity, enhancing skill, improving knowledge and overall modification of behaviour The developed „Resilience Scale‟, thus, can not only serve to measure the individual farmer‟s resilience status but it can also become handy tool for field extension worker On the other hand, the policy maker can identify areas dominated by farmers with low resilience status and can formulate contingency plans for those areas References Anand, T., 2017 Agriculture sector a must for GDP growth Retrieved from the website http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/H ans/2017-04-03/Agriculture-sector-a-mustfor-GDP-growth/290889 Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J.M and Abel, N., 2001 From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What? Ecosystem, 4: 765–781 Costello, A.B and Osborne, J.W., 2005 Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation 10 (7): 1-9 Edward, A.L., 1969 Techniques of attitude scale construction Vakils, Feffer and Simons Private LTD., Bombay, India Field, A 2009 Discovering Statistics Using SPSS Third Edition SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd New Delhi Godschalk, D 2003 Urban hazard mitigation: Creating resilient cities Natural Hazards Review 4: 136–143 Likert, R 1932 A Technique for the Measurement of Attitudes Archives of Psychology 140: 5–55 Linnenluecke, K., Griffiths, A and Winn, M.I., 2008 Organizational adaptation and resilience to extreme weather events Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management 2008 Anaheim, California Mc Laren, S and Challis, C., 2009 Resilience among Men Farmers: The Protective Roles of Social Support and Sense of Belonging in the Depression-Suicidal Ideation Relation Death Studies 33(3): 262-276 Southwick, S.M., Sippel, L., Krystal, J., Charney, D., Mayes, L and Pietrzak, M 2016 Why are some individuals more resilient than others: the role of social support World Psychiatry 15(1): 77-79 Timmerman, P., 1981 Vulnerability, resilience, and the collapse of society: A review of models and possible climatic applications Environmental monograph no Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Toronto, Toronto How to cite this article: Asif Mohammad, Anupam Chatterjee, Champak Bhakat and Somenath Dutta 2018 Determining the Dimensions Affecting Resilience Status of Livestock Farmer against Extreme Weather Events by Developing One Resilience Scale Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci 7(01): 3247-3253 doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.701.388 3253 ... explain the resilience status of livestock farmers against extreme weather events It is concluded by understanding the resilience status of livestock farmer against extreme weather events is important... the determining factors which describe the resilience status of livestock farmers by developing one Resilience Scale Material and Methods Construction of Resilience Scale For construction of. .. the way out of it‟, „Outcome of extreme weather events make me nervous‟, „I am always prepared to face extreme weather events , „I have less self confidence to face the challenge of extreme weather