A facsimile edition of the Annals of Roscrea Bart Jaski and Daniel Mc Carthy

A facsimile edition of the Annals of Roscrea Bart Jaski and Daniel Mc Carthy Abstract The Irish chronicle known to modern scholarship as the ‘Annals of Roscrea’ is found only in the manuscript Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97−161 It was first registered in print in the comprehensive catalogue of the manuscripts in the Burgundian Library at Brussels published in 1842, and an edition was published by Dermot Gleeson and Seán Mac Airt in 1959 Recent research has shown that the principal scribe, the Franciscan friar Fr Brendan O’Conor, transcribed his source, ‘mutila Historia D Cantwelij’, in two successive phases and then in a third phase it was annotated and indexed by his fellow Franciscan Fr Thomas O’Sheerin This research has also shown that the edition of Gleeson and Mac Airt is incomplete, having omitted the pre-Patrician section of the chronicle Hence this, the first full edition of the work, has been prepared in facsimile form so as to make clear the successive phases of compilation of the text, to provide an accurate account of its orthography, to identify the relationship of its entries to those of other chronicles, and to furnish an AD chronology consistent with the other Clonmacnoise group chronicles Introduction The sixty-five pages of the composite manuscript, Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301−20 pp 97−161, contain a chronicle in Latin and Irish written by the Franciscan friar, Fr Brendan O’Conor It is virtually certain that O’Conor transcribed this chronicle in London in July 1641 from an exemplar then in the possession of Finghín Mac Carthaigh, alias Florence Mac Carthy Subsequently O’Conor’s transcription was known in Louvain to his Franciscan contemporaries, Fr John Colgan †1658 and Fr Thomas O’Sheerin †1673, and a substantial index to it was compiled by O’Sheerin However, after O’Sheerin’s work we have no further reference to this chronicle until 1842 when it was recorded in the comprehensive catalogue of the manuscripts in the Burgundian Library in Brussels that was published under the direction of J Marchal, ‘le conservateur des manuscrits de l’État’ Two years later, Laurence Waldron, at the instigation of Eugene O’Curry, re-discovered the Franciscan manuscripts in the Burgundian Library in Brussels Two years later again Samuel Bindon compiled a short catalogue of the manuscripts of Irish interest which was first published in 1847 in the PRIA on the initiative of James H Todd, and very shortly afterwards Bindon also published the catalogue independently These two publications of Bindon’s catalogue of Burgundian manuscripts are virtually verbatim and in the latter he gratefully acknowledged the RIA’s permission ‘to get a few additional copies struck off’ However, even after publication of its Mc Carthy, Irish annals, 26−8 (O’Conor’s transcription, exemplar, date and O’Sheerin’s index) Catalogue des manuscrits i, 107 and ii, 392 (‘Annales Roscreenses’), ccxlviii (J Marchal) O’Curry, Manuscript materials, 174−5 (re-discovery of Franciscan manuscripts); Bindon, ‘MSS relating to Ireland’, 477–502 (Bindon’s catalogue), 490−2 (Brussels 5301−20); Bindon, Notices of manuscripts, (citation), 5–30 (Bindon’s catalogue) However, Bindon’s two Burgundian catalogues are not absolutely B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 existence this chronicle went virtually unremarked for over a century until 1959 when Dermot Gleeson and Seán Mac Airt published an edition of the post-Patrician section in the PRIA.1 Since then the ‘Annals of Roscrea’ (AR) have been regularly mentioned in most serious discussions of Irish Annals; for example, Mac Niocall in 1975, Grabowski and Dumville in 1984, Mc Carthy in 1998 and 2008, Charles-Edwards in 2006, and Evans in 2010.2 Most of these authors have recognised the close relationship between the content and organisation of AR and that of the Annals of Tigernach (AT) and Chronicum Scotorum (CS), and hence most have classifed AR as a member of the Clonmacnoise group of annals However, in some of these publications uncertainty has been expressed regarding both the extent of the chronicle ‘Annales Roscreensis’, and the exemplar from which it was drawn, and it is to this matter that we now turn.4 Scope and origin of the title ‘Annales Roscreenses’ and its exemplar In a subsequent addition made on the upper margin of p of his transcription O’Conor briefly described his transcription and exemplar as ‘Adversaria rerum Hibernij quae excerpta ex mutila Historia D Cantwelij’, that is, ‘Memoranda of Irish affairs excerpted from the mutilated History of D Cantwel’ O’Conor also inscribed the title ‘Annales Roscreensis’ on his transcription, and, either this title, or its English translation, have been regularly used to designate this chronicle ever since However, there has not been agreement amongst modern scholars either as to whether this title refers to the entire sixty-five page transcription, or whether the ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ served as exemplar for the entire sixty-five pages The reasons for this confusion and its resolution become quite clear when the manuscript itself is examined for it then emerges that O’Conor, who himself paginated the entire sixty-five pages as pp 1−65, first inscribed ‘Annales Roscreensis’ on the upper left-hand margin of p 1, but verbatim and the latter publication also suffixes a brief account of some Irish manuscripts in the Archives du Royaume on pp 30–2 Neither O’Curry, Manuscript materials (1860) nor O’Rahilly, Early Irish history (1946) made any reference to AR; Gleeson and Mac Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 137–80 (introduction and edition) AR mentioned: Mac Niocall, Medieval Irish annals, 20, 23, 40, 46; Grabowski and Dumville, Chronicles and annals, 6, sqq; Mc Carthy, ‘Chronology of the Irish annals’, 238−9, 248−58; Mc Carthy, Irish annals, 26−34; Charles-Edwards, The Chronicle of Ireland vol 1, 65 sqq; Evans, Present and Past, xiii, However, AR was not mentioned by Hughes, Early Christian Ireland, 99–159 (chapter on Annals), 115 (‘other recensions’) Evans, Present and past, 11–12, did not include AR in his definition of the ‘Clonmacnoise group’ Uncertainty expressed: Gleeson and Mc Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 138 ‘it is not clear that the Annals of Roscrea were taken from the “mutila historia” of Cantwell; but it is at least probable that the two texts in this section are connected’; Grabowski and Dumville, Chronicles and annals, ‘Although it [sc The pre-Patrician section] forms a separate section there, there is every indication that O’Connor conceived of it as a unity with the annals themselves’ B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 then subsequently cancelled this and wrote it in very large letters on the upper margin of p 25, immediately before the account of S Patrick’s mission to Ireland Thus the most prominent appearance of this title in the manuscript is that at the head of the post-Patrician section Indeed O’Conor’s cancelled inscription on p has never been acknowledged in modern times Consequently most modern scholars have taken the title ‘Annales Roscreensis’ to refer only to the post-Patrician section, and they have expressed ambivalence regarding their relationship with the ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ However, O’Conor’s action in placing the description ‘Adversaria … ex mutila Historia D Cantwelij’ at the very head of his transcription and then numbering his pages serially pp 1–65 shows both that he considered it a textual unity and that he had drawn all of these ‘Adversaria’ from the ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ Furthermore collation of AR’s pre- and post-Patrician sections with AT/CS repeatedly discloses cognate entries throughout, and this independently confirms the unity of AR’s entire chronicle Moreover this view was certainly shared by O’Conor’s contemporary, O’Sheerin, who was responsible for the first stage in the compilation of the composite volume, now Brussels, Bibl Royale 5301−20 In this compilation O’Sheerin originally assembled thirty-seven items into a single volume and prefixed to this a page listing the ‘Series hỵc contentorum’ in which these items were registered under twenty-three headings enumerated ‘1’–’23’ The hand of this ‘Series hỵc contentorum’ and the indices to FA and AR is established as that of O’Sheerin by collation with his four signed letters to Francis Harold, MS Killiney D.5 pp 9, 15–16, 177–8, 237.1 In his compilation of this composite manuscript O’Sheerin originally placed AR first and explicitly stated its title and page count in his prefixed list of contents as ‘1 Annales Roscreenses per pag 65’.2 Subsequently, O’Sheerin, when he compiled his index to these annals, made absolutely explicit his view that ‘Annales Rosreenses’ referred to the whole chronicle and that its ‘extracta’ had all been drawn by O’Conor from ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ For O’Sheerin commenced by cancelling O’Conor’s own heading ‘Index Annalium Roscreensium’ on p 163, and then wrote his own heading immediately below as follows:3 Extracta per Patrem Fratrem Brendanum Conorum ex Annalibus Roscreensibus seu Codice R.D Cantwel, hỵc digesta ordine Alphabetico, praetermissis tamen iis quae praecesserunt Missionem S Patricii, annotatis ad marginem annis quibus quaeque acciderunt, juxta Annales Dungallenses Mc Carthy, Irish annals, 27 (identification of O’Sheerin) MS Brussels 5301–20 ‘Series hỵc contentorum’ – this un-numbered folio is glued to the front end-paper (citations); O’Sheerin subsequently inserted ‘Fragm ta tria ex cod Nehemiae mac Aegain’ above ‘Annales Roscreenses’, and indeed the FA now occupy pp 1–70 of Brussels 5301–20 Gleeson and Mac Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 143 n 20 (citation, with minor orthographical emendation from the manuscript), cf Catalogue des manuscrits ii, 392 B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 Here by placing ‘seu’ between his references to ‘Annales Roscreenses’ and ‘Codex R.D Cantwel’ O’Sheerin showed he considered them synonyms; by stating that these ‘extracta’ had been ‘hic digesta ordine Alphabetico’ he affirmed his authorship of the index; by remarking that the extracts preceding the mission of S Patrick had been omitted from his index he made it absolutely clear that he considered that O’Conor had taken all of these ‘extracta’ from the codex of ‘R.D Cantwel’ O’Sheerin made another reference to ‘Annales Roscreenses’ when compiling his catalogue of the manuscripts and books in John Colgan’s study in Louvain following the latter’s death in 1658, now designated as MS UCD Killiney A34 item 1 It is evident that O’Sheerin compiled this catalogue shortly after Colgan’s death because the catalogue gives precise locations on tables and in presses and chests for virtually all of the listed items That it was in Colgan’s study is indicated by Bonaventure O’Docherty’s heading to his catalogue of c.1673, ‘Catalogus Manuscriptorum tam Latinè quam Hibernicè, olim in Camera R.P Colgani repertorum, quibus postea R.P Sirinus usus fuit’ Under the heading of ‘Post praedicta [sc manuscripta Latina] manent sequentia in mensa in fasciculus distinctis’ O’Sheerin included the item ‘De Hiberniae etc quaedam ex Annalibus Roscreensibus, et alia Regulae diversorum Ssorum Hiberniae’.3 While this entry makes no reference to either the scope or exemplar of the chronicle it does demonstrate that the expression ‘Annales Roscreenses’ was in use as a title in Louvain in Colgan’s time, and hence that Colgan knew the chronicle Indeed, since we have seen above that O’Sheerin used this title as a synonym for ‘Codex R.D Cantwel’ it seems most likely that his ‘quaedam ex Annalibus Roscreensibus’ actually refers to O’Conor’s transcription itself; certainly there is no other entry in the catalogue that could be considered to reference AR Taken together O’Sheerin’s references to ‘Annales Roscreenses’ clearly demonstrate that he considered the title to designate O’Conor’s transcriptions from both the pre- and post-Patrician sections of the codex of R.D Cantwel We know of no other subsequent reference to ‘Annales Roscreenses’ from the context of Louvain; it does not appear, for example, in Bonaventure O’Docherty’s catalogue compiled evidently following O’Sheerin’s death in 1673 However, under the heading ‘Catalogus Librorum in Camera R.P Sirini repertorum praeter illos de quibus in praecedenti catologo’ O’Docherty entered the item, ‘Analecta de Rebus Hiberniae’, and this Dillon, Mooney and de Brún, Catalogue of Irish MSS, 74 (MS A34); Fennessy, ‘Printed books’, 83 (A brief account of MS A34 item as ‘List I’) Mc Carthy, Irish annals, 339 (O’Sheerin’s list) Mac Donnell, ‘MSS of John Colgan’, 96 (citation with minor emendations from MS UCD Killiney A34 Item 2, p.1) MS UCD Killiney A34 Item 1, 12 (heading), 13 (item) Mac Donnell, ‘MSS of John Colgan’, 96–103 (partial reproduction of O’Docherty’s list) B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 description would indeed accord with O’Sheerin’s composite volume including the ‘Annales Roscreenses’, now Brussels, Bibl Royals 5301−20.1 Indeed, we know of no other references to ‘Annales Roscreenses’ until 1842 when a comprehensive catalogue of the manuscripts in the Burgundian library at Brussels was compiled under the direction of J Marchal In the first volume the contents of O’Sheerin’s composite volume were numbered as the twenty items 5301–20, and in most instances for each item was cited the names of the authors, incipit, language and its date Our chronicle and O’Sheerin’s index were catalogued as items 5303–4 as follows:2 No Noms des Auteurs 5303 Cantwel – Adversaria rerum Hibernia 5304 Brendani Conori – Extracta ex annalibus Roscreensibus Incipit Langue – Adamnani abbatis Latine Latineirl Date ou Siècle XVII 1/3 XVII 1/3 Here clearly the Burgundian cataloguer considered the chronicle a single textual entity drawn in the seventeenth century from the work of Cantwel, while he mistakenly characterised the subsequent index as simply ‘Extracta’ by Brendan O’Conor Five years later in 1847 Samuel Bindon published his short catalogue of the books of Irish interest in the Burgundian Library in which, although he acknowledged the existence of the Burgundian catalogue, he gave no bibliographic details other than the following vague footnote: ‘The “Inventaire” is the first volume of the printed catalogue In it the MSS are enumerated without reference to subject; the second volume, or “Repertoire,” is a “Catalogue Methodique.”’3 Examination of Bindon’s catalogue shows that, while he regularly supplied additional details regarding the Irish manuscripts, these details are fairly frequently either inaccurate or inconsistent with the Burgundian catalogue For examples: having stated that the volume contained ‘Nos 5301 to 5320, inclusive’, Bindon only gave identifiable accounts of 5301–14 and 5317–18, thereby omitting to register 5315–16 and 5319–20; he wrote that ‘5314 is an extract from Marianus Scotus’ whereas the Burgundian catalogue lists 5314 as ‘Martini Crusi – Extr De annal Suevicis’; Bindon was inaccurate in his identification of the number of manuscript folios and/or his citations of titles or incipits, and in particular his account of this chronicle and its index reads as follows:4 Fennessy, ‘Printed books’, 99, 103 (citations) Catalogue des manuscrits i, 107 (nos 5303–4) Bindon, ‘MSS relating to Ireland’, 477 n* (citation), 477–8, 482–3 (references to the “Inventaire”); the ‘Repertoire’ actually comprises tomes ii–iii Bindon, ‘MSS relating to Ireland’, 491 (citation) B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 No 5303 consists of sixty-five pages; the first twenty-six are entitled “Adversaria Rerum Hiberniae excerpta ex mutila Historia D Cantwelly,” and commences thus: “Hoc anno ante diluvium.” At page 25 commences “Annales Roscreenses.” The initial line is “Patricius Archiepus in Hiberniam venit atque Scotos baptizare inchoat, nono anno Theodos minoris,” &c These Annals, as well as the “Adversaria,” are in Latin and Irish, and very badly written No 5304 is a very long alphabetical Index of the Annals of Roscrea, made by “Frater Brendanus Conorus,” accompanied by marginal references to the Annals of Donegal Here Bindon’s citation ‘Adversaria … D Cantwelly’ is both incomplete and orthographically inaccurate, and it was said to entitle only pp 1–26 On the other hand the title ‘Annales Roscreenses’ was applied only to pp 25–65, and the first line of p 25, ‘Patricius Archiepus …’ described as the ‘initial line’ Thus Bindon divided the chronicle into two sections and incongruently placed pp 25–6 in both sections At the same time, while correctly identifying item 5304 as an index, he mistakenly attributed this to O’Conor In this way Bindon’s catalogue effectively restricted O’Conor’s identification of ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ as his exemplar to just the pre-Patrician section, and restricted the title ‘Annales Roscreenses’ to the post-Patrician section, and misrepresented the authorship of the index Most of these mistakes were repeated by Van den Gheyn in 1907 when he published a much more detailed catalogue of the contents of Bibl Royale 5301−20.1 Citing the PRIA publication of Bindon’s catalogue for ‘une analyse de ce volume par Bindon’, Van den Gheyn represented O’Conor’s transcription and O’Sheerin’s index as three distinct items as follows:2 (F 51−76) (F 76−83) (F 84−119v) Adversaria rerum Hibernie excerpta ex mutila historia D Cantwelli En irlandais et en latin [Annales Roscreenses] Latin et irlandais Extracta per Patrem fratrem Brendanum Conorum ex annalibus Roscreensibus seu codice R.D Cantwel, hic digesta ordine alphabetico Thus Van den Gheyn, like Bindon, represented the ‘Adversaria …’ and ‘Annales Roscreenses’ as separate textual entities that incongruently shared ‘F 76’, and then in contradiction of this representation he cited O’Sheerin’s heading to his index that asserted them to be identical In this way the second and third published accounts of O’Conor’s transcription of ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ erroneously restricted this source effectively to the pre-Patrician section of the text This confusion introduced by Bindon regarding the extent of the ‘Annales Roscreenses’ and the exemplar used by O’Conor had a serious consequence in 1959 when Gleeson and Mac Airt compiled their published edition of the text In their description of the manuscript they followed Bindon and Van den Gheyn in designating the pre-Patrician section as the Van den Gheyn, Catalogue des manuscrits vii, 48−50 (lists 39 items in Brussels 5301−20) Van den Gheyn, Catalogue des manuscrits vii, 50 n.8, 48 (citations); his division of the text at ‘F 76’ is clearly incorrect since it implies that the ‘Adversaria’ occupy 26 folios and the ‘Annales Roscreenses’ only folios B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 ‘Adversaria historia D Cantwelli’ and asserted that ‘At p 25 there commences the text of “Annales Roscreenses”’.1 Since subsequent scholarship has referred to this published edition the consequence has been that the pre-Patrician section of the text has been effectively abandoned For example, Grabowski and Dumville stated that, ‘The text of the annals [of Roscrea] is divided into four fragmentary series: (i) A.D 432−40, (ii) A.D 550–602, (iii) A.D 440–77, (iv) A.D 620−995’.2 Regarding the origin of the title ‘Annales Roscreenses’, it is the case that the earliest recorded instance of ‘Annales’ followed by a personal or place name used to entitle an Irish chronicle is that of James Ussher in 1609 referring to the manuscript, now TCD 1282, as ‘Annales Ultonienses’ Ussher’s student James Ware followed suite over 1625–48 entitling other Irish chronicle texts as ‘Annales Tigernachus’, ‘Annales Inisfallenses’, ‘Annales de Loghkea’, ‘Annales Buellienses’ and ‘Annales Connachtus’.3 The medieval Irish convention was to suffix a personal name to the words ‘leabhar’ and/or ‘airis’.4 Now, as Gleeson and Mac Airt observed of AR, it is not the case that ‘the collection had any particular association with Roscrea’, so that it appears most likely that the title ‘Annales Roscreenses’ was in fact O’Conor’s own invention inspired by the Latin entitling conventions employed contemporaneously by Ussher and Ware, together with a knowledge of the Cantwel family’s association with Roscrea.5 However, Ussher and Ware employed the word ‘annales’ to entitle chronicles that were substantially annual in character, as the word itself intimates This suggests that O’Conor’s ambivalence in first inscribing his title on p 1, and then cancelling that and inscribing it on p 25, arose because the pre-Patrician section of his transcription is extremely intermittent as his own marginalia testify Thus it appears that in relocating ‘Annales Roscreenses’ to p 25 O’Conor was bringing his own nomenclature into accordance with the practice of Ussher and Ware A title for this chronicle based upon its exemplar ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ would in many ways be more appropriate and helpful, but since either ‘Annales Roscreensis’ or ‘Annals of Roscrea’ have been in use since c.1641, and are attached Gleeson and Mac Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 138 (citation) Grabowski and Dumville, Chronicles and annals, (citation) Ussher, ‘Corbes’, 423, 432–3 (Annales Ultonienses); O’Sullivan, ‘Finding List’, Ware’s ‘Annales’: 72, 87 (Tigernachus); 71, 90 (Inisfallenses); 90 (Loghkea); 94 (Buellienses); 97 (Conantienses) The word ‘annalad’ was used occasionally in Irish in its generalised sense of ‘chronicle’, e.g Gilla Cóemáin’s poem Annalad anall uile q.v Smith, Gilla Cóemáin, 180–203 (Annalad edition), cf Best et al., Book of Leinster iii, 496–503 For Ussher’s references to ‘Annales’, see Ussher, Whole works xvii; this index to Ussher’s work shows that in his Veterum epistolarum Hibernicarum sylloge published in 1632 he referred to ‘Annales Dubliniensis’, cf iv 488, 517, and in his Antiquitates, published in 1639, he referred repeatedly to ‘Annales Ultonienses’, ‘Annales Tigernaci’, ‘Annales Inisfallenses’, cf Whole works v–vi passim O’Donovan, FM i, lxvi–vii (examples of Irish chronicle nomenclature) Gleeson and Mac Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 141 (citation), 138 (Cantwel family and Roscrea) B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 to the first published edition of the chronicle, it seems more practicable to retain these titles However, it must be clearly understood that these titles apply to the entire sixty-five pages In this edition we shall use the siglum ‘AR’ prefixed to O’Conor’s page numbers 1–65 concatenated with the line numbers of his text to reference the entries, as will be explained in further detail below In their edition Gleeson and Mac Airt also included O’Conor’s page numbers, and so these page and line number references may be used to readily locate entries in their edition However, whenever it is necessary to refer precisely to entries in the edition of Gleeson and Mac Airt we shall use ‘AR’ followed by ‘§’ and their paragraph number Thus, for example, AR 25.16 and AR §8 both refer to the entry ‘Natiuitas sanctae Brigidae’ commencing on the sixteenth line of p 25 Description of the manuscript1 Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301–20 pp 97–162 is a seventeenth-century Franciscan manuscript, and the only witness to AR The published descriptions by the Burgundian Library, Bindon, Van den Gheyn, and Gleeson and Mac Airt are all brief and contain a considerable number of inaccuracies, and since we shall see that AR is an important witness to the Clonmacnoise group it is necessary to give here a detailed account of the manuscript and its text.2 The manuscript was written by Fr Brendan O’Conor, a Franciscan friar who was sent from Louvain to Ireland in 1641 to collect historical material It comprises thirty-three leaves measuring c.20.5×13.5 cm, and bears two paginations; the first, by O’Conor running pp 1–65, was used by Gleeson and Mac Airt in their partial edition, and will be used in this edition.3 The second, a modern pagination running pp 97–162, is needed for references to the other texts in Bibl Royale 5301–20 This volume consists of a compilation of over thirty Franciscan manuscripts, of which the first on pp 1–70 is the only surviving copy of Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh’s Fragmentary Annals (FA), transcribed by O’Sheerin, Colgan’s successor in scholarship in Louvain, followed on pp 71–88 by O’Sheerin’s alphabetic index to these annals.4 Next, a letter by O’Conor on pp 89–96 is followed by the text of AR on pp 97–162, and its range is c.Flood–AD c.995, with lacunae at c.948 BC–AD 157, AD 252–335, 480–549 and 602–619 The annals for AD 336–358 and 441–479 are also displaced, probably Cf Mc Carthy, Irish Annals, 26–34 MS descriptions: Catalogue des manuscrits i, 107 and ii, 391; Bindon, ‘MSS relating to Ireland’, 491; Van den Gheyn, Catalogue des manuscrits vii, 48–9; Gleeson and Mac Airt, ‘Annals of Roscrea’, 137–8, 141–2 Mc Carthy, Irish annals, 27 gave the dimensions as ‘c.21.5×16 cm’ which were estimated from the microfilm, the above dimensions have been taken from the manuscript itself Radner, Fragmentary annals, (edition) B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 as a result of the mutilated state of its exemplar The text of AR, like that of FA, is followed on pp 163–234 by an index compiled by O’Sheerin, in which the personal and place names cited in AR following S Patrick’s uenit are arranged alphabetically and indexed by O’Conor’s page number, and the chronology of events involving them is regularly tabulated ‘juxta Annales Dungallenses’ Thus the whole context of AR’s manuscript suggests an environment of intensive Annalistic study in Louvain, stimulated, no doubt, by the presence there of Michéal Ó Cléirigh’s compilation of the ‘Annales Dungallenses’, alias Annals of the Four Masters In his heading to the index for AR O’Sheerin identified ‘Patrem Fratrem Brendanum Conorum’ as the scribe of extracts, ‘ex Annalibus Roscreensis seu Codice R.D Cantwel’, and this identification is confirmed by comparing the Latin handwriting of AR with O’Conor’s letter which immediately precedes it There is no date on the text of AR, but as it happens we know something of the activities of Brendan O’Conor over 1641–2 On 10 July 1641 O’Conor, enroute for Ireland, wrote a letter in haste from London to James Ussher, then also in England, urging him to return to Ireland to rejoin Ware and other friends there so that they could study manuscripts together In this letter O’Conor asked to be excused for the shaking of his hand, indicating that he was about to mount his steed, and he also mentioned that he had just partly copied a ‘Librum Annalium’ which he had obtained from Finghín Mac Carthaigh, alias Florence Mac Carthy We shall see that AR was indeed copied in great haste, and that it is also an incomplete transcription of its exemplar, and so circumstantially it seems virtually certain that O’Conor copied AR in July 1641 from an exemplar provided by Finghín Mac Cárthaigh Three months later, on 22 October 1641, a major uprising commenced in Ireland, and in a subsequent letter written by O’Conor on 20 September 1642 to Hugh Bourke, superior of the Franciscans in Belgium, O’Conor asserted that he was under some obligation to participate in this uprising His early participation in a leadership role is confirmed by Rory O’More, a general in the uprising, in a letter written also to Bourke on the same day, wherein he stated:2 We the first undertakers have Father Brandon O’Cnoughour with us from the first day and afore … He [was] so much imployed in our very temporall affayres to unite all and see us orderly proceed at home and abroad, whereof we have great need … Gwynn, ‘Archbishop Ussher’, 281–2 (letter now TCD 567 f.62), 282, ‘Tertium, quod vrgeo, est, domum ad nostrum Waraeum et caeteros Philopolitas scribas, me in notis Tibi studiis promoveant codd’ MSS mecum communicent, … 2m Librum Annalium a D’no Carthaeo obtineas, quem exscribere mihi non fuit integrum … Excusa P’r festinationem equu’ ascendatis atq’ Motam manu’ London 10 Julii stylo nouo 1641.’ Idem, 280 identifies ‘D’no Carthaeo’ as ‘Finghin Mac Carthaigh Mór’ Historical Manuscripts, Franciscan manuscripts, 192–4 for both letters Explaining his lack of progress in ‘procuring monuments’, O’Conor wrote of ‘my charge to assist some of the generals which I cannot choose’, and, ‘If you blamed me ever for these wars, truly you wronged me; for it was God that stirred all; but afterwards, to tell you truly, mine endeavours were not found wanting.’ B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 24-Mar-20 Anticipation of this uprising may explain both O’Conor’s urgency to proceed to Ireland in July 1641, and also the word with which he commenced his text of AR O’Connor began by writing with a flourish in large letters the single word ‘Jubuleu’ at the centre top of the first page, which word has been subsequently emended to ‘Jubileus’, i.e the Jewish cry of freedom Above this title O’Conor subsequently added the description, ‘Adversaria rerum Hibernij [sic] quae excerpta ex mutila Historia D Cantwelij’, and his description of his exemplar as ‘mutila’ would explain why some of the annals he transcribed are out of sequence, as noted above Furthermore, his description here of his transcription as ‘Adversaria rerum Hibernij’, i.e provisional memoranda or jottings of Irish affairs, accurately describes what follows for the subsequent sixty-five pages O’Conor’s transcription of ‘mutila Historia D Cantwelij’ was done in two phases, and in the first of these, leaving ample margins and a generous spacing between lines, he transcribed principally Irish items in either a rapid, cursive, flourishing Latin hand, or in an inclined, semi-cursive Irish hand, neither of which is attractive but both are readily legible He continued thus, leaving occasional blank spaces, up to p 23 which finished with a synchronism on the death of Conchobar mac Nessa, and then he left p 24 blank except for the catch-word ‘Patricius’ for the following page On the following page O’Conor transcribed the entry for S Patrick’s uenit, and continued then with post-Patrician entries maintaining the same generous margins and line spacing through to p 65, on the top of which he wrote a single entry, a Clonmacnoise obit for c.995 Since this single entry would have readily fitted at the bottom of p 64, the inference is that while his exemplar continued, O’Conor discontinued his transcription at this point, and thus AR represents a truncated edition of ‘Historia D Cantwelij’ This marks the end of the first phase of O'Conor's transcription O’Conor then returned to p and commenced phase two, where, now writing with a finer nib and with greater haste, he commenced transcribing principally chronological criteria into the broad left-hand margin, and further annotations in the top and bottom margins Initially these comprised Biblical epochs and kalend counts, but from p large ‘K’s intermittently appear showing that kalends existed in his exemplar, and his marginal comment at AR 15.1 ‘A morte Josue ad hunc annum 21 K numerantur’ shows that he had deliberately omitted most of these By p 17 these marginal comments included informal designations such as ‘duobus annis’ as well as the AD data ‘157’ and ‘158’ After this these marginal criteria became more frequent, including on pp 25–30 the monotone sequence of Mc Carthy, Irish annals, plate (a reproduction of AR p 27 showing O’Conor’s Latin and Irish hands) The synchronism, ‘A morte quoque Concubhar mac Nessa 412 anni sunt’, is nearly verbatim with CS 432.2 B Jaski & D.P Mc Carthy 10 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 Mors Donchada Maige ri Conacht morte insolita obit Martan Insi Eidnech Eadan episcopus Heu Learthan, dominatrix Cille Dara Cinaeda m Alpin, rig Alban Quies Ciarain Craibdil Craibthig, i Bealaig Dúin mors Fianc[h]u, ab Lugmaid Mors Cinaedon regis Pictorum Quies Colmain Fin[n] anchoritae [776] Mors Goidil Cluana Iraird Mors Cellaic[h] m Donchada, ri Laigen Tnudgaile, ab Saigre Mors Forbassaig, ab Rat[h]a Eada [776] Comotatio martyrum sancti Erce Slane [776] Dormitatio Anfceallaig abb Condere Lainde Ealla [778] Quies Finan ab Cluana hEuis Quies Snedc[h]easta filii Tuamc[h]on, abb Beanc[h]oir, Conaill m int Saoir sapientis, ab Beanc[h]air [775] Mors Albrain m Foil migh, ab Treoit, in a feria; Ultan ua Bero Dearg, ab Ot[h]nae Er[e]nnac[h] m Echin, ab Leit[h]glin[n]e Seanc[h]án ab Imleach Iobair; Tom altach m Muirgaile, rí Aíi [FM773] Sit Mait abbatissa Cluana Boireann, mortua est [778] Fulartach, episcopus Cluana Iraird [779] Moinán mc Cormaic, ab Catrach Fursa in Ffrancia [779] Flat[h]rue, ri Conacht Leargal sapiens, ab Biror [FM 774] Augustin Beannc[h]oir Seadrach m Sobart[h]ain [780] Nadarca sapiens mortui sunt Alpin rex Pict orum moritur Congretatio synodorum nepotum Neill sub eodem 51 [147] [780] Lagenensiumque in oppido Teamra ubi fuerunt anchoritae et scribae multi quibus dux erat Dublitt[er] Maccnia mc Ceallaig, ab Dúin Leat[h]glaisi [780] quieuit Lex tertia Comain Eadain [780] incipit [ 51 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 52 [148] sub eodem Quies Scandail, ab Cainnich [780] Comixtio magna in Ardmachia in occisi sunt [781] quinquagesima die in qua ceciderunt 13 abbates et reges aliquot Quies Flaithnae Bellum Cuirrich in confinio Cille Dara ubi cecidit Mugroin m Flaind ri Hua Failge m Congaile, ab Cluana Ferta Breanainn Mors Ciaran Tige Mundu Et Cormac m Breasuil ab Aird Breacain et aliarum ciuitatum Banban, ab Cloenta Eadan ab Rois Comain Ultan equonimus Beanc[h]air [FM776] [FM777] [782] Coscrac[h] hua Froic[h] abbas Lugmaid [802] Clemens Tire da Glas féliciter vitam in [802] pace finiuit Maonach m Colgan ab Luscan, lector bonus, quieuit [805] Fine, abbatissa Cille Dara, obiit Et Fiangus ab [805] Ruis Cre Muirchertach m Dongaile, ri Breibht[h]ne moritur Fiangus, ab Ruis Cre, dormiuit [FM800] Congal ab Slane, sapiens, in uirginitate quieuit [806] m Maonaig quos marty res in margine ponit Tomas episcopus et scriba ab Linde Duac[h]aill quieuit Fins[h]neachta m Ceallaig rí Laigean mor tuus est i Cill Dara Fins[h]neac[h]ta mc Ceallaig regnum suum accepit Lex Patricii la Aed m Neill Loit[h]each doctor bean cuiracht [806] Familia Iae occisa est a gentibus, i 68 [806] Flait[h]nia m Cineada, ri Hua bFailgi, iugulatus Constructio novae ciuitatis Columbae [807] Cille i Ceandanus Elarius an[a]chorita [807] et scriba Loc[h]a Cree dormiuit Quies Leamnatha Cille Manach [FM802] Cat[h]nia ab Dom Liacc Tigernach fundator Daire Meille, ab Cille Ac[h]idh; Eac[h]aid m Fiac[h]na ri Uladh, quieverunt [810] [ 52 ] [810] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 Diman Arad, Mumoniensis anachorita, vitam feliciter finiuit; et gabail Dungaile m Fergaile i rrige 53 [149] [811] Fearadac[h] mc Scandail, scriba et sacerdos [813] abbas Achaid Bó, feliciter vitam finiuit Hoc anno Carolus rex Francorum moritur Fedlimidh, ab Cille Moinni 813 maor Breg Phatraicc [813] [814] anachorita praecipuus scribaque optimus, vitam feliciter finiuit [814] Braon m Ruadrach, satrapa Lagenarum Tuathal m Dubte, sapiens, scriba et doctor [814] Cluana Mc Nois, dormiuit Bas Daolgair Achith Uir Kellacus b Iae † Diermitius Niall m Aoda, ri Hua Cormaic, repente moritur [814] Ceallac[h], ab Iae, finita constructione templi [814] Ceanandsa, reliquit principatum, et Diarmitius alumnus Daigri pro eo ordinatus est [blank line] Mors Ioseph scribae Rois Comain [816] [816] [FM812] Conan mac Ruadrach, ri Britonum, moritur Quies Connmaich m Donait, ab Corcaige Mors Muirgiusa, ri Connacht Cele Iosa ab Cille Moinne in 20 anno suo vitam finiuit Comulf, ri Saxonum, moritur Eodem [821] anno orgain Beachereann [821] Dairinnsi Caomain a gentibus Cean[n] Faoladh m Ruamain, scriba et episcopus et anchorita ab Atha Truim, dormiuit Lex Patricii for Mumai la Feidlimid mc Creamt[h]ainn [821] [823] la Airtrigh mc Conchubair Maol Tuili, ab Beanc[h]oir, quieuit Feidlimid m Crimt[h]ain accepit regnum Caissil Crundmaol m Odran, ab Cluana Iraird [ 53 ] [820] [821] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 54 [150] Cuanu Lugmaid, sapiens et episcopus, dormiuit [825] Diarmait hua Eada, anachorita et religionis [825] doctor totius [Hiberniae], obiit; Cumneach abb Findglaisi, Eadan ab Tamlachta, Suibne m Fergusa ab Dúin [FM823] Leat[h]glaisi, anchoritae et episcopi in pace dormi erunt Colman m Ailealla ab Slane et [825] aliarum ciuitatum in Francia et in Hibernia Maelrubius Ardbreccaneus eps periit Mael Rubai, anachorita et episcopus, ab [FM823] Aird Breacain, obiit Lex Patricii for Teora Conachta la Airtrig [825] mc Conchubair Martra Blait[h]mic mic Flaind [825] o geintibh in Hi Coluim Cille Clemens, episcopus, ab Cluana Iraird, feliciter [826] vitam finiuit .i Mainistrech Eogan iterum gabail apdaine Ard Mac[h]a [827] Aidan hua Con Dumai, scriba Dearmaige, mori[tur] [828] Siadail mc Feradaig, abbas Cille Darí [830] Cailti mc Erc, abbas Feda Duin [FM828] [ 54 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 55 [151] Eogan Mainistreach, ab Ard Mac[h]a [834] Cluana Iraird, Affraicc abbatissa Cille Dara, dormierunt [blank line] Cetgabail Átha Cliath o geintibh [837] [blank line] Occisio Echnig Cille Delge abbatis episcop et scriba[e] [FM837] cum sua familia o Gaileangaibh Gabail Hereann huile la Feidlimidh [838] Aiden ab Ros Crée, moritur [FM838] Orgain Lugmaig di Loch Eac[h]ac[h] o geintibh [840] qui episcopos et presbyteres et sapientes captiuos duxerunt et alios mortify † cauerunt Floriacus, imperator Francorum 840 moritur [840] Ioseph Rois Moir, episcopus et scriba optimus et anachorita, abbas Cluana Auis 8391 [840] et aliarum ciuitatum, dormiuit Aireachtach Cille Manach, Beirichtir Táulc[h]ae [AR only] Leis, Orrt[h]anach episcopus Cille Dara Cf FM 839.2 (Ioseph Rois Móir d’écc.) [ 55 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 56 [152] Quies Mael Dit[h]raibh anachoritae sapien [FM840] tis Tire da Glass Donnacan mc Maele Tuile, scriba [843] et anachoreta in Italia quieuit Tuirgeis du ergabail le Mael Seachnaill [845] badudh Tuirgeis i lLoch Uair iarum Orgain Lis Cille Ac[h]id martra Nuadain [845] mc Segeni ann [blank line] Mael Seachnaill regnat Feidlimid, ri Muman optimus Scotorum scriba [847] et anachoreta, quieuit Fins[h]neac[h]ta Luibhnige, anachoreta post et [848] rex Connacht, dormiuit in pace Duo heredes Patraicc, i Forindan scriba [852] et episcopus et anachoreta, et Diarmait sapien tissimus omnium doctorum Europae, quieuerunt Indrectacus Ab Iae † Indreachtach hua Fins[h]neachtain, heres [854] Columbae Cille, sapiens optimus, Idus Martii apud Saxones [m]artirizatur [ 56 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 57 [153] Cat[h]asach mc Tigernaich, egregius sapiensque [FM854] iuuenis, equonomus Ard Mac[h]a, in Christo dormiuit Non bris [blank line] Sodomna, episcopus Slaine, martirizatur a Normannis [856] Moritur Neill m Gilláin iar mbith xxx mbliadan cen digh cen bia Tipraite Bán, ab Tire da Glas [858] Mael Tuile, princeps Imleach Iubair, pausant [FM823] [blank line] Niall mac I[a]llain qui passus est paralizim [860] 33 annis, qui versatus est visionibus frequentibus tam falsis quam veris in Christo quieuit Gormlait[h] ingen Don[n]c[h]ada, regina Scotorum [861] post penitentiam obit Edgen Brit, episcopus Cille Dara, scriba et [864] anachorita et senex fere □ 116 annorum, quieuit Faelan m Ceallaig, ab Beacereann, moritur Ceallach mc Cumuscai[g], ab Fobair, iuuenis sapiens et ingeniosissimus, peri[i]t [ 57 ] [AR only] [868] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 58 [154] Martan ab Cluana Mc Nois Daiminsi [869] scriba, Niallan episcopus Slaine, dormierunt Cormac mc Condmaigh, scriba et sapiens [FM867] oeconomus Cluana Ferta Breanuind, quieuit Dubt[h]ach mc Maele Tuile, doctissi mus [869] Latinorum totius Europae, in Christo quieuit Suairleach ind Edneidh, episcopus et anachore ta et [870] abbas Cluana Iraird, optimus doctor religi onis totius Hiberniae, quieuit [blank line] Cu Roí mc Aldniad, ab Insi Clot[h]rand [871] Foc[h]lada Midi, sapiens et peritissi mus histori arum Scoticarum, in Christo dormiuit [blank line] Gnia, princeps Doim Liag, anchorita, episcopus [872] et scriba optimus, 88 anno etatis sua suae, vitam feliciter finiuit caput Fet[h]gna episcopus, heres Pattraicc cp [874] totius religionis Hiberniae, in pridias nonas Octobiri in pace dormiuit [ 58 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 59 [155] Mael Muru in fili, peritissimus historiarum [887] Scotorum, dormiuit [blank line] [blank line] Mael Ac[h]aid, tanaise Cluana Mc Nois princeps [896] Daminnsi, dul martrai la Dea[l]mna Soerbreac[h]tach mc Conaidh, scriba et sapiens [896] et princeps Corcaige, vitam senilem finiuit Mael Poil mc Ailealla, episcopus et anachoreta [922] et scriba optimus Leit[h]e Cuinn et princeps ind Eidnein, obit Virgilius Duiblittir, sacart Ard Mac[h]a marbadh Gallaibh [923] Fergil, princeps Tire da Glas, dul in alit[h]riu [FM927] tar muir m Colman Ailealla, princeps Cluana Mc Nois [926] Cluana Iraird sapiens et doctor, vitam senile feliciter finiuit hi Cal Martii [ 59 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 60 [156] Malbrigidus Mael Brigte m Dornain, comarba [927] Padraicc Coluim Cille, ceann crabaidh na Herinn uile, vitam senilem finiuit, i in Cal Martii in 89 anno aetatis suae et 40 anno principatus sui Gaill Atha Cliath dul a hEre [927] Bait[h]ene, ab Birra, Muirgel ingen Mail [928] Seachnail in senectute ditissima, Finnach[h]ta Cor [928] caighe caput religionis, moriuntur Hoc anno Diarmait mc Cerbaill a regno expulsus mo□□ [AR only] [blank line] Caineach ingen Canannain, rigan rig Temrach, [928] in penitentia defecit Hoc anno Diarmait [929] mc Cearbail, rig Osraige, obit Indreac[h]t[ach] mc Cat[h]alain rig Leit[h]e Cat[h]ail [929] Dunnc[h]ad m Braonain sacard Cille Dara Virgilius Fergill princeps Tire da Glais Cele mc Scanduil comarba Beanc[h]uir × In Roma quie Comgall fo Herinn episcopus i et scriba obtimus uit, i hi in felici peregrinatione quieuerunt feil Cifren Corneil [ 60 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 61 [157] Bran mc Colmain, princeps Ros Cree, in Christo [FM929] dormiuit Bard Bonde, primhf[h]ili Hereann, marbadh Huibh [933] Cormaic Hua nEac[h]ach Duo heredes Patricii, i Ioseph scriba et [936] episcopus et anachorita sapentissimus Scotorum, Mael Patraic, episcopus et sapiens et senex, quieuerunt [blank line] [blank line] Lumbert, episcopus Cille Muine, diem obiit [943] [blank line] Annus mirabilium, i hi tarlad in duileann [947] de nim hi tuidchaid in Cele Dé de ffairci andeas precept Gaoidealaibh f Gormlait[h] ingen Flaind m Maoil Seachnaill in penitentia [948] ^ extensa quieuit Cormacan mc Mail Brigte in primf[h]ili, fer comt[h]a [FM946] Neill, moritur [ 61 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 62 [158] Embolismus 999 annus, 19 annus, 2a feria, [AR only] □□42lun 24 luna, Indictione Fogartach m m Donnacain ri Airgiall [949] in penitentia moritur Aedan, airc[h]inneach Tuama da Hualann, [949] communis pausat 950 9o 950 annus 1us□er a feria, luna Indictione Gait[h]ene, sui-episcopus Duin Leatt[h]glaisi [956] Catt[h]asach mac Doiligen, comarba [957] Patraic, sui-episcopus Gaoidel, moritur Fothud m Brain, scriba optimus et episcopus † [FM961] Innsi Alban, in senili aetate moritur Ceall Dara orgain Gallaibh Atha Cliath, [964] sed Deus mirabili pietate misertus per Niall o nEroilb redemptis omnibus pene clericis pro nomine Domini Et abbatissa illius ciuitatis, i Muirenn [964] ingen m Colmain post parum tempori interuallum in senili aetati ad Dominum de hac luce migrauit [ 62 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 63 [159] Et lector nomine Colman filius Con Cobrat Suibne H Niabain princeps magnus, et alii clerici mortui sunt Nota 962 Flann m Cumascaich, lector et anachorita cum 12 lectoribus in peregrinatione exiit Prainnteach Lainde Leire loscadh la Domnall m [FM961] [AR only] 968 [970] Muirchertaig ri Temra, ceit[h]re cet dul [FM962] 400 martyres martra and idir fini mna Beaccan, comarba Finnia, episcopus et senex 10 plenus dierum, vitam feliciter finiuit 11 Cinaed o Artacain, primeaceas Leithi Cuind, moritur [975] 12 Dunnchad o Braoin, comarba Ciarain Cluana [976] 13 M Nois, dul i n-ailit[h]riu Ard Mac[h]a 14 go raibe fri re tri mbliadan déc i ccrabud ann 15 16 bliadna isin n-eaglais conach frit[h] fa deoig di[a] astud 17 acht na ceat[h]ra, tarasair-seom forru bliadain □□□eoch-3 [973] is di[a] astud ticed luc[h]t écsamail gacha Suibne Hua Niabain and the year ‘962’ both appear in O’Sheerin’s index at p 230 The note ‘400 martyres’ and the year ‘968’ both appear in O’Sheerin’s index at p 225 MS: ‘b`nmeoch-’ or ‘u’nmeoch-’ [ 63 ] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 64 [160] Faolan m Caelaide, sui-epscop ab Imleach Iubair, obiit Mugron ab Ia† Mugron, ab Iae, scriba optimus atque Malciaran Comorbanus S Columbae martyriam passus Dublinu Mael Ciarain ua Máigne, comarba Coluim [FM979] [FM978] sui-epscop na Tri Rand, obiit [986] Cille, dul deargmartra lasna Danaru in martyrium At[h] Cliath Sancta virgo Ceallach in isto anno in Christo Iesu dormiuit 10 Dunstan, ard-episcopus Saxan uile, quieuit [988] 11 Dunchad o Braoin, comarba Ciarain m [988] 12 in tSaoir, in peregrinatione, sapiens et 13 sius? anachoreta, in ciuitate Patricii 14 quieuit 14 Cal Feb 15 Erard m Coise, primeces Gaoideal, 16 in penitentia moritur 17 Colla sapiens, princeps Insi Cat[h]aig quieuit [ 64 ] [987] [990] [994] 24-Mar-20 MS Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale 5301-20 pp 97–161 65 [161] 1 Odran hua Eolais, scriba optimus Cluana M Nois, quieuit [blank line] [blank line] [blank line] [blank line] [blank line] [blank line] [blank line] 10 [blank line] 11 [blank line] 12 [blank line] 13 [blank line] 14 [blank line] 15 [blank line] 16 [blank line] 17 [blank line] 18 [blank line] 19 [blank line] 20 [blank line] 994 [FM994] Cf FM 994.5 ( Odhrán d'ég) [ 65 ] 24-Mar-20