Anti corruption in construction industry in vietnam

MAST L.R THESIS OF MPPM Anti-Corruption in Construction Industry in Vietnam Authors: HOANG MINH TOAN PHAM TIEU LONG Supervisor: Prof Dr LARS TORSTEN ERIKSSON Dr NGUYEN CHl DZL NG Class: MPPM INTAKE I - Group Hanoi, May-2011 l/f^ r' UPPSALA UNIVERSITY (SWEDEN) & UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS, VNUH MASTER PROGRAMME OF PUBLIC MANAGEMENT Pham Tieu Long & Hoang Minh Joan ! ANTI-CORRUPTION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM Supervisor: - Prof Lars-Torsten Eriksson Local Supervisor: - Dr Nguyen Chi Dzung Hanoi, May 2011 ABSTRACT Title of the thesis: Anti-corruption in the Construction Industry in Vietnam Level: Master Thesis for Master Program in Public Management Authors: Pham Tieu Long, Hoang Minh Toan Supervisors: * Swedish Supervisor: Prof Lars-Torsten Eriksson, PhD Local Supervisor: Dr Nguyen Chi Dung PhD Time of thesis presentation: t 18/5/2011 Objectives: In recent years, investments in construction have given rise to socio - economic development, helping in providing jobs for people, improving the material and spiritual life of the people However, due to many reasons, corruption and squandering are occurring in many construction projects The increasing cases on corruption in this sector has led to socio-economic losses Therefore, prevention and anti-corruption in construction industry are on the top priorities in Vietnam The objectives of this research are to provide an overview on corruption and anticorruption in construction industry, analyze and clarify the situation of corruption in the construction industry in recent years, analyze the detection and handling of corruption cases in the construction sector Measures for corruption prevention and anti-corruption are also included By studying theoretical issues of corruption in the construction industr\' and analyze real cases of prevention and anti-corruption in the construction industry in Vietnam and other countries, this study proposes recommendations relevant o the current settings in Vietnam Research methodology: - Analyzing the existing legal framework and system of legal documents for prevention and anti-corruption in Vietnam - Compiling and analyzing data on corruption and anti-corruption in the construction sector - Assessing and inferring in order to give relevant conclusions and recommendations Results and conclusions Construction sector has its own characteristics and those make it more prone to coruption in many countries Conclusions of the thesis include: - Coruption is high and difficult to prevent and combat in the construction industry and the reasons for this partly come from its own characteristics This study shows a number of potential opportunities for coruption in this sector - Coruption is widespread in the construction industry in Vietnam Construction is among 10 most corrupted sectors in Vietnam - Various measures for anti-coruption has been applied in the construction sector but still alot of shortcomings These include limited asset transparency, information transparency, poor project management, complicated procedures for monitoring, detection and acusing coruption crimes; inffective measures for promoting whisle blower; few coruption cases are detected - Prevention should be combined with combating coruption Recommendations This thesis proposes recommendations for improving anti-coruption efforts such as (i) Impose declaring personal assets focussing on positions with high risks of corruption and randomly check as well as imposing disciplines against violations; (ii) improving the role of civil society in monitoring and supervising construction projects; (iii) simplifying the procedures for detecting coruption and providing clear definition of corupted acts in Anti-Corruption Law and relevant legal documents; (iv) improving the procedures for denouncing, with more support, encouraging and protection for whisle blowers; (v) providing more incentives to those who found coruption and; (vi) strictly dealing with coruption cases Suggestions for further research: Based on this research, the research team can study further about the mechanism for detection and dealing with coruption in specialised construction areas such as in transport, electricity and telecommunication It may need to measure the impact of anti-coruption efforts by surveys Key words: corruption, construction industry, corruption prevention, anti- corruption, detection and dealing with corruption, Vietnam TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ON CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 1.1 Definition of corruption 1.2 Characteristics of construction industry and corruption in construction industry 1.2.1 Characteristics of construction industry and risks of corruption 1.2.2 Types and mane rs of corruption in construction industry g CHAPTER 2: CURRENT SITUATION OF CORRUPTION AND ANTICORRUPTION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN VIETNAM 13 2.1 An overview of corruption in Vietnam 13 2.2 The Construction Sector and Corruption 16 2.2.1 The Construction in Vietnam 16 2.3 Corruption prevention and combating in the Construction Sector in Vietnam 24 2.3.1 An Overview of the Legal System for Anti-Corruption 24 2.3.2 The reality of measures against corruption in Vietnam in the construction industry 25 CHAPTER 3: EXPERIENCE OF OTHER COUNTRIES AND RECOMMENDATION POLICY FOR VIET NAM 40 APPENDIX 50 REFERENCES Vietnamese documents (alphabe as in Vietnamese): 53 INTRODUCTION Corruption has become a serious social evil in many countries in the world It appears and exists along with the establishment and development of a state as state is always associated with the use of public power The abuse of public power to serve personal interests or misuse of public power of civil servants or state employees are always serious risks to reduce the power and effectiveness of modem states Conoiption occurs in various forms and in all different aspects of society That is why it requires comprehensive preventive strategies, measures with different objectives to combat against it (Klitgaard, et al 2000) In Vietnam, the Communist Party and the State have identified as one of the foremost missions at the top concern of the whole political system The Anti-Corruption Law was passed by the National Assembly at the 8'^ Session on 29/11/2005 and has come into force since 01/6/2006 The Law was supplemented and amended on 04/8//2007 Vietnam has approved the 'National Strategy on Corruption Prevention and Anticorruption upto 2020' as well as ratified the 'UN Convention against Corruption' on 30/06/2009 In the past few years, activities fighting against corruption-related crimes in Vietnam have been carried out drastically The prolong stmggle requires the participation and effective cooperation of relevant government agencies Up-to-present, this struggle has gained certain achievements, which proves the proper viewpoint and clear-sighted outlook of the Party and State of Vietnam on the problem In recent years, investments in construction in Vietnam have significantly contributed to socio - economic development by providing jobs to a many people, reducing the unemployment in society and improving the material and spiritual life of the people In the whole country, there are more than 900 state-owned companies in construction and this figure in private sector is about 7000 Half of all construction companies have at least 50 regular workers and a huge number of seasonal workers (Kenny, 2007) However, many negative facts have arisen in management of construction investment, resulting in considerable losses and poor quality of the civil wwks The situation that corruption in the construction industry^ happened with larger and larger scale in many big projects has damaged not only the economy itself but also spoiled the belief of people to the Government and State It is no doubt that corruption in the construction industry is a national disaster which happens not only in Vietnam but in many other countries as well It is like a kind of "ultra virus" gradually gnawing the "body" of a country Based on diagnostic data in an overall picture of corruption in Vietnam, it shows that the construction industry is one of the areas most prone to corruption (Davidsen, et al 2009) Therefore, we have chosen the topic 'Anti-corruption in Construction Industry in Vietnam' for the research of our master thesis The major objectives of the research are to provide an overview on corruption prevention and anti-cormption in construction industry, focusing on analyzing issues relating to detecting and dealing with corruption in construction industry and based on the analysis and assessment of some specific cases of corruption, some recommendations on anti-corruption will be introduced to managers in construction industry and policy makers Besides the Introduction and Conclusion, our research including three main parts: Chapter 1: Overview on anti-corruption in construction industry Chapter 2: Current situation of corruption and anti-corruption in construction industry in Vietnam Chapter 3: Experiences of other countries in anti-corruption policy and recommendations of policy for Vietnam CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW ON CORRUPTION AND ANTI-CORRUPTION IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY 1.1 Definition of corruption Corruption is a social phenomenon associated with the foundation of social classes and the establishment and development of states Cormption happens in all countries in the world without any distinction of the political system that the country follows and it happens in all sectors relating to public management In the guidelines on anti-corruption of the US, definition of corruption is 'Corruption is the abuse of public power to serve personal interest' V This definition is similar with the conception of Klitgaard et all (2000) about corruption The World Bank, in the 'Guidelines for Anti-corruption' (2006), has point out a series of actions which are considered as fraudulent and corruption such as: offer, propose, give, receive, directly or indirectly ask for any valuable things which may cause improper actions of other partner, actions of collussion and complicity with other In Vietnam 'Corruption is abuse of public power to exert influence on people for undue benefits' and more specific definition has been stipulated in the Law on Anti-Corruption passed by National Assembly at the 8^ Session on 29/11/2005 'Corruption is actions of person who have public position and power abuses their position and power when perform their duties for undue benefits' When carr>^ing out their tasks or duties, a person who has public position and power can perform a lot of activities and actions with different behaviours and actions, but only actions done by abusing their position and power for personal benefits are considered corruption Those actions are stipulated in details in the Article of Anti-Corruption Law which defines corrupting acts (12 acts) as following: (1) properr>' misappropriation; (2) taking bribes; (3) abuse of positions and powers to misappropriate propert>-; (4) abuse of positions and powders while on duty and officials duties for interests; (5) misuse of ' See Handbook on fighting corruption'' - Center for Democracy and Go^emance USAID, 1999 ^ Vietnamese Dictionar>' - Nguven Nhu Y - Culture and Information Publishing House, 1988 powers while on duty and performing official duties for interests; (6) abuse of positions and powers to exert influence over others to seek benefits; (7) fraud while on duty for interests; (8) giving bribes, bribe brokerage made by persons with positions and powers to handle the work of agencies, organizations, units or localities for interests; (9) abuse of positions and powers to illegally use state property for interests; (10) initiate harassment acts for interests; (II) failure to perform tasks and duties for interests; (12) taking advantage of positions powers, for interests, to protect those who commit acts of violation of law; unlawful interference in the examination, inspection, audit, investigation, prosecution, trial and sentence execution for interests Before the Anti-Corruption Law, Penal Code Law 1999 stipulates seven articles concerning corruption-related crimes: embezzlement of property (Article 278); taking bribe (Article 279); abuse of positions and powers to misappropriate property (Article 280); abuse of positions and powers while performing official duties (Article 281); misuse of powers while performing official duties (Article 282); abuse of positions and powers to exert influence over others for the sake of interests (Article 283); fraud while on duty (Article 284) To be considered as corruption, these crimes have to satisfy three characteristics of the crimes of corruption, namely: - Corruption must be the behaviors/actions conducted by people holding positions and powers - When performing acts of corruption, the person wdth positions and powers take advantage of their positions and powders to commit crimes - Criminal acts of corruption must be interest-motivated In nature, corruption is a social phenomenon reflects such factors of a people, a country as politics, economy, culture, tradition and life habits The consequences of corruption are not simply the economic damage with a huge amount of money but the more important is it degenerates a part of state employees or civil servants, reduce the efficiency of state management, spoil the belief of people, threaten the existence and prosperity of a country A clear and specific definition of corruption is very important in issuing public policy, regulations on anti-corruption 2.4 K l luan v4 cac danh gia v l chtah sach ph6„g, ch6„g ,ha,„ nhQng ,r„„g nganh xay d u n g ^ ^ Nd luc cua Viet Nam phdng chdng tham nhung la rit ding khich le Viet nam hien CO mdt nhirng bd luat toin dien vi diy tham vpng vl phdng ching tham nhung d chiu A Cic bien phip phdng chdng tham nhung da cd nhilu tiln bd Cich tiep can van de dau tranh chdng tham nhung da thay ddi tich cue theo hudng he thong hon vi phdng ngira tdt hon Tuy nhien tinh hinh tham nhung xay dung vin chua thuc su giim di va cac vu tham nhung cing tinh vi, vdi quy md Idn hon Nhilu doanh nghiep da bupc phii coi tien "lai qua" cho chu diu tu la thdng le viec thyc hien cic du in diu tu Ly cua hi?n tugng mpt phin die dilm cua nganh xiy dyng nhu da phan tich chuong vi phin khic nhung han chi cic bien phap phdng, chong tham nhung hien Bao gom : H? thong qudn tri cdc du- dn ddu tuxdy dung chua hodn thi?n vd su canh tranh chua binh ddng giOra cdc doanh nghi?p ngdnh xdy dung Vi vay cin tSng cudng tinh canh tranh khu vyc cic doanh nghiep nhi nude dl giim thilu co hpi thdng ddng giija cic ben, doi mdi cich thirc to chirc quin ly cic dy in xay dyng, vi dy co chi kilm soit vi can bing (khic chi Ian nhau) vi co ciu to chuc, hoat dpng cua cic Ban quin ly dy in (PMU) Thieu mgt ca che chuyen bi?t chat che nhung dam gidn di theo doi vi^c trien khai Luat PCTN ngdnh xdy dung a cdc khau ddu vdo, ddu vd kit qud Bien phdp yeu cau cong chirc phdi ke khai tdi sdn cd nhdn tren thuc te chi chua thuc su hieu qud phong chong tham nhiing Ly Id, cd qua nhieu ddi tugng thugc dien phdi ke khai dd vifc kiem tra xdc nhdn khdng dugc thuc hien hodc th\rc hien khdng day du vd khdng cd hinh thuc che tdi huu hieu ndo dugc dp dung Viet Nam da tien dugc mdt buoc ddi viec tdng cudng minh bach ddu thau the hi?n qua Luat PCTN va cdc quy dinh hudng ddn thi hanh cijng nhu cdc luat khdc Tuy nhien, cdc ngi dung vd minh bach hda mdi chi dugc thuc hi?n mgt phdn ndo Vi du thdng tin vd dau thau van khd tiep can vd khdng dugc luu tru mgt cdch cd he thong H? thong vdn bdnphdp luat vi ddu tuxdy dimg ca bdn qud phuc tap vd chong cheo kho thuc thi day dii Dilu niy tao nhilu co hpi cho tham nhung \ i rat khd khin cho vi?c phit hi?n vi xir ly tham nhQng Bio cio cua Bp Ke ho^ch va dau ni 2010 cho thiy cd tdi 85 % dy in dau tu xiy dung khdng thyc hien diu thiu rpng rii R3 34 rang dieu 1dm tang nguy co tham nhung tinh canh tranh dd nhdn dugc hgp dong la thap Vai trd cua xa hdi cdng tdc PCTN ngdnh xdy dung cdn dugc tdng cudng Khudn khd the che vd phdp ly cho bdo chi tham gia dua tin PCTN da dugc tang cudmg thdng qua Luat PCTN nhung van cdn nhidu cho chua ro rang Ngoai cung can xem xet viec tang cudmg su tham gia cua cdc hiep hdi nganh nghd vd kS' thuat, chdng han viec kiem tra su tuan thu cua cdc nhd thdu xem hg cd sir dung dung nhihig vat lieu xay dung da cam ket hgp ddng hay khdng Ca che tra, phdt hien va hoat dong tu phdp truy ciru tqi tham nhiing nganh xdy dung rdt phuc tgp vd lai phu thuoc vdo mqt so luat chung cUng nhu luat chuyen ngdnh khdc ciing nhirng van bdn hu&ng ddn thi hdnh Mdc dii cdng tdc tra da dat nhieu tien bg viec phdt hien lang phi vd su thieu hieu qud cdc dv an dau tu xay dung, sd lugng cdc vu tham nhQng dugc phdt hi?n cdn qud it so vai f ' t lugng vdn thit thoit nginh xiy dung dugc phit hien Hon nua, che dp dai ngp thip nen khdng khuyen khich hoat dpng tra, dieu tra phat hien tham nhung So lugng vy xu ly hinh sy hinh vi tham nhQng cdn it nhung khd khin vi?c tim kiem bing chung kit tdi vi nhOng khic biet giua luat PCTN vi luat To tung Hinh sy CHlTONG 3: KI>fH NGHIEM CAC N l / d C VA CAC KHUYEN NGHJ CHiNH SACH CHO V l f T NAM 3.1 Kinh nghif m cic nude ve phong chong tham nhung nganh xay dung Tham nhung nginh xiy dyng Ii mdt vin dl mang tinh toan ciu Ngay ci mdt qudc gia phit triln nhu Anh thi khio sit nim 2006 vdi 1404 ngudi lim viec nginh xay d^ng thi cd 41 % cdng nhin la da timg dua hdi Id^^ Do vay phdng, chdng tham nhung nginh xay dyng la rat can thiet Bio cio cua Td chuc Minh bach qudc tl (2005) cho ring cin cd mot he thing cic giii phip ^h cd thi phdng chdng tham nhQng nginh niy Kinh nghiem ve phdng chdng tham nhung ciia cic nude khdng hoan toin gidng nhau, nhung nhm Chung diu gdm nhdm giii phip chinh la phdng ngira va xu ly Nguyen tic chung dl thvrc hi^n phdng, chdng tham nhung Ii lim de cho cho cdng chuc khong can tham nhung khdng thi tham nhQng vi khdng dim tham nhung' *° CIOB (2006) "Corruption in ihe UK conslruclion Industo" The Chartered Institute of Building Suney 35 3.1.1 Kinh nghiem cdc nu&c vi nhom gidi phdp phong ngira tham nhung Cic nude tren thi gidi, vl co bin, diu coi trpng cic giai phip phdng ngira vi cho ring day Ii giii phip cd hieu qui nhit Cic giai phip phdng ngira mi cic nude thudng i p dyng Ii: + Chu trgng cong tdc giao due nguai - Ddi vdi ngudi dan: Chiln luge chdng tham nhung cua Hdng Kdng cd phin Idn, dd mpt phin Ii giio dye cdng chung vl tic hai cua tham nhung va tim kilm sy ung hd, tham gia tich cue cua cdng chung - Ddi voi cdng chuc: Mdt sd nuac ban hanh Luat ve dao due ciia cdng chuc (Thuy Dien, Han Qudc, Ma-lai-xia, Cdng hda lien bang Due ) Ddng Cgng sdn vd Nhd nuac Trung Qudc da ban hanh cdc vdn ban quy dinh ve gido due dao due vd xdy dung tac phong liem chinh Ddng va Nhd nude Chinh phu Sing-ga-po gido due dao due "tu rdn minh" cho cdng chuc, coi day Id bien phdp quan trgng d^ xdy di/ng dgi ngu cdng chuc liem khiet vd ban hanh cuon so tay huong dan ciia Chinh phii ddi vdi cdng chuc Han Qudc cijng rat chu y giao dye dao due cho cdng chuc vd lap Uy ban ddc biet ve dao duc'^* + Thuc hien nguyen tdc cong khai, minh bach hoat dgng cua cdc ca quan nhd nuac, ddu thdu cdc du dn xdy dung De thuc hien nguyen tic niy, nhilu nude (nhu: Thuy Dien, Cpng hda Lien bang Due, Dan Mach, Thyy Sy ) quy dinh: - Mgi ngudi din diu cd quyIn tilp can vdi nhirng thdng tin, tii lieu chinh thirc cua cic CO quan nha nude, cd quyIn yeu ciu co quan nha nude cung cap hoSc cho xem bit cu tai lieu nio cd hd so luu giu ciia co quan do, bat kl tai lieu dd cd lien quan din ban thin minh hay khdng (trir nhung tii lieu lien quan den an ninh qudc gia); Trong xay dyng thi lya chpn nha thiu la khau rat de cd tham nhung Kinh nghiem Me hi cd cho thiy viec cdng khai minh bach hoat dpng dau thiu cic du in cdng Ii hit sire quan trpng Me-hi-cd yeu ciu cic doanh nghiep ki kit Hiep udc liem chinh (Integrity Pact) tham gia vio thi trudng cic dy in xiy dyng cdng cpng Vdi vipc ky kit thi mpi thdng tin tuyin chpn nhi thiu diu dugc cdng khai minh bach Cic doanh nghiep tham gia hiep udc se trinh dugc viec hdi Ip de tning -Hpcvi^n Chinh tri q ^ i ^ T ^ i ^ h i Minh (2006) " Tham nhung v4 ch6ng than, nhung m«t s6 nu6c tren the gidi" - B^o cdo chuven de 36 th^u bidt cdc doanh nghiep khdc cung 1dm nhu vay Me hi cd cdn cho phep cdc chuyen g,a dgc lap gidm sdt hoat ddng chgn nhd thdu.^^ Bien phdp cho phep tidt kiem dang ke chi phi cho cdc du an xdy dung + Vai tro gidm sdt cua he thdng truyen thong - Tu bdo chi: Mgi cdng chuc nhd nude ddu cd quydn vd trdch nhiem cung cdp cdc thdng tin ve to chuc va hoat dgng cua co quan minh cho phdng vien bdo chi vd khdng dugc phep didu tra, tim hieu de xdc djnh nguon cua cdc thdng tin da dugc dang tai tren bdo chi v.v + Phdng ngira suxung dgt giira l(;ri ich rieng vd l(;ri ich chung: Cac nuoc nhu Trung Qudc, Ma-lai-xia, Sing-ga-po deu cd quy dinh Trung Qudc quy djnh: can bg rdi chuc vu lanh dao hodc nghi huu, thi vdng ndm sau dd, khdng dugc kinh doanh a nhirng ITnh vuc cd lien quan den cdng vi?c trudc day minh phu trdch; vg (hoac chong), cdn bg lanh dao khdng dugc kinh doanh d cdc ITnh vuc chong (hodc vg) minh qudn ly Ma-lai-xia ban hanh Quy djnh ve che dg cdng chuc, dd quy djnh cd nhimg hoat ddng ben ngodi cdng sd, quy dinh ve viec nhan va trao qua, ve sd huu dat dai, dau tu, vay vdn, gidi tri Ngan hdng the giai (2004) hudng ddn ve Ivra chgn tu vdn cung yeu cdu khdng dugc cd xung dot ve Igi ich giQa ben mdi thau vi nhi tu van + Quy dinh ve viec ke khai tdi sdn ciia cong chirc: Da sd cic nude cd quy dinh cdng chirc phii ke khai tii sin, nhat Ii ddi vdi so cdng chuc cd vai trd lanh dao, quin ly Tai Trung Qudc, moi nim lin cdng chirc phai ke khai tii sin Cin bp lanh dao phai ke khai rd cic khoin nhu: tiln tilt kiem, co philu, trii phieu, dimg cd gii tri tren 10.000 NDT (khoing 19-20 tri?u ddng Vi?t Nam, vi dy nhu dong ho Rolex gii hom 10.000 NDT), d td, nhi rieng, dit dai, tranh co quy hilm Uy ban Kiem tra k>' luat cua Dang vi Bd Giim sit hinh chinh cua Quoc vy vien theo ddi, giim sit viec ke khai vi xem xdt, xir ly nhung trudng hgp cd tii sin bit minh Cdng chirc khdng giii thich dugc nguon goc tii sin cua minh thi bi coi Ii tham d Hin Qudc, Ma-lai-xia, Sing-ga-po, Thii Lan yeu ciu ke khai sau dugc tuyIn dyng, dl bat hoSc bau cir vi phii ke khai b6 sung hing nim (Thii Lan cdn yeu ciu sau thoi chirc cung phii ke khai) Cdng chirc nio khdng chimg minh dugc ngudn gdc tai sin thi se bi xir ly va dugc dua tin cdng khai tren bio chi Luat chdng tham nhung nim 1989 cua Sing-ga- '= Xem them Transparency International (2005) " Global Corruption Report 37 po cho phep Tda in tich thu bit cir khoin tiln vi tii sin nio cua mdt cdng chuc nlu hp khdng giai thich dugc nguon gdc + Trd luong cao cho cong chicc Nhieu nude coi viec tri luong cao dl cdng chirc "khdng cin tham nhQng" Ii mdt bien phip hu^i hieu de phdng, chdng tham nhQng (Nhit Bin, Cdng hda lien bang Dire, Sing-ga-po ) Sing-ga-po tra Idi cho cdng chirc cao hon khu vyc tu nhin dl cdng chirc lya chpn giua tham nhQng (se bi xir ly nghiem khic) vdi su lien kit dl bio dim cudc sdng dn dinh suit ddi (luong thing cua sinh vien mdi trudng Ii 2.200 dd la Sing-ga-po, tuong duong 20 trieu dong Viet Nam; luong cua bd trudng hon tri?u dd la Sing-ga-po mpt nSm, tuong duong 10 ty ddng Vi?t Nam) 3.1.2 Kinh nghiem ve cdc gidi phdp phdt hifn vd xir ly tham nhiing + Cdc bien phdp nhdm phdt hi^n tham nhiing Mudn xir ly dugc tham nhung thi trudc het phai phit hien dugc hinh vi tham nhQng Phan Idn nhQng ngudi thyc hi?n hinh vi tham nhQng Ii nhumg ngudi cd trinh dp cao, cd hieu biet ve phip lu^t vi cd kinh nghi?m hoat dpng thyc tien Vi vay, phit hi?n hinh vi tham nhung Ii vi?c lim rat khd kh5n Hau het cic nude s6 sir dyng cic bi^n phip sau day: - Mdt so nude thilt lap cic dudng diy ndng de thu nhin tin tire ve phd ndi chung vi tham nhQng ndi rieng (Cd-16m-bia, Bra-xin, Sing-ga-po ) - Nhilu nude, dd cd Trung Quoc, tien hanh xem xet ca don thu td cio nic danh de phat hien tham nhQng Trung Qudc cho ring, hien phap luat Trung Quoc chua hoin thien, ngudi td cio cdn bi de dpa, dd cho phep ngudi td cao dugc giiu ten vi chip nhin thu nic danh Trong thuc tl, d Trung Qudc cd khoang 60% don thu td cio Ii thu nic danh vi so dd cd rit nhilu thdng tin chinh xic ve tham nhQng Thii Lan cQng yeu ciu cic co quan chirc nang phai xem xet tat ci don thu to giac cua ngudi dan vl tham nhQng, du cd ky ten hay khdng k>' ten Nhilu nuoc cho phep co quan chirc ning dugc sir dung mpt sd bien phip die biet nhu nghe trpm di?n thoai, liy thdng tin tu' ngin hing Cic nude diu cd bi?n phip bao %•? ngudi tl giic, nhu: giu bi mat Idi khai, chuyin chd d cho hg dl trinh bi phat hi?n, tra thu (Cpng hda lien bang Dire, Phip, Tay Ban Nha Sing-ga-po ) Kinh nghiem cho thiy bio v? ngudi td cio Ii bi?n phip quan trgng dl khuyin khich ngudi dan tl cio hinh vi tham nhQng Vi dy d hpp sau cho thiy nlu khdng bio v? ngudi tl cio thi se rit nguy hiem cho nhung ngud, dim lam vi?c ndy 38 Hgp Vl cdn bdo ve nguai to cdo, vu dn a NHAI - India |imiar Dubey la ky su giam sat lam viec cho National Highways Authority of India : (NHAI), Anh 1^ ngudi ddm dung cam viet thu to cao tinh trang tham nhung thi • cong cic dudng l^n VSn ph6ng By trudng Khong nhan dugc su bao ve can thilt vi bj Uet.lp danhtfnhl^ ngudi to cap.Dubcy da bj am sat 27/11/2003 tren dudng trd ye que Dudi ap luc manh me ciia bao chi vi cdc tl chuc quoc.te, thang 4/2004 chinh phii An dgda biipc phii ban hdnh he thong cic bien phdp cin'tliiet cho phep bao'v? ngudi to cad (CehtrarVigilance Commission) (Nguon: Transparency International (2005J Kinh nghiem cdc quoc gia cijng cho thay dau hieu tham nhung cd the thay mdt nguai cd quyen luc lien quan den du an xdy dyng cd muc song tren thu nhap chinh thuc Hon nua, can cd syr phdi hgp quoc te didu tra phat hi?n tham nhung Vu dn a Lesotho - mot quoc gia nho a chau Phi cho thay ro dieu ndy Du an xdy dung mgt nha mdy thuy dien d cao nguyen cua Lesotho Ban quan ly phdt trien cao nguyen Lesotho ( Lesotho Hightlands Development Autority LHDA) dieu hanh Masupha Sole Id gidm ddc ciia LHDA vd la ngudri chju trdch nhiem chinh ve du dn Mdc du cd muc luong khdng cao nhung Sole lai sdng rdt xa hoa so vai thu nhap cua dng ta - mgt bdng chung vd tham nhung Duoi dp luc cua chinh quydn Lesotho, cdc ngdn hang Thuy sT da phdi cung cap cdc thdng tin vd cdc tai khoan ngdn hang dung ten Sole va nhung ngudi thdn Thdng tin ngdn hang cho thdy Sole da nhan dugc nhung khoan tidn 1dm tir cdc cdng t>' tham gia xdy dung nhd mdy thuy di?n Vu xu dn Sole da diln thdng 6/2001 vd dng ta bj kdt an 18 ndm xix giam du Sole van choi tgi ( sau dd phiic tham gidm cdn 16 ndm tu giam) Doanh nghiep Canada (Acres International) bi ket tpi tiep tay cho hdi Ip vi bj cam tham gia cic dy in cua Ngan hing thi gidi n i m ' \ Vy in niy tao mdt in 1? rat quan trpng vi?c truy to cic hinh vi tham nhQng + Cdc bi$nphdp xic ly tham nhung " Xem ihim Transparency Inlemational (2005) 39 Cic nude tren the gidi diu coi tham nhQng Ii tpi pham hinh sy va quy dinh che tai nghiem khac de xir ly loai tdi pham niy nhim lim cho cdng chirc "Khdng dim tham nhung" Trong bd luat hinh sy cua hiu hit cic nude deu cd mdt chuong rieng quy dinh ve tpi tham nhQng, dd quy dinh rd nhung hinh vi dugc coi Ii tham nhQng v i hinh phat tuong img vdi hinh vi iy (Ma-lai-xi-a cd Luat chong tham nhQng ndm 1961 va sira doi nam 1997; Pa-ki-xtan cd Luat chong hoi Id nam 1947; Thyy Dien cd Luat chdng hoi Id nganh tda in tir nam 1734, Bd luat chong tham nhQng khu vyc cdng nam 1919 vi Bp luat chdng tham nhQng toan dien nam 1977: Trung Qudc cd Luat chdng hdi Id nam 1988 vd Luat chong tham nhung ndm 1997; Hdng Kdng cd Luat chdng tham nhung ndm 1975; Sing-ga-po co Luat chong tham nhung ndm 1960; Thai Lan cd Luay chong tham nhung ndm 1975 den ndm 1977 dua cd mgt sd quy djnh ve chong tham nhung vdo Hien phdp )'*^ Tdm lai, cdc giai phap phdng, chdng tham nhung md cdc nuoc tren the gidi dua la het sire da dang, phong phu vi khdng it sd cic giii phip dd di dugc kiem nghiem ve tinh hi?u qui tren thyc te d cic qudc gia sd tai Do dd, Vi?t Nam cin nghien curu ky kinh nghiem cic nude vi dua tren thyc te h? thdng to chirc hinh chinh Nhi nude, truyin thing phip ly, die trung vdn hda, tip quin dan tpc va dieu ki?n phit triln kinh te - xa hpi de xem xdt van dyng mpt each phu hgp 3.2 Nhumg kien nghj ve chinh sich phong chong tham nhung cho nginh xay dung d Vi?t nam 3.2.1 Mgt so kien nghi vi chinh sdch phong ngira tham nhiing Tir phan tich tinh hinh thuc tl cdng tic phong chdng tham nhQng d Viet nam va kinh nghiem cic nude, nghien cim niy kiln nghi mpt so bien phap nhim phdng ngira nhu sau: + Tiep tuc m& rgng cong tdc tuyen truyin vd gido due phong chong tham nhung cho ngw&i ddn Dua kiln thirc vl phdng chong tham nhQng vao chuong trinh giio dye ph6 thdng cd thi Ii mpt giii phip hay Thyc hien nghiem nic cudc van dpng "Lam theo tim guong dao due Hd chi Minh" thay vi chi lam hinh thirc + Cdc bi?n phdp lien quan din ke khai tdi sdn ciia cdn bg Gidi han sd dii tugng cin bp cdng chuc thupc di?n phii ke khai theo hudng cd trgng tam trpng diem ^r;;;;;;;;-;^^^ gia H6 CM Minh imy sich ^ dSn dbid) 40 • Tdng nguy co "bi phdt hien" d6i vdi hdnh vi ke khai khdng dung quy dinh qua cac dgt kiem tra nglu nhien, kidm tra didm, ddc lap, vd viec xac minh cdc bdn ke khai • Tdng cudrng cdc hinh thuc chd tdi ddi voi cdc truong hgp a) khdng ke khai b) ke^khai gian ddi c) khdng chung minh dugc ly cua su gia tang tdi san dot bien; tang cucmg khd ndng dp dung cdc hinh thiic chd tai vd dd quy trinh thuc hien cdc hinh thuc ky luat that ro rang • Thuc hien kidm tra Idi sdng cua cdn bd, cdng chuc de khuydn khich nhan dan cung cap thdng tin ve tdi sdn ciia cdn bg, cdng chirc • Cdng khai thdng tin ke khai tai sdn cho cdng chung bidt Don gidn hda phan vd sd lugng cdc co quan tham gia vdo quy trinh xdc minh ke khai tai sdn + Minh bach cong tdc lua chpn du dn vd dau thdu • Tang cuong vai trd cua xa hgi ddn su giam sat cdc thdng tin lien quan den du an xdy dung nhu quy hoach xdy dung, gidi phdng mdt bdng • Tdng cudng cdng bo thdng tin ve dau thau vd ho trg tiep can cdc thdng tin dd Hien Vi?t nam dang th\Tc hi^n Sdng kien minh bach ngdnh xdy dung (2009 - 2011) voi muc tieu xdy dung mgt Hgi dong cdc ben lien quan cd nhiem vu gidm sat cdc du dn xdy d\mg, bao gdm cd dau thau Hgi ddng ndy sd bao gdm cac co quan chinh phu huu quan, Kiem todn nhd nude, cdc hi?p hgi xay dung, dai dien doanh nghiep vd cdc to chuc xa hgi dan svr (CSO) Vai trd giam sdt cua xa hgi dan su ddi vdi qud trinh ddu thdu cung sd dugc tdng cudng thdng qua cdc quy djnh phdp luat moi ve td cdo vd xu ly td cdo vd vi?c bao ve vd khen thudng nguoi td cdo tieu cue, viec xdy dung mgt He thdng canh bdo sdm de phdt hien tham nhung cac du dn dau tu Viec dp dung quy trinh dAu thdu qua mang sdp tdi, vi?c xdy dung luat moi ve quyen tiep can thdng tin, cdc quy dinh mdi vd cdng bd danh sdch cdc doanh nghiep dinh liu ddn tham nhung, kd hoach lap cdc trung tam dau thdu khu XTJTC de quy hoat ddng mua sdm vd mgt mdi, v.v tat cd deu dugc mong dgi la se giup tdng cuong minh bach thdng tin dau thau vd vi?c tiep can cdc thdng tin • dd Cdng khai minh bach qud U-inh l\ra chpn nha thdu; tra, kiem todn cdc du dn cd dau hi?u thdng dong dau thdu khdng thien vj u-ong l\ra chgn nha thau # Doi mdi each thuc quan ly cdc d\r an dau tu, cdi cdch mo hinh Ban Qudn ly dvr an De cd thd dua cac giai phap cu the thi mgt h? thdng dQ li?u va cac 41 chi s6 t6t hon vd minh bach ddu thdu cd thd giup cdng tdc phan tich rat nhieu + Minh bach qud trinh thuc hien cdc du dn ddu tuxdy dung • Thu nhat, tang cudng chd yeu cdu cdn cd sir minh bach dd tang hieu qud viec gidm co hdi xdy tham nhung vd lang phi nhu minh bach den bu gidi phdng mat bdng, minh bach thdng tin vd thidt kd xdy dung • Thu hai, ITnh vyc khudn kho phdp ly, khudn kho quan ly cdc du dn trdr nen phuc tap hon, can phdi didu chinh lai khudn kho lien quan den minh bach Can dp dung nguyen tdc cdng khai minh bach vdo quy trinh cdng vi?c cua Ban qudn ly dy dn, nhd thau vd cdc nhd tu vdn • Thu ba, Chinh phii Viet Nam da phan quydn quan ly dy dn ddn cdc chu dau tu, la nhung ngudi sau dd lai dya vdo cdc ban qudn ly dy dn de didu hdnh dy ^n Can phdi tdng cudng trdch nhi?m vd trdch nhi?m gidi trinh ciia nhung vien khdc tham gia vdo qudn ly dy dn 3.2.2 Kien nghj cdc bi^n phdp lien quan den phdt hi^n, xur ly tham nhung Nhdm cdc gidi phdp nhdm phdt hien vd xu ly tham nhung gom: • Ndng cao/mdr rgng pham vi tham quyen cho cdc co quan tra, ddc biet la cdc tra ngdnh va tra chinh phii, chdng han nhu trao cho hg tham quyen dieu tra vd khdi td vu an theo khudn khd hucmg dan cu the hodc cho hg dugc hoat dgng ddc lap vdi co quan qudn ly ngdnh; • Don gian hda quy trinh phat hien tham nhiing vd thdng nhat cdc qui dinh lien quan den hdnh vi tham nhiing Luat PCTN vd Bg luat Hinh sy • Cdi tidn co che khieu nai, td cdo de bdo ve ngudri td cdo tdt hon vd khuyen khich hg nhieu hon; • C^i thien che dg khuydn khich cho cdc tra vien vd kiem toan vien Chdng han tdng muc thudng bdng vat chat cho ca nhdn cdc tra vd kiem todn vien phdt hien tham nhiing • Cd thi chip nhin cic don td cio nic danh neu cd cic sd li?u vi bing chung cy the • Cii thien he thong giim sit (bio cio) tra kiem toin, dieu tra khilu n^i, to cio ndi chung vi nganh xiy dung ndi rieng 42 Xu ly cdng bang va nghiem khic mpi hinh vi tham nhung bit kl ngudi vi pham la vi giu chirc vu gi KET LUAN Trong bdi canh mdt ndn kinh td dang chuydn ddi vdi nhu cau rdt Ion vd ddu tu xdy dyng CO sd tang thi phdng chong tham nhung se cho phep Viet nam su dung tiet kiem vd hieu qua hon cdc ngudn lye khan hidm cho muc tieu phdt trien bdn viJng Vol mong mudn gdp mdt phan nhd viec nghien cuu ve tinh trang tham nhung va phdng chdng tham nhung ngdnh xay dyng nghien cuu da tap trung thao luan ve cdc van de cd lien quan Xay dyng Id ngdnh cd nhung ddc didm rieng va dieu ndy khien cho xay dyng tro ngdnh cd nguy co tham nhung rat cao d nhieu qudc gia Tren co sdr phan tich cdc ddc diem ciia xay dyng, nghien cuu dd chi cdc CO hdi tham nhung tidm tang ITnh vyc ndy Trong chuang hai nghien cuu da phan tich thyc trang tinh hinh tham nhung vd phdng chong tham nhung ngdnh xay dyng d Viet nam Tu dd neu cdc van de cdn tap trung giai quyet de gidm di tham nhung xdy dyng Cdc vi du thyc tien dugc phdn tich nhdm gia tdng kha ndng thuyet phuc ciia nghien cuu Nghien cuu kinh nghiem cdc nuoc chuong ba giup hieu ro hon cdc van de md Viet nam can lam de phdng chdng tham nhung ngdnh xay dyng Theo danh gia chii quan ciia nhdm nghien cuu, pham vi cua mgt nghien cuu sau dai hgc thi muc hgc thuat ciia nghien cuu mdi chi la khdi dau Song nghien cuu da dua nhung thdng diep ca bdn ve tham nhung vd phdng chdng tham nhung nganh xdy dyng Nghien cuu ndy mong mudn gdp phdn lam phong phii them CO sdr khoa hgc ve phdng, chdng tham nhiing mdt ngdnh ddc thu- xay dyng Nghien cuu "Phdng, chong tham nhung xay dimg d Vift Nam" dugc ti^n hdnh xudt phdt tir nhiing ddi hdi cua hoat ddng qudn ly ddu tu xay dyng a Viet Nam cung nhu thyc td cudc sdng vd yeu cau phat trien Viec tidp tuc md rgng, lam ro cdc ggi mo tu nghien cuu la dieu cdn khuydn khich tu nhdm nghien cuu cung nhu nhiing thyc sy quan tam 43 c o o o cu 4-.* o r3 Cd ^ h'O Cu ' c u -o :z -3 •3 ^ ^ - >^ -^ 'P3 J= C rg " t * L • — 3' 00 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