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Java Swing – O’Reilly - 2 - Java Swing Copyright © 1998 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 101 Morris Street, Sebastopol, CA 95472. Java™ and all Java-based trademarks and logos are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the United States and other countries. O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. is independent of Sun Microsystems. The O'Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The use of the jukebox image in association with Java™ Swing is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. Java Swing Preface - 5 What This Book Covers About the Source Code Conventions Acknowledgments 1. Introducing Swing - 10 1.1 What Is Swing? 1.2 Swing Features 1.3 Swing Packages and Classes 1.4 The Model-View-Controller Architecture 1.5 Working with Swing 1.6 The Swing Set Demo 1.7 Reading this Book 2. Jump Starting a Swing Application - 27 2.1 Upgrading Your Programs 2.2 Beyond Buttons 2.3 A Bigger Application 3. Swing Component Basics - 44 3.1 Understanding Actions 3.2 Sending Change Events in Swing 3.3 The JComponent Class 4. Labels and Icons - 74 4.1 Labels 4.2 Icons 5. Buttons - 88 5.1 Buttons 6. Bounded Range Components - 112 6.1 The Bounded-Range Model Java Swing – O’Reilly - 3 - 6.2 The JScrollBar Class 6.3 The JSlider Class 6.4 The JProgressBar Class 6.5 Monitoring Progress 7. Lists and Combo Boxes - 137 7.1 Lists 7.2 Representing List Data 7.3 Handling Selections 7.4 Displaying Cell Elements 7.5 The JList Class 7.6 Combo Boxes 7.7 The JComboBox Class 8. Swing Containers - 178 8.1 A Simple Container 8.2 Basic RootPaneContainers 9. Internal Frames - 208 9.1 Managing a Desktop 9.2 Building a Desktop 10. Swing Dialogs - 232 10.1 The JDialog Class 10.2 The JOptionPane Class 11. Specialty Panes and Layout Managers - 255 11.1 The JSplitPane Class 11.2 The JScrollPane Class 11.3 The JTabbedPane Class 11.4 Layout Managers 11.5 Other Panes 12. Chooser Dialogs - 292 12.1 The JFileChooser Class 12.2 The File Chooser Package 12.3 The Color Chooser 12.4 The JColorChooser Class 13. Borders - 327 13.1 Introducing Borders 13.2 Swing Borders 13.3 The CompoundBorder Class 13.4 Creating Your Own Border 14. Menus and Toolbars - 350 14.1 Introducing Swing Menus 14.2 Menu Bar Selection Models 14.3 The JMenuBar Class 14.4 The JMenuItem Class 14.5 The JPopupMenu Class 14.6 The JMenu Class 14.7 Selectable Menu Items 14.8 Toolbars 15. Tables - 400 15.1 Table Columns 15.2 Table Data 15.3 The JTable Class 15.4 Editing and Rendering 15.5 Selecting Table Entries 16. Advanced Table Examples - 449 Java Swing – O’Reilly - 4 - 16.1 A Table with Row Headers 16.2 Large Tables with Paging 16.3 Charting Data with a TableModel 17. Trees - 466 17.1 A Simple Tree 17.2 Tree Models 17.3 Tree Nodes and Paths 17.4 The JTree Class 17.5 Tree Selections 17.6 Tree Events 17.7 Rendering and Editing 17.8 What Next? 18. Undo - 534 18.1 The Swing Undo Facility 19. Text 101 - 578 19.1 The Swing Text Components 19.2 More to Come 20. Document Model and Events - 609 20.1 The Document Model 20.2 Document Events 20.3 Advanced AbstractDocument Event Model 21. Styled Documents and JTextPane - 658 21.1 Style 21.2 A Stylized Editor 22. Carets, Highlighters, and Keymaps - 730 22.1 JTextComponent UI Properties 23. Text Views - 749 23.1 Text Views 23.2 The View Classes 24. EditorKits and TextActions - 788 24.1 Overview of the Editor Kits 24.2 Phew! 25. Programming with Accessibility - 827 25.1 How Accessibility Works 25.2 The Accessibility Package 25.3 Other Accessible Objects 25.4 The Six Types of Accessibility 25.5 The Accessibility Utility Classes 25.6 Interfacing with Accessibility 26. Look & Feel - 858 26.1 How Does It Work? 26.2 Key L&F Classes and Interfaces 26.3 The MultiLookAndFeel 26.4 Look-and-Feel Customization 26.5 Creation of a Custom L&F 27. Swing Utilities - 912 27.1 General Utilities 27.2 Editing and Rendering Utilities 27.3 Event Utilities 27.4 Image Utilities 28. Swing Under the Hood - 938 Java Swing – O’Reilly - 5 - 28.1 Creating Your Own Component 28.2 Working with Focus 28.3 Lightweight vs. Heavyweight Components 28.4 Multithreading Issues with Swing 28.5 Painting and Repainting A. Look & Feel Resources - 978 Colophon - 985 Preface Since Java was first released, its user interface facilities have been a significant weakness. The Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) was part of the JDK from the beginning, but it really wasn't sufficient to support a complex user interface. It supported everything you could do in an HTML form, and provided free-standing frames, menus, and a few other objects, but you'd be hard-pressed to implement an application as complex as Quicken or Lotus Notes. AWT also had its share of portability problems; it relied heavily on the runtime platform's native user interface components, and it wasn't always possible to hide differences in the way these components behaved. JDK 1.1 fixed a number of problems—most notably, it introduced a new event model that was much more efficient and easier to use—but it didn't make any major additions to the basic components. We got a ScrollPane and a PopupMenu , but that was about it. Furthermore, AWT still relied on the native components, and therefore continued to have portability problems. In April of 1997, JavaSoft announced the Java Foundation Classes, or JFC, which supersedes (and includes) AWT. A major part of the JFC is a new set of user interface components that is much more complete, flexible, and portable. These new components are called "Swing." (The JFC also includes a comprehensive facility for 2D graphics, printing, and "drag-and-drop.") With Swing, you can design interfaces with tree components, tables, tabbed dialogs, tooltips, and many other features that computer users have grown accustomed to. In addition to the new components, Swing makes three major improvements on the AWT. First, it doesn't rely on the runtime platform's native components. It's written entirely in Java, and creates its own components. This new approach should solve the portability problem, since components don't inherit the weird behaviors from the runtime environment. Second, because Swing is in complete control of the components, it's in control of the way components look on the screen, and gives you more control of how your applications look. You can choose between several pre-built "look-and- feels," or you can create your own if you want your software to show your personal style. This feature is called "Pluggable Look-and-Feel" or PLAF. Third, Swing makes a very clear distinction between the data a component displays (the "model") and the actual display (the "view"). While the fine points of this distinction are appreciated mostly by computer scientists, it has important implications for all developers. This separation means that components are extremely flexible. It's easy to adapt components to display new kinds of data that their original design didn't anticipate, or to change the way a component looks without getting tangled up in assumptions about the data it represents. The first official release of Swing, for use with JDK 1.1, took place in the spring of 1998. Swing (and the rest of JFC) is a part of JDK 1.2, and is currently revolutionizing Java user interface development. This book shows you how to join the revolution. Java Swing – O’Reilly - 6 - What This Book Covers This book gives a complete introduction to the entire Swing component set. Of course, it shows you how to use all of the components: how to display them on the screen, register for events, and get information from them. You'd expect that in any Swing book. This book goes much further. It goes into detail about the model-delegate architecture behind the components, and discusses all of the data models. Understanding the models is essential when you're working on an application that requires something significantly different from the components' default behavior: for example, if you need a component that displays a different data type, or one that structures data in some non- standard way, you'll need to work with the data models. This book also discusses how to create your own look-and-feel, and how to write "accessible" user interfaces. There are a few topics that this book doesn't cover, and assumes you already know. First, we assume you know the Java language. For Swing, it's particularly important to have a good grasp of inner classes (both named and anonymous), which are used by Swing itself and in our examples. We assume that you understand the JDK 1.1 event model, Java's mechanism for communicating between asynchronous threads. Swing introduces many new event types, all of which are discussed in this book, but we only provide an overview of the event mechanism as a whole. We also assume that you understand the older AWT components, particularly the Component and Container classes, which are superclasses of the new Swing JCompo-nent . We assume that you understand the AWT layout managers, all of which are usable within Swing applications. If you are new to Java, or would like a review, you can find a complete discussion of these topics in Java AWT by John Zukowski, or a solid introduction in Exploring Java by Pat Niemeyer and Joshua Peck (both published by O'Reilly). We do not assume that you know anything about other JFC topics, like Java 2D; all the drawing and font manipulation in this book can be done with the older ( JDK 1.1) AWT. (We do cover the JFC's Accessibility API, which is supported by every Swing component.) We were hoping to say that this book was based on JDK 1.2. Unfortunately, nothing is ever quite that simple. As this book goes to press, the most recent release of JDK is 1.2 beta 4, which incorporates Swing 1.1 beta. The most recent version of Swing that has been "blessed" as an officially released product is Swing 1.0.3. The differences between these versions are minor, and we've tried to point them out, but we do feel like we're swimming in version number soup. One significant problem we've faced is Sun's waffling on the Swing package names. Swing was first released in the com.sun.java.swing package hierarchy, which was supposed to be a temporary resting place. With JDK 1.2, Swing was supposed to move into the java.awt.swing hierarchy. For some reason, Sun backed off, and kept Swing in the com.sun hierarchy for beta 4. They then moved it to javax.swing for the first official release of JDK 1.2—except for a few oddball platform-specific packages (like the Windows look-and-feel) that remain in com.sun . We've been at our wit's end trying to fix the package names, both in the book and in the online source files. At any rate, for JDK 1.2 and Swing 1.1 (for use with JDK 1.1), the major Swing classes are in the following packages: [1] [1] The latest rumor is that Sun will rechristen JDK 1.2 when the final official release occurs—it will probably be called Java 2. javax.accessibility Classes to support accessibility for people who have difficulty using standard user interfaces. Covered in Chapter 25. javax.swing Java Swing – O’Reilly - 7 - The bulk of the Swing components. Covered in Chapters 3 through 14, and 27 and 28. javax.swing.border Classes for drawing fancy borders around components. Covered in Chapter 13. javax.swing.colorchooser Classes providing suport for the JColorChooser component (Chapter 12). javax.swing.event Swing events. Covered throughout the book. javax.swing.filechooser Classes providing support for the JFileChooser component (Chapter 12). javax.swing.pending A home for components that aren't ready for prime time; these components aren't discussed in this book, though we'll add them to future editions when they graduate from the pending package. javax.swing.plaf Classes supporting "pluggable look and feel," including classes that implement the Metal and Multi look-and-feels. (Implementations of the Windows and Motif L&Fs are packaged under com.sun.java.swing.plaf .) Covered in Chapter 26. javax.swing.table Classes providing support for the JTable component ( JTable itself is in javax.swing ). Covered in Chapter 15, and Chapter 16. javax.swing.text Classes providing support for the text components ( JTextField , etc.; the components themselves are in the javax.swing package). Covered in Chapters 19 through 24. The text.html package has a subpackage, parser , that includes tools for parsing HTML. We expect significant upgrades to the HTMLEditorKit ; when there's news, we'll make an update to this chapter available online. Check O'Reilly's web site for the latest information. javax.swing.text.html and javax.swing.text.rtf "Editor kits" for working with HTML and Microsoft RTF documents. Covered in Chapter 24. javax.swing.tree Classes providing support for the JTree component ( JTree itself is in javax.swing ). Covered in Chapter 17 . Java Swing – O’Reilly - 8 - javax.swing.undo Classes that implement undoable operations. Covered in Chapter 18. About the Source Code All the examples for this book are available via anonymous FTP from ftp://ftp.oreilly.com/pub/examples/java/swing/. The examples are available as a JAR file, a ZIP archive, and as a compressed TAR archive. The files named swing-old use the old ( com.sun ) package hierarchy, and have been tested against JDK 1.2 beta 4. The files named swing have been converted to the new ( javax ) package hierarchy, and have been tested against the JDK 1.2 Release Candidate 1. Conventions The following font conventions are followed throughout this book: Italic is used for filenames, file extensions, URLs, application names, and emphasis. Constant width is used for Java class names, functions, variables, components, properties, data types, events, and snippets of code that appear in text. We use tables throughout the book to present lists of properties (as defined by the JavaBeans specification). Here's an example from the hypothetical JFoo class that shows how we use these tables: Table P.1, Properties of the Fictional JFoo Class Property Data Type get is set bound Default Value opaque* boolean true See also properties from the JComponent class (Table 3.5). This table indicates that a JFoo object has a read/write bound property named opaque , with the data type boolean . This property has accessor methods with the signatures: public boolean getOpaque(); public boolean isOpaque(); public void setOpaque( boolean opaque ); These methods aren't listed separately when we discuss the class's other methods. Because this is a bound property, changing its value generates a PropertyChangeEvent . JFoo has also inherited properties from the JComponent class; see the discussion of that class for these properties. The asterisk after the property name indicates that the opaque property is also inherited; it is listed here because the JFoo class has changed the behavior of the property in some way—either by adding accessor methods or changing the default value. We've listed default values for properties wherever applicable. To save space, we abuse Java's syntax slightly and omit the new operator in these tables. Java Swing – O’Reilly - 9 - The Swing group has introduced some confusion into the notion of a "bound property" by adding a new lightweight event, ChangeEvent , that is a stateless version of the PropertyChangeEvent . In these tables, we adhere strictly to the JavaBeans definition of a bound property: modifying a bound property generates a PropertyChangeEvent . Properties that generate a ChangeEvent are noted in the "Events" sections. In some of the property tables, we've separated out some special properties that are particularly important in terms of the model-view-controller architecture. These properties are UI , UIClassID , and model properties, such as model and document . The class diagrams that appear throughout the book are similar to the ones used in Java in a Nutshell and other Java Series books from O'Reilly. Solid lines indicate inheritance relationships; dotted lines indicate interface relationships. In the following figure, ClassA extends AbstractClass , which implements InterfaceX . There are two interface relationships that we don't show in this way. All Swing classes implement Serializable , and showing this relationship explicitly would clutter the diagram; just assume that any Swing class implements Serializable , unless stated otherwise in the text. Many Swing classes implement the Accessible interface; rather than cluttering the diagrams, we show that a class implements Accessible by putting an A in the upper-right corner of a box. We also use the class diagrams to show information about relations between classes. In the figure, the long-dashed arrow indicates that ClassA uses ClassB . The label on the arrow indicates the nature of the relationship; other common relations are "contains" and "creates". 1 * indicates the multiplicity of the relationship. Here, an instance of ClassA uses one or more instances of ClassB . Other multiplicities are 1 (exactly one instance), 0 * (any number of instances), and 0 1 (zero or one instance). P.1. Class diagram notation Acknowledgments We're particularly indebted to our technical reviewers. Eric Brower, Dave Geoghegan, Jeff Johnson, Jonathan Knudsen, and Enrique Kortright all read the entire book (or most of it) and provided excellent feedback. The following members of the Swing development team contributed their time by providing specific comments on individual chapters: Philip Milne, Ray Ryan, Georges Saab, Scott Violet, and William Walker. Their feedback was invaluable. Finally, Dave Flanagan was looking at a draft to get up to speed on Swing for his own writing, and made some useful suggestions. Dave Wood I'd like to personally thank all the members of the Swing team who found time in their very busy schedules to review parts of the book—your comments were extremely valuable. Specifically, thanks to Ray Ryan for the detailed review of the Undo chapter. I'd also like to Java Swing – O’Reilly - 10 - thank Jonathan Knudsen for providing great feedback on several chapters in very little time. A great big thanks to Bob (who I finally met in person at JavaOne) and Marc (who I hope to meet in real life some day) for being great to work with and to our editor, Mike Loukides, for somehow managing to keep track of this constantly evolving technology and three authors who were travelling all around the world writing about it. I'd also like to thank Stu Stern and Mark Bauhaus for giving me an opportunity to work and learn as a Java-guy at the Sun Java Center. Thanks, too, to my family for all your encouragement. Most importantly, I thank my wife, Shannon, for putting up with a husband who spent most of the last eight months either out of the country or in front of the computer (or both!). You truly are the best thing. Lastly, thanks to my cats, Pussin and Toast, for being there. Robert Eckstein I'd first like to thank my co-authors: Dave Wood, for his precise reviews of my chapters, and Marc Loy, for his humorous email that kept me sane for just a little while longer. I'd also like to thank the members of the Swing team that took the time the look over this book: specifically, Georges Saab for his treatment of menus and Willie Walker for offering wonderful insight into accessibility. In the words of David Flanagan: "Any errors that remain are of course my own." I'm also deeply indebted to Mike and Barbara Finn for emergency hardware support, as well as Jay Moore, John Hendricks, and Pat Mondoy at Motorola for letting me construct a project in Swing while working on this book, and of course Bill Rosenblatt for getting me this gig in the first place. A huge thanks goes out to my wife Michelle, who put up with a husband on six hours of sleep (or less) each night and still provided an endless amount of love and patience. Finally, an ocean of gratitude to Mike Loukides, editor and friend, who took sentences composed solely of caffeine and stale wit and (somehow) transformed them into chapters worthy of an O'Reilly book. Marc Loy I want to thank my cohorts Dave, Bob and Mike for making this rather large project fun to do—and believe me, with this many pages, that's a non-trivial task. Thanks to Jonathan Knudsen for his emergency reviews. And thanks, too, to the folks on the Swing team who made this a better book through vigilant reviews as well as giving us the components to write about in the first place. (Really! I'm still having a lot of fun with this!) I am continually indebted to my colleagues Tom Berry, Damian Moshak and Brian Cole for their support and input throughout this project. Though highly cliché, I also want to thank Mom and Dad for all the gifts (and genes) they have given me. My biggest thanks go to my partner Ron Becker for living with me in "book mode" yet again and making dinner when it really counted. We all want to thank the many members of O'Reilly's production department, who put in lots of work under a tight schedule and integrated many last minute changes. Producing a book about a moving target is difficult work, to say the least. Rob Romano did all the illustrations and screen dumps (literally hundreds of them); David Futato was the production editor, and kept everything on track, as well as proofread the entire volume; and Colleen Miceli copyedited the manuscript. Seth Maislin wrote the index; Hanna Dyer designed the cover; Nancy Priest designed the interior; Nancy Wolfe Kotary and Mike Sierra provided tool support; Ellie Fountain Maden and Clairemarie Fisher O'Leary gave quality assurance; and Sheryl Avruch oversaw production management. Chapter 1. Introducing Swing