CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Foreword Preface About the Editors About the Contributors Acknowledgments Introduction: Postmodern Career Counseling: A New Perspective for the 21st Century Part I: Perspectives Chapter 1: Career Counseling in Postmodern Times: Emergence and Narrative Conceptions Chapter 2: The Postmodern Impulse and Career Counselor Preparation Part II: Principles Chapter 3: Multicultural Career Counseling: Limitations of Traditional Career Theory and Scope of Training Chapter 4: Culture and Context in Constructionist Approaches to Career Counseling Chapter 5: Postmodern Career Assessment: Advantages and Considerations Part III: Procedures Chapter 6: Using the My Career Story Workbook With an African American High School Student Chapter 7: Using My Career Chapter With a Malaysian Engineer to Write and Tell a Career Story Chapter 8: Constructing a Course: Constructivist Group Career Counseling With Low-Income, First-Generation College Students Chapter 9: Early Recollections With a Paroled African American Male: A Career-Focused Group Approach Chapter 10: The Storied Approach to Career Co-Construction With an Older Female Client Chapter 11: Using the Genogram for Career Assessment and Intervention With an Economically Disadvantaged Client Chapter 12: Using Life Role Analysis for Career Assessment and Intervention With a Transgender Client Chapter 13: Using Personal Construct Psychology: Constructing a Career With an Asian American Client Chapter 14: Tools to Connect: Using Career Card Sorts with a Latina Client Chapter 15: Possible Selves Mapping with a Mexican American Prospective First-Generation College Student Chapter 16: The Life Design Genogram: Self-Construction with an Italian Female Transitioning to the World of Work Chapter 17: Relational Cultural Career Assessment: The Case of an Indian Immigrant First-Year College Student Chapter 18: Solution-Focused Career Counseling With a Male Military Veteran Chapter 19: Using the One Life Tools Narrative Framework: From Clarification to Intentional Exploration With an East Asian Female Chapter 20: From the Systems Theory Framework to My System of Career Influences: Integrating Theory and Practice With a Black South African Male Chapter 21: Action Theory of Career Assessment for Clients With Chronic Illness and Disability Chapter 22: Using Chaos Theory of Careers as a Counseling Framework With a Female African American College Student Conclusion: Postmodern Principles and Teaching Considerations for 21st–Century Career Counseling Glossary Index Technical Support End User License Agreement Postmodern Career Counseling A Handbook of Culture, Context, and Cases edited by Louis A Busacca and Mark C Rehfuss American Counseling Association 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 Alexandria, VA 22304 www.counseling.org Copyright © 2017 by the American Counseling Association All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher American Counseling Association 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 Alexandria, VA 22304 Associate Publisher Carolyn C Baker Digital and Print Development Editor Nancy Driver Senior Production Manager Bonny E Gaston Copy Editor Kay Mikel Cover and text design by Bonny E Gaston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Busacca, Louis A., editor | Rehfuss, Mark C., editor Title: Postmodern career counseling: a handbook of culture, context, and cases / edited by Louis A Busacca and Mark C Rehfuss Description: Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, 2016 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016020323 | ISBN 9781556203589 (pbk.: alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Vocational guidance | Cross-cultural counseling | Career development—Case studies Classification: LCC HF5381 P6727 2016 | DDC 331.702—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016020323 DEDICATION To my late loving father Sam Busacca, Sr., and family —Louis A Busacca To Tracie, Adelyn, Taylor, and Claire, the most incredible women I have ever known —Mark C Rehfuss FOREWORD Mark Pope1 Insecurity is the predominant psychological characteristic of the postmodern historical period What Drs Busacca and Rehfuss have done in this book offers career counselors who are facing such issues with their clients an important perspective that enables them to plan their career counseling interventions accordingly They accomplished this by gathering together the brightest thinkers and practitioners of constructivist and constructionist career counseling, both the new and the more mature, to write about their passion And this passion comes through in each of the chapters Insecurity about precarious work is an inherent part of career choice and job search, but in the postmodern era it is both the quantity and quality of the insecurity that has changed and is changing During the industrial era, workers moved even further away from having some felt control of the means and outcomes of production In some cases, benevolent owners tried to compensate for that inherent insecurity by pledges of lifelong employment, but in many cases workers had to fight for such job security with labor unions as their instrument And fight they did! In fact there were 4,740 labor strikes in 1937 alone.2 In the modern era, however, the power of U.S labor unions plateaued, and during the Reagan presidency the utter defeat of the PATCO air traffic controllers union strike of 1981 set in motion the gradual descent of union power, which continues even to this day This descent coincided with the beginning of the postmodern era, shortening of the capitalist boom or bust economic cycles, and a concomitant rise in workforce insecurity for both blue- and white-collar workers Thus the time is right for this book as postmodern theories and interventions are coming to the forefront of our profession What also makes this book unique is the chapter authors' thorough integration of cultural context into the constructionist paradigm in career counseling Nowhere else in the career counseling and development literature will you find this consistent dedication to such integration For this reason alone, this book sets a new landmark for our field And finally, this book is a very real tribute to the pioneering and continuing work of Dr Mark Savickas, as both a theoretician and a mentor His impact on our field is indescribable; in so many ways you can see his soul permeating each chapter His mentorship is evident in the professional lives of so many of these authors and of the two editors, Louis A Busacca and Mark C Rehfuss, as well as in my own This is a very special book A treasure! I hope that you both learn from and enjoy it as much as I have Notes 1Mark Pope is a past president of both the National Career Development Association and the American Counseling Association He is also a former editor of The Career Development Quarterly and an Eminent Career Award recipient, curators' professor and chair, Department of Counseling and Family Therapy, University of Missouri–Saint Louis 2Brenner, A., Day, B., & Ness, I (Eds.) (2009) The encyclopedia of strikes in American history (p ii) Armonk, NY: M E Sharpe PREFACE Two colleagues discuss the reduction in hours in their department and the rapid change of assignments over the past year The company they work for has been going through restructuring due to offshore outsourcing, and it has implemented new computer programs that have replaced the need for some workers Several employees in their department have already been laid off or had their hours reduced Leon, a middle-aged African American with a bachelor's degree, has just been informed of a 40% reduction in his part-time hours due to the company's need to comply with the Affordable Care Act After years with the company, Leon is worried that he may need to find another job or eventually be laid off He mentions how difficult it will be for his wife and child now that his hours have been cut, and more so if he loses his job He is despondent and repeats over and over that he just cannot imagine having to look around for another job again after the struggles he experienced when he was laid off from a full-time position years ago Leon talks to his colleague Ann about how he struggles to focus on his work and how he just lost an account because of his preoccupation with the uncertainty over his job, career, and family Ann has been a full-time employee for years She is 30 years old, a lesbian, and working on her master's degree She fears she will be downsized or asked to take an unappealing position within the company Her partner of years is happy living in what they consider a gay-friendly community, and she does not want to move Ann discloses that she too has been preoccupied and not doing her best work for the department lately Although Ann has her own concerns, she listens and helps Leon understand how much he has contributed to a series of important projects and how he has demonstrated skills that the company increasingly needs Leon and Ann acknowledge feeling alone and unable to share their fear and insecurity with other employees or with their supervisor They both feel a lack of guidance from their supervisor and the company with regard to how to position themselves for possible transition Leon decides to take advantage of his employee assistance program and seek out counseling services Graduate students learning about career counseling and practitioners who provide career services need to know how to assist individuals like Leon and Ann In the uncertainty of today's workplace, career counselors are increasingly called upon to help clients navigate work and life situations, which are typically in a state of flux Every client's experience is embedded in a cultural context, which is a factor that makes each client's experience unique Thus we may also inquire: How might Leon and Ann's culture and context influence their experience at work? The most effective counseling approach for Leon and Ann requires extending the postmodern perspective in general to career counseling in particular Postmodern Career Counseling: A Handbook of Culture, Context, and Cases demonstrates how counselors can holistically apply postmodern career assessment and counseling to clients like Leon and Ann in their social and cultural contexts We believe there remains a need for scholarly publications within the counseling profession that highlight the usefulness of the most prominent career counseling models and methods derived from postmodern epistemologies and that also represent a range of diverse populations For this book, we operationally define the phrase postmodern career counseling to include career counseling paradigms and processes derived from the epistemologies of contemporary psychological constructivism, social constructionism, and narrative We adopt 10 R Radical individualism, 26 Rahardja, D., 81, 83, 84 “Reach Higher” initiative (2014), 215 Realism See Modernism Reardon, R C., 121 Reauthoring stage of narrative work, 32, 42 Receptive inquiry of counselors, 44 Recidivism, 133–134 Recursiveness, 286, 288 Reductionism, 66–67 Reflexivity (mindfulness) of clients, 93, 230 of counselors, 31, 44 defined, 343 Rehfuss, M C., ix, xviii, 1, 91, 325 Reid, H L., 266 Relational impact contract, Relational interdependence, 13, 29, 246, 251, 286 See also Self-reliance Relational theory and cultural career assessments, 245–257 case study, 249–253 context and, 13, 343 ethical decision making and, 14 language usage, 11 overview, 245–246 practical application guide, 253t relational career assessment, 246–247 relational cultural career assessment, 247–249 Relationships and Career Interview, 246–247, 249, 252 Repertory grid tests (reptests), 190–198 457 career construct preference exploration, 193–194 exploration of supports and barriers with, 197–198, 198t negative and positive constructs in, 194–195 overview, 190–192 practical application guide, 199t Reptest Scoring Program, 195 result analysis, 195–197 salient career constructs, defined, 192–193, 193t Retirement definitions, 148 Risk, need, responsivity (RNR) model, 134–135 Role Construct Repertory Tests See Repertory grid tests Role models for Asian Americans, 252 for clients with chronic illness and disability, 306–307 familial, 164–165 of high school students, 94, 97 Life Role Analysis and, 179 for low-income first-generation students, 124–126 for PFGCS, 215–216, 222 Rorty, R., 261 Rose, N., 68 Rudes, J., 14 458 S Sampson, J P., 83, 121 Sangganjanavanich, V F., 177 Saunders, D E., 121 Savickas, M L action definition, 302 career adaptability, 262 constructivist career counseling, 122 definition of career counseling, xii developmental theory, x, 56, 86 early recollections, 122 identity of self, 31 life design theory, 231, 232, 233, 241 meaning construction, 2, 10 multicultural training, 59 My Career Story workbook, 91, 229 narrative counseling, 108 postmodern narratives, 7, 27, 29 qualitative career assessments, 79, 302 Scholl, M B., 259 Schultheiss, D., 79, 245, 246 Scott, L J., 180 Scully, Z., xvi, 77 Sears, S., 77 Security See Job security and insecurity Self-awareness of clients, 79–80 of counselors, 58–59 Self-concept, 56–57, 126 Self-construction theory, 231 459 Self-deception, 230 Self-Directed Search, 41, 55, 91–92 Self-efficacy, 121, 123, 125, 221–222 Self-helpfulness See Active agency Self-mapping See Possible selves mapping and identification Self-reflection, 42 Self-reliance, 13, 25–26, 27–29, 343 Semistructured interview, 248 Sentence completions assessments, 84, 109 Sexual orientation career concerns and needs of, 179–181 case study using Life Role Analysis, 181–184 overview, 177–178 PCP case study, 192–198 personal construct psychology case study, 192–198 possible selves mapping and, 222 Shepard, B., 216, 220 Shorter-Gooden, K., 314 Sifford, A., 165 Sinetar, M., 314 Snyder, H N., 133 Social arrangements of work in agrarian society, 24–25 in artisan society, 25 historical perspective of, 4–7, 8t in industrial society, 25–26 in postmodern era, 2–4, 23–24, 27, 28 Social constructionism See Constructionism and constructivism Social justice discourse analysis and, 13, 73 ethical decision making and, 14 460 qualitative career assessments and, 79–80 Social meaning, defined, 301–302 Social patterns, 83, 85, 230–231 Social systems, 287–288, 293, 312 Sociopolitical context, 71, 80, 85, 150, 177–178, 180–181 Solution-focused career counseling (SFCC), 259–271 case study, 262–267 military culture and, 259–260 postmodern perspective on, 261–262 practical application guide, 267t veterans career development and, 260–261 South African clients, systems theory case study, 291–295 Spokane, A., Standardized employment, 3–4, 23–24, 26, 28, 343 Standing, G., Stead, G B., xvi, 14, 65, 69 STF See Systems theory framework Stoltz, K B., 123, 133 Storied approach to career co-construction, 148–162 case study, 152–158 co-construction and, 153–158 developmental perspective of, 147–148 diversity perspective of, 148–150 framework for, with older female clients, 150–151 life line as visual representation in, 153–155 life roles circles and, 155–158, 157f practical application guide, 158–159t Storlie, C A., 201 StoryTech activity as training tool, 45–46 Storytelling as narrative approach, 151 Strengthened Career Genogram, 230 461 Strikes, ix Strong Interest Inventory, 317 Students See College students; First-generation college students; High school students Student Support Services (SSS) program, 122, 123 Subjective identity form (SIF), 230, 231, 233 Sue, D , 59 Sue, D W , 59 Super, C M., 56 Super, D E., 6, 37, 41, 56, 147–148, 178 Swanson, J L., 274 Sweet, S A., 27 Systems theory framework (STF) assumptions of, 286 career narratives, 107, 108–109, 112 case study, 291–295 as metatheoretical framework, 287–289, 287–289f MSCI reflection activity, 288–290 overview, 285 practical application guide, 295t 462 T Taiwanese client case study, 192–198 Taylor, J M., 189 Taylor, J V., 163 Teaching considerations, 327–330 overview, 325–326 principles of, 327–330 Teenagers See High school students; Middle school students Telzer, E H., 207 Temporary work, Therapeutic relationships, 330 Therapeutic system, 287–288, 288f Third chapter definition of retirement, 148 Tiedeman, D., Tinto, V., 119 Traditional career theories, 53–58 developmental theory, 56–57 Holland's theory, 55–56 limitations of, 57 overview, 53–57 standardized testing and assessments, 57–58, 78 trait and factor theory, 54–55 Traditionalism, 38 Training, 37–50 alternate epistemologies and, 38–39 career theory teaching, 46–47 counselor qualities, 44 dimensions of career counseling, 42–44 implications for, 40 modernist view and, 40–41 463 multicultural, 58–60 narrative-constructivist career counseling, 44–45 overview, 37–38 postmodernist view and, 41–44 principles of, 327–330, 332–337t StoryTech activity, 45–46 teaching considerations for, 330–331 terms, clarification of, 39–40 Trait and factor theory, 54–55 Transactional contracts, 4, 28, 343 Transactional explicit contract, Transferable skills inventory, 265 Transgender identity See also Sexual orientation career concerns, 179–181 Life Role Analysis case study, 181–184 overview, 177–178 TRiO programs, 122, 123 Tyler, M., 32 464 U ubuntu (a person is a person because of other people), 292 umuntu (developing as an individual oriented toward other people), 293 Unions and decline in power, ix U.S Census (2000 & 2010) for labor force statistics, 148 465 V Value orientation models, 13, 71 Values card sorts, 201–205, 207–210, 210t Varghese, F P., 134 Veterans, 259–267 military culture and, 259–260 solution-focused career counseling for, 260–267 Vico, G., 65 Vocational guidance as career intervention paradigm, 5–6 defined, 343 goals of, 327–328 identity and, 30 modernism and, 38, 41 narrative-constructivist career counseling, vs., 44 narrative models and, 92–93 realism and, trait and factory theory and, 54–55 Vocational identity, defined, 30 Vocational personality, 107 Vontress, C E., 149 466 W Walpole, M., 120 Walsh, R., 37, 38 Watson, M., 78, 150, 274, 285 WebGrid (computer program), 193 Weiner, I B., 193 Whiston, S C., 81, 83, 84 White, M., 39 White collar occupations, 3, 27 White males and white majority, 317 Whitman, W., 107 “Who You Are Matters!” game, 273 Wilber, K., xv Winnicott, D W., 29 Winslade, J., 72 Wittgenstein, L., 67 Wolff, L A., 123, 133 Women See Female clients Wong, S W., 192 Wood, C., xvi, 77 Woodward, A., 261 Work arrangements See Social arrangements of work Work ethic, 24–25, 113, 149, 306 Working poor, 165–166 See also Economically disadvantaged individuals Work insecurity, defined, Work narratives, 23–36, 135–143 of agrarian society, 24–25 of artisan society, 25 changing nature of, 23–24 construction of, 32, 42, 47 467 as counselor training tool, 45–46 discourse analysis and, 73–74 early recollections and, 135–137, 138–143 future implications for, 33 holding environment concept, 29–30 identity construct and, 30–31, 32 of industrial society, 25–26 life design genogram and, 229–230 Life Design Group model, 124–128 meta narrative as, 27–30 micronarratives in context as, 31–33 overview, 23–24 postmodernist view of, 26–27, 39–44 relational theory and, 248 self-reliance, shift to, 28–29 social constructionism and, 67 Work settings, 94 World Health Organization, 300 Wright, L K., 121 468 Y Young, R A., 9–10, 302, 327 Young adults See College students; High school students Yuen, M., 192 469 For technical support with this product, please contact Wiley by phone (800-762-2974 USA or 317-5723994 International) or through the Wiley website (http://support.wiley.com) 470 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley's ebook EULA 471 ... editor Title: Postmodern career counseling: a handbook of culture, context, and cases / edited by Louis A Busacca and Mark C Rehfuss Description: Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, 2016... research interests include career development and counseling, career assessment with early recollections, career transition, and career adaptability Cassandra A Storlie, PhD, is an assistant professor... Vocational Guidance and Career Counseling She is editor of the scientific journal Counseling Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni [Counseling: Italian Journal of Research and Applications] and