SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING LINKING THE ACTORS Raffaella Y Nanetti and Catalina Holguin SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Copyright © Raffaella Y Nanetti and Catalina Holguin 2016 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-47800-9 All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission In accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages First published 2016 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of Nature America, Inc., One New York Plaza, Suite 4500, New York, NY 10004-1562 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world ISBN 978-1-349-57260-1 E-PDF ISBN: 978–1–137–47801–6 DOI: 10.1057/9781137478016 Distribution in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world is by Palgrave Macmillan®, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nanetti, Raffaella Social capital in development planning : linking the actors / Raffaella Y Nanetti, Catalina Holguin pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index Social capital (Sociology) Social planning Economic development Sustainable development I Holguin, Catalina, 1976– II Title HM708.N36 2015 302—dc23 2015018915 A catalogue record for the book is available from the British Library CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Introduction Social Capital and Development: Elements and Dimensions 11 The Feasibility of Constructing Social Capital 27 Development and Not Just Growth 49 The Path to Development Through Social Capital 73 Social Capital in Neighborhood Development: Pianura, Naples 101 147 Social Capital in Educational Policy: Spain Conclusions: Linking the Actors for Continuity and Sustainability 191 Notes 211 Bibliography 231 Index 259 ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 6.2 7.1 7.2 MLG: The policy making and implementation structure and the impact of the social structure Traditional socialization theory Scheme of the contextual SWOT analysis of a territorial community Strategic direction of social change in Albania Principal contextual change dimensions for the GoriziaNova Gorica-Sempeter Vrtojba urban area, early 1990s Old and new characteristics of the cross-border area Strategy of reconciliation and its principal components The “social capital virtuous cycle” and its iterations Conceptual framework of the first cycle of social capital formation in Pianura with the integrated development program Spatial distribution of the Pianura Program The Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) program Intervention points for social capital building by secondary schools in Spain 43 68 76 89 93 95 95 98 120 134 151 164 Tables 2.1 Social capital: Defining elements and forms 2.2 Results produced by social capital: Means, outputs, and outcomes 2.3 Bonding social capital: Taxonomy of producers and results, by example 2.4 Criminal networks as producers of bonding social capital, by example 19 22 23 24 viii 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7.1 I L LU ST R AT ION S Strategies of social capital accumulation in development planning, by type of leadership Geographical incidence of vulnerable groups in Albania Components of the Pianura Program Relationships: Objectives and subprograms of the Pianura Program Relationships: Expected socioeconomic impact of the Pianura Program Actual initial cycle of social capital formation in Pianura with the implementation of the Pianura Program The social capital of Spain’s Autonomous Communities (1998) 84 88 133 135 136 141 169 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION Civil Society as the Foundation and Not a Threat Today, civil societies exist in a world context of profound contradictions People are increasingly interconnected across cyber space so that their personal space extends out to the world1 and their contacts at a distance can be multiplied in an exponential manner At the same time, people are increasingly separated across physical space so that they lose close and direct personal relations in favor of media–mediated contacts Consequently, their perspectives on events, and with it the capacity to act together at the level of their territorial communities, is decreasing Yet, even today, when people are engaged in common endeavors, in too many countries around the world, civil society is still under siege From the People’s Republic of China to Turkey, from Burma to Zimbabwe, from Venezuela to Russia, civil society in its organized expressions and efforts is perceived as a threat by the governments, which attempt to control and even retaliate to muzzle its presence and voice The arrest of leaders of associations, the closure of independent media, the harassment of members protesting in public, and the discrimination against activists in education and employment are some of the measures taken by such governments to stif le the discussion of controversial issues out into the open In extreme cases, action against the public airing of issues goes as far as extreme measures of internment in labor camps, torture, and imprisonment The body of international law acknowledges the prerogatives of nation-states in internal matters, and even the principles of human rights upheld by international conventions not sufficiently protect civil societies from abuse by governments when people’s freedoms are taken away Why is it that in many countries, organized civil society is perceived as a threat? Often the position of the government in this regard is explained SOCI A L C A PI TA L I N DE V E L OPM E N T PL A N N I NG by the necessity to pursue with vigor and without interference the path of growth and prosperity, so that the country has the best chance to exit with speed from its traditional condition of poverty and despair Yet, this explanation is a non-sequitur Indeed, where is the evidence that even in the current historical age, when information and knowledge are diffused across cyber space, prosperity can be insured by government action alone? In the absence of collective responsibility to oversee and criticize government decisions and to prompt government to act, where is the evidence for an existing link between what governments declare and what they are able to achieve? There is no such evidence Moreover, there is no evidence that the two elements, of information that is diffused across cyber space and of innovations that are continuously produced by applied knowledge, per se can create the conditions for a better quality of life for all people In addition, there is no evidence that such conditions of prosperity can be maintained over time without a robust support from civil society Rather, there is an evidence to the contrary from countries that have achieved high levels of diffused prosperity that an engaged civil society is the necessary foundation to insure that governments can embark successfully on the path of significant and sustainable improvement of people’s lives Indeed, this book is about contributing evidence and a new policy approach that confirm the assertion that in territorial communities an engaged civil society is the precondition for a future of development that encompasses economic equity, social cohesion, personal liberty, and political commitment Globalization and Unacceptable Dualities When, during the early years of the new millennium, some of the analyses and conclusions mentioned in this work were first presented as preliminary findings of an ongoing research agenda,3 the state of the world’s economy was quite different from what it is today The impetuous dynamic of what appeared to be a trend of unrestrained and diffused growth was preeminent, so that the impending financial and economic problems that produced the crisis that engulfed the world starting in 2008 were not generally perceived Conversely, the contextual elements that underlined the analyses of many of our projects were and are still valid in the way in which they profiled the transformative trends of the world economy over the previous two decades At that time, many did not acknowledge the dual impact of growth and marginalization that was being produced across territorial communities by the rapid pace and the large scale of the processes of economic development and social change around the world I N T RO DU C T ION Beyond the communities where our research took place, our work was relevant to the scholarly considerations on the accelerating technological and communication innovations that are the drivers profoundly affecting peoples’ lives in developed and developing countries Under their impetus, territorial economies and cities were being pulled directly into multiple and denser networks of external relationships that define the current phase of globalization and fuel the purpose of achieving ever-higher levels of growth (Taylor et al., 2006; Lechner and Boli, 2004; Streeten, 2001; Sassen, 1998) Only a few marginalized countries, it was stated, were left partially untouched by this process of change, although they had to pay a high price of dependency, particularly in terms of increased outf lows of human capital and natural resources toward the world’s core areas (Clark, 1996; Brecher and Costello, 1994; Przeworski, 1992; Smith, 1984) In our own work, we underline how in those few decades the policy aim of growth has asserted itself in most of the countries, the People’s Republic of China being the exemplary and macroscopic example We argue that the territorial significance and sustainability of gains made by those advanced countries, where many comprehensive development policies had been adopted, were also threatened by global change Competition principles and economic forces hetero-directed were profoundly inf luencing the future prosperity and cohesiveness of developed countries, more than ever before, so that no economic and social gains could be considered permanent Rather, both the improvements in the developed countries’ safety nets and the increases in their stocks of “public goods” were under threat, while domestic policies to counter the trend of prospective reductions were limited in their impact In 2008, no lesser contextual change than a worldwide economic crisis of great proportion abruptly materialized, one that in its causes has been compared by many to the Great Depression The crisis started in the core countries, first of all in the United States with the unraveling of the financial sector, which had grown to oversized proportions through the creation and sale of mortgage backed securities, facilitated by the loosening of regulations and controls over capital mobility From the core countries, the financial crisis—and related credit crunch—expanded to the rest of the world’s financial system Then, the crisis impacted very quickly on the world’s “real economy” where among others, it devastated the construction, car manufacturing, and consumer products industries, causing loss of jobs to millions and escalating the loss of purchasing power on the part of the lower and middle classes The change in fortunes forced many governments into action, borrowing heavily to fund “stimulus” packages that could inject capital into their stalled and shrinking economies in the expectation that the downward spiral could be reversed 252 BI BLIOGR A PH Y Putnam, R., with R Leonardi, and R Nanetti 1993 Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Putnam, R., R Leonardi, and R Nanetti 1987 Il caso Basilicata: l’effetto regione dal 1970 al 1986 Bologna: Il Mulino Putnam, R., R Leonardi, and R Nanetti 1985 La pianta e le radici Bologna: Il Mulino Putzell, J 1997 “Accounting for the Dark Side of Social Capital: Reading Robert Putnam on Democracy,” Journal of International Development, Vol 9, no 7, pp 939–949 (Special Issue on the Concept of Social Capital) Quah, D 1999 “Regional Cohesion from Local Isolated Actions,” in European Commission, The Socio-Economic Impact of Projects Financed by the Cohesion Fund Luxembourg: Official Publications, 2, pp 165–219 Raiser, M et al 2001 Social Capital in Transition: The First Look at the Evidence London: EBRD Ramon, E 1985 Spain: From Repression to Renewal Boulder, CO: Westview Press Ranieri, U 1994 Battaglie riformiste a Napoli Rionero: Caliceditore Ranney, D 1993 The Evolving Supranational Policy Arena, Chicago, UIC—Center for Urban Economic Development Reggiani, A and D Fabbri (eds.) 1999 Network Developments in Economic Spatial Systems: New Perspectives Aldershot: Ashgate Reich, R 1990 The Power of Public Ideas, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press Rhodes, R 1996 “The New Governance: Governing without Government,” Political Studies, Vol 44, no 4, pp 652–667 Rhodes, R 1997 Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability Buckingham: Open University Press Richards, A 2011 “Progressive Failure: Government, Unions and the Continuing Marginalisation of Immigrants in Spain, 2004–8,” in B Field (ed.), Spain’s ‘Second Transition’ New York: Routledge, pp 91–108 Richardson, J 1986 Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education New York: Greenwood Press Riedl, A and F Van Winden 2004 “Information and the Creation and Return of Social Capital: An Experimental Study,” in H Flap and B Volker (eds.), Creation and Return of Social Capital London: Routledge, pp 77–103 Rocco, L and M Shrcke 2012 Is Social Capital Good for Health? 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Tony, 64, 213n12 Bosnia, 220n14 Bourdieu, Pierre, 11–12, 28–31, 189 Burma, 215n3 Bush, George W., 80, 212n6 camorra (Naples criminal organization), 9, 111–17, 122–3, 129, 137–8, 142–4, 194, 198, 204–5, 207, 225n19 Castells, M., 56, 224n13 Catholics, 129, 139 Cento, A., 38 Chhibber, A., 38 Chicago School (sociology), 217n14 China See People’s Republic of China cities and Chicago School (sociology), 217n14 and crime, 60–3, 85, 206 EU Urban Pilot Projects, 102, 107 EU URBAN program, 102, 107, 125, 144, 222–3n6 and ex-burbs (extra-suburbs), 4, 55, 216n10 exiting-the-city, global cities, 59, 108, 224n15 and globalization, 3–4 and immigrants, 60–3, 222–3n6 and insecurity, 62–3, 206, 217n12, 225n18 and knowledge-based economy, 59–60 mayors, 9, 94, 96, 106–7, 114–16, 120–1, 124–6, 129, 137, 140, 193, 197–8, 200, 203, 219n7 new urbanism, 215n6 smart cities, 63 and social inclusion, 206 and transformative trends, 55–7, 59–60 urban policies, 79–80, 218n1, 219n5–6 urban question, 108–11, 224n13 urban sprawl, youth and education in, 63–71, 208 See also Gorizia, Italy; Naples, Italy; Nova Gorica, Slovenia; United States: Chicago, Illinois; urban space 260 IN DEX citizen participation, 79–82, 219n6 See also decision-making: participatory civil society as foundation for improvement, 1–2 Clegg, T., 44 Clinton, Bill, 80, 211n3, 212n6, 213n12, 214n1, 219n5 cohesion logic, 51–2 See also social cohesion Cold War, 97 Coleman, James, 12, 17, 18, 28–32, 189, 214n1–2 Colombia, 5, 83 Community Benchmark Survey, 16, 212n6 constructability theory of social capital, 8–10, 27–8, 33–8 defined, 34–8 and government, 39–42 and Spain, 150, 189 corporate social responsibility, 82 crime and cities, 60–3, 85, 206 f lash-mob robbery, 64 and insecurity, 60–2 micro crime, 109 and neoliberalism, 61–2 organized crime, 9, 74, 88, 111, 138, 142, 193 and social capital generation theory, 34 and youth, 64, 88 See also camorra (Naples criminal organization) criminological realism, 61 decision-making, 6–7, 9, 17–18, 43–4, 47, 70, 76, 107, 158 and governance, 40–1, 116 and institutional economics, 16 and linking, 23 and organized crime, 74 participatory, 79–82, 99, 119, 137, 204–5, 218n4 DeLeon, P., 187 development and development planning, 26, 33, 49–53 actors in developmental policies, 79–83 dimensions of, 51–3 ensuring continuity of action, 197–9 example of Albania, 86, 87–90 example of Gorizia-Nova Gorica, 86, 92–7 example of Kosovo, 86, 90–2 field and research, 15, 17 leadership-based strategies, 83–6 new paradigm of, 6, 198–210 as a political project, 73–4 social capital as asset for, 6–8, 74–9 social context of, 53–9 strategies for, 82–97 strategies of social capital accumulation in development planning, by type of leadership, 84 sustainable development, 5, 7–8, 10, 21, 37, 51, 80, 86, 101–5, 108, 120, 140, 198, 200, 211n3, 213–14n16, 223n8–9 and SWOT analysis, 75–9 and urban space, 53–9 Dewey, John, 66 Diani, M., 41 dualities and globalization, 2–5 Economic and Social Cohesion Laboratory (Esoc-Lab), 8, 9–10, 212n7–8 economic crisis of 2008, 2–5, 14, 50, 58, 191 economics, field of, 11, 16–17, 214–15n2 and development, 50, 54 and ethics, 16–17 institutional economics, 16, 35 education academic service learning, 69 education for peace, 152, 155, 227n3 extracurricular activities, 68–70, 151, 156–7, 184–5 IN DEX human capital theory of, 66 maieutica, 207 in Naples, 124, 127, 129–30, 132, 138–9, 145 and social capital research, 17 socialization theories of, 67–70 traditional socialization theory, 68 See also Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) programme Edwards, B., 41 Eurobarometer and Eurostat-SILC, 16 European Economic Community, 221n1 European Grouping of Territorial Cooperation (EGTC), 96, 221n20 European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), 103, 223n7 European Union Amsterdam Treaty, 103–4 Cohesion Policy, 15, 43, 80, 82, 117–20, 151–4, 194–5, 203 European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), 101 European Social Fund (ESF), 101 European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP), 103 Framework for Action (urban policy document), 103–4 Maastricht Treaty, 101, 221n2 and new urban question, 108–9 Single European Act (SEA), 101 Structural Funds, 15, 85, 101, 103–4, 118, 212n9, 219n8, 222–3n6, 223n9 urban dimension and sustainable growth in territorial policies, 101–5 Urban Pilot Projects, 102, 107 URBAN program, 102, 107, 125, 144, 222–3n6 See also Naples, Italy; Spain; Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) programme; United Kingdom 261 Evans, P., 83 Eyler, J., 69–70 Field, J., 39 financial crisis See economic crisis of 2008 f lash-mob robbery, 64 Foley, M., 41 Fordist production, 51, 54–5, 108, 221–2n3 France, 44, 217n15, 229n44 Paris, 108 Franco, Francisco, 147, 165–6, 179 free trade, 50, 214n1 Fung, A., 41 gated communities, 56, 58, 215n4–5 Germany Frankfurt, 108 globalization, 24, 55, 70, 97, 217n16 and development, 49–51 and Naples, 108, 111, 114 and new urban question, 108 and security, 59–60 transformative trends of, 4–5 and unacceptable dualities, 2–5 Gonzalez, Felipe, 148 Gorizia, Italy, 35, 78, 86–7, 92–7, 193, 197–8 old and new characteristics of the cross-border area, 95 principal contextual change dimensions, 93 strategy of reconciliation and its principal components, 93 governance, 16, 38–45, 50–1, 56, 118, 159–61, 168 Multi Level Governance (MLG) system (Spain), 43, 44–5, 81–2, 161, 187 multi-level, 39–41, 44–5, 47, 70, 105, 119, 150–1, 159, 181 Gramscian theory, 54 Granovetter, M S., 29, 30 Great Depression, 3, 61 262 IN DEX Greece, 5, 85, 118 Green, A., 66 Griffith, J., 41 Hall, P., 28 Halpern, D., 38, 70, 211n2 Hanf, K., 187 Helliwell, J., 65 Herreros, Francisco, 33–4, 38, 168, 170 historical determinism, 8, 54, 74 See also path dependence theory housing, 110–13, 122–7, 131, 177–8, 212n6, 215n5, 216n10, 221–2n3, 225n24 Houston, 64, 212n6 human capital theory of education, 66 human rights, 1, 167 Hungary, 118, 216n8 immigrants and migration, 21, 220n14, 222–3n6 and changing territorial communities, 60–3 and criminality, 63, 217n15 and globalization, 217n16 and Italy, 62, 94, 109, 114, 119, 126–7, 145, 196, 217n13, 217n15 and racial and ethnic tensions, and social inclusion, 60–2, 74, 206 and Spain, 149, 155, 194, 227n9 Industrial Revolution, 54–5, 57 See also Fordist production International Monetary Fund, 35 Ireland, 85, 118, 219n8 Islam See Muslim community Islamism, 64, 217n15 Italy, 12–13, 33, 42, 44, 49 Community Support Framework (CSF), 103, 224n13 and immigration, 62, 94, 109, 114, 119, 126–7, 145, 196, 217n13, 217n15 Lega Nord party (Northern League), 212 Milan, 108, 116 political system, 225n17 See also Gorizia, Italy; Naples, Italy Jacobs, J., 55 Jennings, 68 John, P., 70 Jones, B., 38 Kennedy, John F., 79, 218n1 Keynes, John Maynard, 54 knowledge-based economy, 59, 216n9 Kosovo, 86, 90–2, 97, 196, 216n8, 220n11 Leonardi, Robert, 13, 14, 28–35, 37–8, 212n8 Levi, Margaret, 13, 18, 33, 38 marginalized people, 88, 119, 149, 194 Marks, G., 44 Marxism, 54 Mexico, 35, 214n1, 224n15 Meyer, J., 67 migration See immigrants and migration Mill, James, 67 Mill, John Stuart, 67 Milosevic, Slobodan, 90 Montero, J., 148, 165–7 Morris, Z., 70 Mota, F., 168–70 Multi Level Governance (MLG) system (Spain), 43, 44–5, 81–2, 161, 187 multiple offender crime, 64 Mumford, L., 55 Muslim community, 63, 149, 220n14 Nagel, Stuart, 43 Nanetti, Raffaella Y., 28, 34, 35, 38 Naples, Italy camorra in, 9, 111–17, 122–3, 129, 137–8, 142–4, 194, 198, 204–5, 207, 225n19 IN DEX challenge of development and security, 108–15 choice of Pianura for EU revitalization program, 8–9, 121–30 choice of social capital based development strategy, 115–21 churches, 124, 129 demographics, 109–10, 127 and earthquake of 1980, 111, 113, 116, 123–4, 126 economy and workforce, 110–11, 115–16, 128 and EU cohesion policy, 118–20 housing, 110–13, 122–7, 131, 225n24 and immigration, 114, 126–7, 145 infrastructure, 115–16, 122, 125, 120–34, 140, 143 and (in)security as policy issue, 114–15 institutional and civil turnaround, 115–17 municipal police, 226n27 need and opportunity for change, 105–8 and “new urban question,” 109–11 politics, 116 public health, 128–9 schools and education, 124, 127, 129–30, 132, 138–9, 145 and URBAN program, 107, 125, 144, 222–3n6 See also Bassolino, Antonio; Pianura Program (integrated development program) Narayan, D., 36–7 neoliberalism, 50–1, 55, 58–62, 80, 214n1, 218n1, 221–2n3 new paradigm of social capital in development planning, 198–9 associations and groups, 205 centrality of education, 207–8 commitment to security, 206–7 comprehensive goals and specific objectives, 200 263 congruent strategy, 200–1 continuity of action, 202–3 creation of expectations of change, 201–2 diffusion of information, 209–10 f lexibility of intervention, 203–4 integrated program, 201 participatory decision-making, 204–5 resources for development, 199 role of youth, 208 shared choice of vision, 202 social inclusion, 206 norms See social norms Nova Gorica, Slovenia, 35, 78, 87, 92–7, 97, 193, 197–8, 221n19, 230n1 old and new characteristics of the cross-border area, 95 principal contextual change dimensions, 93 strategy of reconciliation and its principal components, 93 NSCB See Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) programme Obama, Barack, 80, 219n6 Ostrom, Elinor, 16, 32, 38 path dependence theory, 13–14, 97 critique of, 32–4 defined, People’s Republic of China, 3, 215n3–4 Pérez Díaz, V., 165–7 Petrini, Carlo, 219n9 Pianura Program (integrated development program, Italy), 85 and associations and groups, 205 and camorra, 137–8, 142–4, 198 choice of social capital strategy, 115–21, 194 and commitment to security, 207 components of, 133 264 IN DEX Pianura Program—Continued conceptual basis, 130–1 and congruent strategy, 200–1 and continuity of action, 203 and creation of expectations of change, 202 and diffusion of information, 209 and education, 132, 138–9, 145, 207–8 and f lexibility of intervention, 204 goals and objectives, 200 implementation of, 139–42 and integrated program, 201 lessons from, 198–209 and links across actors, 192–3 longitudinal measurement of social capital, 142–3, 195–6, 199 opposition to and support for, 137–9 and participatory decisionmarking, 204–5 Pianura compared with other Naples neighborhoods, 143–5 public health services, 134 relationships: expected socioeconomic impact of, 136 relationships: objectives and subprograms of, 135 results, 139–45, 195–6, 198 and shared choice of vision, 202 and social inclusion, 206 spatial distribution of, 134 structure and content, 131–6 and youth, 208 Poland, 118 Portugal, 118, 148 poverty, 2, 4, 32, 61, 62, 87–9, 127, 211n3, 223n8 Pressman, J., 161–2, 186 privatization, 50–1, 56–60, 106, 117, 207, 215n4, 215n6, 216n8 public authority structures, 40 public goods, 3, 30–3, 37–8, 53, 55, 91–2, 121, 130, 168–9, 199, 211n1 Putnam, Robert, 28–35, 38, 42, 58, 65, 85, 150, 162–3, 168, 212n7 and Clinton administration, 213n12 definition of social capital, 31 impact of, 14 Saguaro Seminar (Harvard University), 16, 212n4, 212n6 racial and ethnic tensions, rational choice theory, 32 Reagan, Ronald, 50, 80, 218n1 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 67 Rugova, Ibrahim, 90–1, 220n15, 220n17 Sales, I., 111–12 Scheirer, M., 41 Schuller, T., 39 security and insecurity, 25, 59–64, 74, 97–8, 206–7, 224–5n16 and cities, 62–3, 206, 217n12, 225n18 in Naples, 105, 108–9, 114–15, 120, 123, 128, 138 Serbia, 220n11, 220n14–15 See also Kosovo Shabad, G., 70 Silicon Valley, 59 Slomczynski, D C., 70 Slovenia See Nova Gorica, Slovenia slow food movement, 219n9 social capital, 5–10 as asset for development planning, 6–8, 74–9 bonding, 19–20, 22–5, 87, 92, 98, 16, 165–6, 213–14n16 bonding social capital: taxonomy of producers, 23 bridging, 19–22, 24–5, 30, 89, 92, 98, 163, 165–7, 191–2, 204, 213–14n16 as by-product, 31–2, 38, 42, 170, 189 choosing appropriate strategies, 86–97, 115–21, 151–64, 193–5 and circularity, 34 and civic culture, 12 IN DEX as collective asset, 30–1, 36, 46 communitarian view, 36 conceptual evolution of, 27–32 constructability, 8–10, 27–8, 34–42, 150, 189 and criminal networks, 24–5, 213– 14n16, 214n17 criminal networks as producers of bonding social capital, 24 defining elements and forms, 19 definitions of, 18–21, 27–31 and development planning research, 17 and development planning strategies, 82–97 and economic development research, 36 and economics research, 16–17 and education research, 17 elements of, 19–20, 28–9 emergence and strengthening of, 11–18 empirical approach to, 10, 15, 45–7 forms of relations, 19–25, 51, 76 generation, 29–33, 36–8, 41–2, 162–4, 170, 185, 188 and governance, 38–45 impact of, 21–6 as individual asset, 28–31, 36, 46 and informal networks, 23–5, 165–6 and institutional performance, 7, 12–14, 28–30, 33, 50, 98, 99, 105–6, 118, 166, 204, 210 institutional view, 37 linking, 19, 21–5, 59, 89, 92, 97–9, 150, 158, 163, 166–8, 191–3, 204, 213–14n16 longitudinal measurements of, 142–3 longitudinal research, 15, 18, 21, 142–3, 189, 194, 195–6, 199, 203 means, outputs, and outcomes, 22 networks view, 36 new paradigm of, 6, 198–210 operational definition of, 18–21 265 path dependence theory of, 8, 13–14, 32–4, 97 and psychology research, 17 and public goods, 30–3, 37–8, 53, 55, 91, 121, 130, 168, 199 and public health research, 17 and public policy, 42–5 research, 15–17 synergy view, 37–8 and unsocial capital, 13, 18, 33 “vicious circle” of, 32–3, 42 “virtuous circle” of, 32, 34, 37–8, 42, 97–9, 162–3, 170, 185, 188, 204 See also development and development planning; Naples, Italy; Pianura Program (integrated development program); Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) programme social capitalism, 211n1 social cohesion, 4, 41, 73–4, 108–9, 199, 206, 210 EU cohesion policies, 15, 43, 80, 82, 101–2, 104–5, 108–9, 117– 20, 151–4, 203 and Spain, 149–54, 165, 194–5 social exclusion, 62, 88, 103–4, 107, 125 social norms, 7, 9, 13, 19, 20, 27–32, 36, 53, 56, 59, 61, 156, 180, 183, 195 and education, 152–5, 162–4, 180, 183, 186 and Pianura Program, 142–3 Spain associations, 163–9 Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS), 165–6, 228n28 Constitution of 1978, 147–8, 159 departments of education, 159–60 and governance, 40, 43–4, 147–51, 160–2, 164–5, 227n3 Madrid, 108, 168, 169 Madrid bombings (2004), 149–51, 155, 186, 227n9 266 IN DEX Spain—Continued Ministry of Education (ME), 159 multi-level governance (MLG), 43–5, 161–2, 187–8 national law on educational reform (LOE), 151, 155, 162, 228n17, 229–30n45 political participation and attitudes, 167–70 PSOE government, 151, 155, 227n3 social capital in, 164–70 social capital of Spain’s Autonomous Communities, 169 and social norms, 163–4 stabilization of democracy in, 147–8, 164–5 and trust, 163–7, 169, 170 Spanish National Social Capital Building (NSCB) programme, 9, 35, 151 and Aragon region, 170–6, 183–6, 189 assessments and impact, 188–90 and Castile y León region, 170–1, 176–81, 183, 186–7, 189 choice of social capital based education strategy, 151–64, 194–5 choice of two regions and four secondary schools, 170–81 and curriculum development, 181–2 and Delicias Institute (DE, secondary school), 171, 179–81, 183–4 and education in values, 151, 152–3, 183, 185 educational system’s multi-level setting, 159–60 and extracurricular activities, 151, 156–7, 184–5 governance structure and social capital building strategy, 160–2 and harmonious coexistence, 151, 152–6, 172–3, 183–5 intervention points for social capital building by secondary schools, 164 and Juan de Juni Institute ( JJ, secondary school), 171, 176–9, 183–5 and leadership, 182–5 lessons of, 195–6 and “Los Enlaces” Institute (LE, secondary school), 171–5, 183–6, 229n37 and participation principle, 151, 156–8, 184–5 program for the assistance, counseling, guidance, and support of students (PROA), 158 programmatic pillars, 151–8, 182–7 proyecto educativo de centro (PEC), 153–4, 227n5 and “Ramón Pignatelli” Institute (RP, secondary school), 171, 173–6, 183–5, 229n37 regional opportunity structures (ROSs), 151, 160–1, 179, 182, 187, 188, 190, 195 schools’ capacity to build social capital, 162–4 and supplementary programmes, 151, 158, 184–5 support for and opposition to curricular changes, 185–8 Tutorial Action Plan (TAP), 154, 183 and tutorials and guidance, 151, 152–4, 183 Stoker, G., 40–1, 188 Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis, 75–9, 218n1–3 scheme of the contextual SWOT analysis of a territorial community, 76 sustainable development, 5–10, 21, 37, 51, 80, 86 and the EU, 101–5, 108–9, 120, 198, 223n8–9 IN DEX and goals and objectives, 200 and networks, 213–14n16 and Pianura Program, 120, 140 and World Bank, 211n3 Tachi, Hachim, 220n15 Tarrow, Sidney, 13–14, 33 Thatcher, Margaret, 221–2n3 Tito, Josip Broz, 93 Toonen, A J., 187 Torcal, M., 148, 165–7 trust and mistrust, 6–7, 9, 12, 19–20, 27–32, 58–9, 65, 142–4, 163–70, 195–7, 203, 229n30–1 United Kingdom, 63, 64, 213n12 and antisocial behavior orders (ASBOs), 64, 217–18n17 London, 64, 108, 216n10, 221–2n3, 224n12 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 155 United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), 90–2, 220n15 United States Chicago, Illinois, 57, 58, 64, 216n10, 216–17n11, 219n7, 222n4 and crime, 64, 85, 218n18 and economic crisis of 2008, and immigration, 217n15 and Kosovo, 220n11 Oakland, California, 186 public policy, 79–80, 218n4 267 urban policy, 102, 218n5–7 and urban transformation, 56–7 and youth, 64–5 unsocial capital, 13, 18, 33 urban space in Naples, 225n24 privatization of, 56–60, 215n6, 216n8 See also cities Valenzi, Maurizio, 106 “virtuous circle” of social capital, 32, 34, 37–8, 42, 97–9, 162–3, 170, 185, 188, 204 vulnerable groups, 61, 87–9, 125, 206 Washington, Harold, 219n7 Washington Consensus, 35–6 wealth individual, national, 11, 50 network, 24, 25 societal and community, 67, 75 and socio-economic duality, 4, 139 Wildavsky, A., 161–2, 186 Woolcock, M., 36–7 World Bank, 16, 35, 86, 87, 89–90, 196, 211n3, 213n12 World Value Survey (WVS), 16, 166 World War II, 66, 78, 92, 109, 112 Yugoslavia, 93, 193, 220n11 Zapatero, Luis, 148–9, 151, 195, 227n3 .. .SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING LINKING THE ACTORS Raffaella Y Nanetti and Catalina Holguin SOCIAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Copyright... articulated in the conclusions in chapter 8, as the profiling of the new paradigm of social capital in development planning Based on the literature and the empirical findings, the incorporation of social. .. longitudinal dimension, in better protecting the individual’s gain in the long run through the sustainability that the economic and social base of the community has acquired In other words, social capital