Mediating policy greece, ireland, and portugal before the eurozone crisis

Mediating Policy Among the most serious consequences of the 2008 global financial collapse and sovereign debt crisis were a series of unprecedented international bailouts for Greece, Ireland, and Portugal between 2010 and 2011 This book analyses the development policies of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal between 1990 and 2008, before the Eurozone crisis It identifies national-level differences between the policy strategies and outcomes that have characterized recent developments in the Greek, Irish, and Portuguese political economies In addition, it provides an explanation for these differences that takes into account variations in political institutions and state–society relations In doing so, it locates an explanation for policy divergence in the presence or absence of the policy-making institutions and processes that make up a ‘zone of mediation’ Overall, it argues there is significant variation in the extent to which Ireland, Portugal, and Greece have adapted their developmental goals and strategies in order to address the labour market challenges posed by the post-industrial era This book will be of key interest to students and scholars of European politics and studies, comparative political economy, public policy/policy studies, and democracy studies Kate Nicholls is Senior Lecturer in Social Sciences and Public Policy at AUT University, New Zealand Routledge advances in European politics Russian Messianism Third Rome, revolution, Communism and after Peter J.S Duncan Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans Nationalism and the destruction of tradition Cathie Carmichael European Integration and the Postmodern Condition Governance, democracy, identity Peter van Ham Democracy and Enlargement in Post-Communist Europe The democratisation of the general public in fifteen Central and Eastern European countries, 1991–1998 Christian W Haerpfer Nationalism in Italian Politics The stories of the Northern League, 1980–2000 Damian Tambini International Intervention in the Balkans since 1995 Edited by Peter Siani-Davies Widening the European Union The politics of institutional change and reform Edited by Bernard Steunenberg 10 Private Sector Involvement in the Euro The power of ideas Stefan Collignon and Daniela Schwarzer 11 Europe A Nietzschean perspective Stefan Elbe Institutional Challenges in the European Union Edited by Madeleine Hosli, Adrian van Deemen and Mika Widgrén 12 European Union and E-Voting Addressing the European Parliament’s internet voting challenge Edited by Alexander H Trechsel and Fernando Mendez Europe Unbound Enlarging and reshaping the boundaries of the European Union Edited by Jan Zielonka 13 European Union Council Presidencies A comparative perspective Edited by Ole Elgström 14 European Governance and Supranational Institutions Making states comply Jonas Tallberg 15 European Union, NATO and Russia Martin Smith and Graham Timmins 16 Business, the State and Economic Policy The case of Italy G Grant Amyot 17 Europeanization and Transnational States Comparing Nordic central governments Bengt Jacobsson, Per Lægreid and Ove K Pedersen 18 European Union Enlargement A comparative history Edited by Wolfram Kaiser and Jürgen Elvert 19 Gibraltar British or Spanish? Peter Gold 20 Gendering Spanish Democracy Monica Threlfall, Christine Cousins and Celia Valiente 21 European Union Negotiations Processes, networks and negotiations Edited by Ole Elgström and Christer Jönsson 22 Evaluating Euro-Mediterranean Relations Stephen C Calleya 23 The Changing Face of European Identity A seven-nation study of (supra) national attachments Edited by Richard Robyn 24 Governing Europe Discourse, governmentality and European integration William Walters and Jens Henrik Haahr 25 Territory and Terror Conflicting nationalisms in the Basque country Jan Mansvelt Beck 26 Multilateralism, German Foreign Policy and Central Europe Claus Hofhansel 27 Popular Protest in East Germany Gareth Dale 28 Germany’s Foreign Policy Towards Poland and the Czech Republic Ostpolitik revisited Karl Cordell and Stefan Wolff 29 Kosovo The politics of identity and space Denisa Kostovicova 30 The Politics of European Union Enlargement Theoretical approaches Edited by Frank Schimmelfennig and Ulrich Sedelmeier 31 Europeanizing Social Democracy? The rise of the party of European socialists Simon Lightfoot 32 Conflict and Change in EU Budgetary Politics Johannes Lindner 33 Gibraltar, Identity and Empire E.G Archer 34 Governance Stories Mark Bevir and R.A.W Rhodes 35 Britain and the Balkans 1991 until the present Carole Hodge 36 The Eastern Enlargement of the European Union John O’Brennan 37 Values and Principles in European Union Foreign Policy Edited by Sonia Lucarelli and Ian Manners 38 European Union and the Making of a Wider Northern Europe Pami Aalto 39 Democracy in the European Union Towards the emergence of a public sphere Edited by Liana Giorgi, Ingmar Von Homeyer and Wayne Parsons 42 E-Government in Europe Re-booting the state Edited by Paul G Nixon and Vassiliki N Koutrakou 43 EU Foreign and Interior Policies Cross-pillar politics and the social construction of sovereignty Stephan Stetter 44 Policy Transfer in European Union Governance Regulating the utilities Simon Bulmer, David Dolowitz, Peter Humphreys and Stephen Padgett 45 The Europeanization of National Political Parties Power and organizational adaptation Edited by Thomas Poguntke, Nicholas Aylott, Elisabeth Carter, Robert Ladrech and Kurt Richard Luther 46 Citizenship in Nordic Welfare States Dynamics of choice, duties and participation in a changing Europe Edited by Bjørn Hvinden and Håkan Johansson 40 European Union Peacebuilding and Policing Michael Merlingen with Rasa Ostrauskaite 47 National Parliaments within the Enlarged European Union From victims of integration to competitive actors? Edited by John O’Brennan and Tapio Raunio 41 The Conservative Party and European Integration since 1945 At the heart of Europe? N.J Crowson 48 Britain, Ireland and Northern Ireland since 1980 The totality of relationships Eamonn O’Kane 49 The EU and the European Security Strategy Forging a global Europe Edited by Sven Biscop and Jan Joel Andersson 50 European Security and Defence Policy An implementation perspective Edited by Michael Merlingen and Rasa Ostrauskaitė 51 Women and British Party Politics Descriptive, substantive and symbolic representation Sarah Childs 52 The Selection of Ministers in Europe Hiring and firing Edited by Keith Dowding and Patrick Dumont 53 Energy Security Europe’s new foreign policy challenge Richard Youngs 54 Institutional Challenges in Post-Constitutional Europe Governing change Edited by Catherine Moury and Luís de Sousa 55 The Struggle for the European Constitution A past and future history Michael O’Neill 56 Transnational Labour Solidarity Mechanisms of commitment to cooperation within the European Trade Union Movement Katarzyna Gajewska 57 The Illusion of Accountability in the European Union Edited by Sverker Gustavsson, Christer Karlsson, and Thomas Persson 58 The European Union and Global Social Change A critical geopolitical-economic analysis József Bưrưcz 59 Citizenship and Collective Identity in Europe Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski 60 EU Enlargement and Socialization Turkey and Cyprus Stefan Engert 61 The Politics of EU Accession Turkish challenges and Central European experiences Edited by Lucie Tunkrová and Pavel Šaradín 62 The Political History of European Integration The hypocrisy of democracy-through-market Hagen Schulz-Forberg and Bo Stråth 63 The Spatialities of Europeanization Power, governance and territory in Europe Alun Jones and Julian Clark 64 European Union Sanctions and Foreign Policy When and why they work? Clara Portela 65 The EU’s Role in World Politics A retreat from Liberal Internationalism Richard Youngs 66 Social Democracy and European Integration The politics of preference formation Edited by Dionyssis Dimitrakopoulos 73 The Political Economy of Noncompliance Adjusting to the single European market Scott Nicholas Siegel 74 National and European Foreign Policy Towards Europeanization Edited by Reuben Wong and Christopher Hill 67 The EU Presence in International Organizations Edited by Spyros Blavoukos and Dimitris Bourantonis 75 The European Union Diplomatic Service Ideas, preferences and identities Caterina Carta 68 Sustainability in European Environmental Policy Challenge of governance and knowledge Edited by Rob Atkinson, Georgios Terizakis and Karsten Zimmermann 76 Poland within the European Union New awkward partner or new heart of Europe? Aleks Szczerbiak 69 Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations A Sisyphean story Edited by Armagan Emre Çakir 70 Europeanization and Foreign Policy State diversity in Finland and Britain Juha Jokela 71 EU Foreign Policy and Post-Soviet Conflicts Stealth intervention Nicu Popescu 72 Switzerland in Europe Continuity and change in the Swiss political economy Edited by Christine Trampusch and André Mach 77 A Political Theory of Identity in European Integration Memory and policies Catherine Guisan 78 EU Foreign Policy and the Europeanization of Neutral States Comparing Irish and Austrian foreign policy Nicole Alecu de Flers 79 Party System Change in Western Europe Gemma Loomes 80 The Second Tier of Local Government in Europe Provinces, counties, départements and Landkreise in comparison Hubert Heinelt and Xavier Bertrana Horta 81 Learning from the EU Constitutional Treaty Democratic constitutionalism beyond the nation-state Ben Crum 90 European Union Public Health Policy Regional and global trends Edited by Scott L Greer and Paulette Kurzer 82 Human Rights and Democracy in EU Foreign Policy The cases of Ukraine and Egypt Rosa Balfour 91 The New Member States and the European Union Foreign policy and Europeanization Edited by Michael Baun and Dan Marek 83 Europeanization, Integration and Identity A social constructivist fusion perspective on Norway Gamze Tanil 84 The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties Beyond the permissive consensus Dimitri Almeida 85 Civic Resources and the Future of the European Union Victoria Kaina and Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski 86 The Europeanization of National Foreign Policies towards Latin America Lorena Ruano 87 The EU and Multilateral Security Governance Sonia Lucarelli, Luk Van Langenhove and Jan Wouters 88 Security Challenges in the Euro-Med Area in the 21st Century Mare nostrum Stephen Calleya 89 Society and Democracy in Europe Oscar W Gabriel and Silke Keil 92 The Politics of Ratification of EU Treaties Carlos Closa 93 Europeanization and New Member States A comparative social network analysis Flavia Jurje 94 National Perspectives on Russia European foreign policy in the making Maxine David, Jackie Gower and Hiski Haukkala 95 Institutional Legacies of Communism Change and continuities in minority protection Edited by Karl Cordell, Timofey Agarin and Alexander Osipov 96 Sustainable Development and Governance in Europe The evolution of the discourse on sustainability Edited by Pamela M Barnes and Thomas C Hoerber 97 Social Networks and Public Support for the European Union Elizabeth Radziszewski 98 The EU’s Democracy Promotion and the Mediterranean Neighbours Orientation, ownership and dialogue in Jordan and Turkey Ann-Kristin Jonasson 99 New Democracies in Crisis? A comparative constitutional study of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovakia Paul Blokker 100 Party Attitudes Towards the EU in the Member States Parties for Europe, parties against Europe Nicolò Conti 104 The EU, Migration and the Politics of Administrative Detention Edited by Michela Ceccorulli and Nicola Labanca 105 Political Representation in the European Union Democracy in a time of crisis Edited by Sandra Kröger 106 New Approaches to EU Foreign Policy Edited by Maciej Wilga and Ireneusz Pawel Karolewski 107 Democracy, Law and Religious Pluralism in Europe Secularism and post-secularism Edited by Ferran Requejo and Camil Ungureanu 108 Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy Edited by David Garcia and Ramon Pacheco Pardo 101 The European Union and Occupied Palestinian Territories State-building without a state Dimitris Bouris 109 Reframing Europe’s Future Challenges and failures of the European construction Edited by Ferenc Miszlivetz and Jody Jensen 102 Portugal in the European Union Assessing twenty-five years of integration experience Laura C Ferreira-Pereira 110 Italy’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century A contested nature? Edited by Ludovica Marchi, Richard Whitman and Geoffrey Edwards 103 Governance and European Civil Society Governmentality, discourse and NGOs Acar Kutay 111 The Challenge of Coalition Government The Italian case Edited by Nicolò Conti and Francesco Marangoni 112 The Nordic Countries and the European Union Still the other European community? Edited by Caroline Howard Grøn, Peter Nedergaard and Anders Wivel 113 Mediating Policy Greece, Ireland, and Portugal Before the Eurozone Crisis Kate Nicholls 114 The European Parliament and its International Relations Edited by Stelios Stavridis and Daniela Irrera 246 Conclusions and further reflections References Boix, Carles, Democracy and Redistribution (Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 2003) Chaudry, kiren Aziz, The Price of Wealth: Economies and Institutions in the Middle East (Ithaca, nY: Cornell university Press, 1997) Hite, katherine and Paola Cesarini, Authoritarian Legacies and Democracies in Latin America and Southern Europe (notre dame, In: university of notre dame Press, 2004) kohli, Atul, State-Directed Development (Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 2004) o’donnell, Guillermo, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley, CA: Institute of International Studies, 1973) Parau, Cristina Elena, “Impaling dracula: How Eu Accession Empowered Civil Society in Romania”, West European Politics 32, (2009), 119–41 Petrovic, Bojan and Etel Solingen, “Europeanisation and Internationalisation: The Case of the Czech Republic”, New Political Economy 10, (2005), 281–303 Przeworski, Adam, Michael E Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge university Press, 2000) Ross, Michael Lewin, “does oil Hinder democracy?”, World Politics 53, (2001), 325–61 Appendix List of interview subjects Ireland (Anonymous) Member of Commission on the Family, 26 April 2005 (Anonymous) Representatives of Union of Students in Ireland, 28 April 2005 (Anonymous) Member of Commission on the Family, May 2005 (Anonymous) Policy Officer, Irish National Organisation for the Unemployed, 10 June 2005 Deidre Carroll, Member of Family Policy Commission and Senior Civil Servant, 29 April 2005 Denise Charlton, CEO of Immigrant Council, 30 May 2005 Maria Cronin, Irish Business and Employers’ Confederation, 17 June 2005 Mark Field, CEO Irish Small and Medium Enterprises Organisation, 24 May 2005 Paul Hannigan, Director of Letterkenny Institute of Technology, 15 June 2005 Barbara Keogh, Irish Congress of Trade Unions, 23 May 2005 Esther Lynch, Policy Officer of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, May 2005 Catherine Murphy, Member of Parliament and Member of the Commission on the Family, 31 May 2005 Brian Nolan, President of DIT, 24 May 2005 Sean Regan, Community Workers’ Co-operative (Community Platform Secretariat), June 2005 Dr Don Thornhill, former secretary, Department of Education, and former head of the Higher Education Authority, June 2005 Greece Moáwia Achmed, Coordinator, Greek Migrants’ Forum, 14 November 2005 (Anonymous), Education Policy Advisor, 28 April 2010 (Anonymous), Researcher at Labour Institute, General Confederation of Greek Workers (GSEE), May 2010 Yannis Ktistakis, General Secretary, Hellenic League for Human Rights, November 2005 Manos Matsaganis, University of Economics and Business, Athens, and former political advisor to Simitis government 1997–2001, 11 November 2005 Miltos Pavlou, Senior Researcher for the Greek Ombudsman and Hellenic League of Human Rights, November 2005 Sofia Voulgaraki, Greek Youth Council, 10 November 2005 248 Interview subjects Thanos Veremis, Chair, National Council on Education, May 2010 Maria Stratigaki, General Secretary for Gender Equality, 12 May 2010 Aliki Mouriki, National Centre for Social Research, 20 May 2010 Portugal Odette Felipe, Equality Officer, General Confederation of Portuguese Workers (CGTP), 20 October 2005 Paulo Fontes, Fúrum Acadộmico para a Informaỗóo e Representaỗóo Externa, 26 September 2005 Eduardo Marỗal Grilo, Minister for Education 19951999, 12 October 2005 Carlos Gonỗalves, Borders and Foreigners Service (SEF ), October 2005 Josefina Leitao, former head of Commission for Equality in Work and Employment (CITE), October 2005 Catarina Oliveira, Alto Comissariado para a Imigraỗóo e Miniorias étnicas (ACIME), October 2005 Maria Cunha Rego, former Secretary of State for Equality, October 2005 Pedro Lourtie, Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Technical University of Lisbon and former Secretary of State for Higher Education, October 2005 Index Page numbers in italics denote tables, those in bold denote figures abortion: Greece 141; Ireland 99 Abrantes, Pedro 192 academia 64, 70–1, 200–1, 241; Greece 70, 241; Ireland 70; Portugal 70, 72, 200, 203–4, 205, 241 ACIME see High Commission for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities Advisory Board for Immigration Affairs (COCAI), Portugal 222 advisory bodies 69 Advisory Council on Family Affairs, Portugal 195 aging population concerns 34; Greece 140, 142, 146 agricultural sector 10; Greece 5, 25, 26; Ireland 80; Portugal 28, 31 Ahn, Namkee 34 Albanian immigrants in Greece 165, 166, 170 Aliens Act (1935), Ireland 115, 119, 120 Aliens Law (1991), Greece 170 Aliens Order (1946), Ireland 115 Allen, Kieran 79, 119 Allied Irish Bank Alto Comissariado para a Imigraỗóo e Minorias ẫtnicas see High Commission for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities Amaral, Alberto 209, 210, 211, 214 Amaro, Fausto 197 Anglo-Irish Bank Anti-Discrimination (Pay) Act (1975), Ireland 98 ASPE see Supreme Confederation of Large Families asylum seekers and refugees 46; Ireland 45, 46, 116, 118, 119–21, 123; Portugal 219 austerity measures 1; Greece 6, 26, 245; Ireland 25, 244; Portugal 7, 8, 245 Australia authoritarianism 58, 243; Greece 73, 135–7; Portugal 73, 184–5, 186, 242 Baganha, Maria Ioannis 219, 220 Bagavos, Christos 149, 150 bailouts: Greece 6, 244–5; Ireland 244; Portugal Baldwin-Edwards, Martin 47, 170, 172 Balsemão, Francisco Pinto 186 Bank of Ireland banking crisis, Ireland 4–5, 25, 73, 80 banking sector, Portugal 30 Barrett, Alan 122 Barry, Frank Bennett, Andrew 15 Bermeo, Nancy 23 Bettio, Francesca 34 birth rates 34; see also fertility rates Blanchard, Olivier 8, 30 Boeri, Tito 23 Bohman, James 60 Boix, Carles 243 Bologna Declaration (1999) 42, 213 Bongaarts, John 34 Bover, Olympia 30 Bradley, John brain drain 153, 224 Brazil 23 Brewster, Karin L 34 Brown, Noel 79 Brown, Phillip 21 Buchanan, James E 59 bureaucracy 187; Greece 72; Ireland 81; Portugal 72, 187 250 Index Burtless, Gary 27, 142 business see organized business Caetano, Neves Alves 185 Calmfors, Lars 62 capitalism 21 Cardoso, Ana Rute 192 Carlos, Monica P 149 Carnation Revolution, Portugal (1974) 8, 71, 185–6 Carneiro, Roberto 205, 209–10 Carrington, William J 215 Carroll, Dierdre 93 Castells, Manuel 21 Catholic Church: Ireland 72, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89, 94, 111; Portugal 222 Cavaco Silva, Aníbal 186 Centre Union Party, Greece 26, 137 Cesarini, Paola 242 Charalambis, Dimitris 27, 141 Chaudry, Kiren Aziz 243 child benefit see family/child benefit Child Care Act (1991), Ireland 101 childcare 35; Greece 37, 141, 150; Ireland 37, 38, 90–1, 95, 98, 99, 100–1; Portugal 37, 39, 189, 191, 197, 198–9, 200 China 23 CICDR see Commission for Equality and against Racial Discrimination CIDM see Commission for Equality and Women’s Rights CITE see Commission for Equality in Work and Employment citizenship: Greece 168, 171; Ireland 120–1 civil society 57, 63, 65, 66, 68, 70, 242; Greece 13, 138–9, 143; Portugal 188 Clavero, Sara 95, 100 clientelism 10; Greece 7, 133–4, 139, 140 Clinch, Peter 25 Close, David H 136 COCAI (Advisory Board for Immigration Affairs), Portugal 222 Collier, David 15, 61 Collier, Ruth Berins 61 Collinson, Sarah 45 colonial wars, Portugal 185 Commission for Equality and against Racial Discrimination (CICDR), Portugal 222 Commission for Equality and Women’s Rights (CIDM), Portugal 194, 241 Commission for Equality in Work and Employment (CITE), Portugal 194–5, 197, 241 Commission on the Family, Ireland 66, 88, 91–5, 100, 126 Commission on Higher Education, Ireland 108 Commission on the Status of Women, Ireland 91, 98, 101, 126 commissions of enquiry 65, 66, 85 comparative advantage 20 competitive advantage 14, 19, 20 compromise 12, 60, 61, 62, 64, 68, 71, 174; lack of, Greece 15, 62, 138 Conceiỗóo, Pedro 201 Confederation of Greek Industries 155 Confederation of Parents, Greece 154 Confederation of Primary and Secondary School Teachers, Greece 155 consensus-building 12, 57, 58, 61, 62, 69; Greece 154, 155; Ireland 77, 84, 104, 105, 108, 111, 126; Portugal 203, 208 construction sector: Ireland 221; Portugal 221 consultative committees 69 Consultative Council for Family Affairs, Portugal 196 Consultative Council of Non-Governmental Organizations, Portugal 196 consultative and incorporative processes 11–13, 14, 15–16, 32, 49–50, 56, 234–5, 239–41; balancing 57–63; informal 63–4, 69–71; permanent forms of 63, 67–9; short-term or ‘one-off’ 63, 65–7, 68, 81; see also under Greece; Ireland; Portugal contraception, Ireland 99 core countries Corkill, David 28, 31, 219 corporatism 242; Portugal 69, 184–5, 186; see also neo-corporatism corruption, Greece 3, Corte-Real, Isabel 187 Costa Pinto, António 184 Council of Rectors of Portuguese Universities 183, 203 Council for the Status of Women, Ireland 91 Cousins, Mel 98, 99 Craig, John 21 Cruz, Manuel Braga da 202, 206 Cruzeiro, Maria Eduarda 202, 206 cultural politics, Ireland 80 Index 251 Curry, John 35, 95 Daly, Mary 95, 100 De Rossa, Pronisias 92 de Valera, Eamon 79, 90 debt crisis 1–2, 243–5; Greece 1, 6, 26, 243, 244; Ireland 1, 4–5, 243, 244; Portugal 1, 243, 245 deliberative democracy 58, 60–1, 64 Demekas, Dimitris 27 democracy 13, 58, 241; deliberative 58, 60–1, 64; and economic development 242–3; Greece 72, 73, 136, 137, 138; participatory 60; Portugal 72, 73, 185–6, 215, 242; quality of 244 Denmark developmental state(s) 58–9, 243 Diamandouros, P 137 Diamanti-Karanou, Panagoula 165 Didika-Logiadou, Despina 27 Dienel, Christiane 198 Dingledey, Irene 35 Director-General for the Family, Portugal 195, 196 Ditch, John 148, 198, 199 divorce, Ireland 99 Douglas, Roger 59 Driffill, John 62 Drucker, Peter 21 Dryzek, John S 60 Dublin Convention (1997) 120 Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) 107, 112, 115 Duff, Thomas 107, 110, 112 Dumon, W 95, 101, 103, 146, 148, 150 Dunphy, Richard 79 East Asia Eaton, Martin 219 economic development, and democracy 242–3 economic growth 22; Greece 10, 25, 26, 30, 244; Ireland 3, 4, 24, 30, 80; Portugal 8, 29–30, 244 education 20, 21; Portugal 30–1; see also higher education; secondary education Education Building Society elite-driven policymaking: Greece 72, 74, 241; Ireland 81; Portugal 14, 183–4, 187, 188 embedded autonomy 59 embeddedness, state 58–9 emigration: Greece 26, 164; Ireland 24, 80, 116; Portugal 215 employers: and labour migration, Ireland 122–3, 125; and work–life balance policies 94, 95 employment: full 20, 59; Greece 25–6, 27; Ireland 4, 23–5, 38; Portugal 28, 29, 30; see also female workforce participation; part-time employment; underemployment; unemployment Employment Equality Act (1977), Ireland 98 Employment Equality Authority (EEA), Ireland 98 Employment Permits Acts, Ireland 123 employment protections, Greece 27–8 enlightened leadership actions, Portugal 183, 189, 196–7, 225–6, 240–1 Enste, Dominik H 28 environmental policy 23, 57 equal pay: Ireland 98; Portugal 194 Erhel, Christine 35, 200 Esping-Andersen, Gøsta 34, 190, 191 Esteves, Alina 224 Europe 2020 Strategy 23 European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education 213 European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) 5, European Financial Stability Mechanism European integration 22, 23, 32 European Monetary Union (EMU) European Observatory on Family Policies 99 European Union (EU) 1; and consultative and incorporative processes 57; equal pay directives 98; Irish membership of 79–80; parental leave directive 101–2, 149; pregnant workers directive 99; Structural Funds 3, 80 Europeanization 10, 22–3, 32, 42 Eurydice 158, 160, 206, 209, 211 Evans, Peter 32, 58–9 expert opinion 65, 66, 85 Expert Working Group on the Integration of the Tax and Social Welfare System, Ireland 100 external shocks, and institutional change 71–2 EYSP see National Council for Education (ESYP), Greece Fahey, Tony 90 FAIRE 168 Fajertag, Giuseppe 69 252 Index Fakiolas, Rossetos 47, 156, 158, 165, 170, 172 Family Affairs Unit, Ireland 93 Family Income Supplement (FIS), Ireland 95, 98, 100 family policy 19, 32, 33, 49, 56; and labour market 31, 34–9; see also work–life balance policy; and under Greece: Ireland: Portugal family reunification: Greece 172; Ireland 126; Portugal 221, 223 family/child benefit 35; Greece 146, 147–9; Ireland 95, 98, 99, 100; Portugal 190, 197–8, 200 Featherstone, Kevin 7, 143 female unemployment, Greece 26–7 female workforce participation 23, 34, 190; Greece 5, 26–7, 37, 38–9, 89, 133, 141–2, 143, 144, 146, 149, 190; Ireland 24, 37, 38, 39, 88, 89–90, 91, 100; Portugal 28, 29, 37, 39, 71, 89, 189, 190, 191–2 Ferreira, Eduardo de Sousa 219, 221, 222 Ferreira, Virginia 39, 192 Ferrera, Maurizio 36, 190 fertility rates: Greece 37, 38, 89, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147; Ireland 37, 38, 89; Portugal 37, 89 Fianna Fáil 79, 80, 81, 90, 93, 236, 244 Fine Gael 80 Fiolhais, Rui 48 Fishman, Robert M 7, 30, 39 Flaquer, Lluís 36, 190, 198 flexi-time 36; Greece 37, 38, 250; Ireland 37, 38, 99; Portugal 37, 38 flexicurity 14, 19, 22, 234 Fonseca, Lucinda 223 foreign-born population: Greece 47–8, 163; Ireland 46–7 foreign direct investment: Greece 6; Ireland Foreigners’ and Borders Service (SEF), Portugal 45, 214, 218, 219, 221, 222, 224 Foundation of Portuguese Universities 211 Framework Law on Education (1986), Portugal 207, 208, 212 Framework Law for the Financing of Education (1997), Portugal 212, 213 free trade 23 full employment 20, 59 funding higher education 40, 41; Greece 153, 161; Ireland 113, 114; Portugal 212–13 Further Education and Training Council, Ireland 113 Galligan, Yvonne 98 Gautier, Anne H 34, 197, 198 Gavroglu, Kostas 42, 158 Geddes, Andrew 33 Geddes, Barbara 45 gender equality: Ireland 98; Portugal 189, 191, 193–5, 197, 199, 241 General Confederation of Greek Workers (GSEE) 144, 170 General Secretariat for Gender Equality, Greece 143 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees (1951) 120 George, Alexander L 15 Georges, Eugenia 141 Germany 2–3, 124, 190 Ginnarou, Lina 161 Givens, Terri 32 Global Financial Crisis (GFC) 1, 2–3, 243 globalization 20, 42 Golden Dawn movement Gorges, Michael J 57 govenment revenues government debt see public debt government spending graduate unemployment, Greece 27, 43, 152, 153, 161 Graham, Lawrence S 28 Grant, Glen H 159 Greece 2, 3, 5–7, 9, 11, 12, 14–15, 50, 133–82, 235; abortion 141; academia 70, 241; aging population concerns 140, 142, 146; agricultural sector 5, 25, 26; austerity measures 6, 26, 245; authoritarian regimes 73, 135–7; bailout programme 6, 244–5; bureaucracy 72; citizenship 168, 171; civil society 13, 138–9, 143; civil war (1946–1950) 135, 136; clientelism 7, 133–4, 139, 140; consensus-building 154, 155; consultative and incorporative policymaking 12, 13, 16, 66–7, 69, 72, 134, 137, 174, 239 (higher education 154–5, 163; immigration 166–70; work–life balance 143–5); corruption 3, 5; debt crisis 1, 6, 26, 243, 244; democracy/democratization 72, 73, 136, 137, 138; as developing economy 5; economic growth 10, 25, 26, 30, 244; elite-driven policymaking tradition 72, 74, 241; emigration 26, 164; Index 253 employment 25–6, 27; employment protections 27–8; family policy 35, 36, 37, 39, 134, 140, 141–51, 239; see also work–life balance policy; female workforce participation 5, 26–7, 37, 38–9, 89, 133, 141–2, 143, 144, 146, 149, 190; fertility rate 37, 38, 89, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147; foreign-born population 47–8, 163; foreign direct investment 6; higher education 16, 27, 43, 104, 133, 134, 151–63, 174, 237, 239 (access issues 42–3, 153, 158, 159, 160–1; ‘chair’ system in universities 159; consultation and incorporation 154–5, 163; drop-out rates 43; evolution of policy 155–63; expenditure on 43; funding 153, 161; and graduate unemployment 27, 43, 152, 153, 161; institutional autonomy 162; overseas study 42, 153; participation 49, 151, 152, 159; and party politics 163; postgraduate study 160; privatization 162; quality 43, 133, 151, 153, 160, 161; student privileges 160, 162; technical education sector 152, 153, 156, 157–8; `textbook’ issue 161; university sector 152, 155, 156, 157, 158–9, 160–3; vocational training 156, 157; zone of mediation 154); human rights groups 67, 70, 163, 167; immigration/immigration policy 16, 45, 67, 140, 145, 163–74, 206, 237 (Albanian immigrants 165, 166, 170; consultation and incorporation 166–70; evolution of policy 170–4; family reunification 172; illegal migration 119, 133, 163, 164, 165, 168, 171, 172, 173; integration issues 166, 168, 173; labour migration 47–8, 164, 165, 173; and political parties 168, 169; racialized nature of policy 171, 173–4; regularization programmes 47, 133, 163, 165, 166, 169, 170–3; residence permits 170–3; zone of mediation 169); industrialization 25; inflation 26; informal sector 3, 5, 28, 165; knowledge-based growth 133; labour market dynamics 11, 25–8, 30; Metaxas regime (1936–1940) 135, 136, 142; migrant organizations 67, 72, 140, 168–9; neo-corporatism 69, 245; organized labour 139, 144–5, 170, 245; Orthodox Church 139, 145, 151, 154; pension system 3, 7, 62, 141–3, 144, 172, 174; political parties 6, 26, 133–4, 137–8, 140, 163, 168, 169, 174–5, 239; see also names of individual parties; population concerns 140, 142, 146–7; poverty 142; private debt 6; private sector 3, 6; public debt 1, 5–6, 26; see also debt crisis; public sector 3, 7, 26, 27–8, 142; secondary education 27, 155, 156; service sector 3, 26; singleparent families 149; social movement activity 138–9; Stability and Growth Programme 6; state formation 134–5; student associations 155, 162; tax issues 3, 5, 35; underemployment 26; unemployment 5, 25–6, 26–7, 30, 142 (graduates 27, 43, 152, 153, 161); urban growth 26; work–life balance policy 16, 133, 140–51, 174, 237 (childcare 37, 141, 150; consultation and incorporation 143–5; evolution of policies 146–51; family/child benefit 146, 147–9; flexi-time working 37, 38, 150; maternal employment 37; maternity leave 37, 141, 144, 147, 149; parental leave 37, 141, 143, 144, 149–50; and part-time employment 27, 142, 150; paternity leave 37; zone of mediation 144) Greek Migrants’ Forum 168 Greek War of Independence (18211829) 134 Grilo, Eduardo Marỗal 201, 205, 210, 211 GSEE see General Confederation of Greek Workers Gubbay, Jon 32 Guergoat-Lariviere, Mathilde 35, 200 Guerreiro, Maria dos Dores 192 Gunn, Andrew 21 Haggard, Stephan Halkos, George 165 Hall, Peter Hannigan, Paul 112 Hantrais, Linda 89, 146, 190, 193 Hardiman, Niamh 84 Heitor, Manuel V 201 Hellenic Migration Policy Institute (IMEPO) 168 Hesketh, Anthony 21 High Commission for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities (ACIME), Portugal 45, 69, 166–7, 214–15, 218, 221, 222 high-tech industries 21 Higher Education Authority, Ireland 69, 109, 112, 113, 114 254 Index Higher Education and Training Awards Council, Ireland 113 higher education/higher education policy 11, 14, 19, 20, 31, 32, 33, 39–44, 56, 60, 64, 235; access policies 40, 41; Bologna Declaration (1999) 42, 213; drop-out rates 43, 214; expenditure 43, 44; funding 40, 41; institutional autonomy 40; and labour market 31, 39–44; privatization 40, 41; qualifications system 42; quality control 42; see also Greece; Ireland; Portugal Hionidou, Violetta 25 historical institutionalism 71 Hite, Katherine 242 Honohan, Patrick 80 household debt, Greece housing boom, Ireland Hughes, Gerard 46, 119, 122, 123 human rights groups 217; Greece 67, 70, 163, 167; Ireland 116, 118 Humphreys, Peter 103 Illegal Immigrants (Trafficking) Act (2000), Ireland 120 illegal migration 46, 47; Greece 119, 133, 163, 164, 165, 168, 171, 172, 173; Portugal 119, 214, 215–16, 218–19, 222, 223–4 IMEPO (Hellenic Migration Policy Institute) 168 Immigrant Council of Ireland 118, 122, 123, 125 Immigration Act (1999), Ireland 120 Immigration Act (2001), Portugal 223, 224 Immigration Act (2003), Ireland 120 Immigration Observatory, Portugal 222 Immigration and Residency Bill, Ireland 118, 125 immigration/immigration policy 10, 11, 14, 19, 20, 31, 32, 33, 44–8, 49, 56, 60, 64, 65, 235; see also Greece; Ireland; Portugal import substitution industrialization 243; Ireland 79 incorporative processes see consultative and incorporative processes India 23 industrial policy 11, 14, 32–3, 235 industrial relations 11, 235 industrialization: Greece 25; see also import substitution industrialization inequality 21–2 inflation, Greece 26 informal sector: Greece 3, 5, 28, 165; Ireland 28; Portugal 28, 221 information and communications technology 20, 21 innovation society concept, Portugal 30 institutional change and continuity 71–3 intellectuals see academia interest groups 33, 64–5, 243; consultation and incorporation see consultative and incorporative processes; and individual groups Interministerial Commission on the Family, Portugal 195 International Migration Organization 118 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 5, International Study Group on Technological Education 110 Ireland 2, 3–5, 9–10, 11, 12, 14, 77–132, 235–6; abortion 99; academia 70; agricultural sector 80; austerity measures 25, 244; bailout 244; banking crisis 4–5, 25, 73, 80; bureaucracy 81; Catholic Church 72, 79, 80, 81, 84, 89, 94, 111; coalition government (Rainbow Coalition) 80, 92, 93, 234;consensusbuilding 77, 84, 104, 105, 108, 111, 126; construction sector 221; consultative and incorporative policymaking 12, 13, 15–16, 49–50, 59, 66–7, 69, 70, 71–2, 72–3, 77, 78, 236, 240 (closed system of 81; higher education 66, 77, 103–4, 105–6, 204, 205; immigration 115, 116–18; opening up of 81, 84; work–life balance 91–5; see also social partnership process); contraception 99; cultural politics 80; debt crisis 1, 4–5, 243, 244; divorce 99; economic growth 3, 4, 24, 30, 81; economic reforms, post-1987 80–1; elite-driven policymaking tradition 81; emigration 24, 80, 116; employment 4, 23–5, 38; equal pay 98; EU membership 79–80, 98; family policy 35, 36, 37, 38, 66, 79, 89–91; see also work–life balance policy; female workforce participation 24, 37, 38, 39, 88, 89–90, 91, 100; fertility rates 37, 38, 89; foreign direct investment 3; foreign-born population 46–7; gender equality 98; higher education 3, 11, 43, 49, 103–15, 125, 126, 237 (access issues 41, 104, 109–10, 113, 114–15; binary strategy for 42, 103, 109, 112, 114; consultation Index 255 and incorporation in policymaking 66, 77, 103–4, 105–6, 204, 205; evolution of policy 106–15; expenditure on 43; funding 113, 114; participation in 104, 108, 110–11; points system for entrance 109–10, 114–15; qualifications system 113; quality 42, 113, 114; technical education sector 42, 103, 104, 105, 107–8, 112, 113, 114; university sector 42, 103, 105, 106–7, 109–10, 112, 113, 114; vocational training 106, 107; zone of mediation 106); housing boom 4; human rights groups 116, 118; immigration/immigration policy 11, 24, 67, 77, 115–26, 236, 237 (asylum seekers and refugees 45, 46, 116, 118, 119–21, 123; citizenship issues 120–1; consultation and incorporation 115, 116–18; and employers 122–3, 125; EU migrants 116, 123–4, 126; evolution of policy 119–26; family reunification 126; labour migration 45, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121–6; and social partnership process 115, 117–18; work permit system 46, 122–3, 125; zone of mediation 117); import substitution industrialization 79; informal sector 28; institutional history 78–9; knowledge-based growth 11, 24–5; labour market dynamics 11, 23–5; labour productivity 24; migrant organizations 116, 118; National Development Plan (2000–06) 101; National Pension Reserve Fund 5; neocorporatism 69; organized business 85, 94, 95, 117, 118; organized labour 85, 95, 116, 118; poverty/poverty relief 24, 35, 89, 94, 95, 100; public debt 1, 80; see also debt crisis; secondary education 25; service sector 24, 47; social dialogue 244; social partnership process 59, 69, 71, 77, 78, 81, 84–5, 88, 91, 95, 126, 236, 240, 244 (agreements (1987–) 82–3, 84, 94, 96–7; groups represented 85; and immigration policy 115, 117–18; signatories to agreements 86–7; and work–life balance policies 94, 96–7, 100–3); social welfare system 89, 99–100; student associations 105, 106, 205; tax issues 35, 90, 99–100; underemployment 24; unemployment 5, 24, 25, 27, 29, 80; voluntary sector 85, 86–7, 91, 167; wage setting 82–3, 84; Whitaker Report on the economy 79; work–life balance policy 11, 24, 77, 88, 89, 126, 237 (childcare 37, 38, 90–1, 95, 98, 99, 100–1; consultation and incorporation in 91–5; evolution of policies 95–103; family/child benefit 95, 98, 99, 100; flexi-time working 37, 38, 99; maternity benefit/allowance 95, 98, 99; maternal employment 37, 38, 89–90, 91; maternity leave 37, 98–9; parental leave 37, 95, 99, 101–2; and part-time employment 24; paternity leave 37; social partnership process and 94, 96–7, 100–3; zone of mediation 92); youth unemployment 27 Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC) 94 Irish Citizenship (Amendment) Act (2004) 121 Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) 85 Irish Life and Permanent Irish National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism (NCCRI) 69 Irish Nationwide Italy 1, 2, 190 Jimeno, Juan F 30 job creation 23 job-sharing, Portugal 189, 191 Kahn, Alfred J 34 Kalamatianou, A G 157 Kalwij, Adriaan 34 Kamerman, Sheila B 34 Karamanlis, Konstantinos 26, 137 Karanatsi, Elena 161 Karmas, C A 159 Kasimis, Charalambos 165 Katrougalos, George S 142 Katzenstein, Peter J 23, 79 Keune, Maarten 22 Kiely, Gabriel 99 King, Gary 33 Kiprianos, Pandelis 164 Kissane, Bill 78 knowledge, tacit 20 knowledge economy 14, 19, 20–3, 40, 49, 234, 235, 241, 243 knowledge society 21, 213 knowledge-based growth 10–11, 12, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 31, 39, 59, 62, 234, 243; Greece 133; Ireland 11, 24–5; Portugal 225 Kohli, Atul 58, 243 256 Index Kontolemis, Zenon 27 Kramer, Robin 150 Kyriazis, Nota 150 labour: quality of 20–1; see also organized labour labour market 10, 11, 19–55, 235; active labour market programmes 31–2; and family policy 31, 34–9; flexibility/flexibilization 22, 28, 30, 59, 68–9; Greece 11, 25–8, 30; and higher education policy 31, 39–44; and immigration policy 31, 44–8; Ireland 11, 23–5; Portugal 11, 28–31; reforms 23; rigidity 27–8, 30 labour migration 44–8; Greece 47–8, 164, 165, 173; Ireland 45, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121–6; Portugal 216, 217, 218, 220–2, 223–5 labour movement see organized labour Labour Party, Ireland 80 labour productivity 23; Ireland 24 Lahav, Gallya 45 legalism, Portugal 14, 187–8 Legg, Keith R 136 Leitão, José 222 Letablier, Marie-Thérèse 89, 146, 190, 193 Leventi, Kleio Maria 170 Liagouras, George 152 Lianos, Theodore P 153, 164 life-long learning 22, 40, 104 Lima, Pedro J F de 215 Lisbon Strategy 23, 40 literacy rates, Portugal 201 Lohkamp-Himmighofen, Marlene 198 Loukia, M 146 Lúcio, Maria Pulquéria 28, 29 Luedtke, Adam 32 MacCoille, Conall 84 Machado, Fernando Luis 215 Madsen, Per Kongshoj 22 Mahon, Denis T 79 Mahoney, James 9, 211 Mansbridge, Jane J 60 Maratou-Alipranti, Laura 149 Martin, Andrew 36 Martin, Claude 190 maternal employment: Greece 37; Ireland 37, 38, 89–90, 91; OECD average 37; Portugal 37 maternity benefit/allowance: Ireland 95, 98, 99; Portugal 198 maternity leave 36, 37; Greece 37, 141, 144, 147, 149; Ireland 37, 98–9; OECD average 37; Portugal 37, 190, 197, 198 Maternity Protection Act (1994), Ireland 98–9 Maternity (Protection of Employment) Act (1981), Ireland 98 Matsaganis, Manos 62, 142, 143 Mavrogordatos, George Th 137 Melo, Albert 206 Messina, Anthony M 45 Metaxas, Ioannis 135, 142 migrant labour see labour migration migrant organizations: Greece 67, 72, 140, 168–9; Ireland 116, 118; Portugal 189, 214–15, 217, 218, 222 Mira, Pedro 34 Mjoset, Lars 80 modernization theory 243 Movimento das Forỗas Armadas (MFA) 206 Mozzicafreddo, Juan 187 National Action Plan Against Racism, Ireland 118 National Consultative Committee on Racism and Interculturalism (NCCR), Ireland 118 National Council for Assessment of Higher Education, Portugal 211 National Council on Education (CNE), Portugal 203, 205, 208, 209 National Council for Education (ESYP), Greece 154, 163, 239; Committee for Tertiary Education (2004–2007) 161 National Council for Educational Awards (NCEA), Ireland 109, 113 National Council for Social Action, Portugal 213 National Economic and Social Council (NESC), Ireland 84, 85 National Economic and Social Forum, Ireland 85 National Education Convention, Ireland 1993 111 National Framework Committee for Work/ Life Balance, Ireland 102–3 National Institutes of Higher Education (NIHE), Ireland 108 National Qualifications Authority, Ireland 113 National Students’ Union, Greece 155 National University of Ireland (NUI) 107, 110, 113 Index National Women’s Council of Ireland (NWCI) 91 neo-corporatism 57, 58, 62, 63, 64, 67–9, 196, 245 neo-modernization theory 243 neoliberal policy reforms 59 network society 21 Neulant, T 101 New Democracy party, Greece 26, 137, 139, 140, 148, 160, 170 New Zealand Nolan, Brian 24 Nuelant, T 150 Ó Buachalla, S‚amus 107 Ó Riain, S‚an 59, 81 O’Donnell, Guillermo 243 O’Donnell, Owen 62 OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 4, 24, 42, 44, 46, 102, 152, 191; Education Investment and Planning Programme 107; family policy indicators 37; on Greek higher education policy 156, 157, 158; higher education indicators 43; on Irish higher education policy 107–8, 109, 111, 113, 114; and knowledge society 20, 21; on Portuguese higher education policy 211; on Portuguese work–life balance policy 192, 200 off-shoring 20 O’Hare, Danny 114 Oliveira, Tania 213 Oltheten, Elisabeth 26 organized business 64–5, 68, 235; Ireland 85, 94, 95, 117, 118; Portugal 203, 217 organized labour 64–5, 68, 235; Greece 139, 144–5, 170, 245; Ireland 85, 95, 116, 118; Portugal 194, 196, 203, 217, 245 Orthodox Church 139, 145, 151, 154 outsourcing 20, 21 Pact on Education (1996), Portugal 203, 204, 211 Panhellenic Federation of University Teachers’ Associations (POSDEP) 162 Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement see PASOK Panourgia, E 156 Papadopoulos, A G 165 Papadopoulos, George 136 Papadopoulos, Theodoros N 149 Papagoulatos, George 26 257 Papalexandris, Nancy 150 Papandreou, George 6, 26, 137 Papandreou, George A 137 Papantoniou-Frangouli, Maria 170 Pappas, Takis S 137 Papstratis, Procopis 136 Parau, Cristina Elena 24 parental leave: EU directive on 101–2, 149; Greece 37, 141, 143, 144, 149–50; Ireland 37, 95, 99, 101–2; Portugal 36, 39, 184, 189, 198, 199–200, 240–1 part-time employment 36; Greece 27, 28, 142, 150; Ireland 24; Portugal 29, 39, 189, 191, 192, 200; and taxation 35 participatory democracy 60 Parusello, Franco PASOK (Pan-Hellenic Socialist Movement) 6, 26, 137, 138, 139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 158–9, 168, 174–5 paternity leave 36; Greece 37; Ireland 37; Portugal 36, 37, 39, 189, 199, 225 Pavlou, Miltos 167, 173 Paxson, Heather 141 Peixoto, João 224–5 pension systems 1; Greece 3, 7, 62, 141–3, 144, 172, 174 Pereira, Pedro Telhado 213 peripheral countries 9, 22 Petmesidou, Maria 28, 62, 142 Petrovic, Bojan 242 Pires, Rui Pena 48, 216 Pochet, Philippe 69 political parties 64, 70, 236, 242; Greece 6, 26, 133–4, 137–8, 140, 163, 168, 169, 174–5, 239; see also names of individual parties Porter, Michael E 20 Portugal 2, 3, 7–9, 10, 11, 183–233, 235, 243–4; academia 70, 72, 200, 203–4, 205, 241; agricultural sector 28, 31; austerity measures 7, 8, 245; authoritarian regimes 73, 184–5, 186, 242; bailout programme 7; banking sector 30; bureaucracy 72, 187; Carnation Revolution (1974) 8, 71, 185–6; Catholic Church 222; civil society 188; colonial wars 185; consensus-building 203, 208; construction sector 221; consultative and incorporative policymaking 12, 13, 16, 50, 69, 70, 73, 183–4, 188–9, 225–6, 239, 240–1 (higher education 200–1, 202–6; immigration 214–15, 216–18; work–life balance 193–7); 258 Index Portugal continued corporatism/neo-corporatism 69, 184–5, 186, 196; debt crisis 1, 243, 245; democratization 72, 73, 185–6, 215, 242; economic growth 8, 29–30, 244; educational levels 8, 30–1; elite-driven policymaking 14, 183–4, 187, 188; emigration 215; employment 28, 29, 30, 39; enlightened leadership actions 183, 189, 196–7, 225–6, 240–1; family policy 35, 36, 37, 39, 71, 239; see also below work–life balance policy; female workforce participation 28, 29, 37, 39, 71, 89, 189, 190, 191–2; fertility rates 37, 89; Foreigner and Border Service (SEF) 45; gender equality perspective 189, 191, 193–5, 197, 199, 241; higher education 104, 106, 183, 200–14, 225, 226, 237, 239 (access issues 201, 206, 207, 212; binary strategy for 206–9; consultation and incorporation 200–1, 202–6; drop-out rate 214; evolution of policy 206–14; expenditure on 43; funding 212–13; institutional autonomy 207–8, 212; mature and returning students 212, 214; participation 43–4, 49, 152, 200, 202, 207, 209, 210, 212; postgraduate study 209; privatization 44, 184, 186, 200, 202, 204–5, 207, 209–11, 214, 226; qualifications system 208, 209; quality 200, 205, 211, 212, 213–14; technical/polytechnic sector 200, 202, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211; university sector 201–2, 206, 207–9, 210, 211; zone of mediation 204); immigration/immigration policy 45, 47, 48, 166–7, 183, 189, 214–25, 237, 239 (African migrants (retornados) 215, 216; asylum seekers and refugees 219; consultation and incorporation 214–15, 216–18; evolution of policy 218–25; family reunification 221, 223; illegal migration 119, 214, 215–16, 218–19, 222, 223–4; integration issues 183, 189, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 239; labour migration 216, 217, 218–19, 220–2, 223–5; quota system 224; regularization programmes 214, 220–1, 222–3; residency issues 219, 220; work visas/permits 219, 221–2, 223, 224; zone of mediation 217); informal sector 28, 221; innovation society concept 30; knowledge-based growth 225; labour market dynamics 11, 28–31; legalistic approach to policymaking 14, 187–8; literacy rates 201; migrant organizations 189, 214–15, 217, 218, 222; organized business 203, 217; organized labour 194, 196, 203, 217, 245; poverty/poverty relief 35; privatization (higher education 184, 186, 200, 202, 204–5, 207, 209–11, 214, 226; public services 30); public debt 1, 3, 7, 8, 29, see also debt crisis;public sector 28, 29, 30, 187; secondary education 29, 201; service sector 29, 30, 31, 221; small-scale manufacturing 29; social welfare system 190–1, 200; socialist ideology 185–6, 240; student associations 203, 205–6, 213; underemployment 28; unemployment 26, 27, 28, 29, 244; work–life balance policy 11, 39, 71, 94, 189–200, 225, 237; (childcare 37, 39, 189, 191, 197, 198–9, 200; consultation and incorporation 193–7; evolution of policies 197–200; family/child benefit 190, 197–8, 200; flexi-time working 37, 38; job-sharing 189, 191; maternal employment 37; maternity benefit/ allowance 198; maternity leave 37, 190, 197; parental leave 36, 39, 184, 189, 198, 199–200, 240–1; and part-time employment 29, 39, 189, 191, 192, 200; paternity leave 36, 37, 39, 189, 199, 225; zone of mediation 195); youth unemployment 27 Portuguese Association for Private Higher Education 203 postgraduate study, Greece 160 post-industrialism 19, 20, 234 poverty/poverty relief 1; Greece 142; Ireland 24, 35, 89, 94, 95, 100; Portugal 35 Powell, Frederick 79 private debt, Greece private sector, Greece 3, privatization: higher education 40, 41 (Greece 162; Portugal 44, 184, 186, 200, 202, 204–5, 207, 209–11, 214, 226); public services 30, 59 process-tracing method 15 Progressive Democrats, Ireland 80 Protocol related to the Status of Refugees (1967) 120 Przeworski, Adam 243 public choice theory 59 public debt: Greece 1, 5–6, 26; Ireland 1, Index 259 4–5, 80; Portugal 1, 3, 7, 8, 29; see also debt crisis public sector: Greece 3, 7, 26, 27–8; Portugal 28, 29, 30, 187 public services: marriage bar, Ireland 90, 98; preferential treatment of Greek employees in 142, 148; privatization of 30, 59 Putnam, Robert 139 Pyle, Jean Larson 90 Quinn, Emma 46, 119, 122, 123 quota systems (immigration) 46; Portugal 224 rational choice theory 71 Rato, Helena 219, 221, 222 reconciliation, family and working life see work–life balance policy Refugee Act (1996), Ireland 119, 120 refugees see asylum seekers and refugees Regional Institutes of Technology (RITs), Ireland 112, 115 Regional Technical Colleges (RTCs), Ireland 108, 112 Reid, Liam 90 rentier state theory 243 Research Centre on Gender Equality (KETHI), Greece 143 research and development 21, 39, 40 Richardson, Valerie 90, 99 Rigos, Platon N 137 Rindfuss, Ronald R 34 Roberts, John M 136 Roche, W K 84 Rodrigues, Maria João 22 Room, Graham 22 Rosa, Manuel Carmelos 201 Royo, Sebastián 69 Ruhs, Martin 46, 122, 123 Rush, Michael 84 Saitis, Christos A 156 Salamouris, Dimitrios 165 Salazar, António Oliveira de 184, 185, 201, 215, 239 Santos, Vanda 219, 220 Sarikaki, Alexandra 149, 150 Schengen Agreement 124, 219–20, 221 Schmitter, Philippe C 185 Schneider, Friedrich 28 science graduates 42, 43, 44 secondary education: Greece 27, 155, 156; Ireland 25; Portugal 29, 201 SEF see Foreigners’ and Borders Service Seferiades, Seraphim 139 semi-peripheral countries service sector 20, 22; Greece 3, 26; Ireland 24, 47; Portugal 29, 30, 31, 221 Serviỗo de Estrangeiros e Fronteiros see Foreigners’ and Borders Service (SEF) Simitis, Costas 26, 142–3, 148 Singapore 58 single-parent families, Greece 149 Skilbeck report (2001), Ireland 114 Skordas, Achilles 172 small-scale manufacturing, Portugal 29 Social Democratic Party (PSD), Portugal 29, 186, 219, 223–4 social dialogue 57; Ireland 244; see also social partnership social inclusion 22 social movement activity, Greece 138–9 social partnership 57, 68; see also Ireland, social partnership process social welfare systems 22, 190; Ireland 89, 99–100; Portugal 190–1, 200 socialism, Portugal 185–6, 240 Socialist Party, Portugal 70, 71, 186, 221, 234 Solingen, Etel 242 Soskice, David Sotiropoulos, Dmitri 137 South Korea 23, 58 sovereign debt crisis see debt crisis Spain 1, 2, 30, 190, 201, 219 Spanou, Calliope 140 Stability and Growth Pact state embeddedness 58–9 state–society relations 9, 12–13, 14, 15, 32, 33, 56, 63 Stavrakakis, Yannis 145 Steering Committee on the Future Development of Higher Education, Ireland 111 Steering Committee on Technical Education, Ireland 108 Stiglitz, Joseph E 20 Stoer, Stephen 206 Stoleroff, Alan 29 Streeck, Wolfgang 71 Structural Funds 3, 80 student associations: Greece 155, 162; Ireland 105, 106, 205; Portugal 203, 205–6, 213 sub-prime mortgage crisis Supreme Confederation of Large Families (ASPE), Greece 145, 146, 149, 151 260 Index Sweden 5, 190 Symeonidou, H 147, 148, 150 SYRIZA (coalition of the Radical Left), Greece 6, 245 tacit knowledge 20 Taiwan 22, 58 Tansey, Paul 24 tax issues 22; Greece 3, 5, 35; Ireland 35, 90, 99–100 Teague, Paul 84 technical education sector 39, 40, 41, 61; Greece 152, 153, 156, 157–8; Ireland 42, 103, 104, 105, 107–8, 112, 113, 114; Portugal 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211 technology intensive industries 21 Teixeira, Pedro 209, 210, 211, 214 Thelen, Kathleen 71 Thévenon, Olivier 34 Tinios, Platon 62 Torres, Anália Cardoso 190, 191 Trace, Fergal 122 Tracy, Marshall 115 trade unions see organized labour training 20; see also technical education sector; vocational training Treaty of Amsterdam (1997) 221 Tros, Frank 22 Tullock, Gordon 59 underemployment: Greece 26; Ireland 24; Portugal 28 unemployment 1, 23; female, Greece 26–7; graduate, Greece 27, 43, 152, 153, 161; Greece 5, 25–6, 26–7, 30, 43, 142, 152, 153, 161; Ireland 5, 24, 25, 27, 29, 80; long-term, Greece 27; Portugal 26, 27, 28, 29, 244; youth 27, 152, 153, 161 United Kingdom 5, 10 United States 2, 10 Universities Act, Ireland 113 university sector 40, 41, 61; Greece 152, 155, 156, 157, 158–9, 160–3; Ireland 42, 103, 105, 106–7, 109–10, 112, 113, 114; Portugal 201–2, 206, 207–9, 210, 211 urban growth, Greece 26 Valiulis, Maryann Gialanella 90 Venizelos, Eleftherios 135 Villa, Paola 34 Vocational Education Committees (VECs), Ireland 106, 107, 112 vocational training 40, 41; Greece 156, 157; Ireland 106, 107 voluntary sector 35; Ireland 85, 86–7, 91, 167 Vucinich, Wayne S 134 wage setting 68, 69; Ireland 82–3, 84 Walshe, John 110, 111 Watt, Philip 123 welfare states 22, 190; scaling back of 59 Whitaker Report (Ireland) 79 White, Tony 105, 109, 110 Whyte, J.H 79 Wilthagen, Ton 22 women see female unemployment; female workforce participation; maternal employment; maternity leave women’s lobby groups 65, 88, 98 work visa/permit systems 46; Ireland 46, 122–3, 125; Portugal 219, 221–2, 223, 224 work–life balance policy 11, 14, 20, 23, 31, 34, 38, 49, 60, 64–5, 235; see also Greece; Ireland; Portugal Working Group on Childcare Facilities for Working Parents, Ireland 99, 101 working groups 65, 66 World Bank 20, 21, 207 youth unemployment: Greece 27; Ireland 27; Portugal 27; see also graduate unemployment zones of mediation 2, 49, 56, 57, 63, 234, 236, 241, 242, 244, 245; higher education (Greece 154; Ireland 106; Portugal 204); immigration policy (Greece 169; Ireland 117; Portugal 217); work–life balance policy (Greece 144; Ireland 92; Portugal 195) ... Howard Grøn, Peter Nedergaard and Anders Wivel 113 Mediating Policy Greece, Ireland, and Portugal Before the Eurozone Crisis Kate Nicholls 114 The European Parliament and its International Relations... for Greece, Ireland, and Portugal between 2010 and 2011 This book analyses the development policies of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal between 1990 and 2008, before the Eurozone crisis It identifies... fiscal policy in its member states, to include Greece, Ireland, and Portugal In addition to these structural deficiencies, the response of the European Union (EU) to first the GFC and then the emerging