Page i The Tragedy of Liberalism Page ii SUNY series in Social and Political Thought Kenneth Baynes, editor Page iii The Tragedy of Liberalism An Alternative Defense of a Political Tradition Bert van den Brink Page iv Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2000 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246 Production by Diane Ganeles Marketing by Anne Valentine Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Brink, Bert van den The tragedy of liberalism : an alternative defense of a political tradition / Bert van den Brink p. cm. — (SUNY series in social and political thought) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0791446697 (hc : acidfree). — ISBN 0791446700 (pb : acidfree) 1. Liberalism. I. Title. II. Series JC574.B75 2000 320.51'3—dc21 99055786 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Page v To my parents, my sisters, and my brother Page vii CONTENTS Preface Part 1: Liberalism, Pluralism, and Tragedy Introduction Chapter 1. Liberalism and Moral Pluralism Liberalism Pluralism and How (Not) to Defend Liberalism 15 Chapter 2. The Tragedy of Liberalism 27 Two Views of Tragic Liberalism 28 A Working Hypothesis 32 Part 2: Political Liberalism Versus Liberal Perfectionism 39 Introduction 39 Chapter 3. Political Liberalism: Justification Through Public Reason 41 John Rawls: Political Liberalism 42 The TwoStage Path to an Overlapping Consensus: A Critique 49 Page viii Chapter 4. Liberal Perfectionism: Autonomy and Pluralism Joseph Raz: Liberal Perfectionism 63 The Limits of Perfectionism 69 Rephrasing Some Key Concepts of Liberal Thought 75 Conclusions to Part 2 79 Part 3: Deliberative Democracy as a Way Out? 85 Introduction 85 Chapter 5. Discourse Theory and Moral Character 87 Preliminary Remarks on Deliberative Democracy 88 Jürgen Habermas: Theoretical Foundations of Public Deliberation 90 Discourse Ethics and the Limits of Formalism and Proceduralism 95 Discourse Ethics, Moral Character, and Pluralism Chapter 6. Law, Democracy, and Deliberation 63 101 107 Law and Deliberative Democracy 108 The Limits of Deliberative Democracy 113 Another Revision of Key Concepts of Liberal Thought 119 Conclusions to Part 3 123 Part 4: Liberal Community, Mutual Recognition, and Citizenship Virtue 127 Introduction 127 Chapter 7. Liberal Community and the Normative Potential of Tragic Conflicts 129 Christoph Menke's Typology of Tragic Conflicts 129 Toward an Understanding of Liberal Community 135 Page ix Chapter 8. Struggles for Recognition and Tragic Conflicts Axel Honneth's Theory of Recognition 146 Struggles for Recognition and the Tragedy of Liberalism 151 Chapter 9. Vulnerability and Responsibilities of Liberal Citizenship 145 163 Vulnerability and Responsibility 163 Virtues of Liberal Citizenship 171 Conclusions to Part 4 175 Part 5: Liberalism and Multiculturalism 181 Introduction 181 Chapter 10. Multiculturalism and Cultural Authenticity 185 How (Not) to Talk About Multiculturalism 186 A LiberalCommunitarian Perspective: Charles Taylor 192 Chapter 11. Two Liberal Views of Multiculturalism 203 Jeremy Waldron's Cosmopolitan Alternative 204 Will Kymlicka's "GroupDifferentiated Rights" Approach 211 Conclusions to Part 5 219 Notes 225 References 253 Index 261 Page 1 PREFACE This book is about what I call liberalism's tragic predicament—when the universalist and egalitarian doctrine of liberalism cannot make sense of its own ideals without articulating a normative framework that lets some conceptions of a valuable and good life appear to be more valid than others. In itself, this may seem to be an unavoidable consequence for any normative political theory. However, many leading liberal theorists overlook or even deny the fact that liberal ideals and practices can result in the morally problematic exclusion of, for instance, traditionalist and religious worldviews and social practices that seem to be of genuine value to some people. It should be possible to show that liberalism's tragic predicament is both undeniable and of fundamental importance for an understanding of the limits and scope of liberal ideals under everchanging social and cultural conditions. I argue that only those theories that recognize the fact that liberalism is a party to sometimes irreconcilable conflicts—over, for instance, public justice, cultural authenticity, and the definition of a good life—will arrive at an account of liberalism that may be expected to appeal to members of contemporary pluralist societies This book is an attempt both to develop a systematic thesis concerning the normative core and developmental potential of liberal ideals and to come to terms with the many schools that exist within contemporary liberaldemocratic thought. As a consequence, it can be read at two levels. First, as an investigative journey through some of the most important strands of contemporary American and European political philosophy, which include John Rawls's political Page 256 ———. Democracy and Disagreement. Cambridge: Belknap/Harvard, 1996 Habermas, Jürgen. "Die klassische Lehre von der Politik in ihrem Verhältnis zur Sozialphilosophie." 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Williams, Bernard. Shame and Necessity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993 Page 261 INDEX Entries such as "liberalism" and "tragedy" have been reduced to essentials. "Tragedy" appears as a subentry in many of the entries. "Liberalism" can be further tracked in many of the entries and subentries. Subjects and names from the footnotes have been included only if they are of immediate importance to an argument in the main text A abortion: Archimedean liberalism on, 36–37; and liberalism, 34–37, 54, 81, 168; Moon and Luker on, 232n; and moral consensus, 35; and neutrality of liberal state, 21, 35; and respect for life, 35; and selfdetermination, 35, 37; and tragedy, 34–37, 81 Ackerman, Bruce: on neutrality of public dialogue, 56–58; political liberalism in, 12, 36 Archimedean liberalism: on abortion, 36–37; a prioristic reasoning in, 18, 75, 179, 220; main arguments of, 17–26; and multiculturalism, 199, 219; and pluralism, 22; and tragedy, 36–38, 83 Aristotle, 28 authenticity: and autonomy, 11; cultural, 182, 192–93, 198, 200, 204; and the good life, 11–12, 130–35; and individuality, 130–35, 200; four types of, 130–35; and loyalty, 136; and political liberalism, 11–12 autonomy: and authenticity, 11; and autonomybased duties, 66–67, 70; capacity for, 165, 209; and deliberative democracy, 103–6, 108, 113–14, 116–20, 198; and good life, 11–12, 67–68, 77–78, 130–35; as instrumentally valuable, 65; as key concept of liberal thought, 76–77 119–20, 122, 163, 221; and liberal community, 137–40; and liberalism, 11–12; and multiculturalism, 189–90, 198, 202; personal, 11–12, 37, 60, 63, 76, 80, 113, 117, 207, 215–16, 219–22; political/public 11–12, 20–21, 23–25, 37, 76, 108, 113, 136, 216, 221; private, 108, 113–14; and religion, 80–81; and toleration, 77–78, 163; and tragedy, 34–38, Page 262 80–83, 123–25, 175–79; and vulnerability, 165; and wellbeing, 68 See also liberal perfectionism, pluralism, political liberalism, recognition, selfdetermination, and major authors discussed B Baynes, Kenneth, 94 Benhabib, Seyla: egalitarian reciprocity in, 101; moral transformation in, 58–59, 122; on transcendental assumptions, 91 Benjamin, Jessica, 147 Berlin, Isaiah: antiperfectionism in, 29; tragedy in, 29–31 Buchanan, James, 13 C character: and discourse ethics, 101–6, 116, 118; moral, 23, 87–106, 116–17, 176; and social evaluation/expectation, 133; and tragedy, 133–34, 168 citizen: in deliberative democracy, 88, 90, 108, 114, 119, 122–23; as individual, 131, 161; Rawls on moral powers of, 44; responsibilities of liberal, 66–67, 70, 169–71; treatment of, as equals, 14, 39, 76; virtues of, 163, 171–75 See also citizenship virtue citizenship: in deliberative democracy, 89, 200; ethics of liberal, 176; and recognition, 149–50; responsibilities of, 128, 163–175 See also citizenship virtue citizenship virtue: and cooperation, 51; and liberal community, 140; and mutual respect, 102–4, 116, 121; and social evaluation/expectation, 172; and specific virtues, 171–75 civil society: and community, 139; in Habermas, 109, 113; deliberatively democratic view of, 88–89; and liberal community, 139; liberal view of, 88–89 communitarianism: and liberalism, 30, 31, 43, 135–36, 181; and multiculturalism, 183, 192–203, 205 community: and autonomy, 137–40; and civil society, 139; and good life, 138–40; and justice, 136, 139; membership of, 140–43, 151; and selfrealization, 139; Taylor on, 140–42; and tragic conflict, 131–32 See also liberal community compromise, 21, 35 103, 118, 166, 173 conflict: heuristic or normative potential of, 129–43, 154, 176–78; and individual experience, 129–43, 145–61; irreconcilable, 5–6, 15–16, 25, 27–38, 81; and liberal normative framework, 29–32; over recognition, 151–61; resolution of through discourse, 166–71; tragic, 5–6, 27–38, 79–83, 123–25, 151–61, 166–71, 175–79; of values, 29–32; and vulnerability, 169–71 consensus: and abortion, 35; actual, 88; and dynamics of conflict resolution, 166; Habermas on, 88, 95, 109, 117–18; hypothetical, 88; and liberal perfectionism, 73; and performative contradiction, 21–22; Rawls on constitutional, 50–51, 117–18; Rawls on overlapping, 47, 49–56, 139–40, 222; and virtue of mutual respect, 103 consent: and justice, 65; and political liberalism, 42, 64; Raz on, 63–64, 73 conversational constraint/restraint, 56–61, 77, 86, 234n cultural authenticity, 182, 192–93, 198, 200, 204 cultural structure, 211–12, 219 cultural wellbeing, 211, 220 culture: from detached perspective, 186, 204; Geertz on, 187; and hy Page 263 bridity of identity, 205–7; and integrity of identity, 205–7, 210, 215; and minorities, 207, 215, 221; and multiculturalism, 182–223; from participatory perspective, 187–88, 204; as primary social good, 196, 198, 200; public, 5, 20, 22, 40, 44, 56–61, 69, 79; societal, 212–13, 219; and tragedy, 28, 33, 80, 195, 201, 219–22 D deliberative democracy: and autonomy, 103–6, 108, 113–14, 116–20; and character, 102–6, 116, 118; Habermas on, 103–6, 108, 113–14, 116–20; Honneth on, 148; and justice, 86; and law, 108–13; limits of, 113–19; and perfectionism, 85–86, 90, 119; and political liberalism, 86, 90–94, 117; and privatepublic distinction, 86, 94; and public discourse, 90, 102–4, 114–15, 117, 119; and public sphere, 109, 112; and tragedy, 123–25 See also citizen, citizenship, discourse theory, Habermas, and neutrality, and Peters democracy: and democratic deficit of liberal theory, 73, 75; Habermas's principle of, 96, 110, 114; Habermas on procedural, 109–10, 115–16 Dewey, John, 152 discourse ethics. See discourse theory discourse theory: and discourse ethics, 95–106, 107, 113; and moral character, 95–106; and pluralism, 101–106; practical discourse defined by Habermas, 99; principle of discourse in, 96, 110; principle of universalizability in, 96, 98, 101, 104 See also deliberative democracy, and Habermas Dworkin, Ronald, 197, 209 E egalitarianism: liberal, 1, 31; and egalitarian reciprocity, 101, 137, 146, 152, 155; and public reason, 131–32 emancipation: and deliberative democracy, 100; and heuristic or normative potential of tragic conflicts, 135; Honneth on, 153–54; liberalism and, 57 equality: and Enlightenment, 13, 41; and equal treatment, 13–14; liberal, 6, 10; of opportunity, 13, 21, 37, 131; political, 12; and presumption of equal value, 14, 46, 80, 157, 160, 170; and public reason, 13, 131–32; and treatment of citizens as equals, 14, 39, 76 euthanasia, 21, 55, 168 F feminist critique of liberalism, 30–31 freedom: of choice, 21, 23, 212; of conscience, 174, 217; from government, 73; ironic understanding of, 129–30; and multiculturalism, 207, 213; personal, 10, 73, 130–35, 137, 145, 158, 221; political, 159, 217; and public autonomy, 11, 221; of thought, 46, 53, 55 See also Berlin, liberty, selfdetermination, and selfrealization G Galston, William A., 17 Geertz, Clifford, 187 good life, the: and autonomy, 11–12, 67–68, 77–78, 130–35; and community, 138–40; conceptions of, 14–15, 37, 44, 50–56, 65, 67, 73, 94, 97, 115, 121–22, 127; in Habermas, 94, 97, 115, 121–22; intersubjectivist approach to, 78, 121–22; and justice, 132; as key concept of liberal thought, 76, 78, 121–22; and liberal community, 138–40; and liberalism, 6, 9, 40; Page 264 and liberal perfectionism, 40, 65, 67, 73, 78–79; and multiculturalism, 182, 190–91; presumption of equal value of different conceptions of, 14, 46, 80; and tragedy, 79–83, 121–25, 127, 130–35, 168–69, 177, 179; and wellbeing, 78 See also neutrality government: freedom from, 73; legitimacy of liberal, 41, 64; responsibilities of liberal, 66–67, 70, 128, 169–71; right reason of liberal, 64, 73–76 Gutmann, Amy 102–4, 121 H Habermas, Jürgen: a prioristic reasoning in, 16, 123; autonomy in, 103–6, 108, 113–14, 116–20, 198; communicative action in, 90, 92, 99, 100, 114; constitutional patriotism in, 212; discourse ethics in, 95–107, 113; formalism in, 95–101, 104, 117; impartiality in, 104; on law and democracy, 107–19; and liberalism, 86, 90, 238n; on modernization and rationalization, 92; on multiculturalism, 193, 197–99; on neutrality, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; perfectionism in, 85–86, 90, 119; on political liberalism, 90–94; proceduralism, in 95–101, 104, 117; on public opinion, 97, 110, 112; substantive assumptions in theory of, 99–106, 116, 123; and tragedy of liberalism, 123–25, 158; transcendental arguments in, 90–91 See also character, civil society, consensus, deliberative democracy, democracy, discourse theory, good life, pluralism, practical reason, public deliberation, and toleration harm: and cosmopolitanism, 211; and liberal perfectionism, 164–65; principle, 163–65; and vulnerability, 128, 163–71, 176 Hegel, G.W.F., 28, 34 Herder, J.G. von, 193–94 Honneth, Axel: anticipated end state of struggles for recognition in, 155–61 (see also justice); autonomy, 149–50, 156; on material goods and opportunities, 154; and neutrality, 155; pluralism in, 150–51, 155–56; on postconventional morality, 155–57; on recognition, 128, 145–61; on social change, 153–61; on solidarity, 151, 156, 157, 161; and tragedy, 157–61, 178 See also deliberative democracy, emancipation, and recognition I individual experience: and community membership, 140–43, 151; and tragic conflicts, 129–43, 145–61 individuality: authentic, 130–35, 200; ironic understanding of, 130; and public reason, 159–60; and recognition, 159–60; respect for, 165, 222–23; and vulnerability, 222 J justice: anticipated end state of solidarity and, 155–61, 166–67, 170, 176, 198 (see also Honneth); and citizenship virtue, 173; and deliberative democracy, 86, 98, 115, 198; distributive, 14; and good life, 132; Habermas on, 98, 115, 198; and liberal egalitarianism, 31–32; and multiculturalism, 182, 198, 202; Rawls on, 43, 47, 50; and recognition, 145–47, 154, 161; and tragedy, 30–31, 83, 168, 170, 179; and vulnerability, 165 K Kant, Immanuel, 13, 28, 95, 193: Hegelian critique of, 95 Kymlicka, Will: autonomy in, 215–16, 219, 222; on cultural in Page 265 tegrity, 215; on liberal aim, 225n; on membership, 207–8; on minorities, 209, 212–16; on multiculturalism, 183, 197, 203, 207–23; perfectionism in, 222; and political liberalism, 216; and privatepublic distinction, 217; on societal culture, 212–213, 219; and tragedy, 222 See also cultural structure, multiculturalism, liberalism (aim of), primary social goods, and rights (groupdifferentiated and collective) L liberal community: and autonomy, 137–40; and citizenship virtue, 140; and civil society, 139; and communitarianism, 135–36; and the good life, 138–40; and justice, 139, 145–46; and language, 141–42; and participation, 138; and pluralism, 137–38, 140; and public reason, 137, 139–40, 142–45; and selfrealization, 131–32, 139; and social evaluation and expectation, 138, 142–43; and tragic conflict, 127, 131–32; and wellbeing, 138 See also community liberalism: aim of, 6, 15, 40, 76, 79–83, 102, 123–25, 142–43, 169, 177–79, 199, 225n; defense of, under conditions of pluralism, 15–26; and Enlightenment, 15, 41; introduced, 9–15; key concepts of, 75–79, 119–22; and the market, 226n See also other major entries liberal perfectionism: and autonomy, 40, 63–75; and conditions of legitimacy of liberal government, 64; and consensus, 73; and (deliberative) democracy, 73, 85–86, 90, 117; and the good life, 40, 65, 67, 73, 78–79; and harm, 164–65; limits of, 69–75; and neutrality, 67, 69, 72, 159, 165; and privatepublic distinction, 73; and pluralism (as a value), 40, 63–75; and political liberalism, 12, 39–40, 60–61, 79–83; and public deliberation, 73–74; Raz on, 63–75; and social forms and practices, 66–67, 70–71, 73, 75; and tragedy, 79–83; and wellbeing, 39, 68 See also Raz liberty: of conscience, 46, 53, 55; negative, 29, 113–14, 116, 164; positive, 29; subjective, 114, 118 See also Berlin, and freedom Locke, John, 13 Lowe, Robert, 167 M Macedo, Stephen, 41, 172–74 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 136 Marshall, T.H., 149, 246n Marx, Karl, 205 Menke, Christoph: on four types of authenticity, 130–35; on four types of tragic conflicts, 130–34; on tragedy, 29, 34, 105, 127, 129–35, 158 Mendus, Susan: on tragedy, 29, 31 Mill, John Stuart, 163–65 Moon, J. Donald: on abortion, 232n; agency rights in, 59–60; political liberalism in, 58–61, 65, 121; on pluralism, 18; on tragedy, 29–31, 58–61, 158 Moore, Barrington, 154 moral transformation, 58–59, 75, 77, 113, 122 multiculturalism: cosmopolitan view of, 183, 204–11; and cultural authenticity, 182, 192–93, 198, 200, 204; and cultural survival, 195–97, 201–2; and culture, 182–223; and good life, 182, 190, 191; groupdifferentiated rights view of, 183, 211–19; and identification of group membership, 189; and justice, 182, 198, 202; liberal Page 266 communitarian view of, 183, 192–202, 203; and liberal rights, 185–86, 192–93, 195–97, 200; and minorities, 181, 192–202, 205–7, 209, 212–16, 221; and perfectionism, 199, 201; and political selfdetermination, 21, 168, 192–93; and primary social goods, 191–196 207–8, 211, 219; and privatepublic distinction, 217; and wellbeing, 194 See also culture, communitarianism, freedom, Habermas, Kymlicka, neutrality, pluralism, political liberalism, Rawls, selfgovernment, recognition, rights, Taylor, and Waldron N neutrality: and abortion, 21, 35; and deliberative democracy, 85, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; and the good life, 5, 10, 20, 25, 38, 58–61; as key concept of liberal thought, 76, 79, 122–23, 222–23; and liberal community, 139; and liberal perfectionism, 67, 69, 72, 159, 165; of liberal state, 5, 25, 31, 36–38, 58–61, 70, 79, 161; and multiculturalism, 191–92, 194, 196, 199, 202; and public culture, 5, 56–61, 79; and public discourse, 56–58, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; and political liberalism, 48–50, 52–53, 56–61, 79–83; and public reason, 56–58, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; and recognition, 156; and tragedy, 34–38, 82, 124–25, 176 Nozick, Robert, 13 O Oedipus Rex, 27, 238n P pedophilia, 133–35, 168 Peters, Bernhard: model of deliberative political process in, 111 Piaget, Jean, 91 Plato, 28 pluralism: and Archimedean liberalism, 22; and autonomy, 63–79, 117, 123, 137–38, 163, 170; and citizenship virtue, 171–72; and discourse ethics, 101–106; ethical, 19, 22, 231n; fact of, 44, 77, 103, 121; Habermas on, 93, 101–6, 114–15, 117–18, 120–21, 123–25; as key concept of liberal thought, 76–78, 120, 221; and liberal community, 137–38, 140; and liberalism, 15–26, 39; moral, 18, 231n; and multiculturalism, 181–82, 198, 201, 212; Rawls on, 16, 43, 44–46, 53–54; Raz on, 40, 63–75; and recognition, 150–51, 155–56; and tragedy, 27–38, 79–83, 123–25, 175–79; value, 28–29, 103, 105, 231n; value of, 40, 63–75, 77, 122; and vulnerability, 165 See also Honneth, liberal perfectionism, Moon, and political liberalism political liberalism: Ackerman on, 12, 36; and authenticity, 11–12; and autonomy, 12, 43, 49, 53–54, 216; as comprehensive doctrine, 69; and consent, 64; and deliberative democracy, 86, 90–94, 117; Habermas on, 90–94; Kymlicka on, 216; and liberal perfectionism, 12, 39–40, 60–61, 79–83; Moon on, 58–61, 65, 121; multiculturalism, 216; and neutrality, 48–50, 52–53, 56–61, 79–83; and pluralism, 16, 43–46, 53–54; and privatepublic distinction, 58–61; and public deliberation, 34, 48, 53, 55–57, 117; and public reason, 39–61; Rawls on, 39–61; and tragedy, 36–38, 79–83 See also Rawls practical reason: Habermas on ethical use of, 96–98, 101, 104–5, 113, Page 267 121, 197; Habermas on moral use of, 96–98, 101, 104–5, 109, 113, 121; Habermas on pragmatic use of, 96–98, 101, 113, 121 primary social goods: Kymlicka on, 207–8, 211, 219; Rawls on, 48, 50, 191, 219; and Taylor, 196 privatepublic distinction: and deliberative democracy, 86, 94; and liberal perfectionism, 73; and multiculturalism, 217; and political liberalism, 58–61; and reasonableness, 77; and tragedy, 33–37, 82–83, 130–35, 168–71, 179 public culture: and liberalism, 5, 20, 22; and neutrality, 5, 56–61, 79; and political liberalism, 40, 56–61, 79 public deliberation: and Archimedean liberalism, 21; and deliberative democracy, 85–125; Habermas on, 90–95, 118, 198; and liberal perfectionism, 73–74; Rawls on, 48, 53, 55, 117; and political liberalism, 34, 56–57; and tragedy, 36–38, 80, 125, 166–71, 176, 178 public discourse: and neutrality, 56–58, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; and principles of accommodation, 102–4; and principles of preclusion, 102–4; and tragic conflict, 166–71 public reason: and egalitarianism, 131–132; and equality, 13, 131–132; experiential and motivational basis of, 139; and individuality, 159–60; and liberal community, 137, 139–140, 142–145; and liberalism, 16, 25, 38; and neutrality, 56–58, 90, 114–15, 117, 119; priority of, 122, 203; and political liberalism, 39–61; Rawls on, 45, 51, 54–55; and selfrealization, 130–35; and tragedy, 38, 82, 125, 130–35, 176; and vulnerability, 165; and wellbeing, 163 R Rawls, John: a prioristic reasoning in, 16; burdens of judgment in, 45–46, 121; comprehensive conceptions of the good life in, 44, 50–56; comprehensive philosophical doctrine in, 42–44; constitutional consensus in, 50–51, 117–18; on (principles of) justice, 43, 47, 50; on justification of liberalism, 42, 46, 54; on modus vivendi, 47, 50, 54, 55, 117; on moral powers of the citizen, 44; and multiculturalism, 191, 193; neutrality in, 48–50, 52–53, 56–61, 79–83; overlapping consensus in, 47, 49–56, 139–40, 212; on perfectionism, 12; on pluralism, 16, 43–46, 53–54, 206; political liberalism in, 39–61; priority of right over the good in, 47, 52; on public culture, 22, 40, 44, 54; public deliberation in, 48, 53, 55, 117; public reason in, 45, 51, 54, 55; reasonableness in, 42, 44–46, 55; society as a fair system of cooperation in, 44–45; and tragedy, 79–83, 158; toleration in, 46, 50, 53–55 See also communitarianism (and liberalism), political liberalism, and primary social goods Raz, Joseph: autonomy in, 40, 63–75; autonomybased duties in, 66–67, 70; comprehensive goals in, 67; on consent, 63–64, 73; the good life in, 65, 67, 73; on harm principle, 165; on marriage, 70–71; neutrality in, 67, 69, 72, 159, 165; pluralism in, 40, 63–75; on political authority, 63–64; and public culture, 69; on right reason Page 268 of government, 64, 73, 74–76; on rights, 64, 68, 69; social forms and practices in, 17, 66–67, 70–71, 73, 75; toleration in, 64, 74, 120; and tragedy, 79–83, 158; on wellbeing, 68 See also liberal perfectionism reasonableness: and burdens of judgment, 45, 121; as key concept of liberal thought, 76, 120, 222–23; and moral transformation, 77; and personal beliefs, 20–21, 163; political and public priority of, 20, 23, 37; and privatepublic distinction, 77; in Rawls, 42, 44–46, 55 See also public reason reciprocity, egalitarian, 101, 137, 146, 152, 155 recognition: and autonomy, 149–50, 156; and (self) confidence, 147, 153; and deliberative democracy, 148; and emancipation, 153–54; and emotional support, 146–47, 151, 163; and end state of struggles for recognition, 155–61 (see also justice); and (social) esteem, 146, 148, 150–51, 153, 158, 163; and individuality, 159–60; legal, 148–50, 153, 163; and moral emotional reactions, 151, 153; and moral responsibility, 149; and postconventional morality, 155–57; and (self)respect, 146, 148, 150, 153, 158; and selfrealization, 149–57; and social change, 153–61; and social evaluation, 128, 150, 153, 161, 163, 165; and social expectation, 128, 150, 152–53, 161, 163, 165; and solidarity, 148, 151, 156, 157, 161; and tragedy, 151–61, 178; and wellbeing, 148, 152, 155 See also citizenship, conflict, Honneth, justice, neutrality, pluralism, and toleration religion: and autonomy, 80–81; and tragedy, 28, 30, 33, 36, 80–81, 124, 130–31, 168 republicanism, 87, 108 respect: for individuality, 130–35, 165, 200, 222–23; for life, concerning abortion, 35; and selfrespect, 146, 148, 150, 153, 158, 191, 209–210; virtue of mutual, 101, 102–4, 116, 121 See also primary social goods, recognition, and wellbeing responsibility: and minorities, 205, 207, 209, 215, 221; of liberal citizen, 66–67, 70, 128, 169–71, 163–75; of liberal government, 66–67, 70, 128, 169–71; and vulnerability, 163–71 rights: agency, 59–60; civil, political, and social, 81, 148–50, 153, 167, 246n; collective, 192, 195–96, 198, 213; groupdifferentiated, 183, 214; liberal, 64, 68, 69, 185–86, 192–93, 195–97, 200; natural, 108 Rorty, Richard, 17 Rousseau, JeanJacques, 193 S Sandel, Michael, 136 selfdetermination: and autonomy of the individual, 23, 35, 37, 149, 165, 171; collective, 137–38, 165, 171, 192; and freedom, 129–35 selfgovernment of minority groups, 21, 168, 213 selfrealization: collective, 25, 165; and community, 139; and freedom, 129–35; individual, 25, 38, 135, 165, 171; ironic, 130; and public reason, 130–35; and recognition, 149–57, 161 selfrestraint, 159, 171–72, 174–75, 177 selftranscendence, 159, 172, 174–75, 177 Selznick, Philip, 137–39 Page 269 Smith, Adam, 205 social evaluation and expectation: and character, 133; and citizenship virtue, 172; and liberal community, 138, 142–43; and recognition, 128, 150, 152–53, 161, 163, 165 solidarity. See justice (anticipated end state), and recognition Sophocles, 27 Szondi, Peter: on tragedy, 27 T Taylor, Charles: collective rights in, 192, 196; on community, 140–42; cultural authenticity in, 192–93; cultural survival in, 195–97, 201–2; on difference, 192–94, 220; on dignity, 193–94, 220; on individual experience, 140–42, 153; liberalcommunitarianism in, 136, 192–202; on liberal rights, 192–93, 195–97, 200; on multiculturalism, 192–204, 210–11; on political selfdetermination, 192–93, 197; and primary social goods, 196; on Quebec debate, 183, 195–201; on selfrealization, 193–94; and tragedy, 195, 220–21 Thompson, Dennis, 102–4, 121 Thompson, E.P., 154 toleration: and autonomy, 77–78, 163; and citizenship virtue, 171–74; and conceptions of the good, 15–16; of extremist rightwing claims, 167–68, 247–48n; Habermas on, 94, 97, 101–2, 118; as key concept of liberal thought, 76, 78, 163, 221; militant or active, 94, 96, 121, 172; and racism, 169; Rawls on, 46, 50, 53–55; Raz on, 64, 74, 120; and recognition, 151; and tragedy, 81, 159; and vulnerability, 165–66 tragedy: and conflict, 5–6, 27–38; and culture, 28, 33; defined, 27; discussed, 5–6, 15, 27–38; Greek, 230n; and harmony, 28; and inescapability, 27, 32, 79; and internal critique of liberalism, 31; and justice, 30–31; and liberal aim, 6, 15, 38; and loss, 5–6, 16, 27, 38; and necessity, 27, 32, 38; ontological account of, 29–30; and pluralism, 27–38; and privatepublic distinction, 33–37; and purposiveness of social structure, 32, 38; and reconciliation, 16, 28; and religion, 28, 30, 33, 36 See also tragedy of liberalism, and other major entries (subentry ''tragedy") tragedy of liberalism: discussed, 5–6, 15, 27–38, 79–83, 85, 123–25, 175–79, 219–23; heuristic or normative potential of, 127–43, 154, 176, 178; and liberal aim, 6, 15, 38, 40, 76, 79–83, 102, 123–25, 142–43, 169, 177–79, 199, 225n from both a liberal and a nonliberal perspective, 81, 123–24; and loss, 5–6, 16, 27, 38, 159, 160, 175; and necessity, 27, 32, 38, 79, 81; and purposiveness of social structure, 32, 38, 79–81, 123, 134, 177; and sacrifice, 158–59; two views of 28–32; and universalistic ideals, 1, 125; and working hypotheses, 38, 79–83, 123–25, 175–79 See also tragedy, and other major entries (subentry "tragedy") V virtue: and liberal community, 140; of mutual respect, 116 See also citizenship virtue vulnerability: and autonomy, 165; and conflict, 169–71; and harm, 128, 163–71, 176; and justice, 165; and pluralism, 165; and public reason, 165; and responsibility, 163–71; and toleration, 165–66 W Waldron, Jeremy: on communitarianism, 205; cosmopolitanism in, Page 270 203–11; on cultural hybridity, 205, 207; on cultural integrity, 205, 207, 210; on culture, 204, 206; on global interdependencies, 205, 209, 221; and minorities, 206; on multiculturalism, 183, 203–11, 219; on responsibility, 205, 209; and tragedy, 211, 221 Walzer, Michael, 136 Warren, Marc E., 87 well–being: and autonomy, 68; conditions of, 14, 33, 170; cultural, 211, 220; and liberal community, 138; and liberalism, 39, 76, 132; and recognition, 146, 158, 163; and self–respect, 146; and social change, 145, 151; and social patterns of evaluation/expectation, 128; and virtue, 172–74 Williams, Bernard: on tragedy, 28–29, 32 Winnicott, Donald, 147 working hypotheses, 38, 79–83, 123–25, 175–79 ...Page i The Tragedy of Liberalism Page ii SUNY series in Social and Political Thought Kenneth Baynes, editor Page iii The Tragedy of Liberalism An Alternative Defense of a Political Tradition. .. clear why people choose to walk different paths in life, but it is clear that they do. One person may pursue a career as a gardener and be a convinced atheist, while another may pursue an academic career and be a devoted Catholic. Of course, factors such as their intellectual and physical abilities and their social and cultural ... aim for neutrality among competing conceptions of the good life. So, political liberals and many other liberals would not accept the ideals of personal autonomy and authenticity as uncontroversial facts of social life that liberalism can unproblematically embrace. Rather, they welcome them as possible ways of thinking about the