Oil and sovereignty petro knowledge and energy policy in the united states and western europe in the 1970s

Oil and Sovereignty OIL AND SOVEREIGNTY Petro-Knowledge and Energy Policy in the United States and Western Europe in the 1970s RÜDIGER GRAF Translated by Alex Skinner berghahn NEW YORK • OXFORD www.berghahnbooks.com Published by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com English-language edition © 2018 Berghahn Books German-language edition © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH Berlin Boston Originally published in German as Öl und Souveränität: Petroknowledge und Energiepolitik in den USA und Westeuropa in den 1970er Jahren The translation of this work was funded by Geisteswissenschaften International – Translation Funding for Work in the Humanities and Social Sciences from Germany, a joint initiative of the Fritz Thyssen Foundation, the German Federal Foreign Office, the collecting society VG WORT and the Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels (German Publishers & Booksellers Association) All rights reserved Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Graf, Rüdiger, 1975– author Title: Oil and Sovereignty: Petro-Knowledge and Energy Policy in the United States and Western Europe in the 1970s / by Rüdiger Graf; translated by Alex Skinner Other titles: Öl und Souveränität English Description: First Edition | New York: Berghahn Books, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2017057759 (print) | LCCN 2018004381 (ebook) | ISBN 9781785338076 (Ebook) | ISBN 9781785338069 (hardback: alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Petroleum industry and trade—Political aspects—United States— History—20th century | Petroleum industry and trade—Political aspects—Europe, Western—History—20th century | Energy policy—United States—History—20th century | Energy policy—Europe, Western—History—20th century Classification: LCC HD9565 (ebook) | LCC HD9565 G724 2018 (print) | DDC 338.2/72809409046—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017057759 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78533-806-9 hardback ISBN 978-1-78533-807-6 ebook CONTENTS List of Illustrations vi Acknowledgements vii Abbreviations x Introduction Sovereignty and Petro-Knowledge Chapter The World of Oil in the 1950s and 1960s 19 Chapter Shortages, Forecasts, Prevention: Supplying the Western World with Oil 51 Chapter The Global Communication of the ‘Arab Oil Weapon’ 88 Chapter The Politics of Sovereignty in the Energy Crisis: The United States 123 Chapter West Germany within the World of Oil 203 Chapter Oil Conferences: Global Interdependence and National Sovereignty 286 Chapter Petro-Knowledge, the Perception of Limits and Sovereignty: Creating the Oil Crisis 332 Conclusion Sovereignty in Crisis and the Oil Crisis in Contemporary History 387 Bibliography 396 Index 447 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 0.1 Halliburton advertisement, in ‘Petroleum Panorama: Commemorating 100 Years of Petroleum Progress’, Oil and Gas Journal 57(5) (1959), inside front cover Figure 1.1 Ferdinand Mayer, Erdöl-Weltatlas (Hamburg/ Braunschweig, 1966) © Westermann, Bildungshaus Schulbuchverlage, Braunschweig 27 Figure 3.1 ‘Yamani leaves Kennedy Airport, December 1973’, New York Daily News © Getty Images 109 Figure 7.1 George A Lincoln, ‘Energy Security: New Dimension for US Policy’, Air Force Magazine 56(11) (1973), 49–55, here 51 352 – vi – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T his book was first published in German in 2014 as Öl und Souveränität: Petroknowledge und Energiepolitik in den USA und Westeuropa in den 1970er Jahren Its translation was made possible by the ‘Geisteswissenschaften International’ translation prize awarded by the German Publishers and Booksellers Association (Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels), which I was fortunate enough to receive in 2016 I have shortened the text slightly for the translation and included references to a number of significant new publications But I concluded the bulk of the research in 2012 when I completed the first version of the manuscript while working at Ruhr-University Bochum My thanks go to the Bochum Faculty of History and particularly to Constantin Goschler for his many years of support and innumerable useful suggestions, which have helped make the book what it is today The staff at the Chair of Contemporary History have made Bochum both an interesting and pleasant place to work A number of my colleagues in Bochum have contributed to the present work in various ways, particularly Benjamin Herzog, Martin Kohlrausch, Helmut Maier, Walther Sperling, Xenia von Tippelskirch and Cornel Zwierlein The present study was made possible – or at least much easier – by several scholarships for which I am deeply grateful A three-month travel grant from the Max Weber Foundation (Max Weber Stiftung – Deutsche Geisteswissenschaftliche Institute im Ausland) enabled me to visit the German Historical Institutes in Washington, Paris and London It also allowed me to carry out research at the Library of Congress, the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, the British Library, the National Archives – College Park, the Nixon Presidential Library, the Lafayette-College Libraries and Archives, the Archives Nationales de France, the Institut Franỗais du Pộtrole and the National Archives of the United Kingdom My acceptance into the Junges Kolleg programme of the North Rhine-Westphalian Academy of Sciences, Humanities and the Arts (Nordrhein-Westfälische – vii – Acknowledgements Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste) provided me with financial room for manoeuvre This allowed me to carry out research at the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz, the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv Koblenz) and the Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office (Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts) in Berlin For archival support I thank Diane Shaw, Marc Hanisch and Rüdiger von Dehn and I am grateful to William Hogan and Hans-Stefan Kruse for allowing me to interview them In the academic year 2010–11, as a John F Kennedy Memorial Fellow, I was able to carry out further research at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard University There I developed the conceptual framework of the present study and wrote the first chapters I benefited not just from the inexhaustible holdings of the Widener Library, but also from many lectures and from conversations with David Engerman, Arthur Goldhammer, Stanley Hoffmann, Hans-Helmut Kotz, Christina May, John Munro, Uta Poiger, Warren Rosenblum, Quinn Slobodian, Jan Teorell and Andrew Zimmerman A second sabbatical in 2011–12 at the Historisches Kolleg in Munich allowed me to complete the first version of the manuscript I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the Historisches Kolleg and the Gerda Henkel Foundation (Gerda Henkel Stiftung), which provided a research grant The peaceful atmosphere at the Kolleg, situated between the Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek) and the Englischer Garten, provided excellent conditions for the concluding phase of the writing, during which I received valuable support from Kolleg staff – especially Franz Quirin Meyer My thanks go to Karl-Ulrich Gelberg and the other fellows, above all Friedrich Lenger, as well as Martina Steber, Roman Köster, Nicolai Hannig and Sebastian Ullrich for stimulating insights and for making this such a pleasant time It took several years to write this book, incurring a tremendous debt of gratitude It is often impossible to reconstruct precisely when and where particular ideas arose For their criticisms and critical questions, I thank the organizers and participants at research colloquia in Freiburg, Cologne, Gießen, Augsburg, Potsdam, Berlin, Bochum, Cambridge/Mass., Munich, Gien, Jena, London, Trier, Zurich and Gưttingen, where I had the opportunity to present my work During a semester in Göttingen, Bernd Weisbrod, Habbo Knoch and their colleagues provided me with useful suggestions I presented various parts of my work at conferences in San Diego, Washington, Berlin, Bonn, Padua, Hamburg, Göttingen, Freiburg, Bern and Edmonton, at the Historikertage in 2010 in Berlin and 2012 in Mainz, at conferences I organized in collaboration with Hannah Ahlheim, Cornel Zwierlein and Frank Bösch in Bochum and at the Centre for Contemporary History in Potsdam I thank them and the participants for their – viii – Acknowledgements support, questions and criticisms My thanks also go to Andreas Wirsching and Magnus Brechtken for enabling publication of the original German text in the Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte series and to Gabriele Jaroschka of Walter de Gruyter Verlag for her dedicated supervision of the book I am delighted that Berghahn Books has agreed to publish an English translation I am grateful to Konrad H Jarausch for setting things up, Marion Berghahn for agreeing to publish the book, and Chris Chappell and Amanda Horn for their fine stewardship It was a pleasure to work with Alex Skinner, who provided the translation My thanks to Peter Mercer for formatting the bibliographic information for the English publication, and for being such a reliable source of research support over the last few years The idea of writing a book on the oil crisis arose in 2006 over lunch with Matthias Pohlig in the inner courtyard of Humboldt-Universität, and I am grateful to him for that conversation and many others during this book’s gestation Moritz Föllmer and Philipp Müller have read virtually everything I have written over the last few years, their always friendly but firm criticisms leading to marked improvements In the absence of their support and without the critical readings of various parts of the manuscript by Marcus Böick, Aimee Genell, Constantin Goschler, Martin Kohlrausch, Kim Christian Priemel, Annelie Ramsbrock, Christiane Reinecke, Ulrike Schaper, Quinn Slobodian and Janosch Steuwer, the book might well have been finished sooner – but it might not have been completed at all It has certainly benefited greatly from their input Rüdiger Graf, Berlin, August 2017 – ix – Index Coates, Vary T., 363 Cocoyoc Declaration, 314 Cold War diplomacy in, 155 energy in, 12, 66 for Europe, 255–58, 320, 349–50 interdependence and, 335–36 Middle East compared to, 260–61 policy in, 74 politics of, 4, 22, 176, 178, 182, 204–6, 229–30, 264, 344–49, 382n186 theory of, 354 for Western Society, 252–53 Cole, John Peter, 352–53 colonialism, 5, 104, 239 Commoner, Barry, 362 Conant, Melvin A., 352 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 319–20 conservation See energy saving Cooper, Charles A., 176–78, 291 Cooper, Richard N., 345 cooperation See diplomacy; foreign policy; globalization; interdependence Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), 258–59 Cowan, Edward, 164–65 Crocker, Chester A., 65 crude oil economics of, 74–75, 192n119 scarcity of, 54, 71, 138, 141–42, 185, 249, 308, 359–60 CSCE See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe culture advertisements and, 33–38 of energy, 155–60, 267n33, 343, 359–64, 367–68, 387 of hydrocarbon-based energy systems, 22–23 of oil, 47n92 oil shocks for, 385n235 of policy, 227 of science, 392 of Western Society, 111 Czakainski, Martin, 86n148 al-Bakr, Ahmed Hassan, 298 Barre, Raymond, 317 Barzel, Rainer, 231 Beckerman, Stephen, 363 Bell, Daniel, 362 Bennett, Jack, 131 Berghaus, Hartwig, 236 Bergsten, C Fred, 307, 350–51, 354–55, 357 Bischoff, Gerhard, 363 Blancard, Jean, 294 Boardman, Tom, 106 Böckenförde, Ernst-Wolfgang, Bodin, Jean, Bösch, Frank, 272n110 Boulding, Kenneth, 366, 371 Boumedienne, Houari, 100, 103–4, 115, 239, 243, 310–13 Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 314 Brandt, Willy, 70, 73, 105–7, 112–13, 207 diplomacy for, 241–42, 260, 290, 293 economics for, 259 in media, 229–33, 243–44, 278n229 Nixon and, 255 Ostpolitik, 259–61 reputation of, 212–13, 224, 245 sovereignty for, 204–5, 253 UN Commission, 347–48 Brezhnev, Leonid, 260, 320 British Petroleum, 29, 218, 250, 306, 339–40, 374n34 Brown, Seyom, 350, 354 Brunner, Guido, 334 Bull, Hedley, 353 Burgbacher, Fritz, 225 C Callaghan, James, 314 Carrington (Lord), 291, 294, 339 Carstens, Karl, 261 Carter, Jimmy, 126, 133, 155, 346, 366 Casey, William, 92 Cash, Frank, 254 Cetron, Marvin J., 363 Charbonnel, Jean, 105 Chevalier, Jean-Marie, 333 Chevron, 23, 42n5, 48n97 Chiprut, Elliot, 171–72 Church, Frank, 337 Churchill, Winston, 33–34 Club of Rome, 364–65 CMEA See Council for Mutual Economic Assistance coal See also energy economics of, 43n14, 214–15 ECSC, 75 in Europe, 67–68, 73 oil compared to, 19–21, 227 politics of, 212–13, 267n44 D Daghely, Galal, 243–44 Dajani, M S., 89–90 Daly, Herman E., 367, 371 Daoudi, M S., 89–90 Dasgupta, Partha, 369, 371 Davis, Warren B., 145 debt crisis, 263 Declaration of European Identity, 251–52 decolonization, 5, 16n12, 309 Deese, David A., 344 Defense Protection Act (1950), 158 – 448 – Index economics See also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; scarcity API for, 24 for Brandt, 259 CMEA for, 258–59 of coal, 43n14, 214–15 of crude oil, 74–75, 192n119 democracy and, 8–11, 16n6 of developing nations, 389–90 diplomacy in, 318–20 education and, 40–42 EEC for, 75 of energy, 219, 260–63, 368–72 of energy crisis, 137–44, 194n160, 343 of energy policy, 372 of energy security, 240–41 environmental, 147–48, 219–21, 394–95 EPC for, 245–47 ERP, 21 of fossil fuels, 19–23, 366–67 of globalization, 263–64, 355 for government, 225–26 of hegemony, 295 history of, 385n235 IMF for, 298, 303 imports in, 149–50 of industrialism, 248–49 Lantzke on, 305–6, 319, 328n116 New International Economic Order, 287, 309–10, 313–15, 319 for OAPEC, 249–50 OEEC for, 52–55 of oil, 31–38, 63–64, 267n33 of oil crisis (1973–74), 152–53, 206, 213– 14, 296 of oil crisis (1978–79), 308 of oil production, 30–31, 111 for OPEC, 46n63, 94–95 petrodollars in, 45n53 policy from, 72–74, 388 politics and, 5–6 of raw materials, 310 regulation in, 222–29 research for, 229 of scarcity, 124–28 science and, 39–40 stagflation in, 227 in UK, 217–18 UN and, 276n178, 309 in Western Society, 334–35 of West Germany, 6, 346–47 World Bank for, 298, 303 Economic Stabilization Act (1970), 158 ECSC See European Coal and Steel Community education for petroleum, 29, 32–34, 37 research and, 71 EEC See European Economic Community Egypt, 181–82, 244 Ehrenberg, Herbert, 225 Deffeyes, Kenneth, 37 democracy economy and, 8–11, 16n6 in Western Society, 308 détente See Cold War Detzer, Hans, 218–19 developing nations economics of, 389–90 globalization and, 264–65, 311, 350–54 Group of 77 for, 309, 311, 315, 350 oil crisis (1973–74) for, 258–63 oil for, 303–4 DiBona, Charles, 126, 129–31, 133, 138–39, 163–64 Kissinger and, 189n53 Nixon and, 189n54, 195n185 Dingell, John, 169–70 diplomacy advertisements for, 92–93 Africa and, 70–71, 235 Arab oil weapon in, 91–98, 119n83 for Brandt, 241–42, 260, 290, 293 in Cold War, 155 EC for, 112–13, 245–53, 258 in economy, 318–20 in energy crisis, 154–61 for energy security, 25–31, 55 for Gaddafi, 277n211, 278n223 for Iran, 236 for Kissinger, 325n70 in Middle East, 264–65, 276n189 natural resources, 313–14 by Nixon, 174–75, 189nn58–59 with OAPEC, 276n182 OECD in, 64, 205, 208, 294, 296–300, 303–8, 328n116 for oil, 282n295 from oil embargo, 89–91, 105–6, 161, 177, 238–39 by OPEC, 114–15 politics of, 14–15, 59–62, 89–91, 101 for UN, 98–99, 104, 248–49 for US, 120n95, 252–58 Watergate scandal and, 129–30, 155, 163–64, 172–73, 185 for Western Society, 184, 286–87, 388–89 for West Germany, 232–39, 242–45 Douglas-Home, Alec, 106, 201n346, 245–46, 256 Europe and, 292–93, 298, 300–301 in politics, 294, 325n70 Drake, Edwin L., 23 Drake, Eric, 339–40 E Eagan, Vince, 369 Eastern Bloc See Cold War EC See European Communities ecological limits See environmentalism – 449 – Index Ehrlich, Paul, 371–72 Ehrlichman, John D., 129–30 Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act, 132, 159 The Energizers, 171–72 energy See also International Energy Agency; specific energies advertisements for, 361–62 alternative energy, 127–28, 215–17, 219–20 Annual Review of Energy, 334–35 in Cold War, 12, 66 culture of, 155–60, 267n33, 343, 359–64, 367–68, 387 economics of, 219, 260–63, 368–72 globalization of, 6–8 history of, 19–20 hydrocarbon-based energy systems, 16n6, 22–23 imports of, 68 interdependence and, 7–8 for Jackson, 8–9, 336–39 for Japan, 4–5 labor and, 20–21, 282n295 as national security, 343–44 oil as, 318–19 politics of, 3–5, 65–66, 93–98, 374n22, 382n188 raw materials for, 311–12 renewable energy, 218–19, 318–19 solar energy, 218 Western Society and, 3–5, 9–11, 14–15 energy autarky, 391 energy crisis diplomacy in, 154–61 economics of, 137–44, 194n160, 343 history of, 123–24 institutional restructuring in, 128–33 in media, 126–27, 135, 211, 301–2, 333–35 national sovereignty in, 195n198 Nixon in, 163–73, 288–89, 296–97 oil crisis (1973–74) and, 124–28, 184–86, 233–34 oil embargo and, 173–84, 242 petro-knowledge and, 133–37, 332–35 policy for, 144–48, 304 energy policy economics of, 372 environmentalism as, 155–57 by EPC, 205–6 globalization and, 341–42 High Level Group Oil for, 72–73 history of, 13–15, 86n148 labour and, 222–23 by Nixon, 128–34, 162, 184–86, 188n39, 190n78, 301 oil and, 370 petro-knowledge for, 369 politics of, 332–33 research for, 12–13, 207, 214–15 in West Germany, 212–22, 229–32, 263–65 Energy Policy Project (EPP), 145–48 energy resources globalization of, 61–62 nationalization of, 31 energy saving, 271n95 energy security, 11–15, 18n40, 377n73 See also energy; oil crisis (1973–74); Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC); Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC); petro-knowledge diplomacy for, 25–31, 55 economics of, 240–41 Energy Security Act (West Germany), 344 for France, 105–6, 216, 245–46 government and, 148–54, 254–55 High Level Group Oil for, 53–62, 68–70 in Japan, 42n7, 113–14, 178 law for, 209–11 in media, 90–91 Middle East for, 4–5 national sovereignty and, 343–49 for Nixon, 148–49, 154–61 oil crisis (1973–74) and, 320–21 oil in, 387–88 policy for, 268n66, 345–46, 382n188 politics of, 241–45, 258–59, 303–4 renewable energy for, 318–19 research for, 9–11 science of, 56, 148–49 for UK, 106–7, 250–51 for US, 39–42, 57–58, 97–98, 144–48, 283n311 in Western Society, 19–23, 51–52, 77–78 for West Germany, 107–8, 178, 231–32 environmentalism Chevron and, 48n97 economics of, 147–48, 219–21, 394–95 as energy policy, 155–57 media and, 35–37 National Environmental Protection Act, 127 oil crisis (1973–74) and, 362, 364–68 politics of, 158–60 scarcity and, 209, 364–68 UN and, 314 in US, 167 EPC See European Political Cooperation EPP See Energy Policy Project Eppler, Erhard, 107, 220–21, 261–62, 335 ERP See European Recovery Program d’Estaing, Giscard, 294, 315–16 Europe See also Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; Western Society CMEA for, 258–59 coal in, 67–68, 73 Cold War for, 255–58, 320, 349–50 CSCE in, 319–20 Declaration of European Identity, 251–52 Douglas-Home and, 292–93, 298, 300–301 – 450 – Index oil for, 268n66 regulation and, 313 UK and, 28, 256–57, 299 US and, 289–90 Frank, Paul, 242–44, 248–49, 254, 282n295 Freeman, David, 127, 146–47 Friderichs, Hans, 59, 107, 112 policy for, 204, 211, 224–25 as politician, 288–89 Friedland, Edward, 353 Frydenlund, Knut, 297 Fulbright, J William, 95, 129, 143–44, 168, 336–37 Fuqua, Don, 170 EC and, 107 Gas-Pipes Deals in, 259–60 history of, 203–6 Middle East and, 245–47 OEEC for, 52–55 oil dependency in, 76–77 policy in, 234 politics in, 54–55, 230–31 Scheel for, 297–98, 312–13 Schmidt, H., and, 323n34 UN and, 243, 247 US and, 58–59, 69–70, 73–74, 80n43, 111–12, 231, 241, 263–64, 344 West Germany and, 306–7 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 75 European Communities (EC), 75–77 for diplomacy, 112–13, 245–53, 258 Europe and, 107 as government, 288–91, 293–94 nationalism and, 231–32 European Economic Community (EEC), 70, 72, 75, 250 European Political Cooperation (EPC), 245–47 energy policy by, 205–6 Western Society and, 288–89 European Recovery Program (ERP), 21 Exxon, 23, 28, 42n5, 131, 135, 177, 236, 306, 337–38 Exxon Valdez (oil tanker), 36 G Gaddafi, Muamar, 64, 93, 96, 102, 110, 115 diplomacy for, 277n211, 278n223 in politics, 239–44 gas, 59 Gas-Pipes Deals, 259–60 Gehlhoff, Walter, 261, 311 geography of national security, 351–53 of oil, 11–12, 25–28 of oil reserves, 262–63 geology, 137–44, 345 See also science geopolitics See globalization; politics Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas, 366–67, 371 Geren, Dave, 157 German Atomic Forum, 213 Gibson, Glenn, 169 Gillesen, Günther, 247–48 global interdependence See interdependence globalization Achnacarry Agreement in, 28 for Africa, 104 Arab oil weapon in, 88–91, 105–14, 241–44 of automobilization, 21 of Cold War, 258–59 of colonialism, developing nations and, 264–65, 311, 350–54 economics of, 263–64, 355 of energy, 6–8 energy policy and, 341–42 of energy resources, 61–62 EPC in, 245–47 of fossil fuels, 3–5 for France, 226, 306, 315–16 government in, 258 of interdependence, 15 Israel in, 92–99, 101–5, 108, 112–13, 232 of law, 239–40 Middle East in, 13–14, 70 national security and, 376n72 national sovereignty in, 336–43, 349–54 New International Economic Order in, 287, 309–10, 313–15, 319, 350 F Fahd (Prince), 178–79 Fairbanks, Richard, 125 Faisal (King) as leader, 91–93, 96–97, 99, 103, 239 US and, 117n41, 162, 178–84 bin Faisal, Saud (Prince), 31 Flanigan, Peter, 131 Ford, Gerald, 189n62, 202n355, 316 Ford Foundation See Energy Policy Project foreign policy from Cold War, 354 by Kissinger, 174–84, 189n53, 201n338, 201n346, 202n354, 252–58, 300–303, 311–12, 392–93 politics of, 10–11 for US, 18n40, 337 for Western Society, 389–94 for West Germany, 12, 302 Forrester, Jay W., 365 Forsthoff, Ernst, fossil fuels See also energy economics of, 19–23, 366–67 globalization of, 3–5 France See also Jobert, Michel; Western Society energy security for, 105–6, 216, 245–46 globalization for, 226, 306, 315–16 Middle East and, 293 – 451 – Index economics of, 295 politics of, 300 for US, 287–94, 302–4, 323n49, 356–58, 380n138, 393–94 Heinebaeck, Bo, 345 Heinemann, Gustav, 366 Helsinki Final Act, 319 Hermes, Peter, 261, 276n178, 325n70 Hielscher, Hans, 109 High Level Group Oil, 53–62, 68–70, 389 for energy policy, 72–73 oil crisis (1973–74) and, 287–88, 294, 304–5 Hill, John A., 190n64 Hillenbrand, Martin J., 241, 243, 253–54, 344 Hilzinger, Caspar See Frank, Paul Hirst, David, 93 history of economics, 385n235 of energy, 19–20 of energy crisis, 123–24 of energy policy, 13–15, 86n148 of Europe, 203–6 of interdependence, 323n49 of OAPEC, 30–31 of oil crisis (1973–74), 4, 7, 126–27, 332– 35, 387–95 of oil crisis (1978–79), 221–22 of OPEC, 30 research and, 342–43 of scarcity, 371–72 of technology, 359–64 of US, 23–24 Yergin for, 344 Hoffman, Stanley, 1, 356 Hogan, William, 149, 153, 192n105 Homan, Paul T., 39–40 Hoopes, David, 133 Horin, Ben, 243 Houthakker, Hendrik S., 143 Hoveyda, Fereydoon, 313 Hubbert, Marion King, 40–41, 125, 365–66, 388 human rights, 6, 180, 329n138 Hussein, Saddam, 93, 102, 110 hydrocarbon-based energy systems, 16n6, 22–23 OAPEC in, 130, 389, 391–92 of oil, 11–15, 23–31, 234 oil conferences in, 286–94, 309–20 of oil crisis (1973–74), 12–15, 64–65, 323n31 oil sharing and, 82n65 OPEC in, 91, 130, 143–44, 389, 391–92 politics in, 41–42, 56–57, 358–59 for Saudi Arabia, 162 scarcity and, 66–67 UK in, 226, 300–301 UNCTAD for, 104, 309, 314 US and, 59–60, 234–35, 244, 262, 314–15 for West Germany, 225, 239–42, 258–63 Gold, Fern R., 352 Goodwin, Craufurd D., 190n78 government advertisements by, 170–71, 199n297 EC as, 288–91, 293–94 economics for, 225–26 energy security and, 148–54, 254–55 in France, 336 in globalization, 258 Jackson in, 128, 136–37, 158–59, 168 in Japan, 21 OAPEC as, 309–10 OECD and, 88 oil embargo for, 190n69 OPEC as, 309–10 policy and, 154–57, 218–19, 389 research for, 18n40, 228 in UK, 339–40 in US, 128–33, 167–69, 336–39 in West Germany, 268n49 Granville, Maurice, 93 Greece, 259 Grimm, Paul E., 338 Gromyko, Andrei, 319–20 Group of 77 for developing nations, 309, 311, 315, 350 for oil, 100, 104, 287, 313 Gruhl, Herbert, 221 Gulf War (1990–91), 308 Guth, Wilfried, 317 H I Haas, Merrill W., 34, 139 Haig, Alexander, 181, 201n346, 202n354 Halliburton, 1–2, 35 Hallman, Albert, 213 Harpprecht, Klaus, 282n307 Hastings, Keith, 128–29 Heal, Geoffrey, 369–70 Heath, Edward expert advice, 106, 213, 244–45, 252 as leader, 244–45, 293, 339, 347 hegemony After Hegemony (Keohane), 356–58 IEA See International Energy Agency IEP See International Energy Programme IMF See International Monetary Fund imports See also Task Force on Oil Import Control in economics, 149–50 of energy, 68 Mandatory Oil Import Program (US) in, 24–25 from Middle East, 53–54, 66–67, 93 of oil, 305 – 452 – Index government in, 21 OAPEC and, 180 oil embargo for, 66–67 US and, 256, 283n313 West Germany and, 80n43 Jasanoff, Sheila, 392 Jobert, Michel, 105, 177, 201n346, 245–46, 257 as leader, 289, 293–94, 298–300, 313 reputation of, 301–2, 325n70, 326nn76–77 Johnson, Lyndon B., 123 Johnson, William, 131 Journal of Petroleum Technology, 34 Jungers, Frank, 92, 337 politics of, 62–67 Task Force on Oil Import Control, 62–63, 66, 125–26 for US, 186 industrialism economics of, 248–49 labor and, 47n80 of Middle East, 46n57 policy from, 261–62 politics and, 200n312 scarcity and, 54–55 UNIDO for, 315 in Western Society, 368–69 institutional restructuring, 128–33 interdependence, 6, 380n154 See also globalization Cold War and, 335–36 energy and, 7–8 globalization of, 15 history of, 323n49 for Kissinger, 287–89, 291–95 for Middle East, 56–57 national sovereignty and, 286–87, 320–21, 354–58 sovereignty and, 294–302 International Energy Agency (IEA), 11, 303–8 for oil crisis (1973–74), 69, 216–17 OPEC and, 321 policy and, 355–57 International Energy Programme (IEP), 303–8 international law, International Monetary Fund (IMF), 298, 303 international relations, 354–55 Iran, 66, 92, 96, 98, 176, 222, 230, 235, 239, 256, 259, 277n212, 288, 316, 349 See also Middle East diplomacy for, 236 UK and, 29–30 Iraq, 28, 30–31, 66, 91, 93–94, 96, 100, 102, 104, 110, 114, 348, 358 Irwin, John, 60–61, 86n136 Israel, 92–99, 101–5, 108, 112–13, 232 in media, 117n41 oil embargo and, 118n59, 180 US and, 243 Western Society and, 254, 257–58 West Germany and, 282n307 Italy, 259 K Kagan, Robert, 358 Kahn, Hermann, 349–50 Kaiser, Karl, 347, 349 Katz, James E., 356 Kaufmann, Burton I., 342 Kemp, Geoffrey, 351 Kennedy, Edward, 152 Keohane, Robert, 6, 307, 354–58, 393–94 Keynesianism See regulation Khene, Abderrahmane, 238–39 Khrushchev, Nikita S., 22 Kindleberger, Charles, Kissinger, Henry A., 92, 117n27, 129–30, 167, 172 diplomacy for, 325n70 foreign policy by, 174–84, 189n53, 201n338, 201n346, 202n354, 252–58, 300–303, 311–12, 392–93 interdependence for, 287–89, 291–95 in Middle East, 65–66 reputation of, 248, 298–300, 323n31, 3234n49 Knips, Walter, 109 Knubel, John, 174, 190n64 Kondis, Edward F., 338 Koschnik, Hans, 220 Kraft, Joseph, 166 Krasner, Stephen D., 7, 351, 357 Kruse, Hansheinrich, 61, 107–8, 234–35, 237–39, 276n178 Kruse, Hans-Stefan, 276n178 Kuwait, 30, 94, 96–98, 100, 118n52, 119n86, 237, 239, 276n182, 276n189 J L Jablonski, Wanda, 25 Jackson, Henry M energy for, 8–9, 336–39 in government, 128, 136–37, 158–59, 168 Jalloud, Abdessalam, 102–3, 244 Japan See also Western Society energy for, 4–5 energy security in, 42n7, 113–14, 178 labour economics of, 32–33 energy and, 20–21, 282n295 energy policy and, 222–23 industrialism and, 47n80 national security and, 342 oil embargo and, 136–37 – 453 – Index petro-knowledge in, 10, 363–64 politics and, research in, 139–40 Saudi Arabia in, 118n66 on scarcity, 109–10 in US, 94–96, 108–9, 161–72 Western Society in, 348–49 Yamani in, 103–4, 115, 117n27, 235 MEES See Middle East Economic Survey Meir, Golda, 244 Messmer, Pierre, 230–31 Metzger, Pete, 235 Meyer-Abich, Klaus M., 218 Middle East, 4–5, 191n88 See also Faisal; oil; oil embargo Africa and, 63, 77–78, 105–14, 205, 231, 233, 310–11, 317–18 Aramco in, 28–29 Cold War compared to, 260–61 diplomacy in, 264–65, 276n189 Europe and, 245–47 France and, 293 in globalization, 13–14, 70 human rights in, 329n138 imports from, 53–54, 66–67, 93 industrialism of, 46n57 interdependence for, 56–57 Kissinger in, 65–66 media and, 93–94, 100, 115 oil crisis (1973–74) for, 51–52 politics and, 26–31 Trans-Arabian Pipeline for, 64, 208 UN and, 232–33 US and, 99, 134, 173–75 Western Society and, 11, 31, 90–91, 105– 14, 278n223 West Germany and, 215, 247–52 Middle East Economic Survey (MEES), 25, 234 Miller, Linda B., 345 Mitchell, Donald J., 168 Mitchell, Timothy, 9, 16n6 Mobil Oil, 23, 124, 135 Möckli, Daniel, 280n257, 323n31 Mondale, Walter F., 346 Morgenthau, Hans J., 348, 353 Mori, Haruki, 347 Morton, Robert B., 163 Morton, Rogers, 199n297, 362 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 29–30 Müller, Harald, 344–45 Müller-Chorus, Gerhard, 242–43 Müller-Hermann, Ernst, 225–26 multinational oil firms, 336–43, 373n19 Muskie, Edmund, 298–99 Lahn, Lothar, 242, 276n178 Laird, Wilson M., 58, 63, 189n54 Lambsdorff, Otto Graf, 204, 225 Lantzke, Ulf, 59–61, 69–70, 72–74, 239, 258 on economics, 305–6, 319, 328n116 energy policy, 207, 212, 215, 224, 228, 233–35, 287, 290, 394 Lautenschlager, Hans, 237, 276n178 law for energy security, 209–11 globalization of, 239–40 international law, Texas Railroad Commission for, 24 in US, 31–32 Levy, Walter, 213, 218, 268n49, 296, 333 Libya, 26, 30–31, 58, 61, 70, 91, 94, 96, 98, 102, 104, 114, 176, 233, 236, 240–44, 249, 259, 349 See also Africa; Gaddafi, Muamar; Middle East Licklider, Roy, 89 Liebruck, Manfred, 71 Ligon, Duke, 131, 190n64 limits See globalization; interdependence; policy; regulation Limits to Growth (report), 364–65 Lincoln, George A., 125, 343, 349, 352 Loewenstein, Karl, 354 Logan, Harry A., 168 Love, John A., 97, 130, 133–34, 155–57, 189n53 Nixon and, 189n54 publicity of, 161, 163–67, 170, 175 Lovejoy, Wallace F., 39–40 Lovins, Amory, 3, 362–63, 368, 382n186 M MacFadzean, Frank, 339–40 Mandatory Oil Import Program, 24–25 Mandel, Heinrich, 218–19 Marshall Plan, 21 mass media, 13 Matthöfer, Hans, 220 McCormick, William T., 134 McKelvey, Vincent E., 38 McLean, John, 145–46 media Arab oil weapon in, 117n36 Brandt in, 229–33, 243–44, 278n229 energy crisis in, 126–27, 135, 211, 301–2, 333–35 energy security in, 90–91 environmentalism and, 35–37 Israel in, 117n41 mass media, 13 Middle East and, 93–94, 100, 115 OAPEC in, 12 oil embargo in, 114 OPEC in, 12 N Nader, Laura, 363 – 454 – Index Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 53 National Environmental Protection Act, 127 nationalism EC and, 231–32 transnationalism, 354–58 nationalization of energy resources, 31 in Iraq, 93 of oil, 61 National Petroleum Council, 129, 145–46 national security energy as, 343–44 geography of, 351–53 globalization and, 376n72 oil and, 376n66 in US, 62–67 National Security Study Memoranda (NSSM), 63–67, 97, 173 national sovereignty, 15 in energy crisis, 195n198 energy security and, 343–49 in globalization, 336–43, 349–54 interdependence and, 286–87, 320–21, 354–58 research on, 335–36 for US, 150–51 natural gas, 74, 93, 215–16 See also energy Netherlands, 4, 14, 55, 60, 89, 99–100, 105–07, 215, 241, 243, 246–48, 250–51, 254, 257, 287, 288–89, 305 See also Europe; Western Society New International Economic Order, 287, 309–10, 313–15, 319, 350 Nixon, Richard, 22, 62, 95, 195n185 Brandt and, 255 diplomacy by, 174–75, 189nn58–59 for energy autarky, 391 in energy crisis, 163–73, 288–89, 296–97 energy policy by, 128–34, 162, 184–86, 188n39, 190n78, 301 energy security for, 148–49, 154–61 as leader, 293–94 in oil crisis (1973–74), 123–27 policy by, 180–83, 392–93 reputation of, 188n32, 189n54, 191n88, 253 Washington energy conference for, 294– 302, 315, 346 Nolan, John, 338 North Africa See Africa North Sea, 251, 290–91, 377n88 NSSM See National Security Study Memoranda nuclear energy, 59, 74, 376n72 politics of, 221–22, 228, 304 scarcity and, 215–16 Nye, Joseph as expert, 342, 344, 346, 354–56, 359–60, 377n73 theory of, 6, 307, 393–94 O OAPEC See Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Odeen, Philip, 255–56, 344 OECD See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OEEC See Organization for European Economic Cooperation oil See also energy advertisements for, 208–9 AIOC for, 29–30 coal compared to, 19–21, 227 crude oil, 71, 74–75, 192n119, 308 culture of, 47n92 for developing nations, 303–4 diplomacy for, 282n295 economics of, 31–38, 63–64, 267n33 as energy, 318–19 energy policy and, 370 in energy security, 387–88 for France, 268n66 geography of, 11–12, 25–28 globalization of, 11–15, 23–31, 234 Group of 77 for, 100, 104, 287, 313 High Level Group Oil, 53–62, 68–70, 72–73 imports of, 305 Limits to Growth (report) on, 364–65 multinational oil firms for, 336–43 nationalization of, 61 national security and, 376n66 North Sea for, 251, 290–91, 377n88 peak oil, 365–66, 388 as raw materials, 262 research for, 305–6 from Soviet Union, 258–59 Suez Canal and, 43n14, 53–54, 56–57, 64 Task Force on Oil Import Control, 62–63, 66, 125–26 technology for, 151 for UK, 176 Western Society and, 19–23, 340–43 Oil! (Sinclair), 31–32 Oil and Gas Journal, 1–2, 25, 34, 133–34 oil conferences in globalization, 286–94, 309–20 Washington energy conference, 294–302, 315, 346 oil crisis (1973–74), 8–10, 199n297 for developing nations, 258–63 economics of, 152–53, 206, 213–14, 296 energy crisis and, 124–28, 184–86, 233–34 energy security and, 320–21 environmentalism and, 362, 364–68 globalization of, 12–15, 64–65, 323n31 High Level Group Oil and, 287–88, 294, 304–5 history of, 126–27, 332–35, 387–95 – 455 – Index IEA for, 69, 216–17 for Middle East, 51–52 Nixon in, 123–27 petro-knowledge in, 12–13, 306 policy from, 77–78, 209–10, 225–27, 286–87 politics of, 18n40, 237–45 research from, 212, 223–24, 344–45 scarcity in, 78n2 technology for, 71–72 for UN, 347 for US, 164–65, 171, 260 for West Germany, 207–11, 222–29, 263–65 oil crisis (1978–79), 272n110 economics of, 308 history of, 221–22 oil dependency, 76–77, 86n148, 203–6 oil embargo, 11 as Arab oil weapon, 184–86, 253–56, 283n311 diplomacy from, 89–91, 105–6, 161, 177, 238–39 energy crisis and, 173–84, 242 for government, 190n69 Israel and, 118n59, 180 for Japan, 66–67 labor and, 136–37 in media, 114 for OAPEC, 95–96 for OECD, 174 policy and, 131–32, 149–50, 172–73 politics of, 57–58, 99–104 for Saudi Arabia, 338 Task Force on Oil Import Control and, 66 US and, 88–90, 153–54, 157–58 for Western Society, 242–43 for West Germany, 56–57 oilmen, 31–38 oil production, 30–31, 111 oil reserves geography of, 262–63 OECD on, 69–70 technology for, 38–42 in US, 49n122 oil rigs, 45n54, 215 oil sharing, 60–62, 82n65 oil shocks, 385n235 OPEC See Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Oppenheim, Lassa Francis Lawrence, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in diplomacy, 64, 205, 208, 294, 296–300, 303–8, 328n116 government and, 88 Oil Committee for, 14, 51–57, 59, 61, 77 oil embargo for, 174 on oil reserves, 69–70 OPEC and, 235–37 policy from, 263 politics of, 51–52, 81n64 UK and, 194n177 UN and, 12, 261–62 Western Society and, 52–62 Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 52–55 Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), 4, 14 See also Yamani, Zaki advertisements by, 101–2 diplomacy with, 276n182 economics for, 249–50 in globalization, 130, 389, 391–92 as government, 309–10 history of, 30–31 Japan and, 180 in media, 12 oil embargo for, 95–96 policy for, 123–24, 134, 147, 173 in politics, 7–8, 98–103 West Germany and, 240 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 4, 14 diplomacy by, 114–15 economics for, 46n63, 94–95 in globalization, 91, 130, 143–44, 389, 391–92 as government, 309–10 history of, 30 IEA and, 321 in media, 12 OECD and, 235–37 policy for, 123–24, 134, 184–85 in politics, 7–8, 237–40 politics of, 353 raw materials for, 329n138 West Germany and, 277n203 Ortoli, Franỗois-Xavier, 294 Ostpolitik, 25961 P Pachachi, Nadim, 119n83 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah), 239 Painter, David, 342 Palme, Olof, 347 Pasternack, Bruce, 153 peak oil, 40–41, 365–66, 388 Percy, Charles H., 170–71 petrodollars, 45n53 petro-knowledge, 1–5, 8–11 See also research energy crisis and, 133–37, 332–35 for energy policy, 369 in media, 10, 363–64 in oil crisis (1973–74), 12–13, 306 as research, 391–92 Resources for the Future Inc., for, 39–40 scarcity and, 38–42 petroleum API for, 24, 37, 39–41, 135 – 456 – Index education for, 32–34, 37 Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act (US), 132, 159 Journal of Petroleum Technology, 34 National Petroleum Council (US), 129, 145–46 regulation of, 251 science of, 23, 47n81 SPE for, 33 technology and, 29, 36–37 Petroleum Intelligence Weekly, 25 Petroleum Panorama, 38 Petroleum Press Service, 25 Petromin, 31 Peyton, Charles O., 338 planification, 268n66 planning See policy Podhoretz, Norman, 348 policy See also energy policy; foreign policy Akins and, 129, 131, 140–44, 176, 178, 202n354 for British Petroleum, 339–40 in Cold War, 74 culture of, 227 from economics, 72–74, 388 for energy crisis, 144–48, 304 for energy security, 268n66, 345–46, 382n188 in Europe, 234 for Friderichs, 204, 211, 224–25 government and, 154–57, 218–19, 389 IEA and, 355–57 from industrialism, 261–62 for Lantzke, 207, 212, 215, 224, 228, 233–35, 287, 290, 394 by Nixon, 180–83, 392–93 for OAPEC, 123–24, 134, 147, 173 from OECD, 263 from oil crisis (1973–74), 77–78, 209–10, 225–27, 286–87 oil embargo and, 131–32, 149–50, 172–73 for OPEC, 123–24, 134, 184–85 politics and, 307 for pollution, 365 for scarcity, 138, 228–29, 234 in US, 123–24, 126 Watergate scandal and, 180–81, 185 by Yamani, 239, 337–38 political sovereignty, 309–10 politics API and, 135 of Arab oil weapon, 351–54 of coal, 212–13, 267n44 of Cold War, 4, 22, 176, 178, 182, 204–6, 229–30, 264, 344–49, 382n186 of diplomacy, 14–15, 59–62, 89–91, 101 Douglas-Home in, 294, 325n70 economics and, 5–6 of energy, 3–5, 65–66, 93–98, 374n22, 382n188 of energy policy, 332–33 of energy security, 241–45, 258–59, 303–4 of environmentalism, 158–60 EPC for, 245–47 in Europe, 54–55, 230–31 of foreign policy, 10–11 Gaddafi in, 239–44 in globalization, 41–42, 56–57, 358–59 of hegemony, 300 of imports, 62–67 industrialism and, 200n312 media and, Middle East and, 26–31 of nuclear energy, 221–22, 228, 304 OAPEC in, 7–8, 98–103 of OECD, 51–52, 81n64 of oil crisis (1973–74), 18n40, 237–45 of oil embargo, 57–58, 99–104 of OPEC, 353 OPEC in, 7–8, 237–40 policy and, 307 of Saudi Arabia, 29 of science, 128, 137–44 Simon, William E., in, 295–96 of sovereignty, 387–95 in US, 189n62 Watergate scandal, 129–30, 155, 163–64, 172–73, 180–81, 185 of Yom Kippur War, 98–99, 257–58 pollution, 365 Pompidou, Georges, 105, 245, 299 Priest, Joseph, 364 Project Independence Evaluation System, 149, 152 Project Independence Report, 148–54 Pronk, Jan P., 347 R Rabkin, Jeremy A., 358 Rampton, Jack, 293 Rather, Dan, 165 raw materials debt crisis and, 263 economics of, 310 for energy, 311–12 mining for, 267n44 oil as, 262 for OPEC, 329n138 scarcity of, 259–360, 357, 393–94 for UN, 304 for West Germany, 366 Ray, Dixy Lee, 134, 304 Reagan, Ronald, 260, 366 Redies, Helmut, 276n178 regulation, 222–29 France and, 313 of petroleum, 251 renewable energy, 218–19, 318–19 – 457 – Index research for alternative energy, 127–28, 215–17 by API, 39–41 EC for, 75–77 for economics, 229 education and, 71 for energy policy, 12–13, 207, 214–15 for energy saving, 271n95 for energy security, 9–11 for government, 18n40, 228 history and, 342–43 Limits to Growth (report), 364–65 in media, 139–40 on national sovereignty, 335–36 NSSM for, 63–67, 97, 173 for oil, 305–6 from oil crisis (1973–74), 212, 223–24, 344–45 petro-knowledge as, 391–92 Resources for the Future Inc., 39–40 Reston, James, 302 Rhodesia, 179 Ribicoff, Abraham, 136 Ridley Commission, 68 Rockefeller, John D., 23 Rocks, Lawrence, 362 Rohwedder, Detlev Karstan, 59, 69–71, 77, 239, 258, 267n44 Roll, Eric, 317 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 123 Rosecrance, Richard N., 357 Rothschild (Lord), 68, 84n107 Royal Dutch Shell, 23, 28, 35, 40, 42n5, 44n35, 84n107, 85n126, 215, 218, 339–340, 342 Rumsfeld, Donald, 253 Runyon, Richard, 362 Russe, Herman Josef, 226 scarcity Arab oil weapon and, 98–104, 114–15 of crude oil, 54, 71, 138, 141–42, 185, 308, 349, 359–60 diplomacy for, 142, 230–32 economics of, 124–28 environmentalism and, 209, 364–68 geology and, 137–44, 345 globalization and, 66–67 history of, 371–72 industrialism and, 54–55 media on, 109–10 nuclear energy and, 215–16 in oil crisis (1973–74), 78n2 petro-knowledge and, 38–42 policy for, 138, 228–29, 234 of raw materials, 259–360, 357, 393–94 Scheel, Walter, 107, 113, 233, 241, 243 for Europe, 297–98, 312–13 reputation of, 245 Schmidt, H., and, 290, 294 Schlesinger, James, 182, 255 Schmidt, Adolf, 220–21, 225 Schmidt, Helmut, 211–12, 220–23, 262 Europe and, 323n34 as politician, 307, 316–17, 346–47 reputation of, 298–99 Scheel and, 290, 294 Schmitt, Carl, 6, 305 Schneider, Hans K., 218–19, 226, 294, 296–97, 372 Schröder, Dieter, 247, 302 Schubert, Enno, 213 Schumacher, Ernst F., 368 Schumann, Maurice, 245 science See also petro-knowledge; research AAPG for, 33 culture of, 392 economics and, 39–40 of energy security, 56, 148–49 of petroleum, 23, 47n81 politics of, 128, 137–44 USGS for, 24 Scowcroft, Brent, 181, 189n53, 201n338 Seabury, Paul, 353 Shell See Royal Dutch Shell Shultz, Charles M., 156 Shultz, George P., 63, 129–31, 189n54, 292–94, 296–97, 317 Silk, Leonard, 302 Simon, Julian E., 371–72 Simon, William E., 131–33, 135, 159–62, 167–72, 189n53 Kissinger and, 292–94 in politics, 295–96 reputation of, 189n62, 199n283, 391 Simonet, Henri, 291, 294 Sinclair, Upton, 31–32 Six-Day War, 56–57, 64, 247 Small Working Group, 71, 207–9, 213 S Sadat, Anwar, 103, 181–82, 244 Sampson, Anthony, 341 San Remo Conference, 28 al-Saqqaf, Umar, 178–79 Sargent, Daniel, 357 Sargent, Francis W., 168 Saud (King), 28–29 Saud (Prince), 91, 94, 100, 112 Saudi Arabia See also Faisal; Middle East globalization for, 162 in media, 118n66 oil embargo for, 338 politics of, 29 US and, 91–93, 174, 176–81, 183–84 West Germany and, 236–37 Sawhill, John career of, 132–33, 136, 148–49, 151–52, 190n64 as expert, 344 – 458 – Index transnationalism, 354–58 Truman, Harry S., 123, 145 Tucker, Robert W., 348–49, 393–94 Tucker, Stanley, 101 Tugendhat, Christopher, 341 Turner, Louis, 341–42, 373n19 Smith, Adam, 111 Soames, Christopher, 294 social science See culture Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE), 33, 47n76, 47n82 solar energy, 218 Solow, Robert, 371 sovereignty See also national sovereignty; specific topics for Brandt, 204–5, 253 Case for Sovereignty (Rabkin), 358 as concept, 5–8 diplomacy in, 313–14 interdependence and, 294–302 oil crisis (1973–74) and, 42 political sovereignty, 309–10 politics of, 387–95 Soviet Union See also Cold War oil from, 258–59 Ostpolitik for, 259–61 Al-Sowayegh, Abdulaziz, 90 SPE See Society of Petroleum Engineers Speer, Albert, 131 Springer, Axel Cäsar, 233 Stability and Growth Act, 226 von Staden, Berndt, 253–54 stagflation, 227 Standard Oil, 23 Steed, Tom, 169 Stein, Herbert, 135, 157 Stever, H Guyford, 134 Stiglitz, Joseph, 371 van der Stoel, Max, 297 Strauß, Franz Josef, 207–8, 212, 221, 231, 334 Suez Canal, 43n14, 53–54, 56–57, 64 Sun Oil, 34 Süskind, Martin, 113 Sweden, 259 Syria, 30–31, 98, 103, 184 See also Middle East U UK See United Kingdom UN See United Nations UNCTAD See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Ungerer, Werner, 238 UNIDO See United Nations Industrial Development Organization Union Oil, 135 United Kingdom (UK) See also Western Society economics in, 217–18 energy security for, 106–7, 250–51 France and, 28, 256–57, 299 in globalization, 226, 300–301 government in, 339–40 Iran and, 29–30 OECD and, 194n177 oil for, 176 Petroleum Press Service in, 25 petrol for, 23 Ridley Commission for, 68 United Nations (UN) diplomacy for, 98–99, 104, 248–49 economics and, 276n178, 309 Emergency Aid Fund by, 262 environmentalism and, 314 Europe and, 243, 247 for human rights, 6, 180 for international law, Middle East and, 232–33 OECD and, 12, 261–62 oil crisis (1973–74) for, 347 raw materials for, 304 UNIDO, 315 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 104, 309, 314 United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), 315 United States (US) See also Cold War; Washington energy conference; Western Society Africa and, 179 Defense Protection Act (1950) in, 158 diplomacy for, 120n95, 252–58 Economic Stabilization Act (1970) in, 158 Egypt and, 181–82 Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act in, 132, 159 Energy Policy Project in, 145–48 energy security for, 39–42, 57–58, 97–98, 144–48, 283n311 T Task Force on Oil Import Control, 62–63, 66, 125–26 Tati, Jacques, 36 technology backstop technology, 370–71 Energy for a Technological Society (Priest), 364 history of, 359–64 Journal of Petroleum Technology, 34 for oil, 151 for oil crisis (1973–74), 71–72 for oil reserves, 38–42 petroleum and, 29, 36–37 Texaco, 361–62 Texas Railroad Commission, 24 Third world nations See developing nations Torrey Canyon (oil tanker), 36 Trans-Arabian Pipeline, 64, 208 – 459 – Index Western Society, 67–77, 112–13 Cold War for, 252–53 culture of, 111 democracy in, 308 diplomacy for, 184, 286–87, 388–89 economics in, 334–35 energy and, 3–5, 9–11, 14–15 energy security in, 19–23, 51–52, 77–78 EPC and, 288–89 foreign policy for, 389–94 industrialism in, 368–69 Israel and, 254, 257–58 in media, 348–49 Middle East and, 11, 31, 90–91, 105–14, 278n223 OECD and, 52–62 oil and, 19–23, 340–43 oil embargo for, 242–43 West Germany, 67–77, 112–13 advertisements in, 25 Africa and, 314 diplomacy for, 232–39, 242–45 economics of, 6, 346–47 energy policy in, 212–22, 229–32, 263–65 Energy Security Act in, 344 energy security for, 107–8, 178, 231–32 Europe and, 306–7 foreign policy for, 12, 302 globalization for, 225, 239–42, 258–63 government in, 268n49 Israel and, 282n307 Japan and, 80n43 Middle East and, 215, 247–52 OAPEC and, 240 oil crisis (1973–74) for, 207–11, 222–29, 263–65 oil dependency in, 86n148, 203–6 oil embargo for, 56–57 OPEC and, 277n203 raw materials for, 366 Saudi Arabia and, 236–37 Stability and Growth Act in, 226 US and, 252–58, 297–98 White, David, 24, 26–28 Wildavsky, Aaron, 353 Wilkins, Mira, 342 Wilson, Caroll L., 218–19 Wilson, Harold, 316 Wischnewski, Hans-Jürgen, 317–18 Wolf, Joseph J., 345–46 World Bank, 298, 303 Wörner, Manfred, 346–47 environmentalism in, 167 Europe and, 58–59, 69–70, 73–74, 80n43, 111–12, 231, 241, 263–64, 344 Faisal (King) and, 117n41, 162, 178–84 foreign policy for, 18n40, 337 France and, 289–90 globalization and, 59–60, 234–35, 244, 262, 314–15 government in, 128–33, 167–69, 336–39 hegemony for, 287–94, 302–4, 323n49, 356–58, 380n138, 393–94 history of, 23–24 imports for, 186 Israel and, 101, 243 Japan and, 256, 283n313 law in, 31–32 Mandatory Oil Import Program in, 24–25 media in, 94–96, 108–9, 161–72 Middle East and, 99, 134, 173–75 National Environmental Protection Act in, 127 National Petroleum Council in, 129, 145–46 national security in, 62–67 national sovereignty for, 150–51 oil crisis (1973–74) for, 164–65, 171, 260 oil embargo and, 88–90, 153–54, 157–58 oil reserves in, 49n122 policy in, 123–24, 126 politics in, 189n62 Project Independence Report in, 148–54 Saudi Arabia and, 91–93, 174, 176–81, 183–84 Syria and, 30 West Germany and, 252–58, 297–98 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 24 US See United States USGS See United States Geological Survey V Vaillaud, Michel, 60 Vansant, Carl, 344 Venn, Fiona, 18n40 Vernon, Raymond, 6, 333 W Wakefield, Stephen, 131, 146 Waldheim, Kurt, 310 Washington energy conference, 294–302, 315, 346 Watergate scandal See also Nixon, Richard diplomacy and, 129–30, 155, 163–64, 172–73, 185 policy and, 180–81, 185 Weaver, Morris, 169 Weinstein, Adelbert, 112 Werner, Günter Franz, 235–36, 242 Y Yaker, Layachi, 347 Yamani, Zaki (Sheikh), 31, 90–92, 96–97, 105–14, 182 in media, 103–4, 115, 117n27, 235 – 460 – Index policy by, 239, 337–38 reputation of, 312 Yergin, Daniel, 19–20, 22, 34, 65, 90 for history, 344 reputation of, 342–43 Yom Kippur War, 95–96, 98–99, 207, 236–37, 257–58 Z Zarb, Frank, 190n64 Zausner, Eric, 149, 153, 190n64 Zywietz, Werner, 225 – 461 – .. .Oil and Sovereignty OIL AND SOVEREIGNTY Petro- Knowledge and Energy Policy in the United States and Western Europe in the 1970s RÜDIGER GRAF Translated by Alex Skinner berghahn... of the present To understand what the governments of Western Europe and the United States did during the oil crisis, the present work begins by reconstructing the world of oil in the 1950s and. .. structures and who were the main actors? What was the significance of oil and oil products to the increasing prosperity of Western Europe and the United States in the years of the economic boom? And