This book gives an unprecedented insight into how the Gold Coast became the first outpost of Hollywood in Australia When a combination of forces drove studios and producers to work outside California, the Gold Coast’s unique blend of government tax support, innovative entrepreneurs and diverse natural settings made it a perfect choice to host Hollywood productions Local Hollywood makes an essential contribution to the field of film and media studies, as well as giving movie buffs a behind-the-scenes tour of the film industry ISBN 978-0-7022-3779-9 Ben Goldsmith • Susan Ward • Tom O’Regan Hollywood films and television programs are watched by a global audience While many of these productions are still made in southern California, the last twenty years have seen new production centres emerge in the US, Canada and other locations worldwide Global Hollywood has been made possible by this growing number of Local Hollywoods: locations equipped with the requisite facilities, resources and labour, as well as the political will and tax incentives, to attract and retain high-budget, Hollywood-standard projects Localholly wood The pioneering story of Australia’s own Hollywood Local hollywood Global film production nd the a Gold Coast 780702 237799 of queensland press www.uqp.com.au design Nada Backovic Designs photographs istock, Tourism Queensland university local hollywood full cover.indd Ben Goldsmith • Susan Ward • Tom O’Regan 10/06/10 12:05 PM Ben Goldsmith is a research fellow in the Centre for Critical and Cultural Studies at the University of Queensland Susan Ward is a researcher with the School of English, Media Studies and Arts History at the University of Queensland Her interests lie with Australian film and television production and the spatial dynamics of audio-visual production Tom O’Regan teaches in the School of English, Media Studies and Art History at the University of Queensland His books include The Film Studio (with Ben Goldsmith), Australian National Cinema and Australian Television Culture Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Local hollywood Ben Goldsmith • susan ward • tom o’reGan Local Hollywood title page.indd Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 24/05/10 2:46 PM 11/06/10 1:49 PM First published 2010 by University of Queensland Press PO Box 6042, St Lucia, Queensland 4067 Australia www.uqp.com.au © Ben Goldsmith, Susan Ward and Tom O’Regan 2010 This book is copyright Except for private study, research, criticism or reviews, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission Enquiries should be made to the publisher Typeset in 12/16 pt Adobe Garamond Pro Regular by Post Pre-press Group, Brisbane Printed in Australia by McPherson’s Printing Group Cataloguing-in-Publication Data National Library of Australia Goldsmith, Ben, 1967– Local Hollywood: Global Film Production and the Gold Coast / Ben Goldsmith, Susan Ward, Tom O’Regan ISBN 9780702237799 (pbk) ISBN 9780702238017 (pdf ) Includes bibliographical references and index Motion picture industry Motion picture industry – Queensland Motion picture studios Motion picture studios – Queensland Motion picture locations Motion picture locations – Queensland Motion pictures – Production and direction Motion pictures – Production and direction – Queensland Ward, Susan O’Regan, Tom, 1956– 791.430232 University of Queensland Press uses papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM For Geoff and Sheila Ward, Elizabeth Mitchell, Eloise and Sam Goldsmith, and Liam O’Regan Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Contents Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Global and Local Hollywood Inventing a Local Hollywood The Greenfields Location The Junior Partner Film Friendliness Local Hollywood’s Location Space Learning from a Local Hollywood Acknowledgements Notes List of Productions Index Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 37 77 120 152 186 224 265 267 282 288 11/06/10 1:49 PM Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Chapter Global and Local Hollywood Introduction Today we are living in a remarkable era of cross-pollination in inter national pictures . . . Films are made everywhere, set everywhere and tell stories about people everywhere David Linde, Co-chairman, Universal Studios, Berlinale1 David Linde is talking here of the contemporary phenomenon we now call Global Hollywood One of the characteristics of Global Hollywood is that films are not only made and set in places around the world, but many films are made in several locations with finance, actors and crew drawn from a number of countries Take Babel, with its filming locations and interconnecting stories stretching from Tokyo to Tijuana, from San Diego to Casablanca, with its ensemble cast including American Brad Pitt and Australian Cate Blanchett alongside Mexican, Moroccan, English and Japanese actors, and its Mexican director (Alejandro González Iñárritu) and scriptwriter (Guillermo Arriaga) Or consider the Lord of the Rings trilogy: a New Zealand director, Peter Jackson, used German finance and actors from around the world to create Middle Earth and Mordor in a variety of New Zealand locations Or look at Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM List of productions Films 2001: A Space Odyssey (Stanley Kubrick, 1968) Alexander (Oliver Stone, 2004) All My Friends are Leaving Brisbane (Louise Alston, 2007) Alvin Purple (Tim Burstall, 1973) Aquamarine (Elizabeth Allen, 2006) Attila (Pietro Francisci, 1954) Australia (Baz Luhrmann, 2007) Babe (George Miller, 1995) Babel (Alejandro González Iñárritu, 2006) Back to the Future (Robert Zemeckis, 1985) Barabbas (Richard Fleischer, 1961) Barbarella (Roger Vadim, 1969) Batman (Tim Burton, 1989) Bible, The (John Huston, 1966) Black Water (David Nerlich and Andrew Traucki, 2007) Bloodmoon (Alex Mills, 1990) Blood Oath (Stephen Wallace, 1990) Blurred (Evan Clarry, 2002) Bourne Identity, The (Doug Liman, 2002) Bourne Supremacy, The (Paul Greengrass, 2004) Bourne Ultimatum, The (Paul Greengrass, 2007) Chinatown (Roman Polanski, 1974) Chronicles of Narnia, The: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (Michael Apted, 2010) 282 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 282 11/06/10 1:49 PM List of productions 283 Cleopatra (Joseph L Mankiewicz, 1963) Cold Mountain (Anthony Minghella, 2003) Conan the Barbarian (John Milius, 1982) Condemned, The (Scott Wiper, 2007) Coolangatta Gold, The (Igor Auzins, 1984) Crimes of the Heart (Bruce Beresford, 1986) Crocodile Dundee (Peter Faiman, 1986) Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, The (John Stainton, 2002) Dark City (Alex Proyas, 1998) Daybreakers (Michael and Peter Spierig, 2009) Debt, The (John Madden, 2010) Delinquents, The (Chris Thomson, 1989) Desperate Journey: The Allison Wilcox Story (Dan Lerner, 1993) Diamond of Jeru, The (Ian Barry and Dick Lowry, 2001) Dov’è La Libertà (Roberto Rossellini, 1954) ET (Steven Spielberg, 1982) Europa ’51 (Roberto Rossellini, 1952) Evil Never Dies (Uli Edel, 2003) Exorcist, The (William Friedkin, 1973) Firestarter (Mark L Lester, 1984) Flash Gordon (Mike Hodges, 1980) Fool’s Gold (Andy Tennant, 2008) Fortress (Stuart Gordon, 1992) Gettin’ Square (Jonathan Teplitsky, 2003) Ghost Ship (Steve Beck, 2002) GI Joe: the Rise of Cobra (Stephen Sommers, 2009) Goodbye Paradise (Carl Schultz, 1983) Grande Guerra, La (Mario Monicelli, 1959) Great Raid, The (John Dahl, 2005) Ha-Hov (Assaf Bernstein, 2007) Happy Feet (George Miller, 2006) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (Mike Newell, 2005) House of Wax (Jaume Collet-Serra, 2005) Hurricane Smith (Colin Budds, 1992) I Pompieri di Viggiù (The Firemen of Viggiù) (Mario Mattoli, 1949) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (Steven Spielberg, 2008) In Pursuit of Honor (Ken Olin, 1995) Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 283 11/06/10 1:49 PM 284 List of Productions Island of Dr Moreau, The (John Frankenheimer, 1996) Jackie Chan’s First Strike (Stanley Tong, 1996) Jaws (Steven Spielberg, 1975) Joey (Ian Barry, 1997) King Kong (John Guillermin, 1976) Lightning Jack (Simon Wincer, 1994) Little Fish (Rowan Woods, 2005) Lord of the Rings trilogy (Peter Jackson 2001, 2002, 2003) Mad Max trilogy (George Miller, 1979, 1981, 1985) Marine, The (John Bonito, 2006) Matrix, The (Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski, 1999) Matrix Reloaded, The (Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski, 2003) Matrix Revolutions, The (Andy Wachowski and Larry Wachowski, 2003) Mercy Mission: The Rescue of Flight 771 (Roger Young, 1993) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie (Brian Spicer, 1995) Million Dollar Mystery (Richard Fleischer, 1987) Mission: Impossible (Brian De Palma, 1996) Mission: Impossible (John Woo, 2000) Moulin Rouge! (Baz Luhrmann, 2001) Muriel’s Wedding (P.J Hogan, 1994) Nim’s Island (Jennifer Flackett and Mark Levin, 2008) No Escape (aka Escape from Absalom) (Martin Campbell, 1994) Notti di Cabiria, Le (Federico Fellini, 1957) Ocean’s 11 (Steven Soderbergh, 2001) Ocean’s 12 (Steven Soderbergh, 2004) Oliver Twist (Roman Polanski, 2005) On the Beach (Stanley Kramer, 1959) Paradise Road (Bruce Beresford, 1997) Peter Pan (PJ Hogan, 2003) Phantom, The (Simon Wincer, 1996) Pitch Black (David Twohey, 2000) Proposition, The (John Hillcoat, 2005) Quiet American, The (Phillip Noyce, 2002) Raiders of the Lost Ark (Steven Spielberg, 1981) Ring of Endless Light (Greg Beeman, 2002) Rogue (Greg Mclean, 2007) Ruins, The (Carter Smith, 2008) Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 284 11/06/10 1:49 PM List of productions 285 Salem’s Lot (Mikael Salomon, 2004) Scooby-Doo (Raja Gosnell, 2002) Shanghai Knights (David Dobkin, 2003) Shi Mian Mai Fu (House of Flying Daggers) (Yimou Zhang, 2004) Silent Predators (Noel Nosseck, 1999) Singh is Kinng (Anees Bazmee, 2008) Sniper (Luis Llosa, 1993) Star Wars (George Lucas, 1977) Strada, La (Federico Fellini, 1956) Street Fighter (Steve E de Souza, 1994) Superman: The Movie (Richard Donner, 1978) Surrender in Paradise (Peter Cox, 1976) Swimming Upstream (Russell Mulcahy, 2003) Tai-pan (Daryl Duke, 1986) Thin Red Line, The (Terrence Malick, 1998) Total Recall (Paul Verhoeven, 1990) Trapped in Space (Arthur Allan Seidelman, 1994) Turtle Beach (Stephen Wallace, 1992) Ulisse [Ulysses] (Mario Camerini, 1954) Undead (Michael and Peter Spierig, 2003) Unfinished Sky (Peter Duncan, 2007) Until the End of the World (Wim Wenders, 1991) Walk the Talk (Shirley Barrett, 2000) War and Peace (King Vidor, 1956) Waterloo (Sergei Bondarchuk, 1970) Way Back, The (Peter Weir, 2010) White Cliffs of Dover, The (Clarence Brown, 1944) Wolf Creek (Greg Mclean, 2005) Telemovies and miniseries Barlow and Chambers: A Long Way from Home, aka Dadah is Death (Jerry London, 1988) Brides of Christ (Ken Cameron, 1991) Code Red: The Rubicon Conspiracy (Ian Gilmore, 2001) Curse of the Talisman (Colin Budds, 2001) Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Colin Budds, 1999) Flood, The: Who Will Save Our Children? (Chris Thomson, 1993) Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 285 11/06/10 1:49 PM 286 List of Productions Frankie’s House (Peter Fisk, 1992) Max Knight: Ultra Spy (Colin Budds, 2000) Outsider, The (Randa Haines, 2002) Place of the Dead (Suri Krishnamma, 1996) Survive the Savage Seas (Kevin James Dobson, 1992) Thornbirds, The: The Missing Years (Kevin James Dobson, 1996) Virtual Nightmare (Michael Pattinson, 2000) Television series Beastmaster (Alliance Atlantis Communications, Coote Hayes, Tribune Entertainment, 1999–2002) Border Patrol (Wilshire Court Productions, 2000) Cybergirl (Jonathan M Shiff Productions, 2001) Dolphin Cove (Paramount Television, 1989) Embassy (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1990–92) Farscape (Jim Henson Productions, Hallmark Entertainment, Nine Network Australia, The Sci Fi Channel, 1999–2003) Fire (Liberty Films, 1995–96) Flipper (The Samuel Goldwyn Company, Tribune Entertainment, Universal TV, Village Roadshow Entertainment, 1995–99) GP (Roadshow Coote and Carroll, 1989–96) H2O: Just Add Water (Jonathan M Shiff Productions, 2006–10) Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (MCA Television, Pacific Renaissance Pictures, Studios USA Television, Universal Television, 1995–99) Holiday Island (The Grundy Organisation, 1981) I’m a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here! (Granada Television, 2002–09) Lost World (Coote Hayes Productions, St Clare Entertainment, Telescene Film Group Productions, The Over the Hill Gang, 1999–2002) Medivac (Liberty Films International, 1996–98) Mermaids (Viacom Productions, 2003) Mission: Impossible (Paramount Television, 1988–90) Neighbours (Grundy Television Australia/The Grundy Organisation, 1985–2010) Ocean Girl (Jonathan M Shiff Productions, Westbridge Productions, 1994–97) Pacific, The (Dreamworks SKG, HBO Films, Playtone, 2010) Pacific Drive (New World Television, Village Roadshow Pictures, 1995–97) Paradise Beach (New World Television, Village Roadshow Pictures, 1993–94) Roar (Sea Change Productions, Universal Television, 1997) Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 286 11/06/10 1:49 PM List of productions 287 Scarlet Pimpernel, The (A&E Television Networks, BBC Birmingham, London Film Productions, Space Films, 1999, 2000) Sea Patrol (McElroy All Media, 2007–10) Strip, The (Knapman Wyld Television, 2008) Tales of the South Seas (Gaumont Television, Network Ten, South Pacific Pictures, Village Roadshow Pictures Television, 1998) Time Trax (Gary Nardino Productions, Lorimar Television, Warner Bros Television, 1993–94) Xena: Warrior Princess (MCA Television, Renaissance Pictures, Studios USA Television, Universal Television, 1995–2001) Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 287 11/06/10 1:49 PM Index 20th Century Fox 46 ABC (US network) 99, 105 Adamson, Andrew 225 Adams, Philip 249 AFCI (Association of Film Commissioners International) 23, 159, 170, 226 Afman, Frans 11 Ahern, Mike 160 air travel 14 Alexander 10, 25–6 Al Fayed, Mohamed A-list features 194–5 Allen Consulting Group 173 Allen, Peter 53 Alliance 126, 134 Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers 99 Alvin Purple 123 Amalgamated Holdings 69, 136 Animal Logic 6–7 Aquamarine 192, 217 Argue, David 104 Ariadne Australia Ltd 43, 44, 62, 67, 69, 71 Armstrong, Gillian 56 Aronofsky, Darren 98 Arts Committee 166 Arts Queensland 167 Asian currency crisis (1990s) 136, 180 Asia Pacific Screen Awards 172 Atkins, Eileen Atlab 167 Ausfilm 161 Austereo 134, 136 Austrade 168 Australia 202 Australia Australian content 101, 133 as a generic location 203–4 Australia–Japan Steering Committee 165 Australian Broadcasting Corporation 128 Australian Broadcasting Tribunal 101, 174, 250 Australian Film Commission 163, 248 Australian Film Development Corporation 163 Australian films and filmmakers 53–4, 101, 245 contrast with Hollywood 207–10 film and television industry learning 242–6 Local Hollywoods and 216–21 mid-Pacific Australian filmmaking 129 PFTC 168–9, 171 public reception of Gold Coast 246–57 Australian International Movie Convention 172 Australian Outback Spectacular 140, 145 Australian Taxation Office 171 Australia’s Wonderland 143, 176 Babe 244 Babel Balnaves, Neil 175–7 banking 18 Barlow and Chambers 128 Barrett, Shirley 199 Barron, Maureen 94 Baywatch 169–70 Beastmaster 174 Beattie, Peter 169 Benchley, Peter 105 Benzie, Lynne 146 288 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 288 11/06/10 1:49 PM Beresford, Bruce 53, 56, 178 Berlin (Babelsberg) 89 Berlin International Film Festival 169 Berman, Bruce 137 Big Brother 32, 109, 145, 175–7, 245 Bilcock and Copping 123 Birch Carroll and Coyle 54 Bjelke-Petersen, Joh 43, 44, 60–5, 67, 162–3, 164 Blair, Linda 125 Blanchett, Cate 6–7 blockbusters 12, 32, 48 Bloodmoon 125, 129–30 Blood Oath 125 Blurred 200 Bollywood 104, 194, 241 Bond, Alan 67, 99 Bond University 67, 165 Bonner, Tony 104 Bordwell, David 189–90, 194, 212 born international 25, 231 Bourne film cycle Bourne Ultimatum, The box office 48 Brides of Christ 128 Budds, Colin 103–4 Bulgaria 2, 89 Burke, Graham 142 Burnside, Stewart 104 Burstall, Tim 123 Butler, Diane 252 Callaghan, Allen 61–2, 163, 164 Callaghan, Judith 164 Cannon Group 49, 70 car manufacturing 18 Carolco 48, 49 Carroll, Matt 127 CBS 55–6, 99, 106, 128 Cena, John 203 Central City Studios (Melbourne) 76, 92, 218, 237 Chan, Jackie 201 China 146 Chow, Raymond 135 Christopherson, Susan 17 CinéCité Montréal 237 Cinecittà 5, 50, 118, 139 Cineposium Convention 159 Ciobo, Steve 251–2 Cleopatra 118 Coca-Cola 45–6, 52 Code Red: The Rubicon Conspiracy 203 Cold Mountain Cole, Marcus 105 colonisation 116 Columbia Pictures 45–6, 102 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 289 Index 289 computer-generated imagery (CGI) 244 Conan the Barbarian 51 Condemned, The 191 contracting out 17–8 Coolangatta Gold, The 54, 199–200 Coote, Greg 83, 102–3, 111, 127 Coote Hayes Productions 103, 108, 134, 135, 170, 172 corruption 164 Council of Europe Convention 26 Cox, John 244 Crawfords Australia 62, 102 Crocodile Dundee 52–3, 54 Crocodile Hunter, The 201 Croxford, Elle 158 Cruise, Tom 99 Cukor, George 187 Cutting Edge 244–5 Dafoe, Willem 219 Davis Entertainment 130 Daybreakers 219 Daydream Island 136 Dead Sleep 125, 129 Debt, The DEG (De Laurentiis Entertainment Group) 43, 44, 49, 52 DEL 55–6, 68–9 De Laurentiis resigns from 58–9 as pilot fish 88 public listing in US 53 Warner Roadshow Studios 72 DEL 44, 55–6, 58–9, 68–71, 98 see also Village Roadshow Delaney, Cassandra 104 De Laurentiis, Dino 41, 84 CBS/Fox Video 55–6 establishes Wilmington 5, 51–2 finance through pre-sales 11–2 Gold Coast 42–4, 55, 98, 129, 178, 239 interest in Australia 52–3, 62, 63 moves to US 50–1 opposition to 249–50 partnership with Queensland Government 53–4, 58, 61, 75 production in Rome 49–50, 55 removed from DEL 69 resigns from DEG 58–9 De Laurentiis, Raffaella 59 Delinquents, The 125, 201 Dermody, Susan 57 developers on Gold Coast 46, 65, 67, 115 Diamond of Jeru, The 203 Dicken, Peter 14, 16, 231 Dimsey, Ross 167 Dinocitta 49–50 Disney see Walt Disney Corporation 11/06/10 1:49 PM 290 Index Dolphin Cove 71, 99, 104–7, 129, 192, 201, 239 DreamWorks 10 Dreamworld 65, 109, 145, 175–7 drive-in cinemas 123, 138–40 Duguid, Dale 104, 208–9 Ealing Studios 229 Eastern Europe 88–9 Eastwood, Clint 142 Edwards, Sir Llew 171 Embassy Pictures 52 Embassy Television 102 Enker, Debi 250 European films 11 far north Queensland 32–3, 169, 238–9 federal government 172, 173–4, 251 Fellini, Federico 50 FFC see Film Finance Corporation film agencies 61 film agents 92–3, 112 film centres 152–3 film commissions 156–60, 234–5, 238 film crews 112–3, 245 new international division of cultural labour 26–7, 28 peripheral labour 114 skills shortages 109 filmed entertainment 47, 66 Film Events Queensland 168 see also PFTC film finance budgets 24, 231 capital 88 cost competitiveness 83, 85, 105 cost of production 47–8 cost savings 49 economic fluctuations 80 globally dispersed production 10–3 Queensland Government 58, 67, 91, 92, 166–7 Film Finance Corporation 108, 131 film friendliness 23–4, 79–80, 152–6 creating on Gold Coast 160–74 film commissions 156–60 maintaining on Gold Coast 174–81 Film Friendly Michigan 155 Film Gold Coast 146, 172, 173 film-induced tourism 241 Film Industry Working Party 172–3 Film New Zealand 156 film policy settings 88, 94–6, 161, 233–6 Filmport Toronto 237 film production see production Film Queensland 167, 168 see also PFTC Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 290 film-related tourism 241–2 film representations and place 189–90 film scores 245 film studio builds 243–4 film studios (planned or proposed) 237 film water tank 112 Firestarter Fitzgerald Inquiry 93 Flash Gordon 51 flexible specialisation 17 Flipper 85, 113, 125, 133–4, 191 Foley, Matt 169, 170 Fool’s Gold 195–6, 204 Force Corporation 135 Fortress 98, 125, 130, 193, 244 Foster, Jodie 193 Fountain, The 98, 138 Fox Network 132–3 Fox Studios Australia 40, 76, 87, 92, 99, 124, 126, 161, 167, 173, 208, 218, 237, 244, 245 Foxtel 208 Fox Video 55–6 franchise films 48 Frankie’s House 128 Gaumont Télévision 134 genre films 194–5, 203 Gettin’ Square 200 Ghost Ship 193, 213, 214 Gibbs, Bob 170 GI Joe: The Rise of Cobra Giles, John 142–3 Gleeson, Brendan global expansion of film and television 148–9 Global Hollywood 1–3, 13–25, 28–9, 37–8, 120–1 conceptualising 25–33 Global Hollywood (Miller et al.) 27–8 globalisation 16, 45–9 globalising processes and Hollywood 13–25 global learning 228–33 globally dispersed production 25, 27–9, 258, 262, 263 financing 10–3 people and providers 5–7 places 4–5 story settings and locations 8–10 global production networks 37–8, 41, 47, 89–90 global supply chains 18 Gold Coast in 1980s 63–8 creating film friendliness 160–74 developers 46, 65, 67, 115 11/06/10 1:49 PM Index Gold Coast (cont.) global film and television production comes to 42–4, 55–6 as Hollywood on the Gold Coast 115–6, 142 hotels 66 learning from 224–8 as Local Hollywood 30–3 location space 191–8 maintaining film friendliness 174–81 migration to 64–5 natural environment 9, 189 public image of 253 tourism 61–2, 91, 169–70 typology of uses for 198–210 Gold Coast Albert Shire Regional Development Committee 166 Gold Coast City Council 41, 65, 142–3 advocacy of film industry 172–3 Film Gold Coast 146, 172, 173 Gold Coast football teams 240 Gold Coast theme parks 44, 62, 71, 92, 140, 142, 145, 191–2, 239 Golden Harvest 135 Golden Village 135 Goodbye Paradise 199 Gooding, Cuba 125 Gore, Mike 67 Goss Labor government 165, 166 gothic horror films 204 government competition 19–20 GP 128 Graves, Peter 99 Greater Union 69, 70, 123 Greece 121 greenfields locations 77–84 aspiration to be interchangeable 84–5 categories of services required 112–5 characteristics of 84–90 cost competitiveness 83 dependence on relationships 111 as fee-for-service operations 92 film policy settings 94–6 first wave of 81, 88–9 Hollywoods on Location 115 importance of international production to 78–80 incompleteness 79 as innovators 86 locational tournaments 82–3 location interest 92–3, 108–9 path dependencies 96 reliance on long-term support 80 reputation 81–2 service orientation 114 split location production 87 vulnerability to economic fluctuations 80 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 291 291 H2O: Just Add Water 104, 111, 191–2, 197, 217 Hall, Sandra 57 Hawn, Goldie 142 Hayes, Jeff 83, 102, 103 HBO 103, 126, 137 Hepburn, Audrey 139 heterotopias 210–6 Hexagon Productions 123 high-speed data linkages 234 Hoffman, Dustin 137 Hogan, Paul 125 Hogan, PJ 2, 196, 200 Hollywood in 1980s 45–9 British films contrast with Australian filmmakers 207–10 design centre design interest 27–8, 29 globalisation of 13–25, 72 industrial reorganisation of 22 location space 186–9 majors 27–8, 87 new production sites (1990s) 86 shift to filmed entertainment 47, 66 trend to producing on location 85 writers’ strike 99, 108 host market production 232 Host, The 244 House of Wax 214 Hoyts 54, 123 Hubley, Whip 133 Hudson, Kate 193–4 Hughes, Robert 56 Hughes, Robin 115, 116 Hungary 81, 237 Hunt, James 51 Hunt, Linda 53–4 Hurricane Smith 103–4, 125 hyperreal story settings 212 illusionist approach to filmmaking 208–9 impact aesthetics 195 independent producers 48–9 India 2, 11, 121, 135, 146, 230, 241 infrastructure 78 In Pursuit of Honor 201 Inside Film Awards 172 Jacka, Liz 57 Jackie Chan’s First Strike 201 Jackman, Terry 41, 53–5, 62, 69 Jackson, Peter 1, 75, 225, 255 Jacobs, Glenn 203 James Bond franchise films James, Robin 83, 94, 159, 167, 170, 171 11/06/10 1:49 PM 292 Japan investment in Gold Coast 65, 165–6 investments in Hollywood 46 tourists 65 Joey 125 John Paul II, Pope see Pope John Paul II JP Morgan 10 Judge, Bruce 44, 67 junior partner corporations 120–2 Jupiters Casino 66–7 Keating, Paul 173 Kenny, Grant 199–200 Kidman, Nicole King Kong 50–1 King, Stephen 51 Kirby family 69, 135, 147 Korea 146 Kramer, Stanley 203 labour see film crews Laguna Quays 136 Lake, Michael 83, 101, 102, 131, 146, 172 Lambert, Christopher 130 Las Vegas 263 Law, Jude learning by emulation 236–40 global 228–33 from Gold Coast 224–8 local 240–2 by local film and television industry 242–6 policy 233–6 public reception of Gold Coast 246–57 Lightning Jack 125 Lions Gate 219 Little Fish 6–7 Local Hollywoods 3–4, 28–30, 74 by definition 29–30 domestic production and 216–21 duality of interaction 38 Gold Coast as 30–3 see also Gold Coast location assets 186–7 location infrastructures 188 place names 39 project-based nature 39–40 variation among 38–9 local talent 102 locational tournaments 19–20, 82–3, 235 location infrastructures 188 location interest 19–20, 28–9, 92–3, 108–9 location placement Locations Expo (California) 157, 170 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 292 Index location space Gold Coast 191–8 Hollywood 186–9 typology of uses for Gold Coast and Queensland 198–210 London studios 51, 108 Lord of the Rings trilogy 1, 241, 255 Lorimar Pictures 126 Lost World 134 Louisiana 9, 81, 170–1, 225, 237 Luhrmann, Baz 6–7, 171, 202 Macquarie Leisure Trust 175–7 Madden, John Mad Max 70, 204 Magic Millions 67 Malaysia 131 Malick, Terrence 201 Matrix, The 6–7, 126, 137 Matsushita 46 MCA 46 McConaughey, Mathew 194 McDonald, Garry 245 McMahon and Lake 102, 131 McMahon, Nick 102 Mercado, Andrew 250–1 Mermaids 192, 217 Mexico (Rosarita) 84 MFP Technopark 166 MGM 46, 87, 103, 134 migrating production 90 migration to Gold Coast 64–5 Miller, George 6–7, 70, 204, 244 Miller, Toby 100, 249 Million Dollar Mystery 59 Minghella, Anthony mini-majors 49, 72 miniseries 32, 126 Minogue, Kylie 125, 201 Mirage Resort 65 Mirren, Helen Mission: Impossible (film) 82, 99 Mission: Impossible (TV series) 71, 96, 97, 99–105, 107, 129, 174, 191, 249 Mitchener, Michael 105 Moncrieff (seat) 251–2 Moulin Rouge! 171, 204 Movie Network 134 movie-themed entertainment parks 141 Movie World 71, 97–8, 106, 113, 124, 126, 130, 138, 140, 141–4, 192 MTV 135 multi-function polis (MFP) 93, 165–6 Muriel’s Wedding 200 Music Department 245 national characteristics 30 11/06/10 1:49 PM Index national culturalism 57 nationality 25–6 National Screen Writers’ Conference (1987) 56 nation-states 30 NBC 99 Neill, Sam 6–7, 219 networked organisation 93 New Adventures of Skippy, The 131, 174, 201, 250 New Mexico 171 News Corporation 40, 46, 76, 127 New South Wales 61, 155 New World International 132–3 New World Television 132 New Zealand 81, 145, 155–6, 225 international production in 247–8, 255–7 Local Government Filming Protocol 158 Weta Studios, Wellington 75, 225, 244 Nine Network 99, 101, 133, 177, 194 North Carolina Film Corporation 51 Nottage, Geoffrey 105 Noyce, Phil 6–7 Ocean Girl 218 Ocean’s 12 Office of Local Government 165 On Hollywood (Scott) 29 On the Beach 203 Optus Vision 134–5, 137 Orion 49, 70 O’Toole, Stanley 129 Outsider, The 201 outsourcing 16–7 Pacific Drive 125, 132–3, 192, 201, 250, 251 Pacific Film and Television Commission see PFTC Pacific Film and Television Complex 165, 167 Pacific Technology Program Committee 167 Pacific, The 33 Packer, Kerry 136 Palazzo Versace 32 Panasonic 46 Paradise Beach 125, 131–2, 201, 250–1 Paradise Country 140, 145 Paramount 54, 71, 87, 97, 99, 102, 105–7, 125, 126, 129, 130 Pathé Communications Corp 46, 129 pay television 134–5, 243 Peck, Gregory 139 Peter Pan 2, 193, 196 PFTC (Pacific Film and Television Commission) 23–4, 83, 158, 159 establishment 167–73 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 293 293 far north Queensland 238–9 Revolving Film Finance Fund 114, 131, 168 role 93–4 SWOT analysis 155 trade missions 146 Phantom, The 125, 130 Photon 104, 208 Pinewood Studios 4–5, 51, 237 Pitch Black 214 Pitt, Brad 138 place competition by 19–20 filmic representations and 189–90 globally dispersed production 4–5 Polanski, Roman Ponti, Carlo 49–50 Pope John Paul II 54 Pope, Murray 208 Portman, Natalie Prague 9, 82, 89 Prince, Stephen 147 Prochnow, Jürgen 104 Producers’ Offset 114 production contestible market for services 21 fly-in fly-out productions 113 global networks 37–8, 41, 47, 89–90 host market 232 post-production 79 production logistics 94 production niche 107, 133–4, 232 production types 71, 95, 103–4, 124 project thinking 20–2 as a race to the bottom 85 split location 18–9, 87, 193–4, 205–6, 231 standards 24 visual effects 209–10, 244 see also globally dispersed production project thinking 20–2 Proyas, Alex 244 public reception of Gold Coast 246–57 Publishing and Broadcasting Ltd 136 Punch Productions 137 Puttnam, David 102 Pyne, Christopher 252 QFC see Queensland Film Corporation QFDO see Queensland Film Development Office Qintex 46 Queensland far north 32–3, 169, 238–9 holiday resorts 136 locations 198–210 tourism 61–2, 91, 169–70 11/06/10 1:49 PM 294 Index Queensland Day Committee 164 Queensland Film Corporation 54, 61, 131, 162–4, 177 see also Queensland Film Development Office Queensland Film Development Office 94, 105, 160–1, 167 see also Film Queensland Queensland Government 41, 43 abolition of death duties 64 assistance 58, 67, 166–7 attitude to unions 57–8 film policy settings 161, 233–6 loans to Warner Roadshow Studios 91, 92 partnership with De Laurentiis 53–4, 58, 75 reasons for involvement in film industry 162–3 role in Gold Coast developments 64, 93–4 support for Gold Coast studio 59–63, 102 see also Bjelke-Petersen, Joh Queensland Media Network 166 Queensland Symphony Orchestra 245 Queensland Technology Program Committee 165 Queensland Tourism and Travel Corporation 177 Queensland Tourism Commission 62 Quigley 129 reality television 32, 109 regulation 30 Reliance Big Entertainment 10 reputation 81–2 Revolving Film Finance Fund 114, 131, 168 Richie, Alan 56, 57 Roadshow 140 Roadshow Coote and Carroll 102, 127–8, 131 Roman Holiday 139 Romania 6, 81, 237 Rossellini, Roberto 50 runaway production 167, 262 see also globally dispersed production Saigon 128 Samuel Goldwyn 103 Samuel Goldwyn Television 126, 133 Sanctuary Cove 67, 165 Santa Barbara (Brisbane) 115 Sassoon, Donald Scape project 136 Schepisi, Fred 54 Schiff, Jonathan M 104, 218 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 294 Schlatter, Charlie 201 Schumacher, Martha 51 Schwarzenegger, Arnold 48, 51 Scooby-Doo 192, 198, 214 Scott, Allen J 17 Screen Producers’ Association of Australia 172 scriptwriters 113 SeaChange 232 Sea Patrol 111, 114, 194, 218 Sea World 105–6, 124, 133, 140, 142, 191–2, 239 Sea World Nara Resort 64, 142 Sea World Property Trust (Sea World Trust) 106, 142, 145 Selleck, Tom 129 Sharry, William 164 Shepperton Studios 4–5, 237 Silver Series films 129–30 Sinatra, Frank 67 Singapore 135 Singh is Kinng 104, 194, 241 Skase, Christopher 46, 65 Smith, Andrew 13 Sony 46 sound stage construction 111–2 sound stage infrastructure 95 soundtracks 245 South Africa 155 South Australia 61, 117, 166 Southern Star Endemol 175–7 South Pacific Television 134 Southport 67 Spain (Alicante) 84, 237 spatially fixed services 112 spectacle 207–10 Spielberg, Steven 10, 32–3, 239 Spierig brothers 204, 219 split location production 18–9, 87, 193–4, 205–6, 231 sports-related businesses 240 Stallone, Sylvester 48 Starter Wife, The 192 Stewart, Richard 94, 167 stockmarket crash (October 1987) 108 Stone, Lawrence 245 Stone, Oliver 10, 25–6, 51 Storper, Michael 17 Street Fighter 213 Strip, The 177, 192, 252 subscription television 134–5, 243 see also pay television Survive the Savage Seas 192 Sutherland, Donald 194 Sweeney, Helen 164 swift trust 153 Swimming Upstream 201 11/06/10 1:49 PM Index SWOT analysis 155 Sydney Symphony Orchestra 245 synergies 239 Tai-pan 53, 59 talent agents 48 Tales of the South Seas 134 tax 10BA concessions 108, 109 Refundable Tax Offset Scheme 171 tax incentives 12–3, 91, 105 taxpayers 91, 174 tax rebates 173–4 Taylor, Ron and Valerie 105 technological change 48 Technopark 166 Tefay, Henry 171 telecommunications networks 15 telemovies 32, 103, 201, 215–6, 231 television content quotas 101, 133 international production 12, 254 introduction of 22 licences 108 networks in Australia 101 networks in US 99 production 110–1 programs 62 reality television 32, 109 subscription 134–5, 243 telemovies 125–6, 128, 134 television series 32, 104–5 Ten Network 127, 136 tentpole films 12, 32, 48 Thailand 135 theme parks see also under individual names Australian 145, 241 Gold Coast 44, 62, 71, 92, 191–2, 239 Village Roadshow and 140, 142, 145, 241 Warner Bros and 140, 142, 239 Thin Red Line, The 201 Time Inc 46, 71 Time Trax 166–7, 191, 205, 244 Time-Warner 71–2 Toronto 9, 237 Total Recall 56, 59, 69, 96, 98 Totò 50 tourism film-induced 241 film-related 241–2 in Queensland 61–2, 91, 169–70 Trackdown Studios 245 transnational programming 105 transnational vertical integration 231 Tribune group 137 Triple M 136 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 295 295 Tunstall, Jeremy 186–7 Turtle Beach 131 Undead 204, 219 Unfinished Sky 220 unions 57–8 United States military 20–1 Universal Studios 46, 71, 87, 141 Until the End of the Earth 125, 203–4 Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) 42, 75, 78, 79, 81, 90, 155 Venturi, Robert 263 vertical disintegration 17–8 Victoria 61 video distribution 55–6 video games 195 Videolab 166–7 Village 138–40 Village Croydon 138–9 Village Roadshow 40, 44 DEL 69–70, 98 drive-in cinemas 123, 138–40 formation of 69 Global Hollywood 121 international exhibition 130–1, 135–7, 138 Los Angeles office 102–3, 111 Movie World 141–4 partnerships 136, 137 as pilot fish 88 radio network 140 Sea World Property Trust 106, 142, 145 subscription television market 134–5 target audience 123–4, 140 theme parks expansion 241 theme parks on Gold Coast 140, 142, 145 Warner Bros 44, 70, 71, 121, 124, 126, 137–8, 140, 141, 145 see also Warner Roadshow Studios Village Roadshow Pictures 103, 125–6, 128–9, 134, 137 Village Roadshow Pictures Television 134 Village Roadshow Production Services 102 Walker, David 186–7 Walk the Talk 199 Walt Disney Corporation 46–7, 87, 134, 141 Warner Bros 26 Gold Coast theme parks 140, 142, 239 Movie World 97–8, 141–4 Sea World Property Trust 106, 142, 145 Village Roadshow 44, 70, 71, 121, 124, 126, 137–8, 140, 141, 145 see also Time-Warner; Warner Roadshow Studios 11/06/10 1:49 PM 296 Index Warner Communications, Inc 46 Warner Roadshow Studios 2, 32, 40 anchor tenant 103 announcement of project 67 construction method 230 DEG 72 Film Gold Coast 146 importance of international production to 78–80 international TV series 103 limited infrastructure 78 as Local Hollywood 40–2 managing uncertainty 108–14 name 116 opening of 71, 72–3, 90, 108, 229 opposition to 57, 100–1 patronage 87 Pacific Film and Television Complex 165, 167 production niche 107, 133–4 production volume 108–9 Queensland Government support 59–63, 91, 92, 160–1 reputation 81, 82–3, 107 site for 58, 62 studio tours 71, 144 types of production 71, 103–5, 111, 124 Videolab 166–7 Village Roadshow 83, 97, 99, 108–9, 120–3, 138, 146 Village Roadshow Pictures 125–6, 128–9 Warner Bros 70, 71, 97, 138 as a world media centre 93 Local Hollywood_Final Pages.indd 296 Wasser, Frederick 11–2 Way Back, The Weathers, Carl 104 Weaving, Hugo 6–7 Weir, Peter 2, 56 Wenders, Wim 125, 203–4 Westfield Holdings 136 Weta Studios (Wellington, New Zealand) 75, 225, 244 Wet’n’Wild 140, 142 Wilkinson, Tom Williams, Kim 208 Wilmington (North Carolina, US) 5, 42, 51–2, 78, 79, 81, 90 Wilshire Court Productions 128 Windon, Stephen F 104 world making 210–6 Worthington, Sam wrestling 203 Writers Guild of America 99, 108 Wyler, William 139 Xena: Warrior Princess 255 Yared, Gabriel Yimou, Zhang 6–7 Zellweger, Renée Ziegler, Peter 137 11/06/10 1:49 PM ... Chapter Global and Local Hollywood Inventing a Local Hollywood The Greenfields Location The Junior Partner Film Friendliness Local Hollywood s Location Space Learning from a Local Hollywood ... facilities and people geared to the regular, ongoing production of Hollywood- standard film and television projects.4 Competition between these places for Hollywood and other film and television... globally dispersed production Global Hollywood Local Hollywood_ Final Pages.indd 11/06/10 1:49 PM Local Hollywood is then best understood as simultaneously global and local This sets up the book’s overriding