Sustainability principles and practice 2nd edition

p.i Sustainability Principles and Practice This new and expanded edition builds upon the first edition’s accessible and comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary field of sustainability The focus is on furnishing solutions and equipping the student with both conceptual understanding and technical skills for the workplace Each chapter explores one aspect of the field, first introducing concepts and presenting issues, then supplying tools for working toward solutions Techniques for management and measurement as well as case studies from around the world are provided The second edition includes a complete update of the text, with increased coverage of major topics including the Anthropocene; complexity; resilience; environmental ethics; governance; the IPCC’s latest findings on climate change; Sustainable Development Goals; and new thinking on native species and novel ecosystems Chapters include further reading and discussion questions The book is supported by a companion website with links, detailed reading lists, glossary, and additional case studies, together with projects, research problems, and group activities, all of which focus on real-world problem solving of sustainability issues The textbook is designed to be used by undergraduate college and university students in sustainability degree programs and other programs in which sustainability is taught Margaret Robertson is a member of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) and teaches at Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon, USA, where she coordinates the Sustainability degree program p.iii Sustainability Principles and Practice Second Edition Margaret Robertson p.iv Second edition published 2017 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Margaret Robertson The right of Margaret Robertson to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers First edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Robertson, Margaret, author Title: Sustainability principles and practice / Margaret Robertson Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017 | Earlier edition: 2014 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016036622| ISBN 9781138650213 (hbk) | ISBN 9781138650244 (pbk) | ISBN 9781315625478 (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Sustainability | Sustainable development | Environmental economics Classification: LCC HC79.E5 R6243 2017 | DDC 338.9/27—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016036622 ISBN: 978-1-138-65021-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-65024-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-62547-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon Visit the companion website: http://www.routledgesustainabilityhub.com/ p.v “The great strength of Robertson’s book is its breadth of coverage From marketing to life cycle costing to the latest science on climate change, Sustainability Principles and Practice serves as a welcoming guide into the often jargon-laden field of sustainability.” —Jay Antle, Johnson County Community College, USA “This book is a solid and well-crafted introduction to the field, conveying both the substance and the heart of sustainability work with style and grace It will help students and other new entrants to the field get oriented to the special interdisciplinary challenges of sustainability, and to its core mission: helping us learn to be better caretakers of our planetary future.” —Alan AtKisson, President & CEO AtKisson Inc., USA & AtKisson Europe AB, Sweden President, ISIS Academy GmbH, Germany Member, President’s Science and Technology Advisory Council (PSTAC), European Commission “This is an important book Robertson has a keen sense of the situation and an even keener sense of alternatives and means to achieve them The author gives it to you the way it is and then provides some important pointers to resilient futures This book contains both a diagnosis and a treatment Read it.” —Simon Bell, Open University, UK “An organized, engaging, and even inspiring collection of ideas that—if internalized and used to inform policies—would enable societies to thrive within a healthy environment I wish this book had been available when I was first learning about social and environmental systems.” —Robert Dietz, Editor, The Daly News, Center for the Advancement of the Steady State Economy “A comprehensive and practical map of the evolving field of sustainability This well-organized and thoroughly researched textbook provides both students and educators with a useful guide to the essential sustainability topics Robertson delivers an important work that will help to define the knowledge base in the sustainability field.” —Andrés R Edwards, Founder, EduTracks, USA Author of The Sustainability Revolution and Thriving Beyond Sustainability “Robertson places sustainability in the connectedness between human culture and the living world She links technical knowledge with tools for developing positive solutions and putting them into effect, including working collaboratively in organizations with other people.” —Bruce K Ferguson, University of Georgia, USA “Robertson has distilled the essential background information that students, our rising decision-makers, need so that they can follow her clearly defined roadmap to a sustainable future for the planet.” —Lee Kump, Pennsylvania State University, USA “Sustainability Principles and Practice covers a broad range of topics, principles and concepts—at several scales from energy, water, pollution, ecosystems, food, and cities—to a charge to future ‘agents for change’ at policy, institutional, and personal, experiential levels A must-have book to refresh your knowledge and to make a better world.” —Alison Kwok, University of Oregon, USA p.vi “From now on when someone asks me what is sustainability, I will tell them to read Margaret Robertson’s book, Sustainability Principles and Practice, which presents clearly and thoroughly the multi-faceted concept of sustainability in a very readable form.” —Norbert Lechner, Auburn University, USA “Everyone thinks they know what sustainability is, but few people truly understand it—and fewer still can explain it well Robertson cuts through the greenwash and the clichés with a top-notch exploration of the topic in all its complexities It’s an enjoyable read that’s both thoroughly grounded in science and steeped in wonder at our fascinating, fragile planet.” —Daniel Lerch, Post Carbon Institute, USA “Robertson’s incisive analysis is both global and specific, comprehensive and inclusive There is careful blending of facts and values, what is and what ought to be You will find yourself engaged I guarantee it.” —Holmes Rolston, III, Colorado State University, USA “This book grabbed my attention and kept me engaged The focus on creating solutions is refreshing This publication will enhance and deepen the work of any general reader, student or faculty member working to bring sustainability into the curricula.” —Debra Rowe, Oakland Community College, USA “This book masterfully integrates human and natural systems and the relationships between them into a grand and detailed picture of the world we live in It provides a highly accessible introduction to sustainability suitable for anyone who cares about where we are going as a species, translating this knowledge into practical action.” —Arran Stibbe, University of Gloucestershire, UK “This is a comprehensive, useful account of what sustainability is all about and what is needed for building it It describes the many facets that collectively determine the degree to which a system, at any scale, is sustainable, and explains how they interact It is a valuable guide and reference for anyone wishing to get involved in the practice of sustainability.” —Brian Walker, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Australia Author of Resilience Thinking “Sustainability champions practice systems thinking, connecting the dots between green buildings, sustainable cities, corporate CSR, and all the global sustainability megaforces besieging us This book is their indispensable primer and wonderfully practical handbook to ensure they are effective change agents It is a coherent encyclopedia of sustainability issues, with answers.” —Bob Willard, Sustainability Advantage, Canada p.vii Contents List of Illustrations Supplementary Material List of Abbreviations PART I Context What Is Sustainability? What Is Sustainability? Sustainability and Resilience Systems Thinking Living in the Anthropocene A Brief History of Sustainability Recent History: The Last 200 Years Early Conservation Transformation from Conservation to Ecology The Beginnings of the Environmental Movement US Legislation in the 1970s Environmental Justice Environmental Ethics Expanding to a Global Scale Modern Trends Into the Anthropocene The Biosphere Why Study Living Systems? Energy and Matter The Four Spheres The Biosphere What Is Life? Earth System Science p.viii The Human Sphere Human Impact Economics Failing States Governance The Commons PART II Issues and Solutions Climate Is Earth Warming? How Temperature Records Are Compiled The Long View: Climates through Time Modern Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases The Human Factor Projecting into the Future United Nations Convention on Climate Change Climate Stabilization Climate Action Plans Strategies for Reducing Emissions Offsets Emissions Trading Adaptation Final Thoughts Water Uneven Distribution Depletion of Nonrenewable Aquifers Threats to Human and Ecosystem Health Consumption Effects of Climate Change Water Conservation Wastewater Treatment Stormwater Ecosystems and Habitat Populations and Extinction Drivers of Ecosystem Change Conservation and Restoration Conservation Restoration Ecology Living Together: Reconciliation Ecology Ecology in the Anthropocene p.ix Pollution Types of Toxins Pollution Transport and Fate Air Pollution Soil and Land Pollution Water Pollution Organic Pollutants Inorganic Pollutants Endocrine Disruptors Persistent Organic Pollutants Point Source and Nonpoint Source Pollution Radioactive Pollutants Pollution Remediation Pollution Prevention Energy Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency Making the Transition 10 Green Buildings and Sites What Is a Green Building? The Process of Green Building Design Lighting with Daylight Basics of Heating and Cooling Heating Passive Cooling Other Strategies for Cooling Ventilation Building Envelope Construction Rating Systems Aesthetics Sustainable Sites Biophilic Design 11 Livable Cities Sprawl Land-Use Planning Urban Planning Building Community Transportation Cities and Climate Change p.x 12 Food Farming Methods Human Health Issues Planetary Health Issues Oregon land use law 210 organic agriculture 225; see also organic farming organic certification see certification, organic organic farming 225, 239; Cuba and 243; water use and 99 organic pollutants 142 organic soil, carbon sequestration and 84 orientation 192–3 Orr, David 21, 211 Oscillating Water Column 170 Ostrom, Elinor 61 Other, The 345 Our Common Future 4, 19 Our Stolen Future 144 overexploitation 117 overfishing 230 overhang 190 overharvesting see overexploitation overshoot oxygen: accumulation, original 37; isotopes 70; percentage in atmosphere 31, 39, 41, 72 ownership, appearance of 51 ozone 139; as greenhouse gas 72; ground-level 136, 139; hole 20, 77; layer 20, 32; stratospheric 139 P2 153 Pacific Garbage Patch 280–1 packaging 268; design 267; plastic 280 Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum 71 palm oil, deforestation and 235 Pangaea 70 paper: consumption and climate action plans 83; recycled versus virgin 289; recycling of 279, 283 Paris: Agreement 78; biointensive gardening and 240; Promenade Plantée in 217 parking areas 107 parking structures, green roofs and 125, 217 parks as habitats 124 participation 198, 210–11, 215, 294, 298, 339, 342, 344 particulates 136 parts per million 72 passive: cooling see cooling, passive; design 189; solar heating see solar heating, passive; ventilation see ventilation, passive Passivhaus 214 Patagonia 264 patches, habitat 113, 122, 130 paving 209 payback time, of green buildings 186 PBDE 134 PCBs 134–5, 142, 144 peak flow 105 peak oil 160–1; agriculture and 234 peak phosphorus see phosphorus, peak Pearce, David 55 peat 157; moss 251 p.393 pelagic zone 35 pelicans, brown 111 people, planet, profit 4, 333 perchlorate 142 perennial crops 84 permaculture 240 permafrost 75, 77; melting of 77 permeable surfaces 104 Permian extinction see extinction, Permian persistence 136 persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic pollutants 133 persistent organic chemicals 153 persistent organic pollutants 133, 144, 153 perverse subsidies 56, 58 pessimism 344 pesticides 144, 224–5, 232; aquaculture and 227; climate change and 234; definition of 145; in food 229; shrimp farming and 227 petroleum 156; extraction see extraction of petroleum; how formed 157 pH 32, 140 phantom power 177 phosphate rock 234 phosphorus 233–4, 253; cycle 29; peak 233–4 photochemical smog see smog photosynthesis 29, 34, 37; invented by bacteria 36 photovoltaic panels 162, 164–5 phthalates 134, 144 phytoremediation 152–3 Pickett, S T A 11 pilot project 82 Pinchot, Gifford 10, 16 pioneers 35 pipelines 159 pisé 195 Pittsburgh, brownfield redevelopment and 210 place-based: food production 237learning 21, 318–19, 344 placelessness 344 Plan-Do-Check-Act 269, 273 planet, people, profit 4, 333 planetary boundaries 6, 24 planning: defined 209; steps in 79 plant cells 37 plasma arc incineration 278 plastic: manufacture of 158; pollutants and 134, 144; recycled versus virgin 289; recycling of 280, 283; in oceans 96; in water bottles 96 plate movement 31 plates, continental 31, 70 Pleistocene Park 128 Pleistocene rewilding 128 plug-in hybrid electric vehicles 172 plume, pollutant 135, 147 PM2.5 137 PM10 137 point source pollution 145 policies: economics and 57; food 242; organizations and 304; population 50; purchasing see purchasing policies; transition and 336; zero waste and 288 policy 60–1 polishing see tertiary treatment of wastewater pollen 69 pollinators 231 pollinator pathways 232 pollution: of aquifers see aquifers, pollution of; definition of 133; habitat destruction and 116; prevention 153, 275; remediation see remediation; symptom of poor design 154 Pollution Prevention Act 153 polycentric governance 60–1 Polyface Farm 239 polymers 280 pools and riffles 123 poplar trees, remediation and 148–9, 151 population 34; definition of 110; stages in human history 45; ecology 46, 110; graph 46; growth 9, 44–5; growth, habitat destruction and 117; projection 48 Population Bomb 12, 51–2 Population Reference Bureau 49 porous: asphalt 106; concrete 106; paving 100, 104–6 Portland 212; urban growth boundary and 210 positive feedback see feedback, positive potable water 100–1 poverty 49 poverty-population trap 48 power: centralized 163, 166; definition of 159, 162; distributed 163; generation 162; grid see grid power and privilege 335 prairie habitat 112, 119; disturbance and 118; restoration 123 Precautionary Principle 153; GMOs and 228 precession of the equinoxes 70 prescribed burns 122–3 Presidents’ Climate Commitment see American College & University Presidents’ Climate Commitment pressure, difference in 163 prevailing wind see wind, prevailing primary pollutants 136 primary treatment of wastewater 102 prior appropriation, water rights and 93 Prior Appropriation Doctrine 91 priority pollutants 133, 141 problem-solving, steps in 175 process: design 258; map 302 procurement see purchasing produced water 158 p.394 producers 34 producer responsibility 288 product: alternatives 259; design 259; function 259; longevity 263 projects 303, 305 prokaryotes 33 Promenade Plantée, Paris 217 propellants 143 propyl gallate 229 prospect and refuge 205 protected areas for conservation 121 protists 34 protocol 80; defined 61 protons 27 proxies 69 Pruitt-Igoe 218 pseudoestrogens see endocrine disruptors public land: food on 247; habitat on 126 public transit 220 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 181 pump-and-treat remediation 150 pumped storage hydropower 168 pumps, water 101 purchasing 307; policies 84 purification of potable water 101 purple pipe 102 PVC 144 pyrolysis 84, 278 quality control 81 quorum sensing 38 radiant cooling see cooling, radiant radiation 71, 145 radioactivity 145 Rails-to-Trails Conservancy 217 rain barns 100 rain chains 101 rain gardens 100, 104–5 rainwater: endowment 101; harvesting 100 raised beds 240 rammed earth construction 195 Randers, Jorgen rare earth elements 255 reagent 149 rebound effect 179, 283; recycling and 283 recharge see stormwater infiltration reconciliation ecology 117, 124–29 recycling 279; coordinators 281, 286; logo 280, 283; process 279; programs 281; shortcomings of 282 red-bag waste 276 red-lining, food deserts and 244 Redman, Charles reduce, reuse, recycle 275, 288 reducing emissions 82 redundancy 119 Rees, William 312 refineries 158–9 refrigerant, global warming potential of 73, 83 Regan, Tom 16 regeneration, of living systems 36 Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative 86 regionally adapted plants 99, 203 regional planning 210 remanufacturing 264 remediation 145 removal: of contamination 148; pollution 147 renewable energy 161; certificates 83; credits 83 renewable resources repairable products 264 replacement fertility rate see fertility rate, replacement reproductive health 49 reserves, oil 160–1 reservoirs 28 residence time: in bioswales 106; of water 90 residential water conservation see water conservation resilience 4, 36, 118–19, 122; conservation agriculture and 240; sustainability and 4; in sustainable sites 202 resilient communities see communities, resilient resilient systems 62 resources, oil 161 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 14 resource recovery centers 289 restoration ecology 117, 122–24 retrocommissioning 178 return on investment 304 reuse, design for see revalorization revalorization 264 reverse osmosis 100 rewilding 127 rhizosphere 152, 250 rights-of-way, habitat on 126 Rio+20 20 Rio Declaration 19, 153 riparian: ecosystems 113 habitats 124; habitats, disturbance and 118; vegetation 123 risky play 322 river habitats see riparian habitats rivers: dams and 94; work of 94 roads: fragmentation and 127; habitat destruction and 114 Robèrt, Karl-Henrik 307 rock cycle 30, 33 Rodinia 70 Rogers, Everett M 299 Rohner Textil 261 Rolston, Holmes III 17 roofs 197 rooftop gardens 245 roof washers 100–1 p.395 Roosevelt, Theodore 10 Rose Kennedy Greenway, Boston 217 Rosenzweig, Michael 124 rucksack see ecological rucksack Rule of Capture 93 rule of 70 45 run-of-the-river hydropower 167 R-value 195 Safe Drinking Water Act 14 safe operating space 6, 24 Salatin, Joel 239 salinity, of oceans 33, 76 salmon: nitrogen cycle and 29; phosphorus cycle and 29 salt 33, 142; pollution from 141–2 Salt, Henry S 16 saltwater 90; intrusion 93 salvage industry 285 Sand County Almanac 16 sanitary landfills 277 scales 118, 297, 330 scavengers 34 scenarios 75 scenario planning 160, 300 Schmidt-Bleek, Friedrich 255 school gardens 244 Schumacher, E F 13, 52, 54 Scientific Certification Systems 270 scientific method 67 scope 79 scope, Greenhouse Gas Protocol 80 seafloor 35 sea level rise 75–6 secondary air pollutants 136, 139 secondary treatment of wastewater 103 sediments as proxies 69; rivers and 94 segmentation 331 self-regulating system 39–41 semantic vagueness 334 semiconductors 164 sense of place 215 septic tanks 102 sequestration of carbon see carbon sequestration service instead of a product 259 service learning 320 servicizing 259 SETAC 258 sewage treatment see wastewater treatment shade 189–90 shape see building shape shared governance see governance sheet piling 148 Sheltersuits 265 shipping 268 Should Trees Have Standing? 17 showerheads 99 shrimp 229; farming 227 sidelighting 187 Sierra Club 10 Sierra Club v Morton 17 Silent Spring 12, 52 silica 137 silos 294, 327 silvopasture 240 Singapore, population policies of 50 Singer, Peter 16 single-occupancy vehicle travel 83 sinks 28 site inventory 202 sixth mass extinction see extinction, sixth mass skylights 188 slab cooling see cooling, slab slag, blast furnace 198 slowing, critical see critical slowing down slurry walls 148 Small Is Beautiful 13, 52 small- and mid-size farms see farms, small- and mid-size smart grids 164 smart growth 215; LEED ND and 199 Smith, Adam 51 smog 52, 138–9 snags 125–6 Snow, C P 327 Snowball Earth 71 social-ecological systems social equity 17, 339 social insects 16, 38 social marketing 330–1 Society of Plastics Industries 280 soil 249–52; carbon sequestration and 84; as carbon sink see carbon sequestration, soil and; degradation, carbon and 234; depletion 226; ecosystems 250–1; formation of 249–50; formation, rate of 236; maintaining health of 251; microorganisms, remediation and 153; protection plan 252; restoration 252; stormwater and 104; vapor extraction 149 Soil Conservation Service 331 solar: chimney 193; collector 190; garden 163; heat gain coefficient 196; hot water 190–1; photovoltaic panels see photovoltaic panels; thermal energy 165, 168; tubes 188; water heating 190–1 solar heating: active 190; passive 190, 192 sorption 136 sources 28 source separation 286 South Bronx 268, 340, 342 sparging 149, 151 specialization see division of labor species: diversity 110; ranges 77 species approach to conservation 119 p.396 speciesism 334 spectrally selective coating 196 sprawl 113, 208–9, 212, 216 square foot gardening 240 stabilizers, plants as 152 stack ventilation see ventilation, stack stages of development 324 Stahel, Walter 256 stakeholder 60, 120, 187, 295 stalagmites as proxies 70 star factories 28 stars 28 STARS 307, 314, 326 State of the World 19 state shift steady state economy 54, 57 steam engine, invention of 51 Steingraber, Sandra 134 stepping stones, habitat 122 Stirling engines 168, 171 Stockholm 212 Stockholm conference 18 Stockholm Convention 144 Stoermer, Eugene 23 Stone, Christopher 17 stone age 181 storm size 107, 130 stormwater 103–5; cleansing 104–6; defined 100, 104; infiltration 104–6; runoff, pollution and 145 strategies 302 stratosphere 32 straw-bale construction 195 STRAW Project 320–1 stream: baseflow see baseflow; geometry 123; restoration 123 streetcars 212 streets, connectedness of 215, 221; see also walkable streets strong sustainability 55 structural: complexity 118; diversity 124 styrofoam see foam, polystyrene subscription farming see community-supported agriculture submetering 176 subsidence 93 subsidies 56, 61; water and 96; zero waste and 289 subsurface flow wetlands 103 suburban sprawl see sprawl succession 11, 35, 117 sugar see sweeteners suggestion boxes 299 sulfur 29; aerosols in geoengineering 85 sulfur dioxide 137 sulfuric acid 138 sun 28, 39; lifetime of 40 sun angle 189; charts 189 Superfund 13, 146; Site Inventory 146 superorganisms 16, 38 sustainability: definition 3; resilience and 4; planning 293, 300; professional 293, 295, 297, 299, 306, 344; science 21, 41; spectrum 55; strong see strong sustainability; weak see weak sustainability Sustainability Consortium 270 sustainable: agriculture, bees and 232; behavior 332; behavior, fostering 330; sites 202–4; urbanism 213 sustainable development 3, 54, 58, 339, 341; definition 19 Sustainable Development Goals 21, 230, 309 Sustainable Forestry Initiative 271 Sustainable Seattle 303, 309 Sustainable South Bronx 268, 340 swales see bioswales Swallow, Ellen 11 swamp cooler 193 sweeteners 228–9 Sylvicultura Oeconomica symbiosis 37; cell development and 37 systems 4–5, 26, 29, 41; living 36; science 4; self-regulating see self-regulating system tactics see projects taiga see boreal forest tailings 139 takeback programs 264, 284 take-make-waste systems 257, 288, 294, 305 Tansley, Arthur 11 tar sands 157 tax: restructuring 60; shifting 58; structure 58 technical nutrients 256, 288 temperate climate, design for 189 temperature, average see average temperature teratogens 134 termites 38; mounds 38; mound-building 192 terpenes 142 terra preta 84 tertiary treatment of wastewater 103 Tethys Sea 157 Texas: water rights in 93; water use in 92 Thailand, demographic transition in 50 The Natural Step see Natural Step The Nature Conservancy see Nature Conservancy theory 67 thermal mass 185, 190, 193 thermodynamics 27; ecological economics and see ecological economics; first law of 27; second law of 27 thermohaline circulation 76–7, 171 thermosphere 32 think globally, act locally 18, 21 p.397 third-party verification 22, 272 third places 217 Thoreau, Henry David 10, 16 Thorpe, Ann 319 threatened species 14 three pillars of sustainability threshold, critical see critical threshold tidal energy 170 time frames 302 tipping point 5, 77 tires, disposal of 285 toilet flushing 98 top-down approaches 299 toplighting 188 topography 105; wetland restoration and 123 tornados 87 total daily maximum loads 140 total dissolved solids 98 total fertility rate see fertility rate, total total suspended solids 140 toxicity 133 Toxic Substances Control Act 14 toxins 133 tradeable water rights see water rights, tradeable Tragedy of the Commons 61 trajectory 308 transfer facilities 277 transformation of pollutants 152 transit desert 219 transition 317, 335, 343; energy see energy transition Transition Towns 343 transit-oriented development 215, 220–1 transmission lines, habitat on 126 transpiration 33 transport, of pollutants 135 transportation 209, 219–21; alternative 209; alternative energy for 171; climate action plans and 83; density and 212–13, 220 transportation demand management 219 trash audits 282 Trash Free Seas Alliance 281 treatment, pollution 147–8 treatment, storage, and disposal facilities 276 tree of life 34 tree protection zone 252 tree rings as proxies 69 trees: air temperature and 189; carbon sequestration and 84; communication networks and 38; pumping of water and 33; shade and 189–90 triatomic molecules 72 trimtab 300 triple bottom line 4, 15, 44; as reporting framework 307; food gardens and 248; origin of 333 trophic levels 11, 34 tropical deforestation: climate change and 234–5; meat diet and 236 tropical rainforests 113 carbon sequestration and 84 tropopause 32 troposphere 31 trucking 268 Truck Stop Electrification Project 340 Trust for Public Land 247 turbidity 140 turbulence 343 turf see lawns turning, great typhoons 87 ugliness 201 Ulrich, Roger 204 ultraviolet light 101 umbrella species 120 UN Commission on Sustainable Development 309 UN Conference on Environment and Development 1992 19 UN Conference on the Human Environment 18 UN Conference on Sustainable Development 20 UN Convention on Biological Diversity 19 UNEP, establishment of 18 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 19, 78 universities see higher education UN Population Division 47 Upcycle the Gyres 281 upgradeable products 263 uranium 145 urban: agriculture 246; growth boundary 210; heat island effect 197; mining 285; planning 210–11; renewal 218 urbanization 110 U.S Green Building Council 198 utilitarian 16 utility: companies 163; meters 175 U-value 196 Vancouver 216 Vauban District 212, 214 vehicle efficiency 171 vehicle miles traveled 209 vehicle-to-grid 172 ventilation 194–5; cross 192–3; natural 191–2; night 192–3; passive 192; stack 192–3 ventilator 193 venting 149 vernacular building design 188 Victory Garden 242 vinyl see PVC virtual water 94–5, 312 visibility of sustainability issues 332 p.398 visible transmittance 196 vision 296–7, 300–2, 308, 335 visual impacts, renewable energy and 170 volatile organic compounds 139, 142; groundwater pollution and 147 volcanoes 70–1, 111 voltage 163 Vostok ice core 72 Wackernagel, Mathis 312 walkable: neighborhoods 209, 212–15, 221; streets 214 walls 195 Ward, Barbara 18 Warren County, North Carolina 15 washers, clothes 99 waste: audits 282; concept of 275, 288; as food 34; management hierarchy 275; management plans 286; streams 276; treatment 276 Waste Free oceans 281 waste-to-energy 278–9 wastewater 102; treatment 102–3; treatment and endocrine disruptors 144 water: agriculture and 232; audits 97–8; budgets 102; constant volume of 90; consumption of 94; distribution of 90; locations of 33; pollution 140; pollution and disease 93; as reference 32; scarcity 90 water conservation 96–102; commercial 98; program 97, 99; residential 97 water efficiency see water conservation water-energy-food nexus 180 water footprint 94, 309, 312 Waterfront Park, Portland 217 Water Pollution Control Act 14, 146 water pressure for domestic systems 101 waterproofing 136 water rights 91; tradeable 57, 61 Waters, Alice 244 water service companies 98 water-soluble pollutants 135 water table 92 water technicians 97–8 water temperature increase see thermal pollution water vapor, as greenhouse gas 72 waterwheels 167 Watson, Andrew 40 watts 162 Watts Garden Club 249 wave energy 170 WBCSD 80, 260, 309 WCED 4, 19 weak sustainability 55 Wealth of Nations 51 well-being 55–6 Western Climate Initiative 86 wetlands 113 aquifers and 94; constructed see constructed wetlands; conservation 121; restoration 123 Where You At? see bioregional quiz White, P S 11 Whitehead, Alfred North 38 wicked problem wilderness versus managed landscape 128 Wildlands Network 127 wildlife: crossings 127; overpasses 127; underpasses 127 Wildlife Refuge, Pelican Island 10 Wilson, Edward O 115, 127, 205 wind, prevailing 189 wind microturbines 169 windows 196; birds killed by 196; operable 192–3; south facing 190 wind power 168–9 wind resource maps 169 wind turbines 168–9; noise and 169; wildlife and 169, 196 wing wall 193 Wise, Steven M 17 Woese, Carl 34 woodburning: carbon emissions and 87; pollution and 137 World Conservation Strategy 3, 19 World Meteorological Organization 67 World Resources Institute 80 World Summit on Sustainable Development 2002 19 World War II and economic growth 51 Worldwatch Institute 13, 19 Wuppertal institute 255, 313 xenobiotic 133 Yangtze River basin 56 Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative 127 Zero Waste 275, 288–9 zoning 208, 214 ...p.i Sustainability Principles and Practice This new and expanded edition builds upon the first edition s accessible and comprehensive overview of the interdisciplinary field of sustainability. .. Architects (ASLA) and teaches at Lane Community College in Eugene, Oregon, USA, where she coordinates the Sustainability degree program p.iii Sustainability Principles and Practice Second Edition Margaret... University, USA Sustainability Principles and Practice covers a broad range of topics, principles and concepts—at several scales from energy, water, pollution, ecosystems, food, and cities—to a