Qualitative Techniques for Workplace Data Analysis Manish Gupta IFHE University, India Musarrat Shaheen IFHE University, India K Prathap Reddy IFHE University, India A volume in the Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics (ABISA) Book Series Published in the United States of America by IGI Global Business Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E Chocolate Avenue Hershey PA, USA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: cust@igi-global.com Web site: http://www.igi-global.com Copyright © 2019 by IGI Global All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gupta, Manish (Computer scientist) editor | Shaheen, Musarrat, 1979editor | Prathap Reddy, K., editor Title: Qualitative techniques for workplace data analysis / Manish Gupta, Musarrat Shaheen, and K Prathap Reddy, editors Description: Hershey : Business Science Reference, [2018] Identifiers: LCCN 2017040767| ISBN 9781522553663 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781522553670 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Qualitative research | Research, Industrial Classification: LCC H62 Q358 2018 | DDC 001.4/2 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc gov/2017040767 This book is published in the IGI Global book series Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics (ABISA) (ISSN: 2327-3275; eISSN: 2327-3283) British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material The views expressed in this book are those of the authors, 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University, India Ranajee, IFHE University, India Section Data Collection Techniques Chapter Storytelling 53 Sindhu Ravindranath, IFHE University, India Thomas J Menachery, IFHE University, India Chapter Behavioral Event Interview 73 Sindhu Ravindranath, IFHE University, India Chapter Personal Diary Method: A Way of Collecting Qualitative Data 96 Farrah Zeba, IFHE Hyderabad, India Pankaj Kumar Mohanty, IFHE Hyderabad, India Chapter Vignette Methodology: An Illustration From Conflict Research 117 Swati Alok, BITS Pilani – Hyderabad, India Section Data Analysis Techniques Chapter Deductive Approach to Content Analysis 145 Jatin Pandey, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, India Chapter Case Study as a Method of Qualitative Research .170 Naila Iqbal Khan, MANIT, India Chapter Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research 197 Anindita Majumdar, University of Calcutta, India Chapter 10 Action Research 221 Anitha Acharya, IFHE University, India Pankaj Kumar Mohanty, IFHE University, India Chapter 11 Ethnographic Study 246 Anitha Acharya, IFHE University, India Compilation of References 272 About the Contributors 310 Index 315 Detailed Table of Contents Preface xii Section Foundation of Qualitative Studies Chapter Becoming Familiar With Qualitative Research Sheema Tarab, Aligarh Muslim University, India Qualitative research is a field of study that deals with exploring, describing, and interpreting the innate quality of entities and the social processes In the recent past, an extensive growth in qualitative field of research has been witnessed, particularly in the occupational settings It is a dynamic and exhilarating area that seeks to explain the research observations by means of insights which are hard to produce with quantitative methods Most of the work is concerned with developing a theory (i.e., an inductive way to find out new solutions or identify new questions related to social being) In this chapter, the author has targeted the segment which is mostly the students pursuing research courses or conducting empirical work; the faculties and the mangers who are handling the diversity of the social beings at their workplaces, whose varied needs are persistently evolving, would be able to understand the notion of technique which is qualitative in nature Certain studies conducted in past and present have also been illustrated to maintain the reader’s interest Chapter Sampling in Qualitative Research .25 Musarrat Shaheen, IFHE University, India Sudeepta Pradhan, IFHE University, India Ranajee, IFHE University, India The chapter discusses different types of sampling methods used in qualitative research to select information-rich cases Two types of sampling techniques are discussed in the past qualitative studies—the theoretical and the purposeful sampling techniques The chapter illustrates these two types of sampling techniques relevant examples The sample size estimation and the point of data saturation and data sufficiency are also discussed in the chapter The chapter will help the scholars and researchers in selecting the right technique for their qualitative study Section Data Collection Techniques Chapter Storytelling 53 Sindhu Ravindranath, IFHE University, India Thomas J Menachery, IFHE University, India The art of storytelling is an ancient method of conveying information to the masses with certain intent in mind (i.e., as in setting morals or cultural development) It starts from childhood, where children grow up with stories of great heroes and mystical happenings in an age where Gods and humans dwell together As time went by the stories lost their sheen but they are making a comeback of a different kind – as a learning tool for individuals, whether employees or students These stories are adapting to the modern world lifestyle, medium is now digital though Therefore, this chapter explores this journey of stories and gives instances to showcase the effectiveness of storytelling as a tool for training employees Chapter Behavioral Event Interview 73 Sindhu Ravindranath, IFHE University, India The behavioral interview is used to bring forth the understanding of the competencies of a person The interviews and aptitude tests we conduct will tell us about the educational and expertise factors of the interviewee’s life To understand specific components of his/her talents there is a requirement for a much more guiding narrative technique which will help the interviewee recount the specific acts he/she has done with respect to the competency the interviewer is looking for There are certain preparations required for this as well This chapter outlines the procedure for conducting the BEI with the competency clusters given It also attempts to explain competencies and the process of how it can be used Chapter Personal Diary Method: A Way of Collecting Qualitative Data 96 Farrah Zeba, IFHE Hyderabad, India Pankaj Kumar Mohanty, IFHE Hyderabad, India There is a growing interest towards using diaries as a tool of data collection for gathering information pertaining to consumer research However, the bigger challenge is the qualitative analysis of the data collected through this technique Hence, the objective of the chapter is to illustrate how diary method of data collection can be a better option than other data collection tools in cases where the informants are likely to experience difficulties in recalling past consumption experience To delineate the steps and different types of codes used in inductive content analysis to analyze the qualitative data collected through the personal diary method, the chapter will also present an exploratory study with airline consumers using self-completion diaries about their online ticket purchasing experience followed by qualitative analyses of this information collected through diary using inductive content analysis Each step of the content analysis will be illustrated in the full chapter Chapter Vignette Methodology: An Illustration From Conflict Research 117 Swati Alok, BITS Pilani – Hyderabad, India This chapter initially introduces vignette methodology and explains the use of it in social research It clarifies the various methodological challenges while designing the vignette Drawing on the experience, while designing vignette for conflict research, this chapter provides a detailed presentation of the procedural and pragmatic issues that need to be considered when using vignette Categorizing the design of vignette in three stages—predesign, design, and post-design—provides complete clarity in understanding this process This chapter can help budding researchers get a perfect insight into the entire process of vignette development Section Data Analysis Techniques Chapter Deductive Approach to Content Analysis 145 Jatin Pandey, Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, India This chapter initially introduces content analysis and elicits different approaches to content analysis These include the distinctions based on qualitative and quantitative content analysis It clarifies the differences between inductive and deductive content analysis It then moves on to deductive content analysis Through an example, this chapter explains how deductive content analysis is used to elicit different factors that affect job performance of call center workers The steps of coding, grouping, abstraction, and model development are explained with excerpts from two interview transcripts The interview transcripts that deal with developing a model for the factors that affect job performance of call center employees in India Chapter Case Study as a Method of Qualitative Research .170 Naila Iqbal Khan, MANIT, India Qualitative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions The purpose of this chapter is to guide the novice researcher in identifying the key elements for designing and implementing qualitative case study research projects An overview of the types of case study designs is provided along with general recommendations for writing the research questions, developing propositions, determining the “case” under study, binding the case, and a discussion of data sources and triangulation To facilitate application of these principles, clear examples of research questions, study propositions, and the different types of case study designs are provided The great contribution of qualitative research is the culturally specific and contextually rich data it produces This is proving critical in the design of comprehensive solutions to general problems in developing countries Chapter Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research 197 Anindita Majumdar, University of Calcutta, India The popularity of qualitative methods in social science research is a well-noted and most welcomed fact Thematic analysis, the 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Editorial Team Member of Australasian Journal of Information Systems He is a member of ISDS, AIMA, DSI, and IBSAF Currently, he is authoring a book for Sage He is editing two books with IGI Global, USA, and one with Apple Academic Press Inc., a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, USA He is also editing Special Issues for Human Resource Management Review, Australasian Journal of Information Systems, International Journal of Knowledge Management, Advances in Developing Human Resources (Sage), Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing (Emerald), and industrial and Commercial Training (Emerald) His teaching areas include Human Resource Management, Entrepreneurship, and Organizational Behavior, among others His scholastic work is available at https://scholar.google co.in/citations?user=yJtwSkwAAAAJ&hl=en Musarrat Shaheen is a Faculty Member in the Department of Human Resource Management at IBS Hyderabad, IFHE University Her Ph.D thesis is in the area of ‘Psychological Capital’ Her research works are also in the areas of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB), Work Engagement, Work Performance, Organizational Justice, and Customer Delight She is a member of Association of Indian Management Scholars (AIMS), Decision Sciences Institute (DSI), Insurance Institute of India (III), and IBS Alumni Federation (IBSAF) She has written several research papers and book chapters in the field of organizational behavior and strategic human resource management Her research works are published in Scopus abstracted, and Thomson Reuter listed Journals such as The Qualitative Report (Nova University, About the Contributors USA), and Business: Theory & Practice (Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania) She has presented papers and cases at the conferences of international repute including Harvard University, USA Her teaching cases are uploaded in The Case Centre, UK and the Economic Times Cases’ Website, India She has an industry experience of more than five years in the industry *** Anitha Acharya is an Assistant Professor at IBS Hyderabad Prior to her academic career, Anitha worked in banking and insurance sector Anitha’s work has been published in leading international journals such as International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, The Qualitative Report, and International Food Research Journal Her research focuses primarily on marketing of services, brand personality, branding, and green products Her expertise lies in the application of Structural Equation Modeling and Multivariate Techniques in addressing marketing research problems Swati Alok is an Assistant Professor in BITS Pilani Hyderabad Campus Her teaching area includes Human Resource Management & Organizational Behaviour She holds B.Tech from Nagpur University, MBA from Xavier Institute of Management and Entrepreneurship (XIME) and PhD from BITS-Pilani She has years of experience in industry and years in academics She worked at managerial level in Human Resource Department, mainly as Recruiter She was associated with Mindlance Pvt Ltd, New Jersey and worked as IT recruiter in Schaumburg, (Illinois, USA) managing Intel account She has contributed several research papers in reputed journals She acts as an ad-hoc reviewer for several peer-reviewed international journals published by eminent publishers such as Emerald and IGI Her research papers have been presented in reputed conferences hosted by leading institutions notably 30th International Association for Conflict Management (IACM) Conference in Berlin, Germany organized by ROSS School of Business, University of Michigan, July 8-13, 2017 Naila Khan is a Management Faculty having twelve years of teaching experience She has done PhD in Mutual Funds Industry Her education qualification is MBA (Finance)and M.Com from Barkatuallah University Bhopal She also does private consultancy work She has written more than 30 papers including International / National Journal and two books have been published till date She has done social work in past and worked for women literacy and empowerment 311 About the Contributors Anindita Majumdar is presently a PhD research student (Calcutta University) and a Member of Indian Science Congress Association & Indian Psycho-Analytic Society She has completed Masters in Applied Psychology (Specialization: Clinical & Forensic Psychology) and P.G.D in Rehabilitation Psychology (Specialization: Mental Retardation) from University of Calcutta Her recent research works were published in the journals: Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing and International Law Research She is a Psychologist & an Educationist (Academic Faculty at: Calcutta National Medical College & Hospital- College of Nursing, Indira Gandhi National Open University for Post Graduate Degree Course in Psychology and Teaching experience in IGCSE & CIE curriculum) The special areas of her research and professional interests include: Psychotherapy, Behavior Management & Clinical Assessment, Skill Training & Development (for educational & corporate sectors), Psychoanalytic Study of Personality, Article & Creative Writing (both Psycho-Social and Literary), Qualitative Analysis and Research on Social Biases/ Phenomenology Thomas J Menachery is a faculty in the HRM area in ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad He completed his PhD in Management from Loyola Institute of Business Administration, University of Madras and during the doctorate, was an Audi fellow at Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt, Germany After completing the dissertation, he worked with Mahindra Consulting Engineers for a period of two years on management consulting projects for clients such as UNIDO and CDC Thereafter, he worked with National Institute of Technology, Calicut as a faculty in the School of Management Studies for a period of two years His areas of interest include Strategic Human Resource Management and Performance Management Pankaj Kumar Mohanty is a third-year Doctoral Student in the area of Marketing at ICFAI Business School, Hyderabad He earned his Bachelor’s Degree in Science from Utkal University, Odisha and MBA in Marketing from Siva Sivani Institute of Management, Hyderabad Before joining the doctoral program, he was an academic associate for three years in marketing area at Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA) His research is currently focused on Customer-Brand Engagement, Customer Experience, and Consumer Brand Relationships He has also presented papers at conferences of national and international repute He has contributed research papers to SCOPUS indexed journals and a strategic case on SELCO India Pvt Ltd to ET Cases publishing house, India 312 About the Contributors Jatin Pandey (Fellow of Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad) is faculty in Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources area at Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode He was awarded the Junior Research Fellowship by Government of India and has been awarded the Best Thesis for his doctoral work by Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad His research interests focus on religion and management, Indian management thought, Management for rural and difficult geographies, job performance and emotions at workplace He is a life member of All India Management Association and Academy of Human Resource Development His articles have appeared in such journals as Business and Society, Health Policy and Planning, International Journal of Knowledge Management, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, South Asian Journal of Management and Current Psychology to name a few He is also guest editor of special issues in International Journal of Knowledge Management and Australasian Journal of Information Systems Sudeepta Pradhan has a Bachelor’s degree in Law (LLB); Masters Degree in Commerce (Utkal University) and in Business Laws (NLSIU, Bangalore) She also has a PhD from IFHE University in the area of CSR Her research interest lies in the field of CSR, Stakeholder Management, Corporate Governance, Green Marketing, Higher Education and Qualitative research She has published research papers in reputed journals such as Social Responsibility Journal, Journal of Work Organization and Emotion, The Qualitative Report, Management Research Review, Journal of Transnational Management to name a few She has also published in books with reputed publishers such as Springer, McMillan Publishers India Ltd., and Abramis (UK) Ranajee is an Assistant Professor in the area of Finance and Accounting His research interests are Behavioural Finance, Financial Markets, and Corporate Finance He was awarded Ph.D in Finance in the year 2015 He has been visiting scholar during September 2011 to June, 2012 in Bangor University, North Wales, UK He has both corporate and teaching experiences of more than seven years He has several National, International and Scopus listed journal publications Sindhu Ravindranath is a Bharathiyar University alumnus and currently completing PhD with IBS Hyderabad She has 13 years of experience in different industries in different parts of the world Very much keen on exploring further in human behaviors and organsiational success 313 About the Contributors Sheema Tarab is currently designated as an Assistant Professor at Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University (India) Her Research Interests include the Development of the Organizational Workforce, Employee Motivation, and Employee Engagement Dr Tarab received her PHD in Human Resource Development (HRD) from Aligarh Muslim University in 2012; Masters in Finance and Accounting from the same affiliate in 2009 She holds a Bachelor Degree in Commerce She has also qualified National Eligibility Test-JRF in Commerce and has also been awarded with the Maulana Azad National Fellowship for Research during her Doctoral Tenure Farrah Zeba has a Ph.D and an MBA in marketing and strategy She is currently an Assistant Professor at IBS Hyderabad, IFHE University, India She has been nominated as a doctoral fellow by Department of Marketing & Strategy, IBS Hyderabad, for the Doctoral Consortium organized by AIM-AMA Sheth Foundation, 2017 She has qualified National Eligibility Test for Lectureship, conducted by University Grants Commission of India, in June 2012 She has also worked as Market Research Analyst in a reputed retail organization in India Her research is currently focused on customer advocacy, customer delight, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, perceived value and online marketing During her visiting scholar program at the University of Memphis, TN, USA, she received an award at the Student Research Forum (2016) for her doctoral thesis proposal in the business research category She has presented papers in reputed conferences of international repute and has contributed research papers to SCOPUS indexed journals She has also contributed teaching cases to The Case Centre, UK and Economics Times of India 314 315 Index A Action 3, 57, 66, 77, 83, 95, 120, 146, 177, 194, 221-224, 226-235, 238, 245, 263 Action Research 177, 194, 221-224, 226235, 238, 245 Anthropology 3, 20, 97, 121, 170, 173, 246-247, 261-262, 271 Attitude 31, 120, 122, 124-127, 131, 134, 141, 214, 247 Axial Coding 103, 116 B Behaviour 27, 75, 80, 173, 176, 186 Between-Person Vignette Designs 141 C Call Center 145, 149-150, 157, 160 Categorization Matrix 153, 168 Codes 27, 96, 103, 109, 116, 148, 153, 157, 159, 203, 206 Coding 51, 81, 103, 116, 145, 148, 157, 159-161, 168, 201, 206, 220 Competency 73, 75-81, 83, 85, 93, 95 competency clusters 73, 79 Confidentiality 4, 19, 24, 135, 155, 180, 212 conflict research 117, 122 Consistency 77, 183, 224, 245, 271 Constructionist Approach 220 Content Analysis 96-97, 102-103, 109, 116, 145-149, 160-161, 168-169, 200, 203 Context 3, 8, 13, 15, 17-18, 59, 67, 77, 118, 120-125, 131, 146-148, 178, 181, 194, 197-199, 202, 204, 213, 223-224, 234, 261-262, 265 Credibility 6, 19, 26, 28, 39, 56, 154, 181, 221, 234-235, 245, 271 D Data Collection 6, 8-10, 14, 17, 26-27, 36, 96-99, 101-104, 109, 120, 177, 183, 194-195, 199, 201, 205, 211, 214-215, 223, 253-254, 265 Data Saturation 25, 36-37, 51 data sufficiency 25, 36 Deductive Content Analysis 145, 149, 169 Deductive Thematic Analysis 220 Demonetisation 171-172, 181-189, 191 Diary Method 96-101, 103-104, 107-108, 116 Diary Research 97-98, 101, 109 Digital Storytelling 64-66, 72 Distinguishing Competency 77, 95 E Emic Perspective 51 Empathy 6, 19, 24, 56, 58, 64 Ethnography 13, 107, 181-182, 246-256, 259-261, 264, 271 Ethnomethodology 271 Etic Perspective 51 Etic View 24 Index Event 4, 12, 24, 73-76, 78, 80-81, 92, 97, 142, 171, 191, 195, 220, 264 Experimental Vignette Design 141 Explanatory Case Study 195 F Field Notes 3, 184, 195, 246 Field Study Report 245 Fieldwork 246-247, 252, 271 Focused samples 171 G Grounded theory approach 198 H Human 2-3, 14, 17, 24, 57-58, 64, 173, 178, 195, 261, 271 I Inductive Content Analysis 96, 102, 169 Inductive Thematic Analysis 220 Information-Rich Cases 25, 28-29, 3839, 51 Interaction 2-3, 17, 148 Interview 3, 37, 62, 73-76, 78, 80-81, 83, 92, 97, 145, 147, 155-158, 183-184, 195, 199-200, 202, 211, 220, 245, 249, 264 J Job Demands-Resources 149 Job Performance 93, 95, 145, 149-150, 153, 160 K Knowledge 2-3, 11, 29, 31-32, 38, 53-54, 57-59, 67, 72, 78, 92, 95, 127, 145-147, 153, 160, 169, 199, 203, 222-223, 228, 231, 234-235, 238, 249-251 316 L Latent Theme 220 Learning 15, 34, 53, 55-59, 64-66, 72, 75, 97, 135, 150, 181, 223, 225, 247, 258, 261-263 M Managerial 85 Methods 1-4, 6, 8-10, 12, 17, 19-20, 24-25, 28, 38, 59, 61, 74, 81, 83, 85, 100, 102, 104, 107, 109, 120, 124, 135, 145, 170-171, 173-174, 178, 181, 184, 194-195, 197-199, 204, 212, 226, 233, 261, 265 Motives 78, 83, 95, 104, 122 Multiple Case Study 195 N Narration Technique 72 Narrative 12-13, 55, 58-59, 61, 66-67, 73, 78, 102, 147, 181-182, 198-199 O Observation 2, 107, 118, 120, 125, 176-177, 183, 212, 245, 249, 252-253, 262, 271 Observation Method 245 Open Coding 103, 116 Open Interviews 195 Open-Ended 6, 19, 24, 108, 127, 174, 183184, 195, 245 P Participative 34 Participatory 223 Phenomenon 3-4, 6, 12-15, 17-19, 24, 108, 124, 146-148, 153, 172, 177, 182, 195, 198, 202, 220, 262 Pilot Study 195 Post-Design Stage 141 Index pre-design 122, 124, 137 Predesign Stage 122, 141 Process Conflict 123, 126, 130-131, 134135, 141 Psyche of people 172 purposeful 25-30, 33, 51 Purposeful Sampling 25-29, 33, 51 Q Qualitative 1-8, 10, 12-20, 24-31, 33-34, 36-38, 51, 81, 96-98, 101-104, 107109, 116, 118, 135, 145, 147-148, 154-155, 160, 169-174, 177-181, 197-201, 203-206, 211, 213-215, 220, 223, 226, 245, 247, 261, 271 Qualitative Analysis 96, 102, 197-198, 200, 204 Qualitative Content Analysis 147-148, 160, 169 qualitative method 179, 201 Qualitative Research 1-4, 6, 8, 10, 12-13, 15-20, 24-29, 33-34, 36-38, 51, 108, 135, 154-155, 170-173, 178, 181, 197-199, 203-206, 214-215, 220, 226, 247, 261 Qualitative Research Method 172 Quantitative Content Analysis 145, 147, 169 R Realist Approach 220 Reflexivity 3, 6, 15, 20 Relationship Conflict 123-124, 126, 130131, 142 Reliability 4, 10, 26, 75, 108, 175, 179-181, 224, 258, 271 Researcher Bias 108, 116 Responsiveness 258, 271 Rigor 16, 24, 230 Self-Concept 95 Semantic Theme 220 sensitive topics 125 Shadowed Data 37, 51 Skill 19, 93, 95, 125, 265 Social Processes 1-2, 17, 20 Solicited Diaries 99, 116 Storytelling 53-59, 63-67, 72, 118, 235 Strategic Learning 59, 72 Subjectivity 3, 10, 24 T Task Conflict 123-124, 126, 130-131, 142 Theoretical 2-3, 14, 17-18, 20, 25, 27-29, 51, 197-198, 201, 204, 222-223, 247, 250 Theoretical Sampling 27-29, 51, 223 Threshold Competency 77, 95 Training 31, 53, 55-57, 61-62, 64, 66, 72, 74, 78, 80, 108, 121, 183, 198, 261 Traits 78, 95 Transcription 151, 202-203, 220 U Unsolicited Diaries 99, 116 V Validity 10, 74-75, 81, 92, 108, 129, 131, 136, 147, 177-181, 210, 221, 224, 234, 258, 271 Vignette 117-118, 120-122, 124-132, 134, 136, 141-142 Vignette methodology 117-118, 120-121, 124-127 W Within-Person Vignette 142 S sampling 25-34, 39, 51, 75, 101, 223 Selective Coding 103 317 ... Preface This book, Qualitative Techniques for Workplace Data Analysis, is meant to discuss different types of qualitative methods that can be employed to analyze workplace data The book will... Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gupta, Manish (Computer scientist) editor | Shaheen, Musarrat, 1979editor | Prathap Reddy, K., editor Title: Qualitative techniques for workplace data analysis / Manish... findings in workplace Six key techniques namely thematic analysis, phenomenological analysis, content analysis, Preface narrative analysis, and case study analysis are selected for detailed discussion