Twentieth-Century South Africa The twentieth century has brought considerable political, social and economic change for South Africa While many would choose to focus only on the issues of race, segregation and apartheid, this book tries to capture another facet: its drive towards modernisation and industrialisation While considering the achievements and failures of that drive, as well as how it related to ethnic and racial policymaking, Bill Freund makes the economic data come alive by highlighting people and places He proposes that South Africa in the twentieth century can actually be understood as a nascent developmental state, with economic development acting as a key motivating factor As a unique history of South Africa in the twentieth century, this will appeal to anyone interested in a new interpretation of modern South African economic development or those in development studies searching for striking historical examples bill freund is Professor Emeritus of Built Environment and Development Studies at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, and Visiting Professor at the University of the Witwatersrand His previous books include The African Worker (Cambridge University Press, 1988), The African City: A History (Cambridge University Press, 2007) and The Making of Contemporary Africa (2016) Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 15:40:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 15:40:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Twentieth-Century South Africa A Developmental History bill freund University of KwaZulu-Natal Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 15:40:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India 79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906 Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108427401 DOI: 10.1017/9781108604222 © Bill Freund 2019 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2019 Printed and bound in Great Britain by Clays Ltd, Elcograf S.p.A A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Freund, Bill, author Title: Twentieth-century South Africa : a developmental history / Bill Freund Description: New York : Cambridge University Press, 2018 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2018015238 | ISBN 9781108427401 (alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Economic development – South Africa | South Africa – Economic conditions – 1991– | South Africa – Economic policy Classification: LCC HC905 F748 2018 | DDC 330.96807–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018015238 ISBN 978-1-108-42740-1 Hardback ISBN 978-1-108-44615-0 Paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 15:40:40, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Contents List of Figures and Maps page vi List of Tables vii Acknowledgements viii White-run South Africa as a Developmental State: An Interpretive Economic History of Twentieth-Century South Africa The Conflicted Foundations of Industrial Policy 19 Industrial Development in South Africa up to the Second World War: Some Figures and Some Business History 40 A (Near) Developmental State Forms, 1939–48 62 The Impact of Apartheid, 1948–73 82 The Parastatals ISCOR and SASOL 103 Key Institutions: The IDC, the CSIR, the HSRC 122 The Company Towns of the Vaal Triangle 139 Energy and the Natural Environment 171 10 Developmentalism Dismantled Conclusion 191 214 Bibliography 222 Index 245 v Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 15:44:03, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Figures and Maps Figures 4.1 Portrait of H.J van der Bijl page 67 7.1 Archival Notes about Foreign Loans 124 10.1 South African and ISCOR Crude Liquid Steel Production, 1967–89 (millions of tons per annum) 211 Maps 8.1 The Vaal Triangle 8.2 Blueprint for White Sasolburg 8.3 Blueprint for Sasolburg Town 143 145 146 vi Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 16:07:37, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Tables 3.1 Numbers of Workers in Private Industry with the Percentage of those Workers who are Considered White page 41 3.2 Workers in South African Railways and Harbours (with White Percentage) 42 3.3 Size of other Workforces in the First Thirty Years of the Union of South Africa 43 3.4 Money Values for the South African Economy 44 3.5 Gold Sales in ‘000 Pounds 45 3.6 Industrial Output in Value by Sectors (in percentage) 46 5.1 Selected Years: Balance of Trade (sums are in ‘ooo £s) 91 5.2 Development of Manufacturing 96 6.1 Employment at ISCOR by Race 105 6.2 ISCOR Turnover Rates (1971) 106 7.1 IDC Investments up to 1965 126 8.1 Vaal Triangle Towns: Officially Registered White and Black Population Totals Compared 142 10.1 Number of ISCOR Workers 212 vii Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 16:10:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Acknowledgements I have tried my best to respond to the very useful critical remarks provided by Cambridge University Press’s anonymous readers in creating a final version of this book Over a good ten years, I have made use of a variety of friends and colleagues in thinking about and collecting material on this subject matter The first paper I can remember writing towards this end was probably for an international conference organised by Monash University, irresistibly held in the town where my father was born, the Tuscan Renaissance city of Prato, Italy However, I would give pride of place to the Corporate Strategy and Industrial Development (CSID) MA programme at the University of the Witwatersrand’s School of Economics and Business Sciences There I found for a time an intellectual home that correlated with my own ideas and interests in the material I cover here My role in the school was partly organised by my friend Nicolas Pons-Vignon, but the director, Seeraj Mohamed, was a very welcoming and supportive figure in every way Through the CSID MA I participated for several years in the African Programme on Rethinking Development Economics (APORDE), which supported postgraduate students from South Africa and elsewhere with an impressive array of guest speakers focused on development issues Here too I was stimulated as well as honoured to be a participant I finally need to thank Ben Fine of the School of Oriental and African Studies, who was an inspirational figure and frequent visitor to the programme Ben’s work on the mineral and energy complex in South Africa was coauthored by Zav Rustomjee, who also made an important unpublished paper of his own available to me Their landmark book is currently being updated and should appear in a new edition I could hardly have written this book without their platform existing Amongst the teachers in the programme were Samantha Ashman, Sue Lewis, Lotta Takala-Greenish, Rex McKenzie and my old student and friend Firoz viii Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 16:14:25, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 Acknowledgements ix Khan of Stellenbosch University Nimrod Zalk, an associate from the Department of Trade and Industry, kindly gave me an almost complete version of his London doctoral thesis All these people formed a community of intense commitment and interest to the development project in South Africa which was exciting to join One area that is touched on in this book is the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) I am very grateful to them for access to their library (the Infocentre) and files For his assistance, I would also like to thank Jorge Maia, head of research and also Raymond Majozi, the Records Department Support Services manager An IDC official and former student, Nnzeni Netshitomboni, now working on his PhD on the history of the organisation under my supervision, has been a great colleague and host at this important institution On the history of the Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research, I profited from conversation with Professor David Walwyn of the University of Pretoria Some parts of this book depend on research in the National Archives in Pretoria where I found a helpful staff In Pretoria I enjoyed the hospitality of, and many great discussions with, Rasigan Maharajh At home I have made use of our library at the University of KwaZuluNatal and occasionally at the Killie Campbell Africana Library special collection The National Research Foundation made funds available for travel to Gauteng On visits to Johannesburg, I made use of the Wits library system In particular, I have consulted several documents kept at the Cullen Library of the University of the Witwatersrand, with its very friendly and knowledgeable staff An important part of this was the material about planners active in the formation of the parastatal towns Here I enjoyed the invaluable help of Professor Alan Mabin, who had himself interviewed Roy Kantorowich long ago and knew much about his story Indeed, Alan must know as much or more than anyone about urban planning and urban history in South Africa; he also pointed me in the direction of a son of Vanderbijlpark, Professor Mark Oranje of the Town and Regional Planning Department of the University of Pretoria, who returned to his home town with me on a memorable visit Victor Munnik is not a Vaal Triangle native but he is the author of a great University of the Witwatersrand sociology thesis on Steel Valley and ecological problems there I learnt a lot from meeting him and reading his thesis I am also indebted to Steve Sparks of the University of Johannesburg and his thesis on Sasolburg, from which I learnt so much I am waiting for Steve to turn this University of Michigan thesis into Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 16:14:25, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 x Acknowledgements a published work which should attract considerable attention Eddie Webster indicated in conversation that his first book, Cast in a Racial Mould, and allied research was actually partially set in the Vaal Triangle and thus of particular value to me to rediscover Frank Sokolic produced my clarity-enhancing maps I spent a month as a guest of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University and Professor Robert van Niekerk, the director, was not only a very pleasant host but also the author of an Oxford thesis of which I made use This work made me think about the attempt to create a national health system in the 1940s and I also must thank Simonne Horwitz of the University of Saskatchewan for giving me access to her then unpublished Canadian thesis on Baragwanath Hospital I also found at Rhodes the papers of Douglas Smit, Smuts’ Minister of Native Affairs, who had much to with the creation of a homeland textile industry in the Eastern Cape and was a key figure in the old United Party Dr Johan Fourie hosted me at a seminar at Stellenbosch University and Professor Anne Mager, for whose excellent Economic History programme at the University of Cape Town (UCT) I served as external examiner for some years, made a big contribution to this book by pointing me towards the unpublished UCT Andrew Marquard thesis on energy policy In general, this project has been a great chance to meet and learn from a wide and very impressive range of South African intellectuals Amongst the seminars I have addressed with reference to my expanding ideas on the old South Africa and its development trajectory, I should note a new impressive Iranian/German friend, Kaveh Yazdani, who spent a couple of post-doctoral years at the University of the Witwatersrand My paper for his workshop was actually the basis of the first chapter of this book Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 16:14:25, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222 246 Association of Chambers of Commerce of South Africa (ASSOCOM) 85, 87 Atlantis 128, 129, 197 Atlas 95n24, 130 Atomic Energy Board 172 Attlee, Clement 70 Australia 3, 5, 83, 94, 220 Australasia 22 Automobiles 2, 57, 87, 95, 148, 198, 206, 215 Balance of payments 90, 92, 95, 127 Balladon, R.J 55 Banking and banks 7, 31, 33, 34, 34n15, 35, 37, 52, 72, 72n20, 81, 82n1, 89n15, 90, 92, 94, 101, 110, 112–14, 122, 123, 126n4, 127, 128, 130, 191, 193–4, 200–2, 215 Bantu Administration and Development 169 Bantu (originally Native) Advisory Councils 114, 153, 154, 184, 202 Bantu Development Corporation 96 Bantustans 13, 96, 97, 98, 114, 126, 191 Barclays Bank 110 Barker 95, 97 Barlow, Sir Robert 59, 194, 196 Barlow Rand 194, 196, 199n4 Base metals 89, 192, 200 See also Asbestos, Coal, Iron ore, Uranium Batchelor, Peter 196 Bateman 57, 220 Batson, Professor 66n8 Bayside 94 Beer 93, 120, 152, 154–7, 159, 208, 209 Beethoven Street, Vanderbijlpark 144 Belgium 128 Bell, Trevor 97, 98 Benoni 141 Berman, Louis 51 Betterment schemes 80, 125 Biesheuvel, Simon 75, 135 Index Bilingual education 134 Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) 30, 219 Black South Africans 134, 149, 219 on farms 21, 50, 68, 161, 167 health 13, 31, 74, 182 labour 31, 37, 57, 78, 100, 105, 150, 156, 166, 168, 214 working class 99, 161, 219 Blind Persons Act (1936) 38 Board of Trade and Industries 31, 37, 66, 84, 85, 96n27, 97 Boart 119, 120, 220 Boipatong 143, 150, 153, 154n30, 168, 184, 206, 208, 209 Boksburg 128, 129, 141 Bonanne 209 Bophelong 150, 151, 153, 154n30, 157, 168, 186, 206, 208, 209 Border industries 96, 97 and decentralisation 65, 98 Botha, Louis 26, 33, 52, 64, 69, 92 Botha, P.W 116, 174, 175n7, 180, 193, 196, 200, 210 Botswana 19 Bozzoli, Belinda 30, 30n8, 31, 48, 52, 78 Brandt, Willy 173 Brazil 6, Bricklayers 106 Brink, Chris 132 Britain and British 3–6, 9, 14, 22–8, 30–2, 34–7, 39, 45, 51, 52, 57–9, 62, 63n3, 67, 68, 70, 71, 81, 83, 95, 103, 106, 109, 113, 115, 117, 119, 126, 127, 132, 148, 149, 152, 172, 173, 198 New Towns 103, 149 British Commonwealth 30 Empire 56, 67 South Africans 30 British Leyland 57 British Steel 103, 115, 119 Broederbond 92, 101, 110n30 Browne, G.W.G 83, 87 Bruwer, A.J 33, 34n15, 37 Buenos Aires 20 Buffer zones 150, 152, 165 Bureau of Census 85, 91n20 and Statistics 85, 91n20 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Bureau for Educational Research 75, 134 Bywoners 29 Cabora Bassa 125, 199 Canada 3, 122, 128, 200 Cancer 70, 80, 164, 183 Cancer Union 164 Canning 59 Cape Gate 59, 60 Cape of Good Hope 98 legislature 218 Cape Midlands 22 Province 20, 60 Cape Town 20, 22, 25, 31, 31n13, 34, 51, 52, 58, 60, 66n8, 99, 100, 100n33, 141, 147, 172, 173, 192 Foreshore 147 Capital 6, 15, 20, 23, 29, 33, 34n15, 48, 50, 51, 57, 60, 61, 63, 72n20, 88, 89n15, 90, 93, 94, 96, 101, 105, 112, 113, 116, 120, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130, 171, 190, 191, 192, 198, 199, 200, 202, 210, 214, 215, 219, 220 consumer 15, 57, 60, 95, 129 controls 89, 200 merchant 22, 94, 201 Capitalism 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 16, 21, 23, 34n15, 53, 94, 102, 112, 192, 201, 220 anti- 207 reconstituted settler 3, 5, 21 Carlton conference 200 Carnegie Commission 34n15, 38, 134 Carr, E.H 10 Carter, Jimmy 128 Cattle 19, 21, 22, 57, 159 Cellulose 83 Chamber of Mines 63, 85, 131 Chamberlain, Joseph 25, 27n7, 32n14, 52 Chang, Ha-Joon 6, 220 Chase Manhattan Bank 127 Chaskalson, Matthew 140n2, 168, 188n26, 207n23, 207n24 Chemical industry 125 See also Plastics and paints 247 Chibber, Vivek 7–9, 30n8 Chiefs 22, 158 Childrens Act (1937) 38 China 1, 4, 9–11 Chinese 9, 157 Yellow River Delta 10 Christian Social Party (Bavaria) 173 Christie, Renfrew 32–5, 67, 68, 69, 69n14 Chrome 89, 115 Churches 161, 164, 205, 209 Clark, J.B 133 Class 3, 6, 8, 11, 51, 60, 64, 84, 99, 100, 112, 142, 151, 161, 165–70, 205, 206, 210, 219 working 99, 161, 219 Clothing industry 87 Coa Equipment 178 Coal 16, 50, 60, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 81, 103, 107, 111n32, 116, 123, 125, 140, 141, 152, 173, 176–81, 184, 192, 199, 215–17, 220 Coal Resource Act (1985) 178 Coase, Ronald Coetzee, J.P 105n6, 107, 108n17 Cold War 10 Colonial Banking and Trust Co 52 Colonialism 3, Coloureds 28, 77n36, 80, 100n33, 107, 136, 157, 164, 165 Combrinck, J.A 51 Commerce and Industries(Industry), Department of 85 Committee on Social and Economic Planning 80 Communism 5, 10, 201 See also China; Soviet Union Communist Party of South Africa 74 Competition 35, 49, 55–7, 59, 60, 97, 112–14 Computerisation 198 Confederation of Employers’ Associations 85 Conservative Party 200n5 Consolidated Textile Mills 55 Construction industry 58 Consumerism See Capital, consumer Copper 200 Corbusier, le 147, 148n9 Corporatism 101 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 248 Index Corruption and rent-seeking Cotton 3, 37, 56 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) 66, 71, 82, 122–38, 172, 196, 198, 199n4, 220 Coupe, Stuart 105, 105n8, 135 Credit See Finance Crompton, Rod 120 Cronje, Geoff 135 Cross, Tim 68, 103, 111, 112, 114, 115, 164 Cuba 11 Cullinan, Sir Thomas 28, 29, 58 Commission 28, 29 Cullinan Refractories 58 Currency issues 49 See also Inflation Cyferpan 204, 205 Disinvestment 58, 85, 88, 92, 200 District Six 99 Dorbyl 119, 119n66 Dorman Long 93, 119, 119n66, 140n4 Draper, Peter 198, 199, 199n4 Du Plessis, Fred 53, 86, 193 Dubow, Saul 25, 26, 27n7, 30, 32, 38, 66–9, 71, 73 Dubresson, Alain 177 Duncan, David 36–9, 65, 76, 77, 81, 95, 197, 198 Dunlop 57 Durban 48, 52, 54–6, 58, 97, 99, 100n33, 126, 141, 158n57, 176, 179, 182, 185n23, 215 South Basin 185n23 Dutch East India Company 19 Dynamite 23, 58 da Gama 83 De Beers 93, 120 de Klerk, F.W 175, 217 de Kock, M.H 33, 34, 34n15, 88, 92 de la Rey, General 50 de Lange, Piet 136 Commission (1981) 136 de Villiers, F.J 126, 129 de Vries, Jan 3, Debt, national 193, 215 See also Finance and banking Decentralisation 65, 98, 192, 193–95 Defense, Department of 195 Defense Research Council 131 Democracy 9, 11, 12, 70, 123 Denoon, Donald Dependency theory Depression, Great 26n6, 35, 37, 41, 42, 44 Deregulation 179, 218 Deswick 220 Deutscher, Isaac 10 Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA) 126n4, 194 Development state theory 70, 72 and democracy 70 Diamonds 23, 51, 53, 58, 62, 71, 90, 119, 120 Diederichs, Nico 56, 109, 110, 111, 113, 115, 160 Disability grants 76, 76n33 East London 97 East Rand (Ekurhuleni) 93, 128, 141, 215 Eastern Cape 80, 98, 123 Eastern Europe 11 Eating houses 154, 204 Economic Advisory Council/ Committee 84, 85, 89n15, 114 Economic Affairs, Ministry of 105n6, 107n13, 113n41, 114n47, 115n48, 118n59, 119n66, 124, 129, 132, 160 Economic and Social Planning Commission 84 Economic Commission for Latin America Economic Co-ordinating Council 96 Economic growth 7, 15, 17, 42, 44, 45, 96, 120, 162, 179, 191, 214, 216 Economics 18, 34n15, 62, 63 New Institutional 17, 216 Education 15, 29, 38, 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 134, 206, 219 for blacks 15, 75, 76 technical 29, 69 and training 15 Eerste Fabrieken (Hatherley), Die 50 Eland 128, 129 Electric Supply Company (ESCOM) 33, 67, 68, 70, 72, 83, 92, 94, 109, 116, 127, 172, 174, 177, 178, 179, 180, 193, 210 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Electricity Act (1922) 33 Electrification and electricity 32, 33, 50, 52, 67, 68, 94, 96, 141, 150, 151, 173, 176, 177, 179, 193, 203, 209, 217 Electronics 69, 126, 198, 199 Embeddedness Emigration 52, 132, 133 Energy 16, 17, 65, 70, 94, 101, 102, 120, 121, 123, 131, 133, 171–90, 193, 199, 216, 217 pricing 174, 180 See also Electrification and electricity; Nuclear energy English language 86, 111, 136, 137, 219 English South Africans 101 Enlightenment 19 Environmental issues 17, 161n63, 184, 185 Esselen, Louis 68 Ethiopia 2n3 Ethnic separation 151 Ethylene 120 Europe 4, 6, 10, 19, 87, 106, 116, 162, 188 Evander 185 Evans, Peter 6, 7, Evaton 168, 204, 205 Exports 10, 16, 21, 22, 34, 35, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 56, 60, 64, 71, 81, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 100, 105, 113, 114, 117–22, 127, 172, 176, 177, 178, 181, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 210, 215 Factory Act (1041) 65 Fagan, Henry Commission (1946) 78 Family and Marriage Society of South Africa 164 Fanakalo 159 Federale Volksbeleggings 110 Federated Chamber of Industries 31, 85 Feinstein, Charles 34, 63, 65, 68, 96, 104–5, 215 Feiss, Carl 147 Feltex 83 Ferrovorm 83 Fertiliser 114, 190 Fick, M.L 75 249 Fig, David 172, 172n2, 173, 173n5, 174, 175, 217 Finance and banking 25, 31, 36, 37, 55, 62, 90, 92–4, 101, 113, 122, 127, 130, 150, 181, 191, 200, 218 to Africans 53 mining capital 94 Financial Mail 86 Financialisation 102, 130 Fine, Ben 16, 68, 101, 215, 216 First National Bank 124 Fishing 52, 53, 59, 126 Fison Fertilizer 184 Fitters and turners 106 Fluorine 184–5, 185n20 Food 24, 29, 45, 50, 51, 53, 59, 75, 100, 152, 159 for schools 75 Footwear and shoes 56, 95 Foraging and hunting 20 Foreign investment 89n15, 220 Forest Products Research Institute 66 Forestry and trees 83, 148–9, 148n12 industry 144, 182 Forsyth Commission (1961) 173n5 FOSKOR 83 Frame, Philip 55, 56, 87, 97, 194 France 4, 6, 8, 11, 83, 132, 173, 175, 197 Frank, Andre Gunder Frankel, Rudy 52–4 Frankel, S.H 35, 63, 81 Capital Investment in Africa 63 Free enterprise 93, 194, 201 Free market 39, 64, 81, 113, 136, 215, 217 laissez-faire 147 Free trade 2, 25, 26, 30, 36 imperial 36 FRELIMO 199 Fremantle, H.S 33 Friedrichshafen 129 Froneman, G.F 110 Fruit 50, 51, 70 Fuel Research Institute 66 Fuller 129, 130 Fusion Ministry 35, 38, 41, 48, 64, 75 See also National Party; United Party Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 250 Gale, Dr George 74n27 Gambling 157 Garbers, Johann 136 Garrett, G.G 133 Gas 96, 141, 199 Gelb, Stephen 101 Geldmag 92 Gencor 94, 128–9 General Mining and Finance 129 General Tire 57 Germany 5, 10, 26, 33, 35, 55, 69, 70, 106, 111, 125, 128, 129, 132, 173, 202, 215 Germiston 141 Getting prices wrong Gieseke 185 Glaser, Daryl 97, 98, 101, 193–4 Glass 50, 95, 126 Globalisation 192 Gluckman, Dr Henry 74, 75 Gold 16, 23, 26, 35, 36, 37, 41, 43–5, 47, 49, 51, 53, 62–4, 67, 68, 70, 71, 78, 89, 92, 94, 112, 116, 120, 127, 172, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 192, 193, 212, 214–16 labour 36 price 41, 89, 192, 193, 212 standard 35, 41, 44–5, 64 See also Mines and mining Gold Fields 194 Golden Highway 168, 208 Good Hope conference 200 Goodyear 57 Gordon, Max 77, 77n35 Gosplan 65 Graaf, de Villiers 71n15 Graaff, Sir David 51–3, 55 Grain 21, 48, 50, 82, 155 Gramsci, Antonio 48 Grasmere 164 Great Trek 21 Greater Steel Valley 163, 186 Greece 106 Green Scorpions 188 Group Areas (1950) 141 Grundy, Kenneth 196, 197 Gulf states 11 Gundelfinger, Karl 54–6 Guns 158, 206, 207 Index Haggie 120 Haiti 2, Hamilton, Alexander Harris 55 Hartz, Louis 5n6 Havenga, Nicolaas 31n11, 62 Health 13, 31, 39, 74, 75, 80, 99, 100, 151, 165, 182, 183, 185, 206 Committee 154 Henk, Dan 195, 196, 197, 200, 217 Hertzog, J.B.M 31n11, 37, 38, 39, 62, 64, 69, 134 Herwitz, Dan 147 Heunis, Chris 107 Highveld Steel 93, 112 Hillside Refinery 199 Hindson, D 77n34 History of science in South Africa 26 Hlatshwayo, Mondli 158, 159, 159n53, 203 Hlubi 159n59 Hobson, J.H 27n7 Hofmeyr, J.H 27, 36, 68, 76, 80, 82 Holloway, J.E 72n20 Commission (1935) 36, 64 Horwood, Owen 107, 114 Hostels 98, 142, 143, 149, 151, 154, 155, 158, 159, 161, 162, 166, 167, 168, 183, 203 Houghton, D Hobart 100, 103 Housing 38, 74, 76, 78, 79, 98, 99, 106, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 160, 169, 202, 203 Home Ownership 162, 208 hutments 149 rents 153, 203 shortage 76 Howick 57 Hoy, Sir William 32 Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) 67, 134–7, 196 Hunting 20, 21 Hyslop 99 IBM 199n4 IG Farben 125 Immigration 26, 78, 87, 88 Imperial Cold Storage 51, 93 Imperialism 3, 4, 6, 64n4 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Import Substitution Industrialisation 121, 215 Imports 24, 29, 37, 40, 48, 173, 180, 193, 197, 200, 215 control 83, 87, 92 India 8, 9, 19 Hindu rate of growth Indians in South Africa 29, 48, 77n36, 100n33, 220 Indonesia 9, 20 Industrial and Agricultural Requirements Committee (1940) 64 Industrial Councils 80n44, 105n8 Industrial decentralisation 65 Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) 17, 63, 64n4, 66, 80n44, 82, 84, 94, 111, 122, 201 Industrial Finance Corporation 201 Industrial Revolution 1, 4, 28, 45 Second 28 Industrial Selections Corporation 128 Industrious society Industry and manufacturing 37, 40, 47, 104, 196 consumer goods 15, 16 heavy 9, 11, 14, 15, 47, 67, 90, 93, 104, 171, 176, 200, 215, 219 (see also Metals and engineering industries) industrial research 132 industrialisation 34, 45, 121 in South Africa 15, 28, 32, 47, 4, 27, 28, 38, 53, 162, 218 Inequality 11, 139, 142, 143, 149, 151, 158, 218 Inflation 77, 180, 191, 193 Information science 11 Institute for Educational Research 135 Institute of Race Relations 73, 77, 123 Insurance 52, 61, 93, 99, 127 Interest groups 2, 86, 87, 101 International Bank of Settlements 128 International Energy Association 174 IPSA 115 IQs 134 Ireland 37 Iron and Steel Corporation of South Africa (ISCOR) 37, 60, 63, 68, 70, 83, 92, 93, 103–21, 127, 251 128, 133, 140, 143, 144, 151, 154, 155, 158–60, 162–4, 166, 168, 169, 179, 182–4, 186–8, 193, 202, 207, 208, 210, 211, 212, 215, 220 Iron and steel industry 63, 103 See also Metals and engineering industries Iron ore 29, 103, 118, 121, 192, 212, 215 Isando 126 Israel 11, 132, 147, 175, 192, 194, 197 Italy 106, 197 Jagger, J.W 31n13, 62 Jaglin, Sylvy 177 Jakobsz, J.A 136 Jansen, Punt 98 Japan 6–8, 10, 11, 26, 87, 101, 118, 128, 178, 221 Jews 47, 53, 55, 59, 111 Job reservation 34 bounties 29 Joffe, Avril 200 Johannesburg 17, 23, 32, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 77, 83, 99, 104, 141, 144, 149, 178, 206 Johns, E.A 169 Johnson, Chalmers 6–8 Journal of Industries 33 Kahn, Ellison 78, 84, 96 Kajee, Omar 157 Kalahari 19, 192 Kantorowich, Roy 208 Kaplan, David 35, 197 Kaplan, Mendel 59 Kark, Doctors Sydney and Emily 74 Kerkorrel, Johannes 162 Keynes, Lord 72n20 Khan, Mushtaq 18 Kimberley 23 Kindergarten, Milner’s 26, 206 Kindersorg 164 King William’s Town 98, 125 Kinship 19 households 154, 161 Kirchhofer, Max 148, 149, 151, 156, 161, 165, 166, 183, 184, 206 Kirstenbosch 25 Klipspruit 126 Koeberg 173, 174, 176, 201 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 252 Konzernen 101 Korea 6, 7, 9, 10, 199, 216, 221 North 11 Kotze, Sir Robert 32, 36 Commission (1920) 36 Kreupelsorg 164 Krige, Sue 38 Krueger, C.M 109 Kruger, Paul 24n3, 50, 58 Kuschke, George 122, 125n3 Labour 19, 22, 23, 31, 33, 34, 36, 37, 41–4, 56, 57, 63, 77, 78, 80, 87, 88, 92, 97–100, 104, 105, 108, 117, 125, 139, 142, 150, 156, 166, 168, 177, 191–3, 202, 209, 212, 214, 220 black 37, 57, 100, 105, 150, 156, 166, 168, 214 cheap 56, 80, 87, 104, 192, 193 contract 202–3 domestic 87, 100, 156 migrant 80, 142, 202 skilled 63, 117, 130, 214 strikes 31, 77, 158n57 turnover 166 unskilled 130 wage councils 77 white 36, 37, 42, 92, 104, 200n5 working class 219 Labour Party 31, 33, 41, 70 Labuschagne, Johanna 136 Laite, W.J 30–2, 36, 30–1n10, 50 Land Bank 34, 72n20, 122 Landes, David 3, 28 Latin America 1–3, 5, 9, 9n7, 215 Lawrence, Harry 77, 136 Lekoa council 208 LeRoux, A.J 172 Lesotho 166, 186 Lever Brothers 52 Liquor 48, 130, 156 List, Friedrich Literacy 19 Lithuania 54, 55 Livestock and meat 19–21, 43, 44, 47, 50, 51 See also Cattle Loan farms 21 Local content 95, 129, 130, 198 Lødz 55 Index Logistics 192 London 23, 31, 97, 125, 127, 201, 219 City of 90, 122 Louw, Eric 92 Louw, Tienie 93, 96, 126, 201, 214 Ludwigshafen 125 Lugard, Lord 27n7 Luxembourg 128, 213 Luxury goods 130 Mabin, Alan 139n1, 142, 147 Mabin, H.S 85, 87 Madagascar 20 Mager, Anne 65, 80n44, 98, 156 Maize 53–4, 163, 185 Malan, D.F 84, 95, 134, 172 Malan, F.S 31n11 Malherbe, E.G 66n8, 71, 81, 111, 134, 135 Mallows, Edwin 148, 148n12 Managers 54, 77n36, 84, 92, 109, 110, 135, 149, 153 Mandela, Nelson 116, 209 Manganese 115, 215 Manuel, Trevor 218 Maputo (Lourenỗo Marques, Delagoa Bay) 50 Marais, J.S 24, 24n3 Maree, Johann 180 Maree, John 194, 196 Marketing Act (1937) 54, 63 Marks, Joffee 54 Marks, Sammy 28, 31n10, 50, 51, 58, 69, 140 Marks, Shula 13n10, 24 Marole, M.K 206 Marquard, Andrew 67, 67n10, 83, 172n2, 174, 174n6, 175–82, 175n7, 181n9, 193, 199, 200, 211 Marquard, Leo 71n16 Martin, W 31, 35 Marxism 1, 20, 20n1, 82n1 Mathematics 135 Mauerberger, Max 51, 55–6 Mbeki, Thabo 8, 13, 218, 219, 220 McDowell, J 56 McWilliams, James 196–7 Mechanisation 76, 177 Memel (Klaipeda) 55 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Mercedes 128, 130, 215 Merz, Charles 37 Metal and Allied Workers of South Africa (MAWU) 203, 207 Metal Box 59, 163 Metals and engineering industries 28, 45, 47, 57, 105, 119–21, 171, 200, 213 Methven, Stanley 53 Metkor 115, 119 Meyer, Frederik 68, 70, 95 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig 147 Militarisation 10, 14, 125, 197 and military 10, 197 See also Security and policing Milling, grain 53–4 See also Grain Milner, Lord A 24–26, 25n5, 29 Mineral/Energy Complex 17, 94, 101, 102, 121, 171, 176, 178, 181, 192, 216 Mineral Revolution 23, 47 Minerals and Energy, Department of 180, 199 Mines and Industry, Department of 179 Mines and mining 16, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35–7, 39, 43, 44, 45, 47, 49, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 68, 70, 71, 78, 88, 90, 92–4, 96, 100, 102, 104, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119, 120, 121, 122, 128, 131, 140, 141, 148, 158, 171–3, 176–9, 195, 214–16, 217, 219, 220 labour 36–7, 44, 63, 88, 104, 151, 177, 214, 219 See also Gold MINORCO 200 Mittal See Arcelor Mittal Modernisation 25, 29, 66, 147, 185, 196, 212 and modernity 147 Mokoena, Samson 183n13, 185n23, 186, 187, 189, 190 Moll, Terence 82n1, 191 Mongolia 11 Morris, Mike 142, 202 and D Kaplan 104 Moses, Robert 147 Mossgas 199 Mozambique 24, 50, 125, 199 253 Mpumalanga Province (Eastern Transvaal) 104, 112, 210 Muller, Gerrie 194 Muller, T.F 114 Munnik, Victor 17, 139n1, 140, 150, 158, 164, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 207 Naidoo, Jay 218 Nairobi 147 Natal 29, 55, 56, 57, 87, 94, 97, 111, 129, 131, 136, 176, 192, 212 Natal Regional Survey 66n8 National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA) 129 National Association of Textile Manufacturers 56 National Bank of South Africa 37 National Bureau (Institute) of Personnel Research 135 National Development Plan 220 National Energy Commission 179 National Environmental Management Act (1998) 188 National Finance Bank 72n20 Corporation 90, 94 National Housing Funds 150 National Mechanical Engineering Research Institute 131n12 National Party 41, 48, 53, 56, 59, 64, 68, 70, 82, 84, 85, 88, 96, 98, 103, 104, 109, 110, 172, 173, 201 National Research Council Board 66 National Research Foundation 137 National Union of Metal Workers of South Africa (NUMSA) 187 Nationalism 26, 34n15, 53, 56, 92, 111, 112, 134 Native Affairs, Department of 126, 166 Native Bills 77, 78 Native Representative Council 77, 77n36 Native Reserves 43 Natives Industrial Bill 77 Nattrass, N 62, 66, 74, 75, 77, 78, 99 Naude, Meiring 132 Neale-May, William 110n29 Nedbank 194 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 254 Neethling, Dirk 179 Neo-liberalism 7, Netherlands 4, 106, 128 New York 20, 69, 147 Newcastle 106, 107, 114, 121, 212 Nguni 151 Nishiura, Akio 93, 101, 102 Noodhulpliga 221 Noord Westelike Kooperasie 194 Norval, A.J 84 Norway 106 Nuclear energy 70, 172, 193, 217 bomb 174–5 Nyembezi-Heita, Nonkululeko 189 Office of Census and Statistics 33 Oil 12, 52, 70, 71n15, 104, 111n32, 116, 125, 152, 173, 176–80, 185, 210, 211 marine 52 palm 52 OK Bazaars 56, 93 Old Age Pensions Act, 1928 38 Oligopoly (Konzernen) 54, 60, 211 monopoly 54, 94, 95 O’Meara, Dan 83, 93, 94, 112, 196, 200, 201 Onderstepoort 25 Onwettige dorp 204 Oppenheimer, Harry 30n8, 63, 68, 71, 90, 93, 94, 112, 113, 116, 128, 153, 195, 214 Oppenheimer, Sir Ernest 68 Orange Free State 22, 35, 64, 90, 104, 140, 148, 164 Orange-Vaal Regional Authority 165 Oranje, Mark 139n1 Ouma 123 Oxford University 63n3 Pact Government 34n15, 37–8, 41, 44, 51, 54, 63 See also Labour Party; National Party Padayachee, Vishnu 48, 92, 193 Pan-African Congress (PAC) 168 Panama 128 Panasonic 58 Paramount 20, 128, 181–3 Parastatals 16, 68, 83–4, 98, 103–21, 123, 127, 139, 142, 150, 160, Index 162, 179, 180, 182, 188, 196, 202, 209, 210, 216 Parliament 28, 51, 64, 109, 110, 153 Passes 73, 77, 77n34, 78, 85, 121, 140n2, 144, 150, 156, 167, 206 curfew 152 Section Ten rights 203, 206 Peete, Ephraim 154 Pelindaba 172, 175 Pensions 39, 74, 76, 90, 99, 124, 187, 218 Peri-urban settlement 157, 165, 204 squatting 156 Personnel research 131, 135, 136 Petrick Commission (1970–5) 178 Petroleum See Oil Phillips, Lionel 26 Physical Planning Act (1967) 97, 194 Pietermaritzburg 57, 74, 99 Pilkington 95, 126 Planning 6, 13, 15, 37, 39, 64–6, 71n15, 72, 73, 75, 81–4, 86, 98, 99, 114, 119, 123, 134, 135, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 158, 160, 162, 165, 167, 169, 174, 176, 180–3, 193, 194, 201, 202, 215–17, 220 urban 142, 147, 148n12, 169 Plastics and paints 126 Platinum Belt 185n23 Plumridge, John 194 Polela (Institute of Family and Community Health) 74 Polling, opinion 71 Pomeranz, Kenneth 10 Port Elizabeth 22, 59, 141 Ports 22–4, 50, 52, 55, 56, 59, 107, 141, 178, 192, 215 Portugal 22 Posel, Deborah 76, 77, 78, 80 Post Office 95, 197, 208, 209 Poultry 53 Power Bill (1910) 32 Prebisch, Raul Premier Milling 54 Pretoria 29, 37, 50, 63, 69, 97, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 131, 141, 172 Pretorius, Louwrens 85–6, 96, 100, 101, 200, 200n5 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Price, Sir Thomas 32 Primary products 2, 16 natural resources 9, 19 Prinsloo, K 136 Privatisation 141n4, 210, 218 Productivity 54, 65n5, 66, 88, 133, 177, 192, 212, 214 Protectionism 8, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 41, 48, 56–8, 87, 93, 126, 189, 192 See also Tariffs Provident Funds 90 Public Service Commission 33 Racism 28, 48, 147, 163, 218, 219 See also White South Africans and whiteness Railways 23, 24, 29, 32, 34, 50, 85, 112, 119n66, 121, 212 labour 23, 42, 212 rates 24, 29, 32, 34 Rainbow Chickens 53 Ramburuth, Shan 94, 127, 199 Rand Club 116 Rand Consolidated 130 Rand Merchant 130 Rand Revolt 33, 36 Randlords 24n3 Ratel 128, 129 Raw materials 23, 26, 29, 36, 57, 58, 60, 117, 120, 172, 176, 181 See also Primary products RDP (Reconstruction and Development Programme) 218 Reconstruction in South Africa 14, 25, 26, 29, 218 Red Cross 164 Reddingsdaadbond 60 Refrigeration 51, 53 Regulation theory 186 Reitz, Deneys 73, 74, 77n34, 81 Commission on Native Affairs 73 Rembrandt Tobacco Company 95n25 RENAMO 199 Reserve Bank 34n15, 35, 90, 92, 123, 193 Residensia 167 Reunert 58 Reynders Committee 89 Reynolds, E.C 37 Rheinallt-Jones, Alfred 77n35 255 Rhodes, Cecil 27n7, 32, 51, 87 Rhodes Fruit Farms 50 Rhodesia 95, 118 Southern 54, 56 Richards Bay 94, 127, 178 Richards, C.S 36, 63, 66, 71, 83, 93, 96 Riekert, P.J 89 Roads 15, 95, 120, 144, 147, 148, 150, 166, 167, 204, 209, 219 Robbertse, P.M 135–6 Romans Rood, Kallie 109 Rosenthal, Eric 52, 57, 63, 122, 126, 127 Rosholt, Mike 194 Rostow, W.W 7, 16 Rothmans 59 Round Table 26n6, 36, 40, 63, 64n4 Rousseau, P Etienne 69, 84, 110n27, 111, 114n47, 117n54, 118n59 Rubber 56, 57, 95 Rupert, Anton 49, 59, 95n25, 116, 130, 201, 214 Johann 130 Rural Industries Commission 65 Russia 176 ‘Russians’ 50, 55 Rustomjee, Zavareh 16, 68, 89, 90, 93, 94, 101, 215, 216 Rwanda 2n3 Saffery, Lynn 77 Safmarine 126 Sagner, Andreas 76 Saldanha 107, 121, 124, 182, 192, 212 Samancor 94, 115 Sanctions See Disinvestment Sandock-Austral 128, 129 SANLAM (Suid-Afrikaanse Lewens Assuransie Maatskappij Beperk)-SANTAM 61, 93, 94, 96, 116, 128, 201, 214, 219 SASOL (South African Synthetic Oil Ltd), 68, 83, 84, 93, 103–21, 125, 127, 128, 141, 148n12, 151, 152, 155, 157, 158, 158n57, 166, 179, 181, 181n9, 182, 183n14, 184, 184n16, 184n18, 185, 185n22, 195, 202, 210, 211, 215 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 256 Sasolburg 17, 104, 140, 141, 141n6, 148, 148n12, 149, 151–7, 160–7, 182–4, 186, 202, 203, 207n23, 210 Scandinavia Scerri, Mario 67, 69n14 Schirmer, Stephen 30, 35 Schlemmer, Lawrence 136 Schlesinger, I.W 52, 54 Schoeman, B.M 116 Schoeman, Ben 114 Scholtz, A.P 194 Schonland, Basil 71, 131, 132 Schurink, W.J 136 The Scientific Advisory Council 132 Scientific Council for Africa South of the Sahara 132 Scientific research 66, 69, 75, 132, 133, 137 Scorgie Report 183 Sea traffic 20 See also Ports Sebokeng 167, 168, 169, 189, 190, 202, 203, 205, 206, 206n19, 207–9 Secunda 104, 185, 185n22, 210, 211 Security and policing 14, 44, 88, 95, 108, 110, 114, 117, 119, 120, 128, 129, 152, 158, 164, 181, 182, 191, 192, 196, 199, 206, 207, 210, 214 Seegers, Annette 84 Seekings, Jeremy 38, 74 Segregation 8, 12, 27n7, 73–81, 98, 141, 148, 160, 165 Selborne, Lord 24n3, 27n7, 32 Sentrachem 83, 120 Separate development See Apartheid Sewage 98, 150, 189 Sharpeville 92, 96, 139, 143, 157n51, 167, 168, 169, 202–4, 208, 208n27, 209 crisis 85, 117 Sheep 21, 22 See Wool Sigma Mine 152 Singapore Sishen 121, 192, 212 Skills 15, 24, 26, 29, 36, 38, 42, 47, 49, 65, 69, 71, 75, 76, 78, 88, 98– 100, 104–6, 108, 110, 140, 161, 198, 200, 219 Index low 49, 98, 99, 100, 198 See also Labour Slavery 3, 20, 22, 102 plantation 3, 20 Slums Act (1934) 38 Smit, Dan 98, 195 Smit, Douglas 74, 74n26, 76n36, 79, 79n41, 80, 97 Commission on Social, Economic and Health Conditions of Urban Areas (1942) 80 Smith, Adam Smit, Philip 136 Smuts, Jan Christiaan 78, 80–2, 99, 103, 111, 123, 124, 131, 132, 134, 150, 172, 193, 215 Snyman, N 136 Social and Economic Planning Commissions 76n33, 77n34 Social policy 13, 38, 73 Social Welfare, Department of 38, 161 Socialism in one country 2, Sonnenberg, Max 51 Sophiatown 99 Sotho 151 South Africa 5, 9, 12, 19, 220 South Africa Club, London 125 South African Agricultural Union 85 South African Association for the Advancement of Science 25 South African Bureau for Economic and Scientific Research 105 South African Breweries 135 South African Defence Force (SADF) 197 South African Industrial Cellulose Corporation (SAICCOR) 83 South African National Council for Alcoholism 164 South African Party 33, 38, 62, 81 South African Pulp and Paper Industries (SAPPI) 98n31, 125 South African Railways and Harbours 42 South African Republic 22, 23, 24, 50, 58 South African Rubber Manufacturing Company Limited (SARMCOL) 57 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index South African Waste Pickers’ Organisation 190 South Africanism 26, 27, 48, 49, 81 South America 22 Soviet Union 1, 9, 10 Soweto 99, 136, 149n13, 150, 167, 189, 200, 202, 207 1976 crisis 118 Spain Sparks, Stephen 17, 84, 103, 103n1, 110, 110n27, 115, 139n1, 182, 202, 210, 217 Sport 160 Springs, Ekurhuleni 126 Squatting 156, 157n52, 187, 205n18 See Peri-urban settlement The State 27 State and business 11, 70, 181, 190 and development 11, 181, 190 employment 15, 84, 219 State-owned enterprises See Parastatals State Security Council 196 Statistics 33, 40, 43, 66, 85, 96, 135, 136, 216 economic 43 STEAG 173 Steel and Ceiling Aluminium Works (SCAW) 93, 119, 120 Steel pricing 83 Stellenbosch 130 Stewart & Lloyd 119 Stratten, T.P 70, 116 Strauss, Franz Josef 173 Strijdom, J.S 84, 88, 92, 95, 115 Stuttaford 62 Suburbs 144 Sugar 26, 29, 36, 131 Milling Institute 131 Susser, Doctors 74n27 Sweden 65, 106 Switzerland 106, 128, 149, 202 Table Bay 19 Taiwan 9, 10, 132, 194 Tariff Act (1925) 33 Tariff Committee (Industry Advisory Board) 31 Tariffs 24, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 42, 44, 47, 48, 54–7, 63n3, 64, 66, 68, 71n17, 88, 94, 95, 257 97, 129, 130, 201, 218 See also Protectionism Taxation 68 Taylorism 158n57 Technology 26, 32, 55, 63, 71n15, 95, 111n32, 120, 126, 127 transfer 127 Telecommunications 95, 131, 197, 198, 199 Telephony 69, 198 Television 136 Tenders 133, 194, 220 Tennessee Valley Authority 72n20 Textiles 45, 55, 56, 80, 87, 97, 98, 125, 191 See also Clothing industry Thailand Tiger Oats 52–4, 93 Timber 24, 59, 87, 131 See also Forestry and trees Tobacco 45, 59, 130 Research Centre 95n25 Top Location 168 Toyota 93, 95 Trade and Industry, Ministry of 7, 106n10, 129 Transkei 74n26, 105n2, 166 Transport, general 22, 29, 52, 78, 114, 117, 179, 192, 194, 204 Transvaal 33, 36, 48, 178n8, 207 Transvaal Chamber of Industries 31, 37 Transvaal Industrial Commission (1897) 24n3 Transvaal Refractories 28 Transvaal Township and Town Planning Ordinance (1931) 142 Trapido, Stan 13n10, 24, 50 Trees See Forestry and trees Trucks 128, 181 Tsolo, Dr 170 Tuberculosis 39, 74, 100, 100n32 Tugela (Mouth) 98n31, 125 Turkey 220 Tyres 57, 220 Uganda 75–6n27 Unemployment 10, 71, 72, 74, 88, 99, 195, 207, 209, 220 Union Castle 51 Union of South Africa 27n7, 28, 43, 50, 78, 127n7 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 258 Unions, trade 76, 77, 202, 207, 218 United Nations Organisation 65 United Party 45, 49, 66n9, 72, 79, 80, 81, 82, 85n4, 94, 104, 140n2 United States of America 3, 10, 26, 33, 33n15, 52, 56, 83, 90, 95, 122, 124, 127, 128, 132, 172, 173, 215 United Tobacco 59 Universities 76n31, 131, 136, 137 University of Cape Town 34, 66n8, 172n2 University of Manchester 147 University of Natal 66n8, 103n1, 111, 131 University of the Orange Free State 132–33 University of Pretoria 131 University of the Witwatersrand 27, 36, 63, 68, 101, 122n1, 127, 135, 140n4, 148, 187 Uranium 70, 90n19, 122n2, 131, 172– 6, 180, 181, 217 Research Committee 172 Urban Areas Act (1923) 141 Urbanisation 10, 16, 28, 38, 42, 43, 47, 52, 73, 78, 98, 100, 140, 193 company towns 139–70 USCO 140, 140n2, 203 Vaal Dam 186 Vaal Environmental Justice Alliance (VEJA) 189, 190 Vaal Rising 143, 207 Vaal River 50, 60, 83, 85, 103, 104, 141, 144, 160, 168, 171, 186 Vaal Triangle 16, 17, 50, 136, 139–70, 182–90, 202–10, 215, 217 Valindaba 175 Vanadium 112, 113 van Berg, D.J 135 van der Bijl, H.J 33, 37, 66–71, 73, 75, 77n34, 80–2, 103, 109–11, 116, 123, 125, 125n3, 140, 144, 162, 186, 208 Van der Bijl Park Estate Company 144 van der Merwe, J.G 109, 115n50 van Eck, H.J 65n5, 66, 70, 71, 71n15, 73, 76, 77n34, 79, 81, 83, 84, 107n13, 111, 111n32, 122–7, 172, 182, 199 Index van Leen, Johannes 80 van Onselen, Charles 23, 48, 50 van Reenen Commission (1936) 80 van Thiel 60 Vanderbijlpark 60, 83, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 119n66, 121, 140, 140n4, 141, 141n6, 144, 147–51, 153, 154, 157–60, 162–6, 169, 169n95, 182, 183, 183n11, 185, 186, 188, 202, 204, 205, 208, 209 VECOR 119n66, 158n57 Venereal disease 74, 100 Venezuela 11 Vereeniging 50, 85, 140, 140n2, 141, 141n6, 155n36, 155n43, 156, 156n50, 157, 157n51, 163, 164, 164n74, 165, 168, 185n21, 188n26, 189, 202, 203, 204 Verwoerd, Hendrik 14, 33n15, 85, 86, 87, 88, 93, 95–8, 109, 115, 125, 132, 134, 140, 142, 157, 165–8, 172, 189, 194, 201, 202 Veterans 110, 158, 208 Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Co Ltd 32, 177 Vietnam 10, 11 Vikings Viljoen, F.S 87, 97 Commission 97 Viljoen, Gerrit 209 Visser, A.J 126 Volkskas 93 Vorster, J.B 95, 116, 135, 173, 174, 175, 185n20 Wages 22, 24, 37, 77, 85n4, 87, 100, 105, 106, 149, 161 Wallerstein, Immanuel Washington Consensus Wassenaar, A.D 93, 201 Water Act (1956) 188 Water Affairs, Department of 188 Weber, Max 6, 8, 84 Webster, Eddie 135, 136, 158n57, 183n11 Weillers Farm 205 Welkom 140 Wessels, Albert 93, 95 Wessels, Susan 157 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Index Western Cape/Boland 20, 21, 22, 140 Western Services Council 187 Wheat 53, 54 See also Food; Grain White goods 220 White settlers 5, 92 in South Africa 5, 92 White South Africans and whiteness 4, 27, 28, 38, 53, 162, 218 labour 105 and land reform 29, 30 poverty 210, 218 Wine 22 Winkler, Harald 174, 176 Witbank 33, 112, 114 Witwatersrand 23, 25n5, 27, 29, 36, 39, 50, 57, 58, 63, 68, 79, 101, 119, 122n1, 127, 135, 136, 140n4, 148, 185n21, 185n23, 187, 194, 202 Women and children 3, 21, 24, 38, 75, 76n33, 84, 99, 107, 108, 111, 134–6, 148, 153, 154–7, 167, 185n22, 188, 210 Wood 23, 193 259 Wool 22, 87 Woolworths 81 World, The 206 World War I 10, 30, 40, 42, 45, 48, 54, 69, 72, 99, 132, 155 World War II 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 30n8, 35, 37, 39, 40–61, 64, 81, 89, 104, 111, 112, 131, 149n13, 172, 176, 192, 216 Xuma, A.B 78n37 Y Plant 174, 175 Zahnradfabrik 129 Zalk, Nimrod 103n1, 119, 119n66, 120, 211, 213 Zambia 200 Zamdela 154, 155, 157, 166, 169, 170, 184, 185, 203 Zulu 107, 159n59 KwaZulu 114, 212 Zululand 74, 178 Zuma, Jacob 13, 175 Zwelitsha 80, 80n44, 98 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core Universiteit Leiden / LUMC, on 03 Nov 2018 at 18:55:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108604222.013 ... Rasigan Maharajh At home I have made use of our library at the University of KwaZuluNatal and occasionally at the Killie Campbell Africana Library special collection The National Research Foundation... White-run South Africa as a Developmental State spectacular late bloomer, Germany and the late industrious transformation in Scandinavia for starters, as well as the problematic south and east Returning... dependencista literature was mainly forged by Latin American, African or South Asian writers, the developmental state literature has been the handiwork of East Asian scholars and sympathetic Westerners