Understanding development, 2nd edition

Contents Cover Dedication Title Page Copyright Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgements Acronyms and Abbreviations Introduction: Understanding Development A brief history of development Development and the United Nations system Conceptualizing development Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITE Notes Theorizing Development From three worlds to the North–South divide Major economic approaches to development The East Asian ‘miracle’ Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Approaching Development Culture and development Anthropology and development Post-development perspectives Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING Notes Health, Education and Population Population and development Population and development Health and development Education and development Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Gender and Development A brief history of gender and development Women and development Gender and development: critical debates Gender and development: future trajectories Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Conflict, Security and Development The merging of development and security Fragile and failing states Human security Peacekeeping Post-conflict development The reform of the United Nations system Conclusion: conflict, security and development Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Trade and Development The free trade debate Fair trade and development The WTO and the world trading system Trade and development: a complex relationship Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Participation and Representation in Development Participatory development NGOs and development International institutions and representation Civil society, social capital and development Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Financing Development: Foreign Aid and Debt The debt crisis in the developing world Dealing with debt Foreign aid Does aid work? The G8 Gleneagles agreement Enhancing the effectiveness of aid Global development cooperation Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Sustainable Development Development and the global environment Globalization, development and the environment Global governance and the environment Sustainable development Conclusion: global sustainable development Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes 10 Globalization and Development Approaching globalization Globalization and the developmental state Globalization and development Globalization and the network society Globalizing cities and uneven development Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes 11 Migration, Displacement and Humanitarianism Displacement, development and the refugee crisis Conclusion: displacement, development and the refugee crisis Humanitarianism and development Conclusion: humanitarianism and development Migration, remittances and development Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes 12 The UN Millennium Development Goals The UN Millennium Development Goals Criticism of the MDGs MDGs – the achievements How effective were the MDGs? Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITE Notes 13 The UN Sustainable Development Goals The formation of the Sustainable Development Goals The Sustainable Development Goals: critical perspectives The need for a data revolution Financing the Sustainable Development Goals The prospects for the Sustainable Development Goals Conclusion Summary RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITE Notes Conclusion: Development – Future Trajectories What has development actually achieved? In defence of development Development: future trajectories Conclusion RECOMMENDED READING WEBSITES Notes Bibliography Index End User License Agreement Figures 5.1 UN peacekeeping budget 10.1 Percentage of individuals using the internet in 2016 11.1 UNHCR’s persons of concern 11.2 International humanitarian response, 2000–2015 11.3 International migration trend, 2000–2015 Boxes 1.1 Walt Rostow’s stages of economic growth 1.2 A critique of Rostow’s thesis 3.1 The gender imbalance in some developing societies 3.2 The Ebola epidemic in West Africa 3.3 South Africa and HIV/AIDS 3.4 The Six Education for All Goals 4.1 Gender and development policy approaches: 1950 onwards 4.2 The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 4.3 MDGs Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women 4.4 MDGs Goal 5: Improve maternal health 4.5 The Millennium Development Goals Report 2008 4.6 Criticisms of WID 4.7 Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) 5.1 The peacekeeping record of the UN 5.2 The Brahimi Report of 2000 5.3 Peacekeeping in Darfur 5.4 Who are the UN peacekeepers? 7.1 Robert Chambers – ‘putting the last first’ 7.2 Participatory approaches to development 7.3 The Kribhco Indo-British Farming Project 8.1 G8 Summit results in relation to aid, debt and trade 8.2 Debt cancellation at Gleneagles 9.1 The costs of China’s rapid development 9.2 The Rio Earth Summits Agreement 9.3 MDGs Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 9.4 The Brundtland Report and sustainable development 10.1 The return of the developmental state? 11.1 Definition of a refugee 11.2 The role of the UNHCR 11.3 The Dadaab refugee camp, Kenya 12.1 Key targets for MDG 12.2 MDG achievements by 2015 12.3 Key target for MDG 12.4 MDG achievements by 2015 12.5 Key target for MDG 12.6 MDG achievements by 2015 12.7 Key target for MDG 12.8 MDG achievements by 2015 12.9 Key targets for MDG 12.10 MDG achievements by 2015 12.11 Key targets for MDG 12.12 MDG achievements by 2015 12.13 Key targets for MDG 12.14 MDG achievements by 2015 12.15 Key targets for MDG 12.16 MDG achievements by 2015 13.1 The 17 Sustainable Development Goals For Mum, Shaun, Tracey, Emma and Anna and in memory of my Dad conflicts in cost of remittances debt education extreme poverty fertility rate health spending HIV/AIDS maternal mortality rate under-five child deaths see also under various country names, e.g Cameroon; Kenya; Mozambique; Rwanda; Tanzania; Uganda subsidies farming/agricultural manufacturing state-owned enterprises Sudan see also South Sudan Summerfield, Gale Sumner, Andy Sunkel, O sustainable development Brundtland Report and community participation freedom to pursue own conceptions of global globalizing cities and long-term population growth within the context of shift towards strong weak see also CSD; SDGs Swaziland Sweden see also Stockholm; Uppsala University swine flu Sydney Syria refugee crisis Russia and war in T Taiwan Tan, S F Tandja, Mamadou Tanzania see also Nyerere, Julius tariffs lowering of reduced see also GATT Tarp, F tax avoidance aggressive tax evasion aggressive commercial taxes financial transaction global income inheritance Taylor, Peter J TB (tuberculosis) eradication of technological capacity technology access to advances in agricultural broadband computer cost of installing development and digital energy-efficient environmental friendly globalizing green high-level industrial investment in latest mobile phone networking new production reliance upon satellite sophisticated strong emphasis upon superiority in transfer of underplaying the potential of see also communication technology; information technology; science and technology terrorism condemned dramatic increase in number of incidents fatalities from global safe havens for networks spread of see also al-Qaeda; Isis; ‘war on terror’ Thailand Focus on the Global South see also Bangkok; Jomtien Thatcher, Margaret Third World alternative path to development for attempt to extend capitalist relations to concept of creation of forms of knowledge about discrete informative work on major factor inhibiting development making of metropolitan cities of relationship between the West and weaponry exported to women in Thomas, Alan Thomas, Caroline Thompson, Grahame Thurston, J Tickner, J Ann Timberlake, L TNCs (transnational corporations) enhancement of power heightened importance of spreading American business attitudes and practices Tobin, James Tokyo Toulmin, C Townsend, Janet Toye, J TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership) trade see also fair trade; free trade; international trade; WTO see also under following entries prefixed trade trade barriers speeding up regional integration by removing trade liberalization advocates of benefits for least developed countries case for popular opposition to SAP-inspired policies social and environmental costs of WTO and trade openness questioning trademarks trafficking drugs girls and women TRIPS (Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) Truman, Harry S Trump, Donald J Tshabalala-Msimang, Manto TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership) tuberculosis see TB Tucker, V Tunisia Turkey Turner, M U UAE (United Arab Emirates) Uganda see also Kampala UN (United Nations) Charter Conferences: Climate Change (Montreal 2005) Convention on Biological Diversity (1993) Decade for Women (1975–85) Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Food Summit (2008) Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) Millennium Summit (2000) R2P (responsibility to protect) principle see also Brahimi Report; Brandt Commission; ECLA; ECOSOC; General Assembly; HDI; ILO; IMF; IOM; ITU; MDGs; OCHA; PBC; SDGs; SDSN; Secretary-General of the UN; Security Council of the UN; WHO; World Bank UN agencies/bodies by acronym: UNAIDS (UN Program on HIV/ AIDS) UNAMID (UN-African Union Mission in Darfur) UNCED (UN Conference on Environment and Development UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development) UNDESA (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs) UNDP (UN Development Programme) UNDPKO (UN Department for Peacekeeping Operations) UNECA (UN Economic Commission for Africa) UNEF (UN Emergency Force) UNEP (UN Environment Programme) UNESCO (UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) UNFPA (UN Population Fund) UNHCR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees) UNICEF (UN Children’s Fund) UNIFEM (UN Development Fund for Women) UNMD (UN Millennium Declaration) UNPD (UN Population Division) UNPROFOR (UN Protection Force) UN-HABITAT (State of the World’s Cities 2007) UN Women (2015) Planet UN World Conferences Education for All (Thailand 1990) Women (Beijing 1995) Copenhagen (1980) Mexico City (1975) Nairobi (1985) underdevelopment causes of culture and deepening directly linked to development extent to which domestic factors contribute to historical processes in interest in little sign of breaking free from perpetuated poverty and relative tackling the human consequences of under-nutrition unemployment youth United Kingdom agricultural subsidies Black Wednesday (1992) difficulty implementing SDGs health spending microfinance migrant destination moral duty to alleviate poverty ODA target UN peacekeeper numbers see also Beddington, John; Cameron, David; Colonial Development Act; DFID; IDS; London; Nottingham University; Stern Review; Thatcher, Margaret; University of Loughborough; University of Oxford; University of Warwick; WOMANKIND Worldwide United Nations see UN United States Afghanistan and agricultural subsidies capital flight to civic decline credit crisis (2007) gated communities global culture defined by immigration policy influence of information technology internet issues Iraq and liberal feminists microfinance pollution problems associated with ageing population protectionism refugee resettlement slots relative economic decline top migrant destination country UN peacekeeper numbers voluntary contributions to UNHCR see also Center for American Progress; McDonaldization; New York; Percy Amendment; PRB; Reagan, Ronald; Seattle protests; Truman, Harry S.; Trump, Donald J.; USAID University of Loughborough University of Oxford (Refugee Studies Centre) University of Warwick Uppsala University (Conflict Data Programme) urbanization rapid Uruguay Uruguay Round (GATT 1986–94) USAID (US Agency for International Development) V Vakil, A Van Beers, C Van den Bergh, J C J M Van Rooy, A Varley, Ann Vaux, T Veneroso, F Venezuela Verkoren, Willemijn Vidal, J Vietnam W Wachtel, Howard WAD (Women and Development) Wade, R H Wallace, T Wallerstein, Immanuel war crimes ‘war on terror’ Warner, J Washington Washington Consensus see also PWC water supply adequate improvements to see also drinking water Watson, M Watts, J WBIEG (World Bank Independent Evaluation Group) WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) see also Brundtland Report WDI (World Development Indicators) Weaving, R Weber, Max WED (Women, Environment and Development) Weir, S Weiss, Thomas G welfare policy approach (1950s–early 1970s) Welsh Brown, J WEO (World Environment Organization) West Africa Ebola epidemic Islamist insurgents see also Benin; Burkina Faso; Ghana; Guinea; Liberia; Mali; Mauritania; Nigeria; Senegal; Sierra Leone West Germany westernization attempt to encourage globalization and WFP (World Food Programme) Wheeler, D Wheeler, S M White, Howard White, S C Whitehead, A Whitfield, L WHO (World Health Organization) WHS (World Humanitarian Summit: Istanbul 2016) WID (Women in Development) Wiesmann, D Wilkinson, J Williams, J S Williams, Paul Willis, Kate Wolkowitz, C Woldehanna, T Wolf, Martin Womankind Worldwide women’s empowerment championing gender equality and health and major contributor to monitoring push for strategies for true see also disempowerment; girls women’s rights Woodhouse, T Woods, Ngaire World Bank Enhancing Women’s Involvement in Economic Development World Development Reports Independent Evaluation Group see also PRSs World Bank Education World Bank Group world cities World Education Forum World Investment Report (UNCTAD 2014) World Summit on Sustainable Development (2002) see also UNCED (under UN agencies) world-systems theory Worldwatch Institute Worsley, Peter Wright, S Wriston, W WTO (World Trade Organization) Seattle trade talks and protests (1999) Tenth Ministerial Conference (Nairobi 2015) see also Doha Trade Round; TRIPS Wyn Davies, M Y Yazidis yellow fever Yemen Young, Kate Young, O R Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang Yunus, Muhammad Z Zaire see also DRC; Mobutu Sese Seko Zambia Zika virus Zimbabwe Zurn, M POLITY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.politybooks.com/eula to access Polity’s ebook EULA ... any subsequent reprint or edition For further information on Polity, visit our website:politybooks.com Preface to the Second Edition This revised and expanded edition of Understanding Development... Development Goals For Mum, Shaun, Tracey, Emma and Anna and in memory of my Dad Understanding Development Issues and Debates Second edition PAUL HOPPER polity Copyright © Paul Hopper 2018 The right of Paul... accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First edition published in 2012 by Polity Press This second edition published in 2018 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street