Foodopoly the battle over the future of food and farming in america

FOODOPOLY FOODOPOLY The Battle Over the Future of Food and Farming in America Wenonah Hauter © 2012 by Wenonah Hauter All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher Requests for permission to reproduce selections from this book should be mailed to: Permissions Department, The New Press, 38 Greene Street, New York, NY 10013 Chapter draws from the 2012 Food & Water Watch report “Why Walmart Can’t Fix the Food System.” Chapter draws from the 2011 Food & Water Watch report “A Decade of Dangerous Food Imports from China.” Chapters 8, 9, and 10 draw from the 2010 Food & Water Watch report “Factory Farm Nation: How America Turned Its Livestock Farms into Factories.” Chapter draws from the 2008 Food & Water Watch report “The Trouble with Smithfield: A Company Profile.” Chapter 13 draws from the 2012 Food & Water Watch report “Genetically Engineered Foods: An Overview.” Chapter 16 draws from the 2012 Food & Water Watch report “Farm Bill 101.” Published in the United States by The New Press, New York, 2012 Distributed by Perseus Distribution LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Hauter, Wenonah Foodopoly : the battle over the future of food and farming in America / Wenonah Hauter p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-59558-794-7 (e-book) Food supply—United States Agricultural industries—United States Agriculture—Economic aspects—United States I Title II Title: Battle over the future of food and farming in America HD9005.H358 2012 338.10973—dc23 2012025605 Now in its twentieth year, The New Press publishes books that promote and enrich public discussion and understanding of the issues vital to our democracy and to a more equitable world These books are made possible by the enthusiasm of our readers; the support of a committed group of donors, large and small; the collaboration of our many partners in the independent media and the not-for-profit sector; booksellers, who often hand-sell New Press books; librarians; and above all by our authors www.thenewpress.com Composition by dix! This book was set in Minion 10 This book is dedicated to family farm defenders who steward the land and fight for justice CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction Part I: Farm and Food Policy Run Amok Get Those Boys Off the Farm! Part II: Consolidating Every Link in the Food Chain The Junk Food Pushers Walmarting the Food Chain Part III: The Produce and Organics Industries: Putting Profits Before People The Green Giant Doesn’t Live in California Anymore Organic Food: The Paradox Part IV: Deregulating Food Safety Poisoning People Animals on Drugs Part V: The Story of Factory Farms Cowboys Versus Meatpackers: The Last Roundup Hogging the Profits 10 Modern-Day Serfs 11 Milking the System Part VI: Corporate Control of the Gene Pool: The Theft of Life 12 Life for Sale: The Birth of Life Science Companies 13 David Versus Goliath 14 The Future of Food: Science Fiction or Nature? Part VII: Building the Political Power to Challenge the Foodopoly 15 Eat and Act Your Politics 16 The Way Forward Notes Bibliography Index ACKNOWLEDGMENTS So many people have helped make this book possible I could never have completed Foodopoly without the help of my really smart, talented, and wonderful research assistant, Lily Boyce She was always cheerful and efficient, spent months creating the charts and graphics featured in this book, and helped tirelessly with research Lily is a star! I want to acknowledge and thank the extraordinary staff of Food & Water Watch I owe an intellectual debt to Patrick Woodall, our brilliant and talented research director, for his deep thinking, number crunching, and research, and for being a patient and supportive sounding board as I struggled through the complex web of issues that have created the dysfunctional food system A special thanks to Patty Lovera, director of the food program, who is incredibly knowledgeable on a broad range of issues, and who helped tremendously with many aspects of this project Many thanks to Darcey Rakestraw, communications director, who was enormously supportive in so many ways during this project, including helping with editing I am grateful to Lisa Mastny, who was extremely helpful with editing and with suggestions for clarity, making this dense material more readable My colleague Lane Brooks, the chief operating officer, took over many of my duties and responsibilities as I wrote this book I am forever thankful to him for his good judgment and for being a calm, dependable, and good-humored partner in running Food & Water Watch I greatly appreciate the wonderful Food & Water Watch staff, who provided research and technical support, covered for me during this long project, and offered endless moral support: Sarah Alexander, Dave Andrews, Sarah Borron, Royelen Boykie, Jon Brown, Tony Corbo, Zach Corrigan, Scott Edwards, Noelle Ferdon, Clay Gatewood, Anna Ghosh, Kim Girton, Mitch Jones, Doug Lakey, Michele Merkel, Eve Mitchell, Rachel Nissley, Darcey O’Callaghan, Matt Ohloff, Genna Reed, Mark Schlosberg, Ben Schumin, Tim Schwab, Adam Scow, Tyler Shannon, Elanor Starmer, Yi Wang, Anna Witowaska, Emily Wurth, Gabriella Zanzanaini, and Ron Zucker I am deeply grateful to Helaine and Sid Lerner for their confidence in and encouragement and support for this project I can truly say that without their dedication to the creation of a better food system, this book would never have been written and so much important work would never be done A special thanks to GRACE Communications Foundation for ongoing support and assistance with so many areas of my work: Scott Cullen; Leslie Hatfield; Lisa Kleger; Destin Layne; and the staff of the Eat Well Guide, the Meatrix, and Sustainable Table I am so appreciative of the support and encouragement from Joan and Bob Rechnitz, who have had the great foresight to understand that nature should not be financialized and that extreme forms of energy threaten our food and water This book would not have been possible without the knowledge and perspectives of the many people that I interviewed and provided material for the book I am indebted to the following people for taking the time to speak with me and provide valuable insight and information: Mark Arax, John Bunting, Ben Burkett, Mike Callicrate, Lloyd Carter, Dale Coke, Joaquin Contente, Roberta Cook, Agatha D’Esterhazy, Cap Dierks, Diane Endicott, Hugh Espey, Larry Ginter, Joel Greeno, Andrew Gunther, Sean Hallahan, Kyal Hamilton, John Hansen, Michael Hansen, Diane Hatz, Gary Hoskey, Frederick Kaufman, Kurt Kelsey, Robby Kenner, Kendra Kimbirauskas, John Kinsman, Garry Klicker, Judy Labelle, Anna Lappé, Dr Robert Lawrence, Ray Leon, Scott Marlow, Michael Masters, Mas Masumoto, Larry Mitchell, Carole Morrison, Dr Keeve Nachmann, George Naylor, Dr Marion Nestle, Felicia Nestor, Harvey Nijjer, Kathy Ozer, Stan Painter, Rhonda Perry, Michael Pertschuk, Chris Peterson, Dr Daryll Ray, Matt Rogers, Valerie Ruddle, Rebecca Spector, Steven Stoll, Dr Robert Taylor, Warren Taylor, Bruce von Stein, Lori Wallach, Dr David Wallinga, Mike Weaver, Tom Willey, Brad Wilson, Donna Winburn, and Mark Winne I am extremely grateful to Marc Favreau, my editor at The New Press, for having the confidence in this project and for helping me every step of the way I am so very fortunate to have had Marc shepherding this project His patience and understanding have made this experience a pleasure Thank you also to my production editor, Sarah Fan, who along with Marc provided an experienced eye with editing and made this a much better book than it would have been otherwise I am grateful to Rachel Burd for the thorough and painstaking copyediting Thank you also to Azzurra Cox and all of the other helpful staff of The New Press Many thanks to my dear friend and colleague Maude Barlow, who saw the value of this book when it was just an idea and who helped make it possible with important introductions and ongoing moral support when the going got tough I appreciate the advice, positive reinforcement, and camaraderie of my colleague and dear friend Lisa Shubert, who was always available with a kind word I am fortunate to have been trained by the brilliant organizers of the Midwest Academy, who taught me that the only way we can bring about long-term progressive change is by building political power, and that it takes a long-term grassroots organizing strategy I owe Steve Max, Jackie Kendall, and David Hunt a deep debt of gratitude for years of organizing mentoring I spent almost a decade working for Public Citizen, a group that Ralph Nader founded forty years ago I am grateful to Ralph for helping to shape my worldview and for his decades of fighting the foodopoly, among so many other injustices He also had the wisdom and foresight to help support and publish the landmark book by the late Al Krebs, The Corporate Reapers: The Book of Agribusiness In writing Foodopoly, I drew freely from Al’s work Those of us in the fair food and farm movement miss him deeply His knowledge and insight on agriculture and farm policy—from the 1770s to 1990 —was unmatched I also owe an intellectual debt to social scientists Dr Bill Heffernan and Dr Mary Hendrickson, who were pioneers in documenting the foodopoly Their excellent research on consolidation in the food system and the impact this has had on farmers and consumers laid the groundwork for this book I want to acknowledge Tim Wise, director of research and policy at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University, whose important work on farm income and rural development provided the underpinning for many of my arguments on agriculture policy Likewise, I would like to recognize Dr Daryll E Ray, director of the Agricultural Policy Analysis Center at the University of Tennessee, for his decades of work on farm policy, which provided the basis for my analysis on the negative role of overproduction on our food system and recommendations for changes in policy I am very appreciative of Harriet Barlow, who emanates wisdom “on the commons” and helped facilitate my opportunity to spend a delightful and idyllic month at the Blue Mountain Center, during which time several chapters of this book were written The center’s staff—Ben Strader, Alice Gordon, Sis Eldridge, Diane McCane, Nico Horvitz, and Jamie Barret Riley—made the writer’s retreat an enjoyable and productive experience, as did all of the interesting people who were part of the residency program With all my heart I am so thankful to have loving and supportive friends and family, who have been patient and enormously understanding over the last year while I was completely absorbed in this project My beloved children, Adrina Miller and Che Miller, always my most enthusiastic cheerleaders, provided constant love, care, and encouragement I am so lucky that our family bonds are deepened by mutual respect and friendship My dear stepdaughter and friend, Christy Nichols, texted or e-mailed me almost daily with uplifting messages to spur me on and sent me flowers to brighten the day I so deeply appreciate her kindness and positive reinforcement My cherished friend of four decades Sue Hays and her husband, Tom Hays, never ceased to offer support, care, and delicious meals My extended family and friends —Erin Dougherty, Alton Dulaney, Debbie and Wayne Hauter, Kelsie Kerr, Pat Lewis, Kathy and Chip Reid, Mary Ricci, Leo and Jan Scolforo, and Kelly Wolf—were all helpful and supportive through the different phases of this project I am grateful for the young people in my life, who inspire me to keep on fighting for a better world: Mark and L.J Hilberath; Tyler, Christian, and Bennett Nichols; and Jackson Wolf Lastly, I must thank the farmer in my life, my loving husband, Leigh, who tutored me in politics and has been my friend, companion, and comrade We have shared almost three decades in the struggles not only for a fair food system but also for social, economic, and environmental justice 93; and conservation programs, 299–300; future Farm Bills, 169, 291–95, 296–97, 299–300, 301–2; 1990 and Organic Foods Production Act, 99; 1996 and “Freedom to Farm,” 26–27, 33–34; and Nixon administration, 23, 24; and organic agriculture, 299–300; and subsidy system, 35, 293; and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 292; 2002, 35; 2008 and livestock title, 164, 290, 291, 299 “farm bloc,” 19 Farm Bureau, 23, 181 Farmer and Rancher Bill of Rights, 167–68 farmers: Depression, 19–20; early twentieth century, 17–20; farm crisis of 1970s and 1980s, 23–24, 25–26; national farmers’ strike (1977), 24; and New Deal policies, 14, 16–17, 20–24; organized actions, 13–15, 17–18, 19–20, 25–26; populist agrarian revolt, 17, 20; post-World War II dismantling of New Deal parity legislation, 14, 16–17, 20–24; post-World War II farm movement, 13–15; rural exodus, 12–13 See also federal farm policy and agriculture policy (history of) Farmer’s Holiday Association, 25 farmers’ markets, 2, 3–4, 282 Farmland National Beef, 155 Farm Service Administration (FSA), 34, 180, 193, 194 fast-food industry, 49, 66–68; children and food advertising, 49; and meat industry, 160–61; PepsiCo and soda industry/junk food, 50–54; top ten companies, 67 See also processed food Fast Food Nation (Schlosser), 156, 281 Fatal Harvest Reader: The Tragedy of Industrialized Agriculture (Kimbrell), 254 FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 138–40 federal farm policy and agribusiness, 22–37; Butz and Nixon administration agenda, 22–24; Cargill and industry coalition behind new trade rules, 32; Clinton’s free trade and deregulation policies, 26–34, 119–21, 123–25, 128; commodity prices/commodity programs, 34–35, 292–93; and farm crisis of 1970s and 1980s, 23–24, 25–26; farm income losses and “emergency payments” to farmers, 34, 35; farm subsidy system, 4–5, 35–37, 293; and future Farm Bills, 169, 291–95, 296–97, 299–300, 301–2; grain prices, 23–24, 293; NAFTA, 27, 90, 91–92, 93, 303; new farm program of early 1970s, 23–24; the 1996 Freedom to Farm bill, 26–27, 33–34; Reagan-era, 24, 25– 26; regulatory changes affecting (1906 to 2011), 30–31; WTO rules on agriculture and trade, 23, 27–29, 33, 302–3 federal farm policy and agriculture policy (history of), 12–24; and Benson, 14, 21–22; CED and postwar strategy, 14–17, 20–23, 26–27; Depression-era, 19–20; dismantling of 1930s parity legislation and postwar war industrial economy, 14, 16–17, 20–24, 26–27; farm bills, 23, 24, 26–27, 33–34; “Freedom to Farm,” 26–27, 33–34; grain prices, 16–17, 23–24, 293; New Deal competition laws and antimonopolies, 64; New Deal parity programs, 14, 16–17, 20–24; overproduction, 16–17, 23–24, 292–93; post-World War II, 14–17, 20– 24, 26–27; post-World War II emphasis on “economic efficiency,” 21; post-World War I speculation and futures trading, 19; P&SA to restore competition in meatpacking, 19, 159, 290; regulatory changes affecting agriculture and food policy (1906 to 2011), 30–31; Theodore Roosevelt and trust-busting, 18; vertical integration, 20, 22, 29; World War I, 18–19 See also federal farm policy and agribusiness Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act), 255 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 258 Federal Reserve Banks, 12, 15, 52 Federal Trade Commission (FTC): Bureau of Consumer Protection, 49, 305; Carter administration, 44, 45, 63; enforcement of antitrust laws and consumer protection, 62–65, 108, 289–90; and fast-food food advertising for children, 49; and meat industry, 159; Reagan administration and assault on antitrust laws, 45, 62–65; and Whole Foods, 108 feed additives, 145–49 Fertilizer Institute, 32 FGI Research, 279 Fifth International Conference on Synthetic Biology (2011), 266 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), U.S Department of the Interior, 273 Five Rivers Cattle Feeding company, 163, 176 FixFood, 280–81 Flavr Savr tomatoes, 233–36, 256 Fleming, Alexander, 142 “flexitarian diets,” 279 Folsom, Marion, 14 Food, Inc (film), 280–81 Food and Drug Administration (FDA): actions to mitigate risks of antibiotic resistance, 144–45, 149, 303–4; bottled-water oversight, 55; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 136; and direct sales of raw milk, 133, 140, 151; establishment, 136; FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 138–40; and food irradiation, 121, 123; and HACCP program, 121, 122, 128; and nanotechnology in food production, 270; necessity of strengthening, 150–51, 304; Obama administration, 138–40; processed-food recalls in past decade, 137– 38; rBGH approval and labeling, 250–52; regulation and approval of GE foods/crops, 233–36, 249, 250–52, 255–57, 270–74; regulatory functions, 126, 136–37, 150–51; Taylor as deputy commissioner of foods, 136, 139; underresourcing and funding shortages, 126, 149– 50 See also food safety (and the FDA) Food & Water Watch, 81, 294; and arsenic-based additives in chicken feed, 148; and GE foods approval/regulation, 271–72, 273; and global trade in produce, 91; and hog farm operations, 171, 188; Justice program, 207–8, 306; and meat industry, 135, 158, 164; and poultry industry, 148, 199, 207–8 food-borne illnesses: E coli, 119, 122–23, 137, 160; and fresh produce, 93–94, 137; salmonella, 93–94, 132, 134, 137–38, 140–41, 145 Food Circles Networking Project, 283 food deserts, 72 food industry and corporate control of the American diet, 2–3, 44–61, 62–77; consolidation, 75–77, 95, 101–2, 105, 108, 110–12, 148–49, 159–69, 171–72, 173, 175–77, 180–81, 191–210, 213–14, 216–19, 224–25, 290–91, 297; fast-food industry, 66–68; food advertising rules, 45, 49; food companies in the financial industry, 61; food company directors on nonprofit boards, 53, 58; food company directors on other corporate boards, 73–75; food processors and processed food, 65–68; FTC antitrust enforcement and consumer protection, 62–65, 108, 289–90; grocery giants (food retailers), 68–73, 87–88, 213–14, 290, 297; industry trade associations, 44–50; industry trade associations and lobbyists’ influence, 44–50; Kraft Foods, 58–60; and markets in developing countries, 54, 56–57, 60; Nestlé, 54–58; soda industry/junk food, 50–54; top twenty companies and their brands, 40–43; and university agricultural research, 59; vertical integration, 20, 22, 29, 161–62, 172, 176–77, 181, 194–95, 198, 200, 201, 213; Wall Street banks and private investment firms, 11, 75– 77; Walmart, 68–73 food insecurity, 29, 298 Food Institute, 75 Food Marketing Institute (FMI), 46–48 Food Products Association, 46 food safety (and the FDA), 136–51, 303–4; and arsenic-based feed additives and residues, 145–49; FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 138–40; FDA regulatory functions, 126, 136–37, 150–51; FDA’s challenges with underresourced staff and funding shortages, 126, 149–50; and HACCP program, 121, 122, 128; inspections of food processing facilities, 139–40; irradiation, 121, 123; necessity for a strong FDA and effective regulation, 150–51, 304; non-therapeutic antibiotics and antibiotic resistant infections, 140–45, 149, 303–4; Obama administration, 138–40; processed food, 136–38; recalls of past decade, 137–38 food safety (meat inspection and the USDA), 119–35; Bush administration, 133–34; chemical disinfectants (ammonia, chlorine, and trisodium phosphate), 121, 129, 132; Clinton administration, 121–25, 128–29; deregulation and trade liberalization agendas, 119–21, 123–25, 126–27, 128; E coli outbreaks, 119, 122–23, 160; feedlot beef and opportunities for contamination, 123; Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), 123, 124, 127, 128, 134, 135, 147; the HACCP system and dismantling meat inspection regulations, 121–25, 127–30; history of meat inspection legislation and regulations, 125–27; Inspection Models Project (HIMP), 130–32; irradiation, 121–22, 123, 129, 133–34; and mad cow disease, 134; meat recalls, 160; microbial testing, 121, 132–34; Obama administration, 134–35; poultry industry, 123, 126–27, 129, 132; Reagan administration deregulations, 126–27; risk-based inspection (RBI), 133–34; and school lunch programs, 132, 133, 134–35; secretary of agriculture Espy, 119–20, 123–25, 128; whistle blowers, 129–30, 131, 133 food system, re-creating, 6–7, 279–86, 287–310; enforcement of antitrust laws and regulations, 6, 77, 289–92; farm policy and future Farm Bills, 169, 291–95, 296–97, 299–300, 301–2; films and social media, 280–81; food advertising, 304–6; genetic engineering regulation, 300–302; global trade, 302–3; increasing access to healthy food, 296–98; legal remedies and protective standards, 306–7; local food initiatives and alternative community food systems, 3–4, 283–86, 287–88, 296; market-based solutions are not enough, 288– 89; Meatless Mondays, 279–80; mobilizing youth, 281–82; new paradigm of the global commons, 307; organic agriculture and environmental stewardship, 115, 299–300; organizing for political activism, 279–82, 287–88, 308–10; rural economic development, 6, 294–96; safe and drug-free food, 303–4; saving family-owned farms, 36; web-based initiatives, 281 Ford, Gerald/Ford administration, 63, 126, 237 Ford Foundation, 14, 244 Fortune magazine, 52, 107 Foundation on Economic Trends (FOET), 246, 248 Frazer, Gary, 274 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 132, 273 Freedom to Farm bill (1996), 26–27, 33–34 Fresh Express Inc., 87 Frey Farms, 96–97 Friedman, Milton, 62 Friends of Family Farms (FoFF), 282–83 Friends of the Earth, 248, 257, 269 Frito-Lay, 50–52, 58 Futures Trading Act (1921), 19 Gandhi, Mahatma, 170 G.D Searle, 237 Genentech, 230–32 General Accounting Office (GAO, now Government Accountability Office), 251 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 23, 28 General Foods, 60, 64 General Mills, 23, 32, 41, 64, 71; nanotechnology-related food products, 269; opposition to voluntary guidelines about healthy diets, 49–50; and organics industry, 101, 102, 106, 107 General Motors, 265 genetic engineering See biotechnology and genetically-engineered food; biotechnology and synthetic biology; biotechnology industry Giblen, Gary, 95 Gingrich, Newt, 33 Ginter, Larry, 189, 190 Glickman, Dan, 99, 125, 128 Global Animal Partnership (GAP) program, 109 Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University, 293 Global Sustainability Report (2012), 96 Glynwood Institute for Sustainable Food and Farming, 281, 296 glyphosate, 239, 257 Goldfarb, Norman, 233 Goodman, Jim, 293 Good Natured Family Farms (GNFF), 284–85 Good Neighbor Act (1996), 181 Gore, Al, 249, 262 Government Accountability Office (GAO): and price manipulation in dairy industry, 222; 2011 report on antibiotic resistance and antibiotic use in animals, 143 Government Accountability Project (GAP), 129–30, 131; report on USDA’s HACCP system, 130, 131, 132 GRACE Communications Foundation, 281, 285–86 Grain Futures Act (1922), 19 Grain Inspection, Packers, & Stockyards Administration (GIPSA): hog production/pork industry, 174–75, 189; meat industry, 159, 164– 68; poultry industry, 197–98, 202, 209; reform and implementation debates, 19, 159, 164–68, 174–75, 197–98, 202, 209 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act (1985), 127 Grange, 13, 17 GRAS designations (“generally recognized as safe”), 255–56 Grassley, Chuck, 177 Gray, Laurence, 57 Greater Kansas City Greens, 283 Green Giant, 93 Greeno, Joel, 217, 222 “Green Revolution,” 14 Greenspan, Alan, 62 Griffin, Edna, 25 Grocery Manufacturers of America/Association (GMA), 44–48, 49, 52, 90, 91, 99, 139 grocery retailers, 68–73, 87–88, 290; antitrust enforcement, 290; consolidation, 95, 213–14, 290, 297; industry trade associations, 44–48, 49, 52, 90, 91, 99, 139; and meatpackers, 160; milk and dairy industry, 213–14, 216; organic foods, 105–10, 112–14; and produce growers/shippers, 82, 87–90, 95–97, 297; produce packaging and appearance, 88–89; produce sales arrangements, 88; Walmart, 68– 73, 95–97, 112–14 Guarraia, Leonard, 245 Gunther, Andrew, 109 Gut, Rainer E., 58 Hagan, Elisabeth, 135 Hain Celestial, 100, 102, 104, 105 Hall, Stacy, 219 Hamburg, Margaret, 136 Hamburger Hell (2003), 132 Hamilton, Scott, 194, 195–96 Hansen, John, 26 Hansen, Merle, 25–26 Hansen, Michael, 249, 251 Harding, Warren, 19 Hardy, Renee Lawson, 108 Harkin, Tom, 26 Harlow, Bryce, 45 Harlow, Larry, 45 Harnage, Bobby, 130 Harvard Medical School, 141, 232 Hatz, Diane, 281 Hawkins, Denise, 273 Hayes, Arthur Hull, Jr., 237 Hazard Analysis & Critical Control Points (HACCP) system, 121–25, 127–30 hedge funds, 11–12 Heffernan, William, 213, 283 Heinz Company, 101, 269 Hendrickson, Mary, 213, 283–85 Henry’s Farmers Market, 111 Hershey’s Foods, 43, 260, 269 hexane, 104–5 high-fructose corn syrup (HCFS), 65–66, 112–13 Hill, Rod, 268 Hirshberg, Gary, 100 Hoffman, Paul, 14 hog production and pork industry, 170–90; abusive contract relationships, 172–75; activist coalitions working for reform, 177–82, 189–90; antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance, 143; arsenic-based feed additives, 146; genetically manipulated products, 176; industry lobbyists and GIPSA reform debates, 174–75, 189; industry mergers, monopolies, and consolidation, 171–72, 173, 175–77, 180–81; labor practices and worker injuries, 184–87; lives of factory-farmed hogs, 170; and overproduction of feed crops, 171; pollution, runoff, and waste water lagoons/manure cesspools, 146, 170, 182–84, 188; prices and packer control of the market (“captive supply arrangements”), 172; and Smithfield Farms, 41, 170, 172, 175–90; vertical integration, 172, 176–77, 181 Holden (corn seed company), 238 Hoover Institute, 247 Horizon Organic Milk, 104, 107, 113, 219 Hormel, 42 hormones: dairy industry and IGF-1, 215, 250, 252; dairy industry and rBGH, 214–15, 237–38, 250–52; and livestock feed, 157–58 Howard, Phil, 99–100 Howell, John, 165, 169 Hsu Fu Chi International, 54 Humane Society, 135, 206 Human Rights Watch, 186–87 hydrolyzed vegetable protein (HVP), 137–38 IBP, 155, 160, 161–62 IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), 215, 250, 252 Industrial Biotechnology Association, 248 infant formula, 54, 56–57, 104 Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy (IATP), 142–43, 147 Institute for Genomic Research, 264 Interagency Working Group, 305 International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, 252 International Food Information Council Foundation’s 2008 Food & Health Survey, 48 Iowa Citizens for Community Improvement (ICCI), 164, 177–79 Iowa Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 179 Iowa factory farms, 81–82, 176–79 Iowa Farmers Union (IFU), 25, 174 irradiation, food: and HACCP inspection system, 121–22, 123, 129; and risk-based inspection (RBI), 133–34 Israel, Steve, 148 Jack in the Box, 119, 122–23 Jackson, Jesse, 25 Jaenisch, Rudolf, 275 Jaworski, Ernest, 244–45 JBS (Brazil), 40; feedlots, 163; JBS/Pilgrim’s Pride (and poultry industry), 191, 192, 196–98; JBS/Swift (and hog production), 175, 190; meat industry consolidation, 161, 162, 163; meatpacking, 158 Jenny Craig, 57 Jhawar, Andrew S., 111 Johnson, Roger, 167–68 J.R Simplot, 68 “The Jungle: Is America’s Meat Fit to Eat” (2000), 129–30 junk food See processed food Kaiser Family Foundation, 305 Kansas City Food Circle (KCFC), 283–85 KeHE Distributors, 110 Kellogg’s, 23, 42; and advertising to children, 49; and organics industry, 101, 106; Pringles acquisition, 76 Kennedy, John F./Kennedy administration, 15 Kenner, Robby, 280–81 Kenney, Martin, 232 Keystone XL pipeline, 168 KFC (Kentucky Fried Chicken), 126, 191, 209 Kimbirauskas, Kendra, 190 Kimbrell, Andrew, 253, 254 King Pharmaceuticals, 148–49 King & Spaulding, 124, 247, 251 Kinsman, John, 211–12 Kirshenmann, Fred, 5–6, 36 Kleiner Perkins, 232 Klicker, Garry, 179 Knauf, Vic, 233 Knaus, Michele, 282 Koch, George, 44–45 Koch Foods, 192 Kraft Foods, 32, 40, 71, 219; global snack food group, 60; and grocery stores, 47; history, 58–60; nanotechnology-related food products, 269; and organic processed foods industry, 106; processed cheese products, 223–24; takeover of Cadbury, 60, 76 Krebs, Al, 239–40 Kroger, 68, 69, 87, 214, 252 labeling, food: country-of-origin labeling (COOL), 28, 46, 302; front-of-package system, 47–48; GE seeds/crops, 251–52, 261, 301; organic private-label brands, 105–9, 113–14; rBGH milk, 250–52 LaBelle, Judy, 296 Land O’Lakes, 203–4, 218, 219, 220 Land Stewardship Program (LSP), 172, 178 Lappé, Anna, 72 Larson, Tyson, 169 Lawrence, Robert, 140–42, 143 Layne, Destin, 281 Lazgin, Jane, 56 League of Rural Voters, 291 Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, 36 Lerner, Sid, 279–80 Lewis, Jim, 204 local-food movement: alternative community food systems, 283–86, 287–88, 296; farmers’ direct marketing to consumers, 3–4, 282–83; saving family-owned farms, 36; strategies for activists, 6–7, 279–86, 287–310; and Walmart initiatives, 95–97 Los Angeles Times, 13, 81 Love, David, 141–42 Loveless, Tom, 81 Lovera, Patty, 132 Luter, Joseph, III, 175, 176, 187 Luter, Joseph W., 175 Luter, Joseph W., Jr., 175 Lynn, Barry, 64–65, 72, 77 Mack, Bob, 167 Mackey, John, 108 mad cow disease, 134 Mann, Dave, 192 Marathon Oil, 265 Mars, 41, 106, 269 Marshall Plan, 14, 21 Martek Biosciences, 104 Martineau, Belinda, 233 Martins dos Santo, Vítor, 265 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 250, 266 Masterson, Neil, 76 Max, Steve, 308–9 McCain Foods, 68 McCarthy, Brian, 111 McCloud, Vanessa, 184 McDonald’s, 67–68, 160–61, 238 McGonigle, Joe, 273 McInnerney, Thomas, 58 meat and livestock industry, 155–69, 173; activist coalitions working for reform, 155–56, 164; antibiotics in animal feed, 141–45; boxed beef, 160; and cloned animals, 274; “downer” cows, 134–35; effects of deregulation, 34–35; Farm Bill (2008), 164, 290; feedlots, 123, 157–58, 161, 162–64, 167; GIPSA regulations and implementation debates, 19, 159, 164–68; history of meatpacking industry, 158–60; industry mergers and consolidation, 159–69, 173, 290; manure-management and environmental pollution, 163–64; meatpackers and grocery chains, 160; meatpackers’ contracts and “captive supply arrangements,” 166–67, 172; semen production, 156–57; specialized grain-feeding and hormones, 157–58; steel pens, 157; U.S meat consumption, 160, 279–80; vertical integration, 161–62 See also food safety (meat inspection and the USDA) Meat Inspection Act (1906), 125 Meatless Mondays, 279–80 Meat Prices Investigators Association, 160 The Meatrix (online flash animation), 281 Mendel Biotechnology, 239 Merkel, Michele, 306 Mexico: and global trade in produce and crops, 93, 303; produce exports and food-borne illnesses, 94 Meyer Brothers Drug Company, 236 Micek, Ernest, 32 microbial testing and meat safety, 121, 132–34 milk and dairy industry, 211–25; advocacy organizations and reform activists, 212–13, 224–25; consumer milk prices, 213, 223; corporatestyle dairy cooperatives, 217–19, 220, 225; environmental waste and water pollution, 215–16; and GE crops, 261; globalization and importation of MPCs, 223–24; and grocery retailers, 213–14, 216; history of local, family-owned farms, 216–17, 218–19; and IGF-1 exposure, 215, 250, 252; increased scale of milk production, 214–15; mergers, acquisitions, and consolidations, 216–19, 224–25; organics, 104, 107, 113–14, 211–12, 214, 261; pricing systems and price-fixing, 219–24; and rBGH, 214–15, 237–38, 250–52; vertical integration, 213; western states, 216 milk protein concentrates (MPCs), 223–24 Mill, John Stuart, 279 Miller, Henry, 246–47 Miller, James C., 45, 63 Miller, Tom, 176 Mironov, Vladimir, 275 Missouri factory farms, 179–82 Missouri Rural Crisis Center (MRCC), 164, 178, 179–82 Mitchell, Larry, 33–34 Mittal, Anuradha, 92 Moark LLC, 203 Monfort, 159 Monitor Clipper Partners, 112 monoculture, 82 Monsanto: agrochemicals and herbicides, 236–37, 257; corporate culture, 244; and fast-food industry, 68, 238; first field trials of GM crops, 237; and GE food, 234–35, 236–41, 244–45, 253, 262; history and early biotech research, 236–37, 244–45; Life Sciences Research Center, 245; mergers and acquisitions, 234–35, 236, 237, 238–40, 253; patenting seeds, 252–53, 300–301; and produce industry, 86; rBGH patent and approval, 237–38, 250–52; subversion of the biotech regulatory system, 243–63; and USDA approval process for Roundup Ready GE crops, 259–62; and USDA’s National Organic Standards, 99 Monsanto, Mendes de, 236 Morgan, J P., 18 Morgan Stanley, 76 Morison, Carole, 204, 205–6 Mothers & Others, 254 Mountain People’s Warehouse, 110 MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 142–43 Murano, Elsa, 133 Murano, Peter, 133 Murphy, Jack, 112 Murphy Farms, 176 Mycogen Seeds, 240 Nachman, Keeve, 147 Nader, Ralph, 63 nanotechnology and food production, 267–70 Natick Labs (U.S Army), 121 National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods (NACMCF), 127 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 121 National Beef, 161, 162 National Catholic Rural Life Conference, 81 National Cattlemen’s Beef Association, 143 National Committee on Plant Patents, 247 National Cooperative Research Act (1984), 248 National Dairy Products Corporation (NDP), 58, 216 National Environmental Policy Act (1970), 259 National Family Farm Coalition (NFFC), 25, 33, 35, 84–85, 164 National Farmers Organization (NFO), 13–15, 25 National Farmers Union, 18, 33, 164, 167–68 National Food Brokers Association, 46 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 142 National Joint Council of Food Inspection Locals (NJC), 126 National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), 185–86 National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 127, 273 National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), 269 National Organic Standards (USDA), 99–101, 103–4, 254 National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), 99, 103, 104–5 National Pig Development Company, 176 National Pork Producers Council, 175 National School Lunch Program, 132, 133, 134–35 Nature’s Best, 110–11, 112 Nature’s Path, 102 Naylor, George, 25, 26 Nebraska factory farms, 26, 168–69 Nebraska Farmers Union, 26 Nelson, Jennifer, 213 Nestlé, 40, 54–58, 219; bottled-water marketing, 55–56; FDA recalls of cookie dough, 137; fitness and beauty market, 57; infant formula marketing in developing countries, 54, 56–57; nanotechnology-related food products, 269; “popularly positioned products” (PPPs), 56– 57 Nestle, Marion, 47, 104, 138, 305–6 Nestlé Waters North America, 56 Nestor, Felicia, 131–32, 133 Network for Better Nutrition, 45 New Deal: agriculture programs, 14, 16, 20–22; competition laws and anti-monopolies, 64; parity legislation, 14, 16–17, 20–24 New England Journal of Medicine, 50, 272 New York Times, 136, 159, 249, 298 Niman Ranch, 11 Nixon, Richard/Nixon administration, 22–24, 32, 63, 232 No-Bull Food News, 155 Non-Partisan league (NPL), 18 Nooyi, Indra, 51–54 North America Farm Alliance, 25 North American Export Grain Association, 28 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 27, 90, 91–92, 93, 303 North Carolina and Smithfield Farms, 182–87 North Carolina Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 187 Northwest Dairy Association, 218, 220 Nourse, Edwin, 82 Novartis, 241 NutraSweet, 237, 239 Oak Hill Capital Partners, 112 Oakland Institute, 92 Obama, Barack/Obama administration: and biotech products, 262, 301; and consolidation in meat industry, 290–91; EPA and poultry industry pollution, 208–9; FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 138–40; GIPSA regulation reform debates, 19, 164–65, 174, 209; meat inspection regulations, 134–35; school lunch programs and “downer” cows, 134–35 Obama, Michelle, 95, 304–5 obesity, 12, 50, 304–5 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 187 Office of the Inspector General (OIG), 134 Organic Consumers Association, 109 Organic Farming (magazine), 98 organic foods, 98–115, 299–300; dairy/milk, 104, 107, 113–14, 211–12, 214, 261; distribution companies, 109–12; and environmental stewardship, 299–300; and future Farm Bills, 299; and GE crop contamination, 261, 301–2; and GE crops, 254, 261; grocery store retailers, 101, 105–10, 112–14, 214; history of the movement, 98–99; imports, 94–95, 103, 114; large food companies and ownership, 100–115; and marketing of non-organic “natural” foods, 108–9; mergers, acquisitions, and consolidation, 101–2, 105, 108, 110–12; the National Organic Standards, 99–101, 103–4, 254; nonorganic and synthetic additives, 103–5; organic certification, 100, 261; prices, 104, 108, 112, 113, 115; and private equity firms, 111–12; private-label brands, 105–9, 113–14; processed foods, 105, 106, 112–15; produce industry, 94–95, 107, 114; third-party certification systems, 94–95, 101, 103, 109; Walmart, 112–14; Whole Foods Market, 101, 107–10, 214 Organic Foods Production Act, 99 Organic Trade Association, 103 Organic Valley, 102, 113 Organization for Competitive Markets (OCM), 164, 165–66 Oxfam, 57 Oxford Farming Conference, 267–68 Ozer, Kathy, 33, 35, 84–85 Pacelle, Wayne, 135 Pacific Natural Foods, 102 Packers and Stockyard Administration (PSA), 33, 159, 166, 168 Packers and Stockyards Act (P&SA), 19, 159, 290 Painter, Stan, 126–28, 129, 130, 132 Pandol Brothers, 87 Parker, Russell, 111 Patchwork Family Farms, 180 Patent Act (1952), 247–48 Peanut Corporation of America, 138 Peperzak, Marc, 113 PepsiCo, 40, 50–54, 66; Frito-Lay line, 50–52, 58; nanotechnology-related food products, 269; and organic processed foods, 106, 107; product placement and soda advertising, 50–51; and soda industry/junk food, 50–54 Perdue, 192; and arsenic-based feed additives, 147; labor practices, 204, 205–6; litigation against, 205, 208 Perkins, Tom, 232 Perry, Rhonda, 179–82 Pertschuk, Michael, 62–63 PET Dairy, 216 Peter G Peterson Institute for International Economics, 52 Peterson, Chris, 174 pet food contamination, 137 Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production, 142 Pfizer, 148–49 Pharmacia & Upjohn, 239 Philip Morris, 60 Pilgrim’s Pride, 191, 196–98 See also JBS (Brazil) Pillsbury, 121, 122 Pioneer Hi-Bred, 240–41 Plan International, 57 Plant Patent Act (1930), 247 Plant Variety Protection Act (1970), 247 Poison-Free Poultry Act, 148 Poland, 187–88, 189 Pope, C Larry, 188–89 “popularly positioned products” (PPPs), 56–57 populist agrarian revolt, 17, 20 pork industry See hog production and pork industry Posilac, 215, 252 potatoes, 68, 238 poultry industry, 191–210; abusive contracts between integrators and growers, 193–98, 200, 201–3, 208; antibiotics use and antibiotic resistance, 140–41, 193, 199, 205; arsenic-based feed additives, 146–49, 193; automated feeding systems, 193, 199; and bird genetics, 192–93, 199; chicken catchers, 197, 204; consolidation, 191–210; consumer prices, 200–203; cruelty against birds, 206; Deep South and Delmarva Peninsula, 194, 200–201; egg production, 203–4, 206, 207; environmental pollution, 206–9; food safety and inspection systems, 123, 126–27, 129, 132; GIPSA regulation reform hearings, 197–98, 202, 209; and HACCP system, 123, 129, 132; increased scale of operations and production, 199–201; irradiation, 123; largest producers, 192, 203; ranking system and “feed conversion” rates, 195–97, 198, 202; U.S chicken consumption, 146; the “Vantress,” 199; vertical integration, 194–95, 198, 200, 201; workers and abusive labor practices, 129, 204–6, 205–6 Poultry Products Inspection Act (1957), 126, 201 Premium Standard Farms (PSF), 176, 177, 181, 183 Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act (PAMTA), 143, 145, 304 processed food, 65–68; and cancer, 66; and “enhanced” ingredients, 105; fast-food industry, 66–68; and food advertising, 305; food safety recalls of past decade, 137–38; food safety regulations and the FDA, 136–38; high-fructose corn syrup (HCFS), 65–66, 112– 13; and obesity, 66; organic processed foods industry, 105, 106, 112–15; PepsiCo and soda industry, 50–54; processed cheese products and MPCs, 223–24 Procter & Gamble, 32, 233, 265; Pringles division, 76 produce industry, 81–97, 297; anticompetitive behavior, 297; California, 82–85, 97; cold storage and cooling crops, 85–86; “contract agriculture,” 89; contractual arrangements with packers/shippers, 86–87, 89, 297; demands made by grocery retailers, 82, 87–90, 95– 97, 297; environmental pollution, 84; the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 140; food safety issues, 88, 93–94, 121–22, 137–38, 140; global trade and produce imports, 90–95, 114, 121–22; growers’ cooperatives, 89; grower/shippers, 82, 85–90, 95–97, 297; irradiation of imported produce, 121–22; low-wage farm labor, 84–85; multinationals, 87, 95; organic food, 94–95, 107, 114; packaging and appearance, 88–89; pesticide residues, 94; and seed companies, 86–87; Walmart, 87, 95–97 property rights activists, 181 Public Citizen, 309; campaign against irradiated meat in School Lunch Program, 133; Global Trade Watch, 28; and USDA’s HACCP system, 130, 131, 132 Public Patent Foundation, 261 Pure Food and Drugs Act (1906), 126, 136, 159 Pure Life (bottled water), 56 “Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America” (2008), 142 Quayle, Dan, 249–50, 255 Queeny, John Francis, 236 radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags, 71 Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Fund (R-CALF), 164, 166, 168 Ranch Foods Direct, 156 raw milk, 133, 140, 151 Ray, Daryll, 34, 36 Raymond, Richard, 133 Reagan, Ronald/Reagan administration: and agriculture policy, 24, 25–26; assault on antitrust laws, 62–65, 159–60, 191, 222–23; and deregulation, 45, 127, 247–48 recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH), 214–15, 237–38, 250–52 Retzloff, Mark, 113–14 Rhône-Poulenc, 233 Rikfin, Jeremy, 245–46, 253 risk-based inspection (RBI), 133–34 Ritchie, Niel, 291 Rockefeller Foundation, 253; Public Health Program for Africa, Asia, and Latin America, 141 Rodale, J I., 98 Rodale Press, 98–99 Rolling Stone, 170 Romania, 188–89 Rong-Yao, 149 Roosevelt, Franklin D./Roosevelt administration, 19–20, 64, 146, 240 Roosevelt, Theodore/Roosevelt administration, 18, 125 Rose Acre Farms, 203 Rosenfeld, Irene, 58 Roundup Ready seeds/crops, 237, 238, 240–41, 257, 259–62; alfalfa, 260, 261; canola and cotton, 238; corn, 238; and glyphosate, 239, 257; red spring wheat, 259; soybeans, 238; sugar beet, 259–60; USDA approval, 259–62 roxarsone, 146, 148, 149 Ruddle, Russell, 196–97 Ruddle, Valerie, 196–98 Rumsfeld, Donald, 237 Rural Advancement Foundation International (RAFI), 164, 194 rural economic development, 6, 294–96 saccharin, 236 Safeway stores, 47, 68, 87, 218 salmon, genetically-engineered, 255, 270–74 salmonella, 93–94, 137–38; and antibiotic resistance, 140–41, 145; and microbial testing in meat inspection, 132, 134 Sanderson Farms, 192 Sandoz, 241 San Francisco Chronicle, 231 Saputo (Quebec), 43, 219 Sara Lee, 43, 269 Sarasin, Leslie, 46–47 Save the Children, 57 Schlosser, Eric, 156, 281 Schneiderman, Howard, 244–45 Schwalb, Steve, 147 Science Cheerleader.com, 266 Scientific American, 265, 275 Scott, Lee, 72 seafood safety and HACCP system, 124, 127, 128 seeds and crops, genetically-engineered, 249, 250–52, 255–62, 300–302; and the “certified organic” label, 261; cross-contamination and seed dispersal, 260–62, 301–2; EAs and EIS process, 259–60; FDA regulation and approval, 249, 250–52, 255–57; food additives, 256; GRAS designations, 255–56; labeling, 251–52, 261, 301; Monsanto’s Roundup Ready, 237, 238, 240–41, 257, 259–62; and patenting plants and seeds, 247–48, 252–53, 300–301; and seed companies, 236, 238–39, 240, 253 Sents, Allan, 167 Shapiro, Robert B., 253 Shiva, Vandana, 238, 241, 254 Sierra Club, 259–60 Simon, Irwin, 105 Simon, Michele, 305 Sinclair, Upton, The Jungle, 125, 158–59 Slaughter, Louise, 143 Smith, Rebecca Beach, 184 Smithfield Farms, 41, 170, 172, 175–90; acquisitions and dirty tactics, 175–77; Eastern Europe, 187–89; genetically manipulated products, 176; labor practices, 184–87; North Carolina, 182–87; private police force, 186 Smithfield Premium Genetics, 176 Smucker’s, 106 Snow, Allison, 267 Snowville Creamery (Pomeroy, Ohio), 218–19 Socially Responsible Agriculture Project (SRAP), 190 sodium nitrate (fertilizer), 104 Solutia, 239 South Dakota Farmers Union (SDFU), 25 soybeans/soy crops: GE soybeans and health effects, 257, 272; Roundup Ready soybeans, 238; soy-based organic foods and hexane use, 104 soy lecithin, 105 Spector, Rebecca, 253–55, 260 Spencer, 159 Sprouts Farmers Markets, 111 Stalker, Dave, 233 Starbucks, 252 Stark, Paul, 247 StarLink corn, 256–57 Steinbeck, John, 81 Stoecker, Randall, 176 Stoecker Farms, 176 Stokes, Fred, 166 Stoll, Steven, 82 Stonyfield Farms, 100, 107 subsidies, farm, 4–5, 35–37, 293; USDA statistics, 4–5, 36–37 Suiza Foods, 219 Sunflower Farmers Market, 111 Sun World, 87 Supervalu, 214 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 292 sustainable-food movement See local-food movement Sustainable Table (online resource center), 281 Sustain Rural Wisconsin Network, 213 Swanson, Robert, 230–32 Sweat, Charles, 107 Swift Armour, 159, 161 Swift Foods, 161 swine flu, 188–89 Syngenta, 241, 261–62, 269 synthetic biology See biotechnology and synthetic biology Synthetic Biology Project, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 265 Synthetic Genomics, 265 Taco Bell, 257 Talley, Sarah, 97 Target, 68 Taylor, Michael, 124, 128; and FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 139; and Monsanto, 247, 251–52; and Obama administration FDA, 136, 139; and regulatory framework for biotechnology, 247, 250, 251–52, 262; and the USDA’s HACCP food safety system, 123–24, 125, 128 Taylor, Robert, 193, 194–95, 203 Taylor, Warren, 218–19, 221 Taylor Fresh Foods, 87 Technology Transfer Act (1986), 248 TEDxManhattan: Changing the Way We Eat, 281–82 Terminator seed technology, 253 Tester, Jon, 140 Tester amendment and FDA Food Safety Modernization Act, 140 test-tube meat, 275–76 Thomas, Jim, 275 3-Nitro, 149 Thurmond, Strom, 248 Tietz, Jeff (“Boss Hog”), 170 tomatoes, 88; Flavr Savr tomatoes, 233–36, 256 Trader Joe’s, 107, 108 TransCanada, 168 Tree of Life, 110, 111 Trilateral Commission, 52 Truman, Harry/Truman administration, 14, 15 Tsinghua University (China), 54 Turner, Jim, 237 Tuskegee University, 96 twenty-eighth constitutional amendment, campaign for, 309–10 Tyson, Don, 120, 193 Tyson, John W., 161 Tyson Foods, 32, 40, 71; and arsenic-based feed additives, 147; and the Clintons, 120–21; deceptive business practices and labor abuses, 203, 205; and meat industry consolidation, 155, 158, 160, 161–62; pork production, 175; poultry industry, 192–93, 199, 203, 205 Uncoverage: The Right Idea (right-wing blog), 177 Unilever, 43, 101, 265, 269 Union of Concerned Scientists, 260 Union Pacific Railroad, 32 United Food and Commercial Workers union (UFCW), 184–87 United Foods, 269 United Fresh, 86, 139, 140 United Fresh Potato Growers of Idaho, 68 United Fruit, 87 United Nations, 14 United Natural Foods, Inc (UNFI), 101, 109–11 universities: agricultural research and corporate influence, 59; biotechnology labs and university-corporate relationships, 229–32, 245 University of California-Davis, 85, 232 University of Missouri Extension, 283 U.S Chamber of Commerce, 18, 22, 32, 50 U.S.-China Business Council, 52, 53 U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA): antitrust enforcement, 289–90; enforcement of the PSA, 159; and global trade in produce, 91; and hog farming industry, 172, 180; and meat processing and production industry, 119–35, 164–68; misleading data on subsidies, 4–5, 36–37; National Organic Standards, 99–101, 103–4, 254; permits for GE field trials, 258–59; post-World War II “economic efficiency,” 21; and regulatory framework for biotechnology industry/GE crops, 249, 258–62, 300, 301; and use of non-therapeutic antibiotics by factory farms, 143–44 See also food safety (meat inspection and the USDA) U.S Department of Justice (DOJ): and enforcement of antitrust laws, 159–60, 171, 177, 289–90; and industrial hog farm operations, 171, 177; and meat processing industry, 159–60, 164, 171 U.S Department of Labor (DOL), 205 U.S Farmers Association, 25 U.S.-India CEO Forum, 52 U.S Premium Beef, 161 U.S Senate’s Agriculture Committee, 12, 15 U.S Supreme Court: Citizens United ruling (2010), 309; and federal farm policy, 18, 19; landmark decision on patents on living things (1980), 248; and meat industry, 155, 159–60 USDA Office of Foods, 262 USDA’s Economic Research Service, 3, 200, 216 USDA’s Farm Home Administration, 180 USDA’s Farm Service Administration (FSA), 34, 180, 193, 194 USDA’s Food and Nutrition Service, 133 USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), 123, 124, 127, 128, 134, 135, 147; National Residue Program, 147 USDA’s Marketing and Regulatory Program, 164 USDA’s National Institute of Food and Agriculture, 304–5 U.S-Peru Free Trade Agreement, 92 Valentine, Alan, 229 Valentine, Ray, 232–33 van Eelen, Willem, 275 veal, 214 Venter, J Craig, 264–65 vertical integration, 20, 22, 29; meat and livestock industry, 161–62; milk and dairy industry, 213; pork industry, 172, 176–77, 181; poultry industry, 194–95, 198, 200, 201 Veterinary Medicine Advisory Committee (VMAC), 271–72 Vilsack, Tom, 143–44, 165, 167, 175 Vladeck, David, 49 Von Ruden, Darin, 168 von Stein, Bruce, 65–66 wages and farm workers: organic agriculture, 100–101; poultry industry, 205; produce industry, 84–85 Wallace, Henry, 240 Wallace Center at Winrock International, 285 Wallach, Lori, 28 Wallinga, David, 142–43, 145 Walljasper, Jay, All That We Share: A Field Guide to the Commons, 307 Walmart, 68–73; and consolidation of the grocery industry, 95; green initiatives, 72–73; healthier food initiative, 95–97; influence on food manufacturing, 70, 71–73; initiatives to improve public image, 72–73, 95–97; logistics and distribution model, 70–71; and meat industry, 71, 160; milk and dairy retail, 113–14, 214, 224–25, 252; organic food, 112–14; and produce industry, 87, 95–97; and rBGH-free milk, 252; and suppliers, 70–71 Waterkeeper, 207–8 Weaver, Mike, 191 Weissman, Robert, 309 Wellstone, Paul, 33 Wendy’s, 160 Western Organization of Resource Councils, 164, 291 White House Council on Competitiveness, 249 White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, 247 Whole Foods Market, 107–10; five-step animal-welfare rating system for meat products (GAP program), 109; organic food retail, 101, 107–10, 214 wholesale terminal markets, 89 Wholesome Poultry Products Act (1968), 126 Wild Oats Markets, 107, 108 Wilson, Brad, 35–36 Wilson, Woodrow, 18, 159, 164 Winn-Dixie, 95 Winne, Mark, 298 Wisconsin factory farms and dairy industry, 212–13 Wisconsin Farmers Union, 168 Wisconsin’s Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 212–13 Wise, Timothy A., 34–35, 36–37, 293 Witowska-Ritter, Anna, 188, 189 Woertz, Patricia, 65 Wolf, Andrew, 108 Wolfram, Tyler, 112 Woodall, Patrick, 294 workers and labor practices: hog production and pork industry, 184–87; poultry industry, 129, 204–6; produce industry, 84–85 World Economic Forum, 52, 58 World Health Organization (WHO), 57, 143 World Trade Organization (WTO) and agricultural trade, 23, 27–29, 33, 302–3; adoption of HACCP and international food standards, 128–29; Agreement on Agriculture (AA), 21, 23, 29, 33, 302; and “decoupled” payments, 33, 302; and produce imports, 90–91, 302–3 World Vision, 57 World Wide Sires, 156 xantham gum, 105 XL Foods, 161 Yale Corporation, 52–54 Yale Rudd Center for Food Policy & Obesity, 49 Yoplait, 252 Zeneca, 233–36 Ziemann, Ted, 105 CELEBRATING 20 YEARS OF INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING Thank you for reading this book published by The New Press The New Press is a nonprofit, public interest publisher celebrating its twentieth anniversary in 2012 New Press books and authors play a crucial role in sparking conversations about the key political and social issues of our day We hope you enjoyed this book and that you will stay in touch with The New Press Here are a few ways to stay up to date with our books, events, and the issues we cover: • Sign up at www.thenewpress.com/subscribe to receive updates on New Press authors and issues and to be notified about local events • Like us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/newpressbooks • Follow us on Twitter: www.twitter.com/thenewpress Please consider buying New Press books for yourself; for friends and family; or to donate to schools, libraries, community centers, prison libraries, and other organizations involved with the issues our authors write about The New Press is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization You can also support our work with a taxdeductible gift by visiting www.thenewpress.com/donate ... against their land to survive and keep farming, often using all of their equity until the bank foreclosed Thousands of farm families faced the loss of their homes and land The overseas demand... Constitution and Look, the publisher of the Washington Post , the head of the Book -of -the- Month Club, the board chairman of Curtis Publishing, and the presidents of Time-Life and the Columbia Broadcasting... Farm and Food Policy Run Amok Get Those Boys Off the Farm! Part II: Consolidating Every Link in the Food Chain The Junk Food Pushers Walmarting the Food Chain Part III: The Produce and Organics Industries: